I

'---
~ . .............................. ----
l)
\...___,) .
(a) (b)
The mree orr and (e) amplifier.
Avt Terminal gain Al.,
Signal-source \'Oitage gain
Input tumirulruistance
Rotlf'- Outputtenninal
u,
(a)
Inpul signal range
Tcrmin.al current gain
SINGLE BJT AMPLIFIERS- APPROXIMATE EXPRESSIONS
COMMON-EMinER AMPUFIER
..... g.,RL
= -! +g.,Rc
g,., Rt [ Rd R;o l
- l + g.., Rc
r::r + (JJ. + I)Rc
+g.., R)
=' 0.005( 1 +g. Rc)
-P.
( b)
COMMONCOllEG ORAMPLIFIER

I +g,. RL
R.II R;g
l + g., RL Rr + (RaUR.a}
r 111 + (fJ. + l)RL
+g. Rt,)
<
g.. Po+ 1
i; O.OOS(l +g.. RL)
P. +t
(c)
The three FET an1plifier configunltioRS: {a) common-source, (b) common-draio, and (c) conunon-gate.
Terminal voltage gain A
Signal-$OUCCe vollage gain A.
COMMON-BASE AMPLIFIER
r.[l +g., (R.!IR,)J
='0.005[1 + g,..(RriR.ll

"'
-
~ .
\.. I
"'--=-
Jet = J" +- Jj,_ _)_ w. = It__ = Ll tl.lot e-) ,Pi r: IJJ = w I}
.. -
'
- - 1J.
'
"1'7' VI I J t I\') I\ . ...til. .J_ fl
L
-- ........,.._- I)OfOINr.
J: 1no-Hq ! T; frJry,ue Tr:: 1: .. /'2. :rl ;CQ/' ('11/;; r wfr1
1i.
- l"" -JL '-' 'I orii Jear;. r P= T iJJ ; llj : (}; = w 61))
-
pIN!) eJ I oJ JJiL 7 7j_ 7j L L 1'1
0 p-:: _p-P l_ forttJe TeM= Jq J-t -tBUI J T;::::/1. (8. -8,



P5 :ce - - _ J UJ. \. 1f r "' 'L I))= e
p. 71 = Tel1 - h :: }f. =#115 l5&rf1- ji\rA "-=- J T Cf...

ft p. t Jt e T.. - 'I } . - r X r
f-, ( T) i_

1 voH:}<+- :J;e (volf-

5
'"
111
s)j f. ,;\,-H Te,.,
( a ) nm'J . lf 110
/' iea L w )__, V fi_ J;_ Jw c n ] Jw,{ )' '1)\ LJ!er- 11<5 eJ Je"
. Per+i q ( J) C Jt ..-< T n.. T &I = J;., +- ( -';t) Ji_ Jt""' + I) h.ve fhe.soNe velocl-/y
It\ ) L , C .k \!t - T cl.. / ?rl yowef'
da,p;tlj (8 R L- = d-t .!....- fi.q lq I-E , TE:: 7L r RP/1 .I!!fi.. pf== ;J. f;i' CPS (ex): b 1! 'qfo A-C
(/{ ) .1 J -II 5 tr f11,. QC I .
G T = v fri It - E w E .r e :l { RP;'I) ( .ii1I:.) __.. . . I si ci net. v. +-w)
j.i;r.t;;pt.-n,_ '""::' r" 7= lrr io V Vq= ,P(v. ri/;=
nL "' w= .!&.. - R. T T I( !J w,) ; fil'lj ,-1 11'
<f' r I!!-= d .4 = 11'--_ kE kE lfr tJ \ - _: J= J,., +:{(f. r L1 (IJN = i-ILJwL
7i reJ
8
J V::: 7L + ft W 5pet<l/ q/1 ckri_'!l qccdcr. -<
1
-:-L - R v. = )t I.=- " E a/- = o T S!"' IJt T = J
fi - A 'I J 7Vq . pf - I ::: Vo V Ji T Llt
-
e z = ....:.!L q 7f V = o 'YJ
;:; P' Ia e.J l-; Vq = n q Iq - Q T L . T _f i 7L. I UJ= 11 API'J
r""\
3= .!11 )"= T, t-:JL. ja. I=. 1L T IJJ= JL-_G_ . Rlt + illRA I /tq I T 30
t ) ..

