VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Semester: Vth
Year: 2014-15
Subject Title: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-I

Subject Code: 10ME33

Total Contact Hours: 52

Duration of Exam: 03
Hours

Total Exam Marks: 100

Total I.A. Marks: 25

Lesson Plan Author: Sunil C Bajantri

Date:

Checked By:

Date:

Prerequisites:
Subject requires the basic knowledge of Mechanics of Materials.
Course Learning Objectives-CLO
1. Develop an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and
engineering.
2. To develop an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet
desired needs within realistic constraints.
3. To develop an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering
problems.
4. To develop an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering
tools necessary
for engineering practice.
At the end of this course student should be able to:
1. Be able to analyze the stress and strain on mechanical components; and
understand, identify and quantify failure modes for mechanical parts.
2. Demonstrate knowledge on basic machine elements used in machine
design; design machine elements to withstand the loads and deformations
for a given application, while considering additional specifications.
3. Be able to approach a design problem successfully, taking decisions when
there is not a unique answer.
4. Be proficient in the use of software for analysis and design.
Materials and Resources Required:
1.

Presentation:

2.

Text Book:
I.

Chalk and talk

Design of Machine Elements - V.B.Bhandari, 2nd Edn

2007, Tata Mcgraw Hill.

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

II.

Mechanical Engineering Design: Joseph E Shigley and

Charles R. Mischke, 6th Edition 2003 Tata McGrawHill.

3. Design Data Hand Books:

I.

4.

Design Data Hand Book K.Lingaiah, Mcgraw hill, 2nd Ed 2003.

II.

Design Data Hand Book K.Mahadevan and Balaveera reddy, CBS

Publishers & Distributors.

III.

Design Data Hand Book- H.G.Patil, I.K. International Publisher, 2010.

Reference Books:
I.

Machine Design:Robert L.Norton, Pearson Education,2001

II.

Design of Machine Elements-M.F.SPotts, T.E.Shoup,pearson

Edn,2006.

III.
IV.

Fundamentals of Machine component Design Robert

C.Juvinall, Wiley India Pvt.Ltd, 3rd Edn,2007,
Engineering Design, G.E. Dieter

Evaluation:
Student Assessment:
Examination Pattern:
Theory: 100 marks; IA: 25 marks; Total: 125
marks
1.

Unit No.

No. of
Questions

Chapters for Internal Assessment Test:

I. A. Test
Unit Nos.

II

III

1&2

3, 4 & 5

6, 7 & 8

Chapter wise plan

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Subject Name:

DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-I

Unit Number : 1
and Definitions

Chapter Title Fundamental Concepts

Planned Hours: 6
hours

Lesson Schedule:
Class No.

Portion covered per hour :

1. Fundamental Concepts & Definitions: Thermodynamics definition and scope,

Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches. Some practical applications of
engineering thermodynamic Systems, Characteristics of system boundary and
control surface, examples.
2. Thermodynamic properties; definition and units, intensive and extensive
properties. Thermodynamic state, state point, state diagram, path and process,
quasi-static process, cyclic and non-cyclic processes
3. Thermodynamic equilibrium; definition, mechanical equilibrium
4. Diathermic wall, thermal equilibrium, chemical equilibrium,
5. Zeroth law of thermodynamics,
6. Temperature concepts, scales, fixed points and measurements.

Learning Objectives
1. At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
2. To outline that thermodynamics is basically concerned with heat and work
interactions.
3. To summaries the fundamental concepts and definitions which are
necessary for the study of thermodynamics, properties, processes and
equilibrium
4. To state and explain Zeroth law of thermodynamics which forms the basis
for temperature measurement
Lesson Outcomes:
1. explain the basic concepts and definitions of thermodynamics
2. state and explain Zeroth law forms the basic of temperature measurement
3. solve problems on temperature scales
Questions from Previous 2 Years Question Papers:
1. Distinguish between:
a. Open system and closed system
b. Macroscopic and microscopic approaches
c. Point function and path
functi
d. Intensive and extensive properties
e. Diathermic and adiabatic walls.
(10 Marks)
( DEC 2007)
2. Differentiate between the following with suitable examples.
a. System and control volume
b. Intensive and extensive properties

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

c. Path and point functions. (06 Marks)

