International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846

T/P23, 24, 911 and 92: New grades for advanced coal-red
power plantsProperties and experience
$
J.C. Vaillant
a,
, B. Vandenberghe
b
, B. Hahn
c
, H. Heuser
d
, C. Jochum
d
a
V&M France, F-92103 Boulogne-Billancourt Cedex, France
b
V&M France, F-59880 Saint-Saulve, France
c
V&M Germany D-40472 Du sseldorf, Germany
d
Bohler Thyssen Schweisstechnik Deutschland, D-59067 Hamm, Germany
Abstract
After the development of the well-known T/P91 grade in the early 1980s and the long industrial experiences since the early 1990s, it has
been necessary to develop new steels to answer the demand of the powergen industry. New (ultra) super critical boilers require materials
with advanced creep properties to reach severe steam parameters.
For the 2.25% Cr family, grades 23 and 24 are now available to be used instead of the previous grade 22 with many technical and
economical advantages.
For the 9% Cr steels, new grades such as T/P911 and T/P92 have been developed with higher creep properties than T/P91.
Thanks to its large industrial experience in these new grades, Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes and Boehler Thyssen Schweisstechnik
have now worldwide references of use with these new steel grades. In this paper, information on properties, behaviour and workability
will be presented with a focus on
elevated temperature properties and allowable stresses,
oxidation and maximum service temperature and
weldability procedures and recommendations.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: 2
1
4
Cr steel; 9% Cr steels; Creep; Welding
0. Introduction
The improvement of thermal efciency by increasing the
operating temperature and pressure of boilers has recently led
to the development of new families of creep-resistant steels.
For 912% Cr steels, grade T/P91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1
according to EN 10216-2), developed at the end of the
1970s in the USA, marked the starting point for these
developments. With its excellent mechanical characteristics
at elevated temperatures and good workability, it was
rapidly adopted worldwide for applications in the eld of
new power stations. The tube design temperature is limited
to around 610 1C inside the combustion chamber. This
limit depends on such factors as heat ow and corrosion.
More recent developments to produce new grades such
as T/P911 (European E911; X11CrMoWVNb9-1-1) and
T/P92 have improved mechanical properties at high
temperatures, in particular an increase in creep strength
of 1020% in 100,000 h at 600 1C. This makes it possible to
reduce the wall thickness of the pipes and consequently
improve their behaviour to thermal fatigue.
The new grades T/P23 and T/P24 (7CrMoVTiB10-10)
are well suited for boiler components working at lower
temperatures. While these grades were initially developed
ARTICLE IN PRESS
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpvp
0308-0161/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.06.011
$
This article appeared in its original form in Creep & Fracture in High
Temperature Components: Design & Life Assessment Issues, 2005.
Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Jean-claude.vaillant@vmtubes.fr (J.C. Vaillant).
for manufacturing water wall panels for ultra super critical
boilers (USCB), they are also used for the superheaters and
reheaters of conventional boilers and heat recovery steam
generators (HRSG).
In addition to their excellent workability, they have the
advantage of being used without post-weld heat treatment
(PWHT) in case of welding thin-walled tubes. Further-
more, owing to the good creep properties, they can be used
to replace P22 and for some applications even P91, with the
advantage of lower costs.
This paper sets out the characteristics of these new
grades and gives the temperature limits for use and the
main recommendations for processing them.
1. Main information on the properties of new steel grades
1.1. Standardisation
The family of 2.25% Cr started a long time ago with T/P22
(10 CrMo9-10), a steel with 2.25% Cr and addition of
around 1% Mo. Development of the new T/P23 and T/P24
grades [1] was made on the same basis as grade 22 but alloyed
with the specic addition of new elements. This has led to a
strong increase of the creep properties. Initially developed for
water wall panels in supercritical and USCB plants, these
grades also found application in reheaters, superheaters in
conventional boilers, and HSRG. The development in pipes
leads in application for headers and steam piping.
On the same basis, but for more severe applications, the
development of grades 92 [2] and 911 increased the creep
behaviour by 1020% compared with T/P91 [3]. Conse-
quently, it is possible to decrease the wall thickness of the
component and to obtain economical advantages on the
cost of tubes and pipes. Moreover, the technical advan-
tages reduce the thermal fatigue susceptibility. This
advanced material is becoming a good choice for USCB,
where high pressure means heavy-wall products.
Table 1 shows the current status of standardisation
for these steels. They are standardised in ASTM and
ASME for USA. T/P91 and T/P22 are included in the
European Standard EN10216-2 [4], when the process to
integrate grades T/P23, 24, 911 and 92 in EN has been
started.
1.2. Chemistry [5]
In comparison with grade T/P22, the chemical composi-
tion of T/P23 and T/P24 shows the following:
Low C content, which provides a good workability
(welding for example). It allows one to avoid PWHT for
thin products (tubes for water wall panels or super-
heaters).
Additions of V, Nb (or V, Ti for grade 24) which,
combined with C and/or N, form carbides, nitrides and/or
carbonitrides of MX type and cause a ne precipitation in
the matrix, increasing the strength of the materials.
In grade 23, tungsten is added (at reduced Mo content)
to further improve the creep resistance.
In comparison with T/P91, the creep resistance of steel
grades T/P911 and T/P92 is improved by the addition of
W, which acts by strengthening the material mainly
through Laves phase precipitation. An addition of up to
0.006% B also improves creep resistance. All elements are
described in Table 2.
1.3. Mechanical properties [5]
All grades given in the previous table are commercialised
in normalisedtempered condition. For T/P23 and T/P24,
it may be necessary to accelerate the cooling rate by water
quenching in order to obtain the required structure and
mechanical characteristics. This depends on wall thickness.
For grades T/P23 and T/P24, the microstructure is
composed of tempered bainite and martensite. For grades
T/P91, T/P911 and T/P92, the structure is purely tempered
martensite.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 1
Status of the standardisation of the new grades in Europe (VdTu V/EN10216) and in the USA (ASTM/ASME)
Grades ASTM ASME Code case VdTU