- n I{ lfe /! ;( Lq
L v d - v E. 1 . T
Ll

"' .!.L)w 14- -.J;i_ -r. (, ) H. '
. j L Vtr; (.... A.:: ol..:::: Co5-1 V ' - 1/ r lrP!J J
}!YiisAJ!!j. . d = 1 '"
1
) lf.-t t 'J 2/2' d>$.
11
1., E!t.
0 0 Jll ) "";[ d . r 1 lfp"' --L_ lrr
1 V&c V- t-e o< :::. eoi
1
_J_ J /rpw11 (L- G
55
) .
:1 , v d, IJ' r cos e = V., rn5 ( fkl..ti) +... _yz v. ] ;;z w r _ r j tJ.
8
i ; e, til
.... ,;;:;;,:c_ 1r 5 r--.... e - e ._
3 0tk L J} lJ.f r 51() e == J
1
. . P::: R_
7
Lfr: "- _ TJ
f / c J ;;;n V L o 5/a+es _.., !Je
1
W
1
hp UJ$"/ip =[ flfyll'- !J.pl )'> 11,-w -uJ!L
Jct.Jl!Q T F f) Jl: p slip
lj-+ 5 b/c 2.00 i5 b/w f/Jef'j ; '- PJ. rp/ X; T11 !11. _ 1 T
7 0

w _ Af
1
I. i wf!L 5J,p-;- IFJ
>)'If<:- 'Y'l< no o.J,!!: 1 Tw ;;< I
i.; = =ld
4
-J
8
) l.'J It!= ,;;;z - 60 iory_ue "'o :1-J --jfj
_.:Jtt t v'I.. P I - 7L""
3j Je'L J"'t-,J' [Jc) (' Wetwsync f" 7 Je
-
i.e= rt{rc-j9.fj

0
'
-
r
. f1
'
C; -
r;L -111;'1 )
0
0
(I)COicJ fi !iJ!e T e,) t X!l--J)
,
;rl(l)ti(/IYI(.'I) 1,2, ..
[
I I
2 her I I { I, 110,1,2, ...
IJII II ... 1 - , lfl ' CIJn II -\,II - J, -2, ..
'{11) " 1
&{n- , , .. , ...,, , = st, :tl, ...

I trfa(ll + 21fkl+ - I\- 2trk)J
i-

ltn Jl1 ... + .:' ld) .... 3(fl 21Fk)J
..
8) .. I ..
......
flo - 2ri:) + tl'a(n-
-j&
l (l) ++lXtf) - .r(O)
Secolddi:rinri'll J(t) HrX(r) - a (O)-
..U.Ii:rivliho .Pl(l)++ri'X(l) - /"''x(IJ)- ,..,l(U) - ... -

! J(.t)d.l++; X(r)
.c(l)

.1(0) -JJ(O)J
tU{c)l.,tlooahiiiiU.paktoC(r - JIX(cl k""
,!!:..atol ((c - I)X(ll.-
I l .:(c + '1 >
n .. ,.. - >'
,.,.....,.[,.]- liZ }
(.c >
,.,,......,
1
,.
1
_ crz(o: + 11)
(c - n)!
2.n.& ..
l)n" "("I - ( >' 2.
..: -
(oaa .n..)w( ,.] _ .C
2
- (OCM n)c I z."'+-1
ci - ( :Z.coe n ) .t + 1
(&In .tm)u{nl- ( eln n)c !
o:2 - (2 o-n>.: + t /z.ifii
crft(COIO .lllol u{n}- - (t - .t'J)c
- c
2
,- :Z.0 COli rl) .C T A
2
11 In .t'T).c
" ( In ,a,,)u(,.] - -:t_ .........
.. - ,.. - n )c + "
. .
1 f oo
E =- .
21{ -oo.
r; . I
Power/energy
Relation
BW.
NIA
SNR NIA
2) Cc:adcll:r tllcsi&Dil.llCt) COl-.[, wilDie r.dlrDerlllll'reqaeacy is fiDd die
Fllllierseries ... a a
m-..... ,.GCIIIIPaapcMftls..t-.rylbeFoDr--
OIIdlidam by Let
1o detliDile tba Folder aeriel tlit. .
4) Giwodulwrioao!ipt B(t):oz(lt)'(Jt) lllll&f-k
l(t)JIII FCIUiierlrllllbm .f{e) 1111 Pollilir IIIDna H(e),Did e.
f(e).SG(e). +,J. ,.w;," }t> .J.3{t)
!
!....