(JUNE 2008)
3. Define the following:
a. Thermodynamic state
b. Quasistatic process
c. Cyclic and Non - cyclic processes.
(08 Marks) (JUNE
2008)
4. The resistance of the windings in a certain motor is found to be 80
ohm at room temperature (25C). When operating at full load,
under steady state conditions, the motor is switched off and the
resistance of the windings immediately measured again, is found
to be 930 ohms. The windings are made 9f copper whose
resistance at temperature tC is given by R t = R [1 + 0.00393t],
when R is the resistance at OC. Find the temperature attained by
the coil during full load. (06 Marks) (JUNE 2008)
Mention the characteristics of a,thermodynamic property.
(04 Marks)
Explain thermodynamic equilibrium...
(08 Marks)
The temperature t on a certain Celsius thermometric scale is given by means of
a property 6:i through a relation t = a/uP + b where a and b are constants and P
is the property of the fluid.
If, at the ice point and steam points the values
of P are found to be 4 and 20 respectively, what will be temperature reading
corresponding to a reading of P = 16? (08 Marks) (DEC 2008)
Assignments:
1. Define intensive property and extensive property of a system with two
examples for each.
2. Define the following giving examples : i) Closed system ii) Open system iii)
Isolated system
iv) Point function v) path function
3. Distinguish between: a) Macroscopic and Microscopic approaches b)
Intensive and Extensive properties c) Point function and path function d)
Thermal and thermodynamic equilibrium
4. The reading tA and tB of two Celsius thermometers A and B agree at ice
point and steam point, but elsewhere are related by the equation t A=
L+MtB+Nt2B, where L,M and N are constants. When both thermometers are
immersed in a system of fluid, A registers 11 0C, while B registers 100C.
Determine the reading on A when B registers 37.4 0C.
5. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics and deduce the concept of
temperature from it. Given a chance would you extend the above
statement to mechanical, chemical and electrical equilibrium, explain.
6. Define mean free path, microscopic and macroscopic approach. What do
you understand by thermometry? What are the two fundamental steps to
be followed to measure temperature?
7. The temperature t on a thermometric scale is defined in terms of a
property K by the relation t = ln [K] + b, where and b are constants.
The values of K are found to be 1.83 and 6.78 at icepoint
8. and steam point respectively which are 0 0C and 1000C. Determine the
temperature corresponding to a value of K = 2.42 on the thermometer.

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

9. Differentiate between a) Process and Cyclic process b) Quasistatic process

and Isentropic process c) Closed system and open system
10.Explain the following terms: a) Thermal equilibrium b) Macroscopic and
microscopic point of view c) Equality of temperature
11.Define intensive and extensive properties and classify the following into
intensive and extensive properties a) Potential energy b) Kinetic energy c)
Strain d) Elevation e) Density f) Pressure
12.A thermometer is calibrated using ice (00C) and steam (100 0C) points as
fixed reference points. An algebraic function is T = A log e X + B is chosen
to establish the temperature scale.
Subject Name:

Basic Thermodynamics

Unit Number : 2

Chapter Title : Work and Heat

Planned Hours: 6
hours

Lesson Schedule:
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Mechanics, definition of work and its limitations.
2. Thermodynamic definition of work; examples, sign convention.
3. Displacement work as a part of a system boundary, as a whole of a system
boundary,
4. Expressions for displacement work in various processes through p-v diagrams.
5. Shaft work, Electrical work. Other types of work.
6. Heat, definition, units and sign convention.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
1. To define work in with reference to applied mechanics and thermodynamic
definition of work.
2. To outline both heat and work are boundary phenomena and will be able to
distinguish between heat and work
3. To define heat, its unit and sign conventions used
4. To solve simple problems based on concept of work and heat
Lesson Outcomes:
1. explain the concepts of heat and work, different types of work and the
respective expressions
2. distinguish between heat and work
Assignments:
1. Explain an example to indicate the difference between heat and work
2. Derive the expression of work done for the following non flow processes
i) p = C/V and ii) p = C/V2, where p is pressure, V is volume and C is a
constant

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3. A spherical balloon of one-meter diameter contains a gas at 1.5 bar. Due

to heating the pressure reaches 4.5 bar. During this process the pressure
is proportional to the diameter cubed of the balloon. Determine the work
done
4. Clearly define Heat and work from the point of view of thermodynamics.
Classify the following as heat and work interactions. The system to be
considered is underlined: i) A raw egg is taken and boiled in water bath to
get boiled egg. ii) A ping pong ball dancing on a water fountain iii) The
glowing of an Incandescent bulb iv) A person enjoying steam bath in an
insulated tub v) The sprouting of a sunflower plant in the presence of
sunlight vi) Baking of Bread in an oven
5. Why does a free expansion have zero work transfer? Explain
6. Show that PdV work in a polytrophic process PVn = constant is given by
(p1 V1/ n 1) 1 (p2/p1) n 1/n
7. Show that work is a path function, not a property.
8. A closed system containing a gas expands slowly in a piston cylinder from
600 Kpa and 0.10 m3 to a final volume of 0.5 m3. Determine the work
done if the pressure distribution is determined to be i) p = Constant ii) pV
= constant iii) pV1.4 = constant iv) p = - 300 V + 630, where V is in m3
and p in Kpa
9. Substantiate the statement Work and heat are path functions
10.State whether the heat Q and the work Ware positive, negative or zero in
each of the following cases. The system to be considered is in capital
letters. I) one kg of air flows adiabatically from the atmosphere into an
evacuated bottle through a valve.
11.A gas confined in a cylinder by a piston at a pressure of 3 x 105 N/m2 and
a volume of 12,000 cm3. Changes its state in such a way that the pressure
is inversely proportional to the volume. In this process, if the pressure falls
to 1/3 of its initial value, find the magnitude and direction of workflow.
12.A gas is at a pressure of 3 bar in a cylinder with friction less movable
piston. The spring force is exerted through the piston is proportional to the
volume of gas. Also an additional atmospheric pressure of 1 bar acts on
the spring side of the piston. Determine the work done by the gas in
expansion from 0.1 m3 to 0.5 m3.

Questions from Previous 2 Years Question Papers:

1. Starting from a common starting point, draw the following processes
on the P-V plane
a. Isocoric process
b. Isobaric process
c. Isothermal process
d. Isentropic process
e. Polytropic process (10 Marks ) (DEC 07)
2. Distinguish between heat and work in thermodynamics. (04 Marks)
(DEC 07)
3. A cylinder contains 1 kg of a certain fluid at an initial pressure of 20
bar. The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly behind a piston

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

according to law p V2 = constant until the volume is doubled. The

fluid is then cooled reversibly at constant pressure until the piston
regains its original position; heat is then supplied reversibly with the
piston firmly locked in position until the pressure rises to the original
value of 20 bar. Calculate the net work done by the fluid, for an
initial volume of 0.05 m3. (06 Marks)
(DEC 07)
4. Show that the work and heat are path functions. (05 Marks)

(JUNE 08)

5. A system undergoes a process in which the pressure and volume are

related by an
equation of the form PVn = a constant. Derive an expression for
displacement work
during this process. (05 Marks)
(JUNE 08)
6. A fluid at 0.7 bar occupying 0.09m3 is compressed reversibly to a
pressure of 3.5 bar according to a law PV n = constant. The fluid
is then heated reversibly at constant volume until the pressure is
4 bar; the specific volume is then 0.8m 3/kg. A reversible
expansion according to a law PV 2 = constant, restores the fluid
to its initial state. Sketch the cycle on a P-V diagram and
calculate. i) the mass of f1uid present ii) the value of 'n' in the
first process iii) the net work of the cycle.
(10 Marks)
(JUNE 08)
7. As an engineering student suggest the. most economical process when it
is desired to compress one mole of air (y = 1.4) from an initial state of 300
K and 1 bar to a final state of 300 K and l0bar from among the following
processes: .,.,a. Isothermal compression.
b. Cooling at constant pressure followed by heating at constant
volume.
c. Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume
and
d. Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant
pressure.
Take the value of R = 8.314 Jlmol K.
(20Marks)
(DEC 08)

Subject Name:

Basic Thermodynamics

Unit Number : 3
Chapter Title: First Law of
Thermodynamics
Systems

Planned Hours: 7
hours

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Lesson Schedule:
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Joules experiments, equivalence of heat and work.
2. Statement of the First law of thermodynamics, extension of the First law to non cyclic processes, energy, energy as a property, modes of energy.
3. Pure substance; definition, two-property rule, Specific heat at constant volume
4. Enthalpy, specific heat at constant pressure.
5. Extension of the First law to control volume; steady state-steady flow energy
equation,
6. Important applications, analysis of unsteady processes such as film and
evacuation of vessels with and without heat transfer.
7. Numericals

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
1. To define and explain I law of thermodynamics which basically deals with
energy conversions and that it has certain limitations
2. To apply I of law of thermodynamics for both closed systems and open
systems
3. To define pure substances and definitions
4. To discuss the important applications and analyze for unsteady processes.
Lesson Outcomes:
1.
2.
3.
4.

obtain expressions for the I law applied to both closed and open systems
deduce steady flow energy equation for different applications
prove that energy is a property of the system
define pure substance and other aspects

Assignments:
1. Define first law of thermodynamics for a closed system. What is perpetual
motion machine of first kind?
2. A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system, which passes
through a complete cycle of four processes. During a cycle the sum of all
heat transfers is 170 kJ. The system completes 100 cycles/minute State
the first law of thermodynamics applied to a cyclic process
3. A system receives 200 KJ of heat at constant volume. Then it rejects 70 KJ
of heat at constant pressure and work done on the system being 50 KJ. If
the system is restored to the initial state by an adiabatic process, how
much work will be done during the adiabatic process? Calculate the
changes in internal energy for the above-mentioned processes and draw
p-v diagram. Write down the steady flow energy equation and indicate
clearly the meaning of each term in it.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. A steam turbine receives steam with a flow rate of 900 kg per minute and
experiences a heat loss of 840 KJ per minute. The exit pipe is 3 meters
below the level of the inlet pipe. Find the power developed by the turbine
if the pressure decreases from 62 bar to 9.86 kPa, velocity increases from
30.5 m/s to 274.3 m/s, internal energy decreases by 938.5 kJ/kg and
specific volume increases from 0.058 m3 / kg to 13.36 m3 /kg
5. Using an example of a closed system undergoing a cyclic process, explain
the first law of thermodynamics and then establish that thermal energy is
a property.
Questions from Previous 2 Years Question Papers:
1. State and explain the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system
undergoing a cycle.
What is PMMI ? (07 Marks)
(MAY 2010)
2. During one cycle, the working fluid in an engine engages in two work
interactions: 15 kJ to the fluid and 44 kJ from the fluid. There are three
heat interactions, two of which are known: 75 kJ to the fluid and 40 kJ
from the fluid. Evaluate the magnitude and direction of the third heat
transfer. (04 Marks)
(MAY 2010)
3. At the inlet to a certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000
kJ/kg and the velocity is 60 mls. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is
2762 kJ . The nozzle is horizontal kg and there is negligible heat loss from
it. Find the velocity at the exit from the nozzle.
If the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m3/kg, find
the mass flow rate.
If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m 3/kg, find the exit area
of the nozzle.
(09 Marks)
(MAY 2010)
4. State:

i) I law of thermodynamics as applied to a closed system

ii) Two-property rule (04Marks)
(DEC 09)
5. A fluid system undergoes a non-flow frictionless process following the
pressure - volume relation as P = Y2 + 1.5 , where P is in bar and Y is in m 3.
During the process volume
changes from 0.15m3 to 0.05m3 and the system rejects 45 kJ of heat.
Determine: i) Change in internal energy; ii) Change in enthalpy. (08
Marks) (DEC 09)
6. A fluid flows steadily through a rotary device. For a kg of fluid, the heat
transfer out of the device is 25 kJ. The fluid properties at the entry are 5
bar, 50 m/s and 0.78 m 3/kg. The corresponding properties at the exit are 1
bar, 100 m/s and 0.97m3/kg. The inlet is 5m above the exit and the
internal energy at the entry is greater than that of exit by 119 kJ. Find the
out put work. (08 Marks) (DEC 09)
7. State the important consequences of the first law of thermodynamics and
show that
perpetual motion machine of the first kind is impossible. (08 Marks)
(DEC 08)
8. In a thermal power plant operating in a s~eady state an adiabatic steam
turbine receives I kg/s of superheated steam at 3 MPa and 400C. The

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

steam enters the turbine with a velocity of 10 m/s at an elevation of 10m

above the ground level. The steam leaves the turbine at 0.1 bar with 10%
moisture content. The velocity of steam at exit is 3 times that at inlet and
the exit is at an elevation of 40% of inlet. Show that it is safe to ignore the
changes in kinetic energy and potential energy.
Given: P = 3 MPa and t = 400C;
h = 3232.5 kJ/kg; . P = 0.1 bar;
hf =191.83 kJ/kg; . hg =2584.8 kJ/kg
(12 Marks) (DEC
08)

Subject Name:

Basic Thermodynamics

Unit Number : 4
Chapter Title: Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Planned Hours: 7
hours

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Lesson Schedule:
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Devices converting heat to work; (a) in a thermodynamic cycle, (b) in a
mechanical cycle.
2. Thermal reservoir, direct heat engine; schematic representation and
efficiency. Devices converting work to heat in a thermodynamic cycle.
3. Reversed heat engine, schematic representation, coefficients of performance.
4. Kelvin - Planck statement of the Second law of Thermodynamics; PMM I and
PMM II,
5. Clausius statement of Second law of Thermodynamics, Equivalence of the
two statements; Reversible and irreversible processes;
6. Factors that make a process irreversible
7. Reversible heat engines, Carnot cycle, Carnot principles.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
1. To outline the limitations of I law has lead to the formulation of second law.
2. To define thermal reservoir, direct heat engine and the devices used to
convert work to heat
3. To explain reversed heat engine and its properties
4. To define and explain Kelvin - Planck statement of the Second law of
Thermodynamics; PMM I and PMM II,
5. To define and explain Clausius statement of Second law of
Thermodynamics, Equivalence of the two statements; Reversible and
irreversible processes.
6. To state and explain irreversible, reversible heat engines, Carnot cycle,
Carnot principles.
Lesson Outcomes:
1. summaries the limitations of I law and the scope of second law
2. explain Kelvin - Planck statement of the Second law
Thermodynamics and concepts of PMM I and PMM II,
3. explain the concept and significance of Carnot cycle
4. explain reversibility and irreversibility principles

of

Assignments:
1. Give the Kelvin Plancks and Clausius statements of second law of
thermodynamics and prove that they are equivalent
2. Between any two temperatures reservoirs prove that all reversible
refrigerators have the same cop.
3. Examine the following statements for any violation of second law of
thermodynamics and clarify with logical arguments a) The sudden
eruption of a Volcano b) When you dip a tube of very small diameter
(capillary) in a tub of water, the water raises inside the tube.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. Define a) Refrigerator and its COP b) Heat pump and its COP. A heat
engine with an efficiency of 40 % drives a refrigerator with a COP of 4.
Determine the ratio of total heat rejected to the atmosphere to the
heat absorbed by the refrigerator.
5. An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the
refrigerated space at 10-degree C. while operating in a room of 25degree C. temperature and has a cop of 8.5. How would you evaluate
his claim as a patent officer.
6. Sketch the Carnot cycle on P-V and T-S diagrams and obtain the
expression for the air standard efficiency. What are the Carnot cycle
limitations?
7. With the help of pressure volume and temperature entropy diagram,
explain the working of a Carnot heat engine. Is it possible to reverse
this engine to work as heat pump? If yes how?
8. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at constant
temperature of 160 degree C and 20 degree C. the work output from
the engine is 15 kJ. Determine a) efficiency of the engine b) heat
transfer to the engine c) heat transfer from the engine. If the engine is
reversed and operates as a heat pump between the same two
reservoirs, determine the COP of the heat pump and the power
required to drive the heat pump, if the heat transfer to the heat pump
from the low temperature reservoir is 300 kJ/min/
9. A series of combination of two Carnot engines operate between the
temperature of 180 0C and 20 0C. Calculate the intermediate
temperature if the engines produce equal amount of work.
Questions from Previous 2 Years Question Papers:
1. Establish the equivalence of Kelvin - Planck and Clausius statements of
second law of
thermodynamics.
(08 Marks) (MAY 2010)
2. A source 'X' can supply energy at a rate of 11000 kJ/minute at 320C. A
second source 'Y' can supply energy at a rate of 110000 kJ/minute at
60C. Which source 'X' or 'Y' would you choose, to supply energy to an
ideal reversible engine, that is to produce a large amount of power, if the
temperature of surroundings is 4C? (08 Marks) (MAY 2010)
3. What do you understand by a reversible and an irreversible process? What
are the causes of irreversibility of a process?
(04
Marks)
(MAY 2010)
4. Represent schematically heat engine, heat pump, and refrigerator. Give
their-performance (06 Marks) (DEC 2009)
5. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the
heat engine and the heat pump are used to heat the water circulating
through a radiator of a building. If the COP of the heat pump is 4 and the
efficiency of the heat engine is 0.3, how much heat is transferred to the
radiator water for every kJ heat transferred to the heat engine? (07 Marks)
(DEC 2009)

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. Show that of all heat engines working between two given thermal
reservoirs, the Carnot
engine is the most efficient one. (08 Marks) (DEC 2008)
7. It is proposed to produce 1000 kg of ice per hour from liquid water at OC
in summer when the ambient atmospheric temperature is 3TC. It is
planned to use a heat engine to operate the refrigeration plant. Hot water
at 70C, produced by solar heating acts as a source to the heat engine
which uses atmosphere as the sink. Calculate i) the power required by the
refrigeration plant ii) the ratio of the energy extracted from freezing water
to that absorbed by heat' engine and iii) the rate of rejection of heat by
both the devices. Take enthalpy of fusion of water at OC as 333.43 kJ/kg.
(12 Marks) (DEC 2008)
8. Represent the Carnot Heat Engine cycle on a P - V diagram and explain
briefly. (06 Marks) (JUNE 2008)
9. State and prove Camot's theorem. (06 Marks)
(JUNE 2008)
10.Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series, A rejecting
heat to B through and intermediate reservoir. Engine 'A' receives 200kJ at
a temperature of 421C fron-: a hot source, while Engine 'B' is in
communication with a cold sink at a tymperature of 4.4C. If the work
output of A is twice that of B, find i) the intermediate temp between A and
B. ii) the efficiency of each engine and iii) the heat rejected to the cold
sink
(08 Marks)
(JUNE 2008)
11.Describe the working of a carnot cycle and show 11th = 1- T2 .

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TI

Subject Name:

Basic Thermodynamics

Unit Number : 5

Chapter Title: Entropy

Planned Hours: 6
hours

Lesson Schedule:
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Clausius inequality; Statement, proof, application to a reversible cycle.
2. Entropy; definition, a property, change of entropy, principle of increase in
entropy,
3. Entropy as a quantitative test for irreversibility
4. Calculation of entropy using Tds relations, entropy as a coordinate.
5. Available and unavailable energy.
6. Numericals

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
1. To define entropy of a system and establish Clausius inequality
2. To obtain expressions for the change in entropy in case of an ideal gas
and a pure substance
3. To define entropy of universe which is equal to entropy of system plus
entropy of surroundings and also they will understand the principle of
entropy increase.
4. To solve examples on entropy change
5. To explain the concepts A.E. and U.E
Lesson Outcomes:
1. define entropy of a system and establish Clausius inequality
2. apply Clausius inequality principle to identify whether a process is
reversible, irreversible or impossible
3. solve examples involving calculation of change of entropy, and A.E. and
U.E.
Assignments:
1. Derive Clausius inequality and hence prove that entropy is a property