V EN10216-2
T22 A213 SA213T22 10CrMo9-10
P22 A335 SA335P22
T23 A213 SA213T23
a
2199-1 7CrWVMoNb9-6
b
P23 A335
T24 A213 533 12/2003 7CrMoVTiB10-10
b
P24
T91 A213 SA213T91 511/2 X10CrMoVNb9-1
P91 A335 SA335P91 06/2001
T911 A213 2327 522/2 X11CrMoWVNb9-1-1
b
P911 A335 09/2001
T92 A213 SA213T92
a
2179-3 X10CrWMoVNb9-2
b
P92 A335 SA335P92
a
a
The maximum allowable stresses are indicated in the corresponding code case.
b
These steels are in the process of being introduced into the EN standard.
J.C. Vaillant et al. / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846 39
The requirements for the mechanical properties
are described in Table 3, while some results are plotted in
Figs. 1 and 2.
In ASTM, maximum hardness is required, while in EN
there is a requirement on a maximum value for the tensile.
Linked with the pressure equipment directive (PED) there
are requirements on the toughness in the EN standard.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
RT and elevated temperature tensile tests
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 200 400 600 800
Temperature in C
R
p

0
.
2

a
n
d

R
m

i
n

M
p
a
Rp 0.2
Rm
Fig. 1. Tensile test at room and elevated temperature for grade T23.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680
MPa
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
Mini
Fig. 2. Yield strength distribution at room temperature for grade T23.
Table 2
Chemical compositions in accordance with ASTM standard
Grades C (%) Mn (%) P (%) S (%) Si (%) Cr (%) W (%) Mo (%) V (%) Nb (%) Ti (%) N (%) B (%) Al (%) Ni (%)
T/P22 0.05 0.30 1.90 0.87
0.15 0.60 0.025 0.025 0.50 2.60 1.13
T/P23 0.04 0.10 1.90 1.45 0.05 0.20 0.02 0.0005
0.10 0.60 0.030 0.010 0.50 2.60 1.75 0.30 0.30 0.08 0.030 0.006 0.030
T/P24 0.05 0.30 0.15 2.20 0.90 0.20 0.06 0.0015
0.10 0.70 0.020 0.010 0.45 2.60 1.10 0.30 0.10 0.012 0.0070 0.020
T/P91 0.08 0.30 0.20 8.00 0.85 0.18 0.06 0.030
0.12 0.60 0.020 0.010 0.50 9.50 1.05 0.25 0.1 0.070 0.04 0.40
T/P911 0.09 0.30 0.10 8.50 0.90 0.90 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.0003
0.13 0.60 0.020 0.010 0.50 9.50 1.10 1.10 0.25 0.10 0.09 0.006 0.04 0.40
T/P92 0.07 0.30 8.50 1.5 0.30 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.001
0.13 0.60 0.020 0.010 0.50 9.50 2.00 0.60 0.25 0.09 0.07 0.006 0.04 0.40
Table 3
Mechanical properties of the grades according to ASTM and EN standards
Grades ASTM Grades EN10216-2
0.2%YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) El (%) HB 0.2%YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) El (%) KCV 20 1C (J)
Long Trans Long Trans
T/P22 Min 205 415 30 10CrMo9-10 280
a
480 22 20 40 27
Max 163
b
630
T/P23 Min 400 510 20 7CrWVMoNb9-6
c
400 510 20 18 40 27
Mai 220
b
740
T/P24 Min 415 585 20 7CrMoVTiB10-10
c
450
d
565 17 15 40 27
Max 250
b
840
T/P91 Min 415 585 20 X10CrMoVNb9-1 450 630 19 17 40 27
Max 250 830
T/P911 Min 440 620 20 X11CrMoWVNb9-1-1
c
450 620 19 17 40 27
Max 250
b
850
T/P92 Min 440 620 20 X10CrWMoVNb9-2
c
440 620 19 17 40 27
Max 250 850
a
Around 270 MPa for thicknesses greater than 40 mm.
b
For tubes only.
c
In the process of being introduced into the EN with the values indicated.
d
Around 430 MPa for thickness greater than 16 mm.
J.C. Vaillant et al. / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846 40
1.4. Properties at elevated temperature
The most important high-temperature property is
the creep behaviour. The creep test results obtained by
the V&M Research Centres are shown for grade 23
(Fig. 3) and grade 92 (Fig. 4), for various temperatures
between 550 and 650 1C. Long duration tests are still in
progress.
2. Oxidation behaviour of new steel grades
External re-side corrosion is one of the main causes of
premature fracture of superheaters and reheaters. This
phenomenon highly depends on ue gas temperatures, SO
2
content of the gas and quantities of Na
2
SO
4
+K
2
SO
4
in the
ash. Moreover, for specic application in severe medium
(i.e. biomass) other chemical compounds will play an
important role.
Internal steam oxidation is the cause of various problems
in power plants, such as
the increase in metal temperature during operating due
to the formation of an insulating layer of oxide between
the internal tube surface and the steam,
the formation of oxide layers reducing the tube
thickness and increasing the stress, and
the exfoliation of the oxide layers, causing erosion inside
the turbine.
In general, steels T/P22, T/P23 and T/P24 with similar
Cr and Si contents have the same behaviour with regard to
steam-side oxidation (as illustrated in Fig. 5) and gas-side
corrosion. This also applies to the family of 9% Cr steels in
which grades T/P91, T/P911 and T/P92 are all similar (see
Fig. 6).
If we consider the whole scale of Cr content, we can
compare directly the different families of steels [8]. More-
over, not only Cr content will play a role, but also other
elements such as Si (positive effect) or Mn (negative effect).
Considering the behaviour of the steel grades in situ, the
limits for use of these steel families will come from the
resistance to steam oxidation and not from the creep
values.
Consequently, we can conrm that for the 2.25% Cr
steels, the limit in temperature is 580 1C and for the 9% Cr
steels it is in the range of 605 1C for live steam and 620 1C
for reheat steam. V&M is developing a new steel with 12%
ARTICLE IN PRESS
10
100
1000
100 1000 10000 100000
Time (h)
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
500C
550C
600C
Fig. 3. Creep test results on T/P23.
10
100
1000
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Time [h]
C
r
e
e
p

