English Pre advanced 1

Designer clothes shiny eyes round face spaky hair strong handshake
charming manner warm smile deep voice

SO
SO is used to show agreement with positive statements.
SO + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)
The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement.
It is similar to using TOO at the end of a sentence.
Person A Person B
I am happy. So am I. = I am happy too.
I'm going to Brazil in the summer. So am I. = I am going to Brazil too.
You look nice today. So do you. = you look nice too.
Stephanie has a new boyfriend. So does Mary. = Mary has a new one too.
We went to the concert last night. So did I. = I went to the concert too.
I would love a coffee right now. So would I. = I would love a coffee too.
He will win a prize. So will I. = I will win one too.
They have finished their homework. So have I. = I have finished too.
I can speak two languages. So can I. = I can speak two too.
He should study more. So should I. = I should study more too.
We could see the mountains. So could we. = We could see them too.
My brother had eaten too much. So had I. = I had eaten too much too.


NEITHER
Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements.
Neither + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)
The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement.
It is similar to using either at the end of a sentence, although Neither is more commonly used,
especially in spoken English.
A: I don't understand Spanish.
B: Neither do I. (= I don't understand Spanish either.)
A: I cannot swim.
B: Neither can I. (= I can't swim either.)
Sometimes people respond Me Neither instead of Neither + Auxiliary + Subject though this is
very informal spoken English.
Person A Person B
I am not hungry. Neither am I. = I'm not hungry either
I'm not going to quit. Neither am I. = I'm not going to quit either
They don't speak French. Neither do I. = I don't speak French either.
Stephanie doesn't eat meat. Neither does Mary. = Mary doesn't eat meat either.
Mary didn't go to the party. Neither did I. = I didn't go either.
I wouldn't like to do his job. Neither would I. = I wouldn't like to do it either.
He won't stop talking. Neither will you. = You won't stop either.
You haven't finished your meal. Neither have you. = You haven't finished either.
Mike can't reach the top shelf. Neither can I. = I can't reach it either.
You shouldn't talk in the movie. Neither should you. = You shouldn't talk either.
We couldn't hear him. Neither could we. = We couldn't hear him either.
I hadn't seen her before. Neither had I. = I hadn't seen her before either.


Tag Questions
We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English.
They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a
comment and so keep the conversation open.
Making a tag is very mechanical. To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no
auxiliary, use do, does or did. With a positive sentence, make a negative tag and with a
negative sentence, make a positive tag.
It's beautiful, isn't it?
He has been, hasn't he?
You can, can't you?
It must be, mustn't it?
You know him, dont you?
He finished it, didn't he?
He will come, won't he?
It isn't very good, is it?
It hasn't rained, has it?
It can't be, can it?
Jenny doesn't know James, does she?
They didn't leave, did they?
He wont do it, will he?
Notice these:
There isn't an ATM here, is there?
Let's have a cup of coffee, shall we?
To reply, use the same auxiliary:
It's beautiful, isn't it? ~ Yes, it is. I think it's fabulous.
It isn't very good, is it? ~ No, it isn't. In fact, it's terrible.





Phrases for Indirect Questions
Could you tell me
Do you know
I was wondering
Do you have any idea
Id like to know
Would it be possible
Is there any chance

Direct: Where is Market Street?
Indirect: Could you tell me where Market Street is?
In indirect questions with is/are, the verb (is) comes after the subject (Market
Street).

Direct What time does the bank open?
Indirect: Do you know what time the bank opens?
In indirect questions, we dont use the auxiliary verbs do/does/did. Also, you
can see that the verb is open in the direct question, and opens in the
indirect question.

Direct: Why did you move to Europe?
Indirect: I was wondering why you moved to Europe.
Again, there is no auxiliary verb did in the indirect question. In fact, this indirect
question isnt even a question its more of a statement that invites the other
person to give more information.

Direct: How has he managed to get in shape so quickly?
Indirect: Do you have any idea how hes managed to get in shape so quickly?
The auxiliary verbs have and has can be used in both the direct and indirect
questions but in the direct question, has comes before the subject (he), and
in the indirect question, has comes after the subject.

Direct: How much does this motorcycle cost?
Indirect: Id like to know how much this motorcycle costs.
To form the indirect question, remove does and change cost to costs.

Direct: Can you finish the project by tomorrow?
Indirect: Would it be possible for you to finish the project by tomorrow?
For direct questions with can, we can use the phrase would it be possible to
make it indirect.

Direct: Can we change the meeting to Thursday?
Indirect: Is there any chance we could change the meeting to Thursday?
Is there any chance is another option for forming indirect questions
with can.

Yes/No Direct Questions > If in Indirect
Questions
If the direct question is a yes or no question (it has no question word such as
what, who, when, where, why, or how), then the indirect question will have if.
Direct: Does Tom like Italian food?
Indirect: Do you know if Tom likes Italian food?
Direct: Are your parents joining us for dinner?
Indirect: Could you tell me if your parents are joining us for dinner?
Direct: Do they speak English?
Indirect: I was wondering if they speak English.
Direct: Has Barbara ever studied abroad?
Indirect: Do you have any idea if Barbaras ever studied abroad?
Direct: Do you plan on traveling this summer?
Indirect: Id like to know if you plan on traveling this summer.










Vocabulary
Trend: Direction in fasion
Mask: Cover to disguise your face
Bullied: Scared by older or stronger children
Stoner
Weirdo: Strange person
Swift: Quick
Fast Track: Make smth happen quickly
Relinquish: Give sth up
Limelight: Public attention
Rude
Respectful
Polite
Nervous
Frustrated
Friendly
Apprehensive
Angry
A Belt
A Bucklet
Buttons
A Colar
Cuffs
A Hem
Sleeves
A Zipper
off the cuff: In an extemporaneous or informal manner.
buckle down: to apply oneself with determination
as bright as a button
tighten one's belt: to manage to spend less money; to use less of something
wear one's heart on one's sleeve: o display one's feelings openly and habitually, rather
than keep them private
Resemblance No Resemblance
Spitting image:
a person who bears a strong physical resemblance toanother, esp toa relative
Pen pal
Fluency
Aptitude
Inmersion
Rusty
Sporty
Earnest
Doted on
Cool
Soured
Grew apart
Barely speaking
Go to show: Help to illustrate
Relish: Enjoy a lot
Smothering: loving to excess
Curfew: A time by which you have to be at home
Rash: Describe sth done too quickly without thought
Foot: unit of measuring
Businessman
Conservative
Dreamer
Entrepreneur
Farmer
Opportunist
Risk-taker
Visionary
Deluge: A very heavy fall of rain, a huge number of people moving together
Drift: Be pushed along slowly by air or wter
Flood: A large amount of wter that temporarily covers a dry rea
Stream: Flow continuously
Trickle: Xmall amount of liquid that flows slowly




Adjetives
Appearance
Adjectives
adorable
beautiful
clean
drab
elegant
fancy
glamorous
handsome
Color Adjectives
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
purple
gray
black
white
Condition
Adjectives
alive
better
careful
clever
dead
easy
famous
gifted
helpful
Feelings (Bad)
Adjectives
angry
bewildered
clumsy
defeated
embarrassed
fierce
grumpy
helpless
long
magnificent
old-fashioned
plain
quaint
sparkling
ugliest
unsightly
wide-eyed
important
inexpensive
mushy
odd
powerful
rich
shy
tender
uninterested
vast
wrong.
itchy
jealous
lazy
mysterious
nervous
obnoxious
panicky
repulsive
scary
thoughtless
uptight
worried
Feelings (Good)
Adjectives
agreeable
brave
calm
delightful
eager
faithful
gentle
happy
jolly
kind
lively
nice
obedient
proud
relieved
silly
thankful
victorious
witty
zealous
Shape Adjectives
broad
chubby
crooked
curved
deep
flat
high
hollow
low
narrow
round
shallow
skinny
square
steep
straight
wide.
Size Adjectives
big
colossal
fat
gigantic
great
huge
immense
large
little
mammoth
massive
miniature
petite
puny
scrawny
short
small
tall
teeny
teeny-tiny
tiny
Sound Adjectives
cooing
deafening
faint
hissing
loud
melodic
noisy
purring
quiet
raspy
screeching
thundering
voiceless
whispering
Time Adjectives
ancient
brief
early
fast
late
Taste/Touch
Adjectives
bitter
delicious
fresh
greasy
Touch Adjectives
boiling
breeze
broken
bumpy
chilly
Quantity
Adjectives
abundant
empty
few
full
long
modern
old
old-fashioned
quick
rapid
short
slow
swift
young
juicy
hot
icy
loose
melted
nutritious
prickly
rainy
rotten
salty
sticky
strong
sweet
tart
tasteless
uneven
weak
wet
wooden
yummy
cold
cool
creepy
crooked
cuddly
curly
damaged
damp
dirty
dry
dusty
filthy
flaky
fluffy
freezing
hot
warm
wet
heavy
light
many
numerous
sparse
substantial

Collocations
make do have take
a mistake
a profit/loss
money/millions
a fortune
friends
war
a noise
a mess
fun of someone
a phone call
progress
a difference
a fuss
a living
a loss
a mess
a profit
sense
a start
way

the ironing
the housework
your homework
business
well/badly
sth wrong/right
your best
damage/harm
sb a favour
a look
difficulty
a duty
fun
hope
inspiration
a momento
a right
dinner
a headache
a party
a picnic
a barbecue
an appointment
fun
trouble
sth in common
Action
Advice
A deep breath
An exam
Notes
A risk
a photo
advantage of sb
care of sb
place
sth into account
your time
time
no notice of sth
part in sth
the opportunity

Make is also used with most nouns for ways of speaking/planning. For example, you
make a complaint, a promise, an offer, a threat, a speech, an apology, a point, a
confession, an accusation, a suggestion, an arrangement, a decision, a plan, an
appointment.


But, have is used with most nouns which involve a two-way discussion. For example, you
have a conversation, a chat, a discussion, an argument, a fight, a row, a meeting, an
interview.


We also often use have + a + verb (where the verb and the noun are the same). For
example, have a look, a rest, a sleep, a drink, a walk, a go.
Future continuous & Future perfect

The future continuous (will be + ing form) and the future perfect (will have + past participle) tenses are
used to talk about events in the future.
Future continuous
Dont ring at 8 oclock. Ill be watching Who Wants to be a Millionaire.
This time tomorrow well be sitting on the beach. I cant wait!
We use the future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at or around a time in the
future.
Dont phone grandma now, shell be having dinner.
The kids are very quiet. Theyll be doing something wrong, I know it!
These sentences are not about the future but we can use the future continuous to talk about what
we assume is happening at the moment.
Future Perfect
Do you think you will have finished it by next Thursday?
In 5 years time Ill have finished university and Ill be able to earn some money at last.
We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future.

We often use the future perfect with by or in
I think astronauts will have landed on Mars by the year 2020.
Ill have finished in an hour and then you can use the computer.
By means not later than a particular time and in means 'within a period of time. We dont know exactly
when something will finish.
I promise Ill have done all the work by next Saturday.
We dont know exactly when he will finish the work maybe Thursday, maybe Friday but definitely
before Saturday.
Past habit used to/would/past simple
When we talk about things that happened in the past but dont happen anymore we can do it in different
ways.

Used to
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
There didnt use to be a petrol station there. When was it built?
We can use used to to talk about past states .
I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.
I used to smoke but I gave up a few years ago.
or we can use used to to talk about repeated past actions

Remember that used to is only for past states/actions that dont happen now we cant use it for things
that still happen now. Also, used to + infinitive should not be confused with be/get used to + ing
form this is covered in a separate section.

Would
Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.
My teachers would always say Sit down and shut up!
We can use would to talk about repeated past actions.

Often either would or used to is possible. Both of these sentences are possible.
Every Saturday, I would go on a long bike ride.
Every Saturday I used to go on a long bike ride.
However, only used to is possible when we talk about past states.
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
We would live in New York when I was a kid.
Past simple
We went/used to go/would go to the same beach every summer.
We can use the past simple in the same way as used to and would to talk about repeated past actions.
I had/used to have a dog called Charlie.
We can also use the past simple for past states.
I went to Egypt in 1988.
However, if something happened only once we cant use used to or would we must use the past
simple.