AM .
Xz.(w)=
v
.... .... . .
.
v .
... , .w,.. ...
+ .2
w y
w
4) r ( w .(( w) Ji ( "')
hBt> &(w) =
0
t

IaoFS:IJ,
0
'

--
0
P(X>a)=l-F(a)
' I
P((X,Y) E A] = LLP(x,y)
.(x,y)eA
Px(x) = 2: p(x,y) p,(y) = L P(x,y) r-----
Y X
f!!tc+r4 voll .
E[h(X,Y)]= LLh(x,y)p(x,y)
"ty '
ex . ._ X - .,
or X+-Y- - -"' - -" )(-t
\E[(X- fi-x )(Y- fi-r )] =
Cov(X,Y)= \ LL(X- fl. x)(y- fl-
1
)p(x,y)
P = f J(x)dx " y E/X] - (><)
X.P.. y art nal- E(XYf- E(X)E(Y) x
*-Expec.kd -r1 Y ;nJep. jcwcf5 E[Y]-
'/qlue C (X Y) -U'> . ..J..
E(X) = Jx f(x)dx . . X r Corr(X,Y) = Pxr = ov , Cncrt7cJe.fl ' Cqlt
Y 1 cc..I:C\ , <7 x<7 Y /,r_ k/wc <h J + 1. 7/,e
E(xl) =-jl5Cx) Jx -1 n UXJT'C' e erMe"
, Coy aX+ b, cY +d) = acCov(X, Y) iiJe relf!l:!oiJ-
E[h(X)] = J h(x)f(x)dX ---.. _ _ x -t f"hlp -hdwe(J} .P.. y
If a and c are either both positive or both .
Uniform Distribution
{
1 .
f(x) = B- A If 1 x $ B ....::s, lt B-A dx
0 otherwise
- /
Corr(aX + b,cY +d) = Corr(X,Y)
E(X) = J-1.
vaN#-
- (j2
V(X) =-
n
r 741'\rles
,
Y=a
1
X
1
+ +a X = " a.x .
n n 1 1
, ...

5-hl.
Jtv. . u
. ux = Fn
...
df = n---l
p-p


i Adep. 5a,.,rles
rJ
1
+- ffJ. are h n aw IJ
o bo+h po u/,5 Qrt:.
n
1
+nJ :> !f-0
saMples are lnd;::.
poptJ/.5 dan if- have +o ke f]omq/
, 0'.1- &J YJoi- ()eeded

x
1
+x
2
p = -=-----=-
n] +n
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'i"i
.... , ..
..
-.
~
\ '"
. f'
.
.
.
.
l
L
I

!
e :
.e l,
e :
2:
a.:
G)

-o:
c
ra i
e .
... .
.x::
s ;
o:
:
'
' .
'
\
'
'
ALGEBRA
Arithmetic Operations
a{b + c) ab + ac
Q c ad+bc

Q
, Q d ad

c b c be
u+c a c
----+-
b b b
d
Exponents and Radicals
(;c"')"-.1 ...
(;)"=;:
:/? = (.(G)"
Factoring Special Polynomials
.r' - y' = (x + y)(..: - y)
:t.' + y' = (x + y)(x
1
- xy + y')
Jtt - y' ... (.lt - y)(;c2 + 1t1 + :1>
Binomial Theorem
(x + y'/- x: + l.ty + y
2
(.t - y)'- ;c> - 2IJ + y'
(x + y"jl = x) + 3.t2y + 3xyz +
(x - y)s - x' - 3J2y + lxyz - y'
11(11- 1)
(Jt + ir = x + nx-y + x
2
y'
2
+ ... + (: }..-"yt + ... + nxy"- + y
'Where (") ,.. n(n - 1) (n - k + I)
k 1231
Quadratic Fon11ula

If t1X
2
+Itt+ c= 0, iben.lt =
2411
.
and Absolute Value
If a < b aod b < c. Lben 4 < c.
u 4 < b, theo Q + c < b + c.
If a < b -.od c > 0, Lbai c4 < cb.
If a < b lUI() c < 0, then et1 > cb.
lfo>O.lilen
]z 1 a x 4 or :r co -a
].t]<a means -a<x<tJ
l..rl > o means x >a or ..: < -o

GEOMETRY
Geometric Formulas
formolas for area II, circu.mJueDCC C, and volu.me V:
Triangle
!M
!ab &ill'
Spