1

EXPERIMENT 1
TENSILE TESTING (UNIVERSAL TESTER)

MATERIALS LABORATORY
MEMB221
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL
SEMESTER 1, 2014/2015

DATE PERFORMED: 19 June 2014
DATE SUBMITTED: 26 June 2014

NAME:RANJANI VASU
ID: ME091074
SECTION : 4
GROUP NUMBER : A

GROUP MEMBERS:
1. NOOR FAHMEEDA KUSYAIRI (ME091169)
2. MALIK AINUDDIN AZMON (ME091149)
3. MUHAMAD ADIB HALIM (ME091160)
4. AHMAD HAZIZI ZULKIFILI (ME091148)


LAB INSTRUCTOR:
Pn. Siti Zubaidah Othman

2


TABLE OF CONTENT


TITLE PAGE

SUMMARY

3

OBJECTIVE

4


THEORY

4


EQUIPEMENT/DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

7

PROCEDURE

10

DATA & OBESERVATIONS

11


ANALYSIS & RESULTS

14

DISCUSSIONS

22

CONCLUSIONS
24


REFERENCES

24




3





SUMMARY

This analysis is called as Tensile Test (Universal Tester). It's to verify the Stress-Strain
cooperation of materials in this way to figure some mechanical terrains of the materials.

The supplies used are WP 300 and the illustrations are Aluminium and Metal. The grounds of the
supplies are first thought about and the cases' determinations are noted down. Certain
mathematical statements for modulus of adaptability, designing anxiety, fabricating strain and
protracting at break are exhibited here.

The test routines are then went hand in hand with. Readings of prolongation and its examining
life are taken and tabulated. The stress and strain values are then figured using the
aforementioned values. Graphs of trouble in resistance to extending are drawn and also the
anxiety-strain graphs for both samples. It's from the aforementioned outlines that the mechanical
terrains case in point E modulus, prolongation at split, tensile and yield capacity are obtained.

Qualities got indicated a considerable vast rate slips from the speculative qualities. This may be
because of some mistakes as talked over further underneath.






4



OBJECTIVE

1) To understand the principal of tensile testing.
2) To determine the stress-strain relationship for two type of materials.
3) To determine the values of
a. Elongation at fracture
b. Tensile strength
c. Yield strength
d. Modulus of elasticity


THEORY

a) Fundamental Principles of the Tensile Test

The tensile test is the best known test in material testing. It confirms tensile fitness, the most
basic grounds of material. Also, its moreover possible to confirm stretching at break as a
sturdiness estimation of the material.

In the tensile test, a mono-axial stretch is made in a material sample. This anxiety is consolidated
by method of outside stacking of the example in a longitudinal bearing through a tensile drive.
There is then an even dispersal of straight push in the test cross-section of the example.

To confirm the ability of the material, stacking of the specimen is slowly and constantly
fabricated until it founders. The most max test contain incident is an estimation of the capability
5

of the material. The charged tensile value, RM is processed from the most utmost test force, FB
and the starting cross-fragment zone, A0 of the example:-

0
A
F
R
B
M

The most fundamental route to of guaranteeing the most extreme test compel is by method of the
most maximum pointer on the force showcase. In the tensile test itself, the cross-fragment of the
illustration is diminished its gagged and the precise pesters are quite higher.

The development at break, An indicates the acclimatization in length of the case differentiated
and its introductory length, L0 and is figured using the length, LU of the illustration taking after
break :-
% 100
0
0

L
L L
A
U



To measure the lengths, a few measuring checks are had a cooperation with the test bar.
Accompanying split, numerous conclusions of the case are situated as one unit perfectly at the
break show and the division between the some measuring stamps is measured.

b) Fundamental Principles of Stress-Strain Diagram

The stress-strain graph (Figure 1) indicates the offbeat behaviour of the distinct materials
absolutely plainly. Every material has a their own characteristic pattern of stress and strain.
Important material information could be perused from the stress-strain graph. Notwithstanding
tensile quality, RM, the point of confinement proportionality, RP is especially fascinating.
Beneath this point of confinement, the material submits to Hooke's Law with the Modulus of
Flexibility, E: Strain, is corresponding to stress, :-

E




6

When this stress is passed, bending is no longer relative to the trouble.

One specific imperative parameter from specialized outlook is the yield indicate, RE. From this
center onwards, the material winds up being enduringly plastically deformed. Deformation
remains when load is assuaged. To guard the function of the section, it may simultaneously not
be stacked any further.
With certain materials, for instance reinforced sensitive steel, kept up creeping happens from the
yield onwards. The case is broadened without the trouble being broadened push. In materials
without avowed creeping, the affirmation stress Rp0.2 is specified. In entirely an awesome case,
the material has a unending amplification of 0.2% which remains accompanying accommodate
of the burden.

The hardened steel blasts virtually without plastic miss happening but has an actually uplifted
tensile value. The tempered steel is far tougher but still has a towering capacity. The fragile
reinforced steel has an especially increased prolongation but a level tensile capability. In this
case, there is indicated slithering in the transition to plastic behaviour. In the aluminium mix, the
antsiness-strain bow risings less steeply in the adaptable zone than the distinctive steel materials
in light of the compliment modulus of adaptability.

The anxiety-strain graph is processed from the qualities for strength and the stretching recorded
the same time as the tensile test.

0
A
F

and
0
0
L
L L
U




Poissons Ration
Poissons ration is defined as
z
x

Where
x
= the strain perpendicular to the tensile axis

z
= the longitudinal strain

In general increases during the run, starting about 0.3 in the elastic region and about 0.5 after
the material begins to deform plastically.
7




DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT

Technical description of the Equipment

The WP 300 material testing mechanism is a compelling unit laid out specifically for specific
guideline and is one of the time honored materials testing device in materials science. The
adjustable diagram of the unit permits an inconceivable run of uncommon tests requiring tensile
or compressive drive. Due to its clear, fundamental layout, the
unit is ideally suited for both researchers' examinations and for
showings. Its decreased degrees and nearly simple weight permit
flexible use and erection on all standard research focus seats.

In its essential shape, the unit does not require any outside
acquaintanceships. The test oblige is prepared through a manually
incited water driven schema and indicated by method of an
extensive, easily dapper presentation instrument with a trailing
pointer. Extending of the illustration is recorded by method of a
dial measure. All ornament are screwed to the cross-parts. This signifies
that the test unit may be immediately refitted for contrasting tests.

The fundamental unit is basically comprises of the accompanying components:
- Machine base (1) with handgrip (2)
- Support with cross-head (2)
- Load frame with upper (3) and lower cross-member (4)
- Hydraulic system consisting of a main cylinder (5) and a master cylinder with hand wheel (6)
- Force display (7)
8

- Elongation display via a dial gauge (8)
- Gripping heads (9) with sample (10)
Machine Base
The unbending machine base made of flings press structures the
gathering and assurances stability of the test unit in affiliation with 4
flexible feet. The machine base underpins the force through force
and the packaging.



Load Frame

The burden casing comprises of the upper (1) and flatter cross-part (2) and the guide pole (3).
The burden edge transmits the test drive from the pressure driven primary chamber to the
correlated specimen. The burden edge is slide-mounted in the cross-head of the backing. Tensile
examples are braced between the upper cross-part and the cross-head, whilst compressive
examples are cinched between the flatter cross-part and the cross-head.

Hydraulic System

The test compel is created by hydraulic means. A cylinder in the expert barrel (2) incited through
the hand wheel (1) and the strung axle makes a hydrostatic force which prompts the test
constrains in the principle chamber (3). The hydraulic means transmission proportion is 2.77:1,
whilst the mechanical transmission proportion hand wheel/spindle is 503:1. Avoiding erosion
misfortunes, this could relate to a manual constrain of 1 N for every 1.3 kN test constrain. The
full stroke of the fundamental barrel of 45 mm needs 83 unrests of the hand wheel.
Force Display & Elongation Measurement

The power measuring gadget works consistent with the manometer guideline. It measures the
hydrostatic force in the water driven framework. The substantial showcase with a width of 160
mm helps exact perusing. A greatest pointer stores the greatest constrain. The stretching is
9

measured through an alterable mounted dial measure. The dial check shows the relative
displacement between the upper cross-part and the cross-head.

Gripping Heads

The grasping heads are intended for tensile tests with a M10 strung head. What's more, level
clamping cushions can effectively be embedded in the cross-head and cross-part and are kept by
nut.

Note: Examples utilized are Aluminium and Metal. The speculative Modulus of Flexibility for
Aluminium is 70 GPa and Metal is 105 GPa.


















10

Procedure
1. To set up the test device the hand wheel on the master cylinder was untwisted. Then, the
gripping heads were screwed with the short bolt at the bottom and long bolt at the top.
2. Insertion of the required tensile sample was done. The test length L
o
of the sample
between two marks were measured and noted. The sample was screwed into the lower
gripping head followed by the upper gripping head until the end stopped.
3. The nut on the upper gripping head was tighten until the gripping head was seated
without slack in the upper cross-member.
4. Adjustment of the dial gauge was done by pushing the dial gauge upwards on the support
bar until the tracer pin touches the drive.
5. The rotating scale on the dial gauge and the maximum pointer on the force display were
set to zero. The specimen was slowly and constantly loaded by rotating the hand wheel.
The force was applied over a time interval of 5-10 seconds.
6. The force was read from the force display every 0.1mm and noted with the corresponding
extension. The reading interval was extended to 0.2mm from 1mm extension onwards.
The maximum test force was read and noted.
7. The sample was removed from the gripping heads. The hand wheel was twisted back and
the experiment was repeated with another different specimen.







11

Data and Observation
Aluminium
Diameter = 6.1 mm
L
O
= 32.0 mm
L
U
= 32.0+4.8 =36.8 mm


Elongation, L=L
U
-L
O
(mm) Force (kN)
0.1 1.3
0.2 3.1
0.3 5.0
0.4 7.5
0.5 8.8
0.6 9.1
0.7 9.2
0.8 9.2
0.9 9.3
1.0 9.3
1.2 9.3
1.4 9.4
1.6 9.45
1.8 9.5
2.0 9.55
2.2 9.6
2.4 9.6
2.6 9.6
2.8 9.5
3.0 9.3
12


Table 1: Elongations and corresponding forces for Aluminium
Brass
Diameter = 6.1 mm
L
0
= 32.1 mm
L
U
= 32.1+6.2 = 38.1 mm

Elongation, L=L
U
-L
O
(mm) Force (kN)
0.1 0.5
0.2 1.5
0.3 3.2
0.4 5.6
0.5 8.2
0.6 10.1
0.7 11.6
0.8 12.5
0.9 13.0
1.0 13.2
1.2 13.5
1.4 13.7
1.6 13.9
1.8 14.0
3.2 9.2
3.4 8.8
3.6 8.7
3.8 8.2
4.0 7.8
4.2 7.5
4.4 6.7
4.6 6.3
4.8 6.3
5.0 Fracture
13

2.0 14.1
2.2 14.2
2.4 14.3
2.6 14.3
2.8 14.4
3.0 14.5
3.2 14.5
3.4 14.5
3.6 14.6
3.8 14.6
4.0 14.7
4.2 14.8
4.4 14.8
4.6 14.7
4.8 14.7
5.0 14.7
5.2 14.6
5.4 14.8
5.6 14.8
5.8 14.7
6.0 14.5
6.2 14.3
6.4 Fracture

Table 2: Elongations and corresponding forces for Brass



14

Observation

While conducting this experiment, we can observe that there are not much difference or
the changes that occurs on both the specimens. Then as greater force is applied to the specimen,
they start to elongate uniformly. A significant pattern of necking is observed with the aluminium
specimen, whereas the brass specimen doesnt show any significant signs of necking.
Aluminium elongates until it factures at 4.8mm elongation. On the other hand, brass
elongates until it fractures with a loud sound after elongation of 3.0mm.
The fracture for the brass specimen occurs at the edge of the specimen, whereas the
aluminium fractures at the middle of the specimen.


Analysis and Results
I. Aluminium

Graph 1
Sample calculation :-
i) Stress, :-
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)

Force, F (kN)
Aluminium
Force
15

=

where

= 2.92x 10
-5

At

= 0.1 mm, F = 0.1 kN

=

= 3.536776513 MPa
ii) Strain, :-
=

=


= 0.003125


Elongation, L=LU-LO
(mm)
Force (kN) Stress(Mpa) Strain
0.1 1.3 44520.54795 0.003125
0.2 3.1 106164.3836 0.00625
0.3 5 171232.8767 0.009375
0.4 7.5 256849.3151 0.0125
0.5 8.8 301369.863 0.015625
0.6 9.1 311643.8356 0.01875
0.7 9.2 315068.4932 0.021875
0.8 9.2 315068.4932 0.025
0.9 9.3 318493.1507 0.028125
1 9.3 318493.1507 0.03125
1.2 9.3 318493.1507 0.0375
1.4 9.4 321917.8082 0.04375
1.6 9.45 323630.137 0.05
1.8 9.5 325342.4658 0.05625
2 9.55 327054.7945 0.0625
2.2 9.6 328767.1233 0.06875
2.4 9.6 328767.1233 0.075
16

2.6 9.6 328767.1233 0.08125
2.8 9.5 325342.4658 0.0875
3 9.3 318493.1507 0.09375
3.2 9.2 315068.4932 0.1
3.4 8.8 301369.863 0.10625
3.6 8.7 297945.2055 0.1125
3.8 8.2 280821.9178 0.11875
4 7.8 267123.2877 0.125
4.2 7.5 256849.3151 0.13125
4.4 6.7 229452.0548 0.1375
4.6 6.3 215753.4247 0.14375
4.8 6.3 215753.4247 0.15
5.0 Fracture - -

Table 1: Stress Strain for Aluminium



Graph 2
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
stress (MPa)
Strain (mm/mm)
Aluminium - Stress Strain graph
17


i) Modulus of Elasticity :-
taking slopes at point 0.2 and 0.5 mm elongation,
E =

=



= 31477.31097MPa
= 31.47731097 GPa


Pencentage error (Modulus of Elasticity), % :-
as the theoretical Modulus of Elasticity for Aluminium is 69 GPa,
%Error = |

| x 100%
= |


| x 100%
= 54.38070874%

ii) Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) :-
based on Graph 2 (Stress - Strain Diagram For Aluminium),
Ultimate Tensile Strength = 357.2144278 MPa

iii) Elongation at fracture (Aluminium)
based on Graph 2 (Stress - Strain Diagram For Aluminum),
Elongation at fracture : 5.0 mm
A =

x100 =

x100 = 12.5 %

iv) Yield Strength (offset of 0.2%) :-
based on Graph 2 (Stress - Strain Diagram For Aluminium),
Yield Strength = 353.6776513 MPa
18

0.2% Elongation at fracture =

= 10m
Strain, =

= 0.00025
Yield Strength (offset of 0.2%), = E
= 31.47731097 GPa x 0.00025
= 7.869327743 MPa


II. Brass

Graph 3
Sample calculation :-
i) Stress, :-
=

where

At

= 0.1 mm, F = 2.0 kN
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)

Force, F (kN)
Brass
Force (kN)
19


=

= 17.12553026 MPa
ii) Strain, :-
=

=


= 0.003115


Elongation, L=L
U
-L
O
(mm) Force (kN) Stress(Mpa) Strain
0.1 0.5 6849.315068 0.003115
0.2 1.5 51369.86301 0.006231
0.3 3.2 109589.0411 0.009346
0.4 5.6 191780.8219 0.012461
0.5 8.2 280821.9178 0.015576
0.6 10.1 345890.411 0.018692
0.7 11.6 397260.274 0.021807
0.8 12.5 428082.1918 0.024922
0.9 13 445205.4795 0.028037
1 13.2 452054.7945 0.031153
1.2 13.5 462328.7671 0.037383
1.4 13.7 469178.0822 0.043614
1.6 13.9 476027.3973 0.049844
1.8 14 479452.0548 0.056075
2 14.1 482876.7123 0.062305
2.2 14.2 486301.3699 0.068536
2.4 14.3 489726.0274 0.074766
2.6 14.3 489726.0274 0.080997
2.8 14.4 493150.6849 0.087227
3 14.5 496575.3425 0.093458
3.2 14.5 496575.3425 0.099688
3.4 14.5 496575.3425 0.105919
20

3.6 14.6 500000 0.11215
3.8 14.6 500000 0.11838
4 14.7 503424.6575 0.124611
4.2 14.8 506849.3151 0.130841
4.4 14.8 506849.3151 0.137072
4.6 14.7 503424.6575 0.143302
4.8 14.7 503424.6575 0.149533
5 14.7 503424.6575 0.155763
5.2 14.6 500000 0.161994
5.4 14.8 506849.3151 0.168224
5.6 14.8 506849.3151 0.174455
5.8 14.7 503424.6575 0.180685
6 14.5 496575.3425 0.186916
6.2 14.3 489726.0274 0.193146
6.4 Fracture


Table 2: Stress Strain for Brass


Graph 4
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)

Strain (mm/mm)
Brass- Stress Strain Graph
21

iii) Modulus of Elasticity :-
taking slopes at point 0.1 and 0.4 mm elongation,
E =

= 37254.04594 MPa
= 37.25404594 GPa
Pencentage error (Modulus of Elasticity), % :-
as the theoretical Modulus of Elasticity for Brass is 105 GPa,
%Error = |

| x 100%
= |


| x 100%
= 64.51995625 %

iv) Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) :-
based on Graph 4 (Stress - Strain Diagram For Brass),
Ultimate Tensile Strength = 526.9797005 MPa

v) Elongation at fracture (Brass)
based on Graph 4 (Stress - Strain Diagram For Brass),
Elongation at fracture : 2.8 mm
A =

x100 =

x100 = 6.25 %
vi) Yield Strength (offset of 0.2%) :-
based on Graph 4 (Stress - Strain Diagram For Brass),
Yield Strength = 484.5383823 MPa
0.2% Elongation at fracture =

= 5.6 m
Strain, =

= 0.00014
Yield Strength (offset of 0.2%), = E
22

= 37.25404594 GPa x 0.00014
= 5.215566.432 MP

Discussion
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the relationship between stress-strain of material,
hence to obtain approximate values of Elongation at fracture, Tensile strength(UTS) and Yield
strength .
The sample materials that we utilized as specimen in our experiment are Aluminium and
Brass. The values that we obtained from the experiment are tabulated and graphs are drawn. In
Aluminium and Brass, the engineering stress is calculated using the formula
0
A
F

, while the
engineering strain is obtained by the formula
0
0
L
L L
U


, the Stress-Strain graph for each
specimen is then drawn. The slope of the graph gained from the graph represent Modulus of
Elasticity. However, the slope is taken at its elastic region which there is an initial straight line
portion. This portion is called as the elastic region in which load is proportional to elongation. As
we known earlier, the material will start to deform permanently beyond this region or the non-
linear portion and is named as plastic deformation. As there is continuity in increment in load
until a maximum value rapture or mostly known as fracture will occur on the material.
Referring to the slope of the two graphs (refer to graph 3 and 4), the E modulus for Aluminium is
found to be a 31.47731097 GPa , a percentage error of 54.38070874% from the theoretical value
of 69 GPA. The E modulus for Brass is calculated to be 37.25404594 GPa , thus a deviation of
64.51995625 % from its theoretical value of 105 GPA.
The Elongation of fracture is obtained by the formula
% 100
0
0

L
L L
A
U
.The value of A for
Aluminium is found to be 12.5 GPA and Brass to be 6.25% .From the values gained it is
theorytically proven that Aluminium is more ductile than Brass.Brass get fractured at shorter
elongation than Aluminium.



23

From the stress-strain diagram the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) also can be determined.It is
the maximum test force before the specimen get fractured.Hence from the graph drawn the
tensile strength for Aluminium is 357.2144278 MPa and Brass is 526.9797005 MPa .From this
analysis, we are exposed to the fact that Brass comsumed more force before it breaks compared
to Aluminium.

The yield strength is determined by the 0.2% offset on the stress-strain diagram as well.After a
deep research done on stress-strain diagram the yield strength for Aluminium and Brass is
353.6776513 MPa and 484.5383823 MPa respectively.The possible errors that cause defect in
calculation of E modulus are:-

> Specimen error - the specimens used may not be homogeneous material.Therefore
the values obtained did not tally with the actual theoretical values.

> Parallex error - error in positioning eyes when reading the values in dial gauge and
force display.

> The specimen may not be screwed tightly into the gripping heads i.e. insertion is not
uniform.Failure in screwing properly might affect the result as the force applied
would not spread uniformly throughout the specimen and concentrate only at the
specimens thread instead.






24

Question
Concrete is strong in compression but relatively very weak in tension. How to improve such
mechanical properties in order to transmit better tensile force?

Answer : To improve such mechanical properties, the concrete material must be mixed with
other type of materials to improve their mechanical properties so that it can transmit better
tensile force.It is because composite material will have both ductile and brittle
properties.Moreover,this mixing will increase strength of the material.

Conclusion

The Principles of Tensile Testing is clearly understood from this experiment.This test is carried
out to clearly understand the mechanical properties of metals and alloys that are widely used in
engineering field.Based on the data obtained from the stress-strain diagram,it has been proven
that elongation at fracture of aluminium is much more higher than brass.This shows that
aluminium is a ductile material.However,the tensile strength,yield strength and modulus of
elasticity of aluminium are lower than brass.This implies that brass is a tougher material
compared to aluminium.

References
Ferdinand P.Beer, E.Russell Johnston, Jr., John T.DeWolf. 2004. Mechanics Of
Materials. 3
rd
Edition. McGraw Hill. pp 50-60, 746.
Semester 4 2012/2013. MEMB221 Materials Laboratory Manual.COE, Uniten. pp 1-5.
Beer, Johnston, DeWolf, Mazurek. 2009. Mechanics of Materials. 5
th
Ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill. pp48-56.)
Smith, Hashemi. 2006. Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering. 4
th
Ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill. pp213-224)