R
u
p
t
u
r
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

[
M
P
a
]
1.45
145
C
r
e
e
p

R
u
p
t
u
r
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

[
k
s
i
]
550C/1020F
575C/1070F
600C/1110F
625C/1160F
650C/1200F
14.5
Fig. 4. Creep results of grade T/P92 for various temperature tests.
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0 2000 4000 6000
time (h)
O
x
i
d
e
s

l
a
y
e
r
s

(
m
m
)
T24 - results
T22 ac. Manning et Metcalfe
600 C
Fig. 5. Oxidation rate of T24 at 600 1C in steam compared with T22 [6].
Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of oxidation rate as a function of Cr content
for ferritic steels in the temperature range 550650 1C [7]. Arrows indicate
a qualitative change of critical Cr content by the addition of Si, Co and
Mn, respectively.
J.C. Vaillant et al. / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846 41
Cr (named VM12) in order to bring the limit of ferritic
steels up to 650 1C [9,10].Fig. 7 shows the yearly corrosion
rate while Table 4 presents the limits for metal temperature
for each grade in connection with the creep and/or
oxidation resistance.
3. Welding properties of matching ller metals
It is important that the development of new base
materials is simultaneous with the development of welding
ller metals of equivalent creep-rupture properties. In the
second part of this report, we will focus on new matching
ller metals for bainitic steels T/P23 and T/P24 and for
martensitic steels E911 and P92.
3.1. Filler metals for bainitic steels (2.25% Cr)
At rst, a ller metal for gas tungsten arc welding
(GTAW) was developed for welding thin-walled tubes for
the construction of water walls. In this case, a PHWT can
be waived, as the low carbon content prevents a hardness
increase with values in excess of 350 HV 10 in both the
weld metal and the heat-affected zone. As this material is
also well suited for heavy-wall components, in addition to
the GTAW process stick electrodes and submerged arc
welding (SAW) ller metals are required, too. In this case,
a PWHT is essential for achieving a sufcient toughness in
the weld metal.
3.1.1. T/P23: ller metals and weld properties
Table 5 shows the chemical composition of matching
ller metals and gives the mechanical properties for various
welding processes.
The mechanical properties of a heavy-wall pipe but
weld of size OD 219.1 mm30 mm were tested and have
been summarised in Table 6. The root was GTA welded.
The rst and second ll passes were welded with stick
electrodes of 2.5 and 3.2 mm in diameter, while the
remaining ten passes were welded by the SAW process.
The necessary PHWT for this wall thickness was
performed at 740 1C/1 h. Even this short PWHT resulted
in a toughness level between 125 and 150 J. The transverse
tensile specimen fractured in the base metal. The hardness
in the weld metal amounted to 250 HV 10 max. At a
bending angle of 1801, the bending specimen did not
produce any defects.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Corrosion rates at 650C
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
T
2
3
T
2
2
X
2
0
T
T
1
2
2
T
9
2
T
9
1
V
M
1
2
X
2
0
U
1
3
%

C
r
V
M
1
2

l
a
b
T
P
3
4
7
steel grades
c
o
r
r
o
s
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

(

m
m
/
y
e
a
r
)
1.4 1.2
Fig. 7. Evolution of the corrosion rate in steam medium, extrapolated in
mm per year, for various grades with different Cr content.
Table 4
Maximum recommended design metal temperature for new grades
Grade Max. temperature (1C)
T23 580
T24 580
T91 610
T911 620
T92 620
VM12 650 (Target)
Table 5
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of matching ller metals for T/P23; all weld metal for various welding processes
C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo V W Nb N B
Chemical composition of various weld metals in %
GTAW 0.08 0.27 0.54 2.14 0.04 0.08 0.21 1.58 0.031 0.011 0.002
SMAW 0.06 0.22 0.46 2.28 0.12 0.02 0.28 1.72 0.043 0.017 0.002
SAW 0.05 0.27 0.94 2.04 0.09 0.11 0.19 1.61 0.043 0.007 o0.001
Welding process+ ller metal designation +
(mm)
Test
temp.
(1C)
PWHT
(1C/h)
YS
(MPa)
TS
(MPa)
Elongation
(%)
CVN,
ISO-V
(J)
Hardness
(HV10)
Mechanical properties of weld metal
GTAW 2.4 +20 639 818 21.4 228 230 268 270
Union I P23 +20 740/2 520 620 20.2 261 286 299 250
+550 740/2 426 449 17.4
SMAW 4.0 +20 740/2 509 625 19 128 136 140 227
Thermanit P23 +20 740/15 421 553 25 156 156 160 192
+550 740/15 302 350 26.4
SAW Union S P23 /UV 430 TTR-W 4.0 +20 740/2 615 702 18.1 187 204 208 237
J.C. Vaillant et al. / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846 42
3.1.2. Stress relief cracking of grade 23
Considering headers, the residual stresses of the welds
are high, on account of the shape of the parts and
differences in thickness between the tubes and the main
pipe. Owing to its chemical composition, T23 is more
sensitive to stress relief cracking on reheating than the
other new grades [11]. Therefore, certain precautions need
to be taken during manufacture:
If post-weld heat treatment is required (wall thickness
410 mm; specially at abrupt WT changes), an inter-
mediate annealing for at least 1 h at around 550 1C is
recommended to reduce the stresses before reaching the
actual heat treatment temperature (740 1C).
Reduce the residual stresses produced during manufac-
turing and avoid stress concentrations due to the design.
Use favourable welding conditions: low heat input,
T/P23-type ller metal, preheating and inter-pass
temperature, multi-passes welding, position of last pass
in the weld axis, etc.
3.1.3. T/P24 (7CrMoVTiB10-10): ller metals and weld
properties
Matching ller metals were also developed for welding
T/P24. The chemical analyses for the various product
forms have been summarised in Table 7. As a result of the
high oxygen afnity of Ti and B, the welding process
produces a more or less uncontrolled and noticeable Ti and
B burn-out. This is especially true for eld welding. This
applies to the GTAW process, where the arc is shielded by
inert gas, and even more clearly to a welding with
electrodes and the SAW process, respectively. Therefore,
it seems to be more suitable to move away from Ti bearing
weld metal by using Nb as an element to improve the creep
properties. Table 7 lists the chemical compositions of both
variants (at least for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW))
and the mechanical results for the corresponding all weld
metal. As for P23, PWHT at 740 1C is recommended for
thick-wall components.
A heavy-wall P24 joint (pipe-OD 159 mm20 mm) was
welded within the scope of a qualication procedure. The
root was GTA welded as a single pass, followed by two
passes with the stick electrode, and SAW ller passes of the
remaining seam. Table 8 shows the results of this welded
joint. The transverse tensile specimen fractured in the base
metal. The weld metal toughness with values around 260 J
is at a level comparable to that of the all weld metal. At a
bending angle of 1801, the bending specimen did not
produce any defects; the hardness value was less than 250
HV 10.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 7
Chemical analysis of matching T/P24 weld metal as well as mechanical properties of the GTA-, SMA- and SA-weld metal
+ C Si Mn Cr Mo V Ti Nb N B
Chemical composition of wire and various weld metals in %
Wire 0.061 0.24 0.53 2.39 1.01 0.24 0.073 0.008 0.016 0.0037
