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x =
b and C
x =
d have the same solution sets.
2. If a system of linear equations has more unknowns than equations, then it has innitely many
solutions.
3. There are exactly two unit vectors that are perpendicular to any given non-zero vector in R
n
where n 2.
4. The column space of an mn matrix is a subspace of R
m
.
5. It is sucient to only nd a row-echelon form of an augmented matrix [A | b] in order to
determine whether the linear system A
x =
b is inconsistent, or has a unique solution, or
has innitely many solutions.
3
6. If M is a 2 2 matrix such that M
2
= I, then M
k
= I for all integers k 2.
7. If A is an invertible n n matrix and is row-equivalent to B, then both A and B are row
equivalent to I.
8. If P and Q are 2 2 matrices, then P
2
Q
2
= (P Q)(P + Q)
9. An n n matrix G is invertible if and only if a solution to the matrix equation G
x =
0 is
the trivial solution.
10. If S is a set of one or more non-zero vectors in R
n
, then it is always possible to enlarge S to
become a basis for R
n
.
(Be sure you have printed the answers in the boxes on page 2)
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Part B - Full Solution Problem Solving
1. In all of this question let
A =
_
_
1 2 1 0 1
2 4 1 2 0
1 2 0 2 2
_
_ .
(a) Find the rref(A). You need not label the row operations. [5 points]
(b) Find a basis for Nul(A). [4 points]
(c) Find a basis for Col(A) consisting of some columns of A. [3 points]
(d) Find the orthogonal projection of the 2nd column of A onto the span of the 3rd column
of A. [3 points]
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2. Find the inverse of
B =
_
_
1
5
1
5
2
5
1
5
1
5
1
10
1
5
4
5
1
10
_
_
and check your answer by multiplication. [11 points]
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3. (a) Use correct mathematical notation to dene what is meant by a subspace of R
n
.
[4 points]
(b) Prove that the set V = {[x, 3y, y] | x, y R} is a subspace of R
3
. [5 points]
(c) Find the dimension of the subspace W = sp
_
[1, 2, 3], [3, 5, 0], [5, 1, 6], [2, 4, 6]
_
.
[4 points]
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4. (a) Carefully dene what is meant by an elementary matrix. [3 points]
(b) Express the matrix A =
_
_
_
3 5 0
1 2 0
0 0 1
_
_
_ as a product of elementary matrices. Be sure to
show all of your work. [9 points]
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5. (a) Use correct mathematical notation to carefully dene what is meant by the span of
vectors
v
1
,
v
2
, . . . ,
v
k
in R
n
. [3 points]
(b) Let
u = [1, 3, 2] and
v = [1, 4, 6]. Show that
w = [a, b, c] sp(
u ,
v ) if and
only if
w is perpendicular to the vector
n = [10, 8, 7]. [9 points]
(c) Is the set S = {
u ,
v ,
i } a linearly independent subset of R
3
? Justify your answer.
[5 points]
9
6. (a) The triangle inequality states that for vectors
u and
v in R
n
,
u +
u +
v .
Prove the triangle inequality (Hint: use the Schwarz inequality). [6 points]
(b) For n 3, let K
n
be the n n matrix each of whose entries is the number 1.
Prove that
_
I K
n
_
1
= I
1
n 1
K
n
[6 points]
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