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. Define reversibility and mention at least 3 factors which render a

process irreversible
3. One kg of air is heated reversibly from an initial state of one
atmosphere and 10 degree C to 1 atm and 65 degree C. For reversible
heating of air at constant pressure dQ/dT = 1.0 kJ/K. Determine the
change in entropy.
4. By applying second law to a process, show that there exists a property
S, given by ds = q/ T
5. Show that change of entropy of a perfect gas during a process PV =
constant is given by ds = R / n V2/V1
6. A heat engine receives 125 kJ of heat per cycle from a reservoir at 300
degree C and rejects heat to a reservoir at 75 0C degree C by the
following hypothetical amount a) 95 kJ/cycle; b) 59.5 kJ/cycle; c) 31.25
kJ/cycle. Which of these represents reversible, irreversible and
impossible cycles?
Questions from Previous 2 Years Question Papers:
1. Define entropy. Show that entropy is a property of the system. (08 Marks)
(MAY 2010)
2. Defme the terms, available and unavailable energy.
(02
Marks)
(MAY 2010)
3. One kg of ice at _5C is exposed to the atmosphere, which is at 20e. The
ice melts and comes into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Determine the entropy increase of the universe. Take Cp of ice = 2.093~
and latent of fusion of ice = 334 kJ/kgK.
(10 Marks) (MAY 2010)
4. State and prove "Clausius inequality". (06 Marks)
(MAY 2010)
5. Obtain an expression for entropy change of a closed system when it
undergoes a polytropic process.
(08 Marks)
(MAY 2010)
6. An inventor claims to have designed a heat engine, which absorbs 260 kJ
of energy as heat from a reservoir at 52C and delivers 72 kJ of work. His
claim includes that the engine rejects 100 kJ and 88 kJ of energy to the
reservoiisat 2TC and 2C respectively. Verify the claim; How is the
temperature of the source to be altered in accordance with the
verification, if necessary? (08 Marks) (DEC 2008)
7. Air at 20 C and 1.05 bar occupies 0.025 m 3. The air is heated at constant
volume until the pressure is 4.5 bar, and then cooled at c-onstant
pressure back to original temperature. Calculate: i) The net heat flow from
the air ii) The net entropy change.
Sketch the process on T -S diagram. (10 Marks) (DEC 2007)
Subject Name:
Unit Number : 6
Irreversibility

Basic Thermodynamics
Chapter Title: Availability and

Planned Hours: 6
hours

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Lesson Schedule:
1. Definition of availability and irrerevsibility
2. Definition of maximum work, maximum useful work for system and control
volume.
3. Availability of system and steadily flowing system.
4. Irreversibility and second law efficiency
5. Numericals
6. Numericals
Learning Objectives
1. Understand Availability and irreversiablity.
2. Available Energy referred to cycle and maximum work in reversiable
process.
3. Irreversiability and Gouy-Stodola Theorem
4. Availability or Exergy Balance
5. Second Law Efficiency.
Lesson Outcomes:
1. Should able to define Availability and Irreversibility
2. Available Energy in cycle and process.
3. Undestand the Availability or exergy balance for process and cycle.
4. Understand the second Law Efficiency.
5. Explain the second law efficiency
Assignments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What do you understand by a high grade energy and low grade energy?
What is available energy and unavailable energy?
What is available energy referred to a cycle?
What do you understand by exergy and energy?
What is meant by quality of enrgy?
What do you understand by useful work? Derive expressions for useful
work for a closed system and a steady flow system which interact only
with the surroundings?
7. What do you understand by dead state?
8. Give the exergy balance for closed system?

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

9. Eight kg of water at 100 C are mixed with 50 kg of water at 60C, while

the temperature of the surroundings is 15C. Determine the decrease in
available energy?
10.A pressure vessel has a volume of 1 m 3 and contains air at 1.4 MPa, 175
C. the air is cooled to 25C by heat transfer to thebsurroundings at 25C.
calculate the availability in the initial and final states and the
irreversiability of this process. Take P0=100KPa.
Questions from Previous 2 Years Question Papers:
1. 5 kg of water at 95C is mixed with 35 kg of water at 35C, the pressure being taken as
constant and temperature of the surroundings being 15C. Calculate decrease in available
energy of the system. (10 Marks) (MAY 2010)
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

Define the terms: i) Useful work; ii) Reversible work; iii) Irreversibility. (06 Marks)
Define first law efficiency and second law efficiency. How these efficiencies can be
improved?
(04 Marks) (MAY 2010)
Obtain an equation for maximum work available in a non - flow system (06 Marks) (DEC 09)
A system at 500 K receives 7200 kJ/min from a source at 1000 K. The temperature of
atmosphere is 300 K. Assuming that the temperatures of system and source remain
constant during heat transfer, find out .
i) The entropy produced during heat transfer.
ii) The decrease in available energy after heat transfer. (08 Marks) (DEC 09)
What is the availability function for a non-flow process? ( 05 Marks) (DEC 08)
Explain second law efficiency. (05 Marks). (DEC 08)

Subject Name:

Basic Thermodynamics

Unit Number : 7

Chapter Title: Pure Substance

Planned Hours: 7
hours

Lesson Schedule:
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Definition and basic concepts
2. P-T and P-V diagrams, triple point and critical points.
3. Sub cooled liquid, saturated liquid, mixture of saturated liquid and vapour,
saturated vapour and superheated vapour states of pure substance with
water as example.
4. Enthalpy of change of phase (Latent heat). Dryness fraction (quality), T-S and
H-S diagrams, representation of various processes on these diagrams.
5. Steam tables and its use. Throttling calorimeter, separating and throttling
calorimeter.
6. Numericals
7. Numericals