GTAW 2.4 0.061 0.23 0.49 2.29 1.00 0.24 0.034 0.007 0.014 0.0020
SMAW 4.0 0.064 0.47 0.56 2.38 0.97 0.24 0.043 0.008 0.022 0.0030
SMAW-Nb mod. 4.0 0.091 0.25 0.55 2.51 1.03 0.22 0.046 0.013 0.0011
SAW 4.0 0.050 0.20 0.72 2.26 0.98 0.22 0.015 0.007 0.009 0.0010
Welding process+ ller metal designation +
(mm)
Test
temp.
(1C)
PWHT
(1C/h)
YS
(MPa)
TS
(MPa)
Elon-gation
(%)
CVN,
ISO-V
(J)
Hard-ness
(HV10)
Mechanical properties of weld metal
GTAW 2.4 +20 664 803 19.1 298 298 298 322
Union I P24 +600 457 561 18.6
+20 740/2 595 699 20.3 264 280 292 230
SMAW 4.0 +20 740/2 507 626 21.9 155 163 166 233
Thermanit P24 +600 740/2 306 366 25.6 192
Thermanit P24 (Nb-mod.) +20 740/2 577 689 81.1 154 152 148 221
SAW Union S P24/UV 430 TTR-W 4.0 +20 740/2 495 600 23.8 260 267 282 206
Table 6
Results of a circumferential P23 weld with matching ller metals
PWHT (1C/h) Test temp. (1C) TS (MPa) Location of fracture Bending angle CVN, ISO-V (J) Hardness HV 10
WM HAZ
740/1 +20 580 BM 1801 124 150 153 92 156 223 o250
Preheat temperature: 250 1C; interpass temperature: max. 300 1C.
SAW: I
s
550 A ( /+); U
s
28 V; v
s
52 cm/min; E 14.5 kJ/cm.
J.C. Vaillant et al. / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846 43
For both grades (23/24), transverse creep specimens and
creep specimens of all weld (Nb alloyed variants) were
machined in order to determine the long-term properties at
550 1C. These tests are still running.
3.2. Filler metals for martensitic steels (9% Cr)
The toughness level of martensitic ller metal is generally
on a lower level compared with those of ferritic steels. The
reasons for this are based on the alloying elements C, Nb, N
and also W. These elements are necessary to guarantee the
required creep-rupture strength. The negative toughness
inuence of these elements is partially compensated by the
increased Ni content. Whereas the Ni content in martensitic
base metal is limited to a maximum of 0.4%(P91), the upper
limit for Ni in the weld metal is restricted to p1% [12]. This
dependence was also taken into account in the development
of matching ller metal for E911 and P92.
These new type martensitic steels are welded in the
martensitic range; this means preheat- and interpass are
temperatures between 200 and 350 1C. Owing to the
martensitic structure and the required toughness values,
great care is necessary with these materials regarding heat
input during welding and PWHT. It is important that the
welded joint cools below martensitic nish temperature
before heat treatment. This is to achieve a full martensite
structure. The m
(f)
temperature of matching weld metals for
E911 and P92 is in the range of 120150 1C, so that cooling
down to at least 100 1C is required. The toughness will be
improved with increased post-weld tempering temperature
and time span.
Martensite hardness after heat treatment at 760 1C/2 h is
approximately 250 HV 10. This low hardness makes
further processing easier. For example, the risk of
intergranular stress-corrosion cracking after the hot
induction bending or welding of P91, E911 and P92 is
reduced. Therefore, the risk of cold cracking is also reduced
[13]. For very heavy-wall products, it might be necessary to
carry out soaking directly from welding heat (23 h at
250300 1C) to avoid hydrogen-induced cold cracking.
When TIG welding thin-walled pipes (68 mm), as with
manual arc- and sub-arc welding, a shorter heat treatment
is justiable. For SMAW a PWHT of 760 1C/2 h, for SAW
at least of 4 h is recommended.
3.2.1. E 911: matching ller metals
The analysis of weld metals corresponds to the parent
metal with the exception of nickel and niobium. Table 9
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 8
Mechanical properties of a P24 joint with matching ller metal
Test temp. (1C) PWHT (1C/h) TS (MPa) Location of fracture Bending angle (deg) CVN, ISO-V (J) Hardness HV 10
WM HAZ
+20 740/2 557 GW 180 237 247 293 239 281 300 o250
Preheat temperature: 240 1C.
Interpass temperature: p314 1C.
SAW: amperage: 550 A ( /+), voltage: 27 V, welding speed: 50 cm/min, heat input: 12.96 kJ/cm.
Table 9
Results of SMAW all weld metal 911
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni V W N Nb
Chemical composition of all weld metal
0.11 0.25 0.61 0.016 0.008 8.94 0.93 0.72 0.24 0.97 0.060 0.054
Mechanical properties
(a) All weld metal
PWHT (1C/h) Test temp. (1C) YS (MPa) TS (MPa) Elongation (%) CVN (ISO-V) (J)
750/ +20 739 869 15 35/38/41
760/2 +20 55/48/50
750/2 600 404 499 10
(b) Pipe weld E 911; pipe-+o: 336 mm; wall thickness: 62 mm
PWHT (1C/h) Test temp. (1C) YS (MPa) TS (MPa) Location of fracture CVN (ISO-V) (J) Hardness HV 10
760/2 +20 457 649 BM 56/66/48 244258
760/2 600 283 341 BM
SMAW: Thermanit MTS 911; El-+: 4.0 mm; amperage: 120140 A; preheating temperature: 250 1C; interpass temperature: 270 1C.
J.C. Vaillant et al. / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846 44
shows that the toughness in the all weld metal (here
SMAW) is not sufcient after a low-temperature heat
treatment. However, after heat treatment at 760 1C/2 h, the
required CVN value of minimum 41 J is obtained. A good
compromise between temperature/time shall be found. Too
high temperatures can result in exceeding the Ac
1b
point
and will be detrimental for the joint. Table 10 shows results
of a SAW all weld deposit and of a joint with E911. Even
here, the inuence of a too short PWHT (760/2 h) can
result in lower toughness values than with a recommended
PHWT (760/4 h).
3.2.2. P92: matching ller metals
As for E911, matching ller metals for P92 have been
developed and they are in use. SMAW ller metals as shown
in Table 11 were rst used during renovation work in the
Kiel power station [14]. A damaged superheater manufac-
tured from 10 CrMo 9-10 has been replaced by a collector
manufactured from P92 in OD 300 mm40 mm WT.
Table 12 shows results from a SAW qualication job.
One can nd very high values for toughness, which can be
related to the welding of more (and individually thinner)
layers in the joint.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 10
Results of SAW all weld metal as well as of a welding procedure specication (WPS) on an E911 pipe weld
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni V W N Nb
Chemical composition
All weld metal 0.10 0.38 0.59 0.016 0.004 8.99 0.89 0.74 0.18 0.90 0.063 0.045
Pipe weld 0.106 0.36 0.57 0.017 0.004 9.04 0.89 0.68 0.20 0.95 0.065 0.039
Mechanical properties
(a) All weld metal
Test temp. (1C) PWHT (1C/h)0 YS (MPa) TS( MPa) Elongation (%) CVN (ISO-V) (J)
+20 760/2 705 825 19.8 31 27 42
+20 760/4 685 798 20.6 63 41 56
(b) Pipe weld: E 911, pipe-+
o
: 336 mm, wall thickness: 62 mm
Test temp.
(1C)
PWHT
(1C/h)
YS (MPa) TS (MPa) Elongation
(%)
Location
of fracture
CVN (ISO-V) (J) Hardness
HV 10
+20 760/2 467 657 15.0 BM 48 48 46 251261
+20 760/4 466 653 16.0 BM 50 60 56 247253
600 760/2 289 340 18.0 BM
600 760/4 284 344 17.5 BM
SAW-wire/ux combination: Thermanit MTS 911 / Marathon 543.
Wire-+: 3.2mm; amperage: 380420A; voltage: 2830V; welding speed: 500600mm/min; preheating temperature: 250 1C; interpass temperature: 3003301C.
Table 11
Results of SMAW all weld metal as well as of a WPS on a P92 pipe weld
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni V W N Nb
Chemical composition of all weld metal
0.11 0.27 0.65 0.018 0.008 8.95 0.53 0.7 0.19 1.72 0.045 0.044
Mechanical properties
(a) All weld metal
PWHT (1C/h) Test temp. (1C) YS (MPa) TS (MPa) Elongation (%) CVN (ISO-V) (J)
760/2 +20 675 800 17.6 50/55/58
760/2 600 435 585 12
(b) Pipe weld P 92; pipe-+o: 300 mm; wall thickness: 40 mm
PWHT (1C/h) Test temp. (1C) YS (MPa) TS (MPa) Location of fracture CVN (ISO-V) (J) Hardness HV 10
760/2 +20 489 665 BM 60/58/62 236262
760/2 600 300 349 BM
SMAW: Thermanit MTS 616; El-+: 4.0 mm; amperage: 120140 A; preheating temperature: 250 1C; interpass temperature: 270 1C.
J.C. Vaillant et al. / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846 45
As with the ferritic grades, creep specimens have also
been machined out of the thick-walled joints of E911 and
P92. These tests are already nished, and creep properties
are within the scatter band of the base materials.
4. Conclusion
Thanks to their specic chemical composition and
mechanical properties at room and elevated temperature,