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. To define pure substance and its properties

2. To list down the importance and applications of pure substance in
practice
3. To define dryness fraction of steam and its measurement
4. To obtain expressions for the work and heat transfers during various
thermodynamics processes executed by the pure substance
Lesson Outcomes:
1. plot P-T and T-V diagrams of pure substance
2. obtain expressions for pure substances executing different processes
with different phases
3. solve examples based on concepts of pure substance.
Assignments:
1. Draw a P-T diagram for pure substance and indicate all necessary
points on it
2. If a certain amount of steam is produced at a pressure of 8 bar and
dryness fraction 0.8 calculate. External work one during evaporation
and external latent heat of steam
3. Two boilers one with super heater and other without super heater are
delivering equal quantities of steam into a common main. The pressure
in the boiler and main is 20 bar. The temperature of steam from a
boiler with a supper heater is 350 degree C and temperature of the
steam in the main is 250 degree C. determine the quality of steam
supplied by the other baler CPs=2.25 kJ/kg.
4. Define a pure substance and say whether the following are pure
substances or not a) (Steam + Water) b) (Air + Liquid air) c) (Air + Fuel
vapor) d) Steam
5. Steam expands isentropically from 70 bar and 500 degree C to 20 kPa
in a steam turbine. Calculate the dryness fraction and enthalpy of
steam after expansion. If the steam flows steadily through the turbine
with a mass flow rate of 150 kg/min, determine the turbine work.
Neglect the heat losses, potential energy and kinetic energy effects.
Draw T-S diagram and show the above process on it.
6. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram of a pure substance (H2O) on
pressure temperature Co-ordinates. Hence explain the changes in state
of a pure substance upon heating at different constant pressures.
7. With the help of a neat sketch explain how dryness fraction of a wet
steam is determined using Throttling calorimeter. What are its
limitations?
8. A vessel of volume 0.04 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and
saturated steam at a temperature of 250 0c. The mass of the liquid
present is 9 kg. Find the pressure, the mass, the specific volume, the
enthalpy, the entropy and the internal energy.
Questions from Previous 2 Years Question Papers:
1. Write a neat P - T diagram for a pure substance and define : i) Tripple point
ii) Critical point.
(06 Marks)
2. Define:
a. Sensible heat of water

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

b. Latent heat and

c. Dryness fraction.
(06 Marks) (DEC 2009)
3. Define: i) Isothermal compressibility ii) Isentropic compressibility and iii)
Coefficient- of volume expansion. (06 Marks )
(DEC 2008)
4. Explain the terms: i) Saturated liquid ii) Saturated Vapour iii) Saturation
temperature
iv) Saturation pressure. (08 Marks) (DEC 2008)
5. Sketch and explain the PT diagram for water. (06 Marks)
(DEC 2008)
6. Define 'Quality of Steam'. Explain anyone method for determining the
quality of steam with a sketch.
(06 Marks)
(JUNE 2008)
7. Draw enthalpy and entropy diagram for water and indicate the following on
the sam- :
i) Saturated liquid line ii) Saturated Vapour line iii) Critical point iv)
Constant pressure line v) Constant temp line vi) Constant Quality lines.
(06 Marks) (JUNE 2008)
8. A vessel of volume 0.04m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and
saturated steam at a temperature of 250C. The mass of the liquid present is
9kg. Find the pressure, the mass: the specific volume, the enthalpy, the
entropy and the internal energy. (08 Marks) (JUNE 2008)
9. Determine the amount of heat, which should be supplied to 2 kg of water
at 25C to convert it into steam at 5 bar and 0.9 dry. (06 Marks) (DEC
2007)
Subject Name:

Basic Thermodynamics

Unit Number : 8

Chapter Title: Real and ideal gases

Planned Hours: 7
hours

Lesson Schedule:
1. Introduction; Vander Waal's Equation Van der Waal's constants in terms of
critical properties,
2. law of corresponding states, compressibility factor; compressibility chart.
3. Ideal gas; equation of state, internal energy and enthalpy as functions of
temperature only, universal and particular gas constants, Specific heats, perfect
and semi-perfect gases.
4. Evaluation of heat, work, change in internal energy, enthalpy and entropy in
various quasi-static processes.
5. Ideal gas mixture; Dalton's law of additive pressures, Amagat's law of additive
volumes,
6. Numericals on ideal gases, mixture of ideal gases and real gases.
7. Numericals

Learning Objectives
1. Define and distinguish between real and ideal gases (L1)
2. Explain
compressibility factor, compressibility charts,
corresponding states and equation of state for a real gas (L2)

law

of

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3. Differentiate
between particular gas constant and universal gas
constant (L4)
4. Explain the laws governing the mixtures of ideal gases (Daltons law and
Amagats law) (L2)
5. Solve numericals on mixtures of ideal gases and on real gases (L3)
6. Explain reduced properties and critical properties (L2)