these new ferritic and martensitic base materials T/P23,
T/P24, E911 and T/P92 full all the requirements for a
benecial and safe use in new (ultra) super critical boiler
plants. Critical components such as waterwall panels,
reheaters, superheaters and main steam piping are easily
manufactured from one or several of these new grades.
This has been proved by the use of these tubes and pipes in
many plants all over the world.
Matching ller metals for all commonly used welding
processes have been developed. With the appropriate
procedure, and right temperature cycles, testing has
demonstrated that the corresponding ller metals full all
requirements of the base metal.
References
[1] Arndt J, Haarmann K, Kottman G, Vaillant JC, Bendick W, Kubla
G, et al. The T23/T24 book. Edition V&M, 2000.
[2] Richardot D, Vaillant J-C, Arbab A, Bendick W. The T92/P92 book.
Edition V&M, 2000.
[3] Haarmann K, Vaillant JC, Vandenberghe B, Bendick W, Arbab A.
The T91/P91 book. Edition V&M, 2002.
[4] EN10216-2 Standard: Seamless Steel Tubes for Pressure Purposes.
Technical delivery conditionsPart 2: non-alloy and alloy steel tubes
with specied elevated temperature properties, 2002.
[5] Bendick W, Vaillant JC, Vandenberghe B, Gabrel J. Properties and
workability of new creep strength enhanced steels as known grades
23,24,911 and 92PVP-vol. 476. Experience with creep strength
enhanced ferritic steels, San Diego, July 2529, 2004.
[6] Manning MI, Metcalfe E. Oxidation of ferritic steels in steam. CERL
Leatherhead, Paper 63.
[7] Quaddakers J, et al. Effect of alloying additions in ferritic 912% Cr
steels on the temperature dependence of the steam oxidation
resistance, Les Embiez, 2004.
[8] Lepingle V, Louis G, Petelot D, Lefebvre B, Vaillant JC. Eurocorr
2000The European Corrosion Congress, London, September
1014, 2000.
[9] Bendick W, Vaillant JC, Vandenberghe B, Lefebvre Bo, Gabrel J.
VM12a new 12%Cr steel for boiler tubes, headers and steam pipes
in Ultra Supercritical Power Plants. In: Fourth international
conference, EPRI Hilton Head Island, October 2004.
[10] Lepingle V, Louis G, Petelot D, Lefebvre B, Vandenberghe B.
Eurocorr 2003The European Corrosion Congress, Budapest,
September 28, 2003.
[11] Nawrocki JG, Dupont JN, Robino CV, Puskar JD, Marder AR. The
mechanism of stress-relief cracking in a ferritic alloy steel. Welding
Research, February 2003.
[12] Bru hl F. Verhalten des 9%-Chromstahles X 10 CrMoVNb 91 und
seiner SchweiXverbindungen im Kurz- und Langzeitversuch. Dis-
sertation, Graz 1989.
[13] Bendick W, Haarmann K, Wellnitz G, Zschau M. Eigenschaften der
9-bis 12%-Chromsta hle und ihr Verhalten unter Zeitstandbeanspru-
chung, VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 73, 1993. Heft 1, S. 7784 [Report].
[14] Wachter D, Zabelt K, Ennis PJ, Helmrich A, Bo hme A. Auslegung,
Fertigung und Montage der ersten in Deutschland gefertigten und in
einem Steinkohlekraftwerk eingebauten P 92-Sammler, VGB-Kon-
ferenz, Werkstoffe und SchweiXtechnik im Kraftwerk, Hannover,
1998. 14. und 15. Oktober 1998.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 12
Results of SAW all weld as well as of a WPS on a P92 pipe weld
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni V W N Nb
Chemical composition
All weld metal 0.09 0.36 0.60 0.015 0.005 8.45 0.41 0.73 0.17 1.59 0.059 0.034
Pipe weld 0.097 0.34 0.60 0.016 0.004 9.14 0.43 0.66 0.17 1.63 0.047 0.034
Mechanical properties
(a) All weld metal
Test temp. (1C) PWHT (1C/h) YS (MPa) TS (MPa) Elongation (%) CVN (ISO-V) (J)
+20 760/2 678 789 19.8 27 37 41
+20 760/4 621 742 20.8 57 61 41
(b) Pipe weld: P 92, pipe-+
o
: 300 mm, wall thickness: 40 mm
Test temp.
(1C)
PWHT
(1C/h)
YS (MPa) TS (MPa) Elongation
(%)
Location
of fracture
CVN (ISO-V) (J) Hardness
HV 10
+20 760/4 502 678 15.0 BM 96 88 84 234 249
600 760/2 297 360 16.5 BM
600 760/4 293 355 18.0 BM
SAW-wire/ux-combination: Thermanit MTS 616/Marathon 543.
Wire-+: 3.2 mm; amperage: 380420 A; voltage: 2830 V; welding speed: 500600 mm/min; preheating temperature: 250 1C; interpass temperature:
300330 1C.
J.C. Vaillant et al. / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85 (2008) 3846 46