Lesson Outcomes:
1. Able to explain the concept of real gas and vanderwalls equation
constants.
2. Appreciate the compresiability chart, and law of corresponding states.
3. Define the mixture laws.
4. Solve numerical of gas mixtures.
Assignments:
1. Write down the Vander Waals equation of state. Why does it differ from
ideal gas equation of state. Compute from the Vander Waals equation the
pressure exerted by 1 kg of CO2 a 100 degree C. if the specific volume is 1
m3 /kg.
2. Write a note on compressibility factor
3. Calculate the specific volume of propane at 150 degree C and 690.7
N/cm2. Compare the resultant with that obtained by ideal gas relationship.
For propane Tc = 370 K, Pc = 421.5 N/cm2, R = 189 J/kg. K. use generalized
compressibility chart
4. Determine the pressure in a steel vessel having a volume of 15 litres and
containing 3.40 kg of Nitrogen at 400 Degree C by using the a) Ideal gas
equation b) Vander Waals equation. Also calculate the compressibility
factor by using the answer obtained from the Vander Waals equation of
state.
5. State Vander Waals equation of state
6. Write a note on compressibility factor and compressibility charts. Compute
the pressure of air at 20 degree C having a specific volume of 0.00315 m 3/
kg . m by means of Vander Waals equation
7. A container of 3 m3 capacity contains 10 kg of CO 2 at 27 0C. Estimate the
pressure exerted by CO2 by using i) Perfect gas equation ii) Vander waals
equation
8. What do you mean by perfect gas? Give the answer according to
macroscopic point of view. Under what conditions does it behave as a real
gas
9. Two moles of CO2 at a pressure of 1.5 x 10 5 N/m2. And a temperature of
70 degree C are mixed with three moles of N2 at 2.5 x 105 N/m2 and 50
degree C in a thermally insulated vessel. Find the temperature of the

VSM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIPANI 591237.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

mixture when it is in equilibrium. Assume constant specific heats for CO 2

and N2.
10.Write a note on compressibility factor and compressibility chart
11.State Amagats law and prove that for each component of a mixture of
ideal gases the volume fraction equals its mole fraction
12.State and explain the following with reference to gas mixture: a) Amagats
law b) Daltons law.
Questions from Previous 2 Years Question Papers:
1. Under what conditions the behaviour of a real gas approaches closely that
of an ideal gas?
Write van der waal's equation for a real gas. (06 Marks) (MAY 2010)
2. Write a short note on Vander Wall's equation. (05 Marks) (DEC 2010)
3. Explain reduced properties and compressibility chart. (05 Marks) (DEC
2010)
4. A vessel of capacity 3m3 contains 1 kg mole ofN2 At 90C
i) Calculate pressure and specific volume of gas
ii)If the ratio of specific heats are 1.4, obtain cp and cv
iii) Subsequently, the gas cools to the atmospheric temperature of
20C; evaluate the final . pressure of gas.
iv) Evalate the increase in specific internal energy, the increase in specific
enthalpy,
increase in specific entropy and heat transfer. (10 Marks) (DEC
2010)
5. Derive Vander Waal's constants in terms of critical properties. (12 Marks)
(DEC 2008)
6. Define compressibility factot and explain its significance. (03 Marks )
(DEC 2008)
7. A cylinder of 0.01 m3 volume is filled with 0.727 kg of n-octane ~C8H18)
at 427.85 K. assuming that n-octane obeys the Vander Waal's equation of
state calculate the pressure of the gas in the cylinder. Take the constants a
and b as 3.789 Pa (m3/mol and
2.37 x 10-4 m3/mol respectively. (08 Marks)

(DEC 2008)

8. With usual notations, for a ideal gas undergoing a reversible adiabatic

process, the law of
the process is given by TVy-1 = C. (06 Marks)

(JUNE 2008)

9. Show that the entropy change of an ideal gas is given by the equation of
the fom
. V2
P2 .
S2 - S1 = Cp In
+ Cv In -.
(06 Marks)
(JUNE 2008)
VI PI
10.0.5 kg of air is compressed reversibly and adiabatically from 80 kPa, 60C
to 0.4 Mpa is then expanded at constant pressure to the original volume.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Sketch these processes on the P- V and T -S planes. Compute the heat

transfer and work transfer for the whole path. (08 Marks)
(JUNE
2008)
11.Distinguish between real gas and ideal gas. (04 Marks) (DEC 2007)
(DEC 2007)
12.Starting from the relation Tds = du + pdv, show that for an ideal gas
undergoing a
reversible adiabatic process, the law for the process is given TVy-1 = a
constant.
(08 Marks)
(DEC 2007)
13.A mass of 0.25 kg of an ideal gas has a pressure of 300 kPa, a
temperature of 80C, and a volume of 0.07 m 3 The gas undergoes an
irreversible adiabatic process to a final pressure of 300 kPa and final
volume of 0.10 mJ,during which the work done on the gas is 25 kJ.
Evaluate the Cp and Cy of the gas and the increase in entropy of the gas.
(08 Marks)
(DEC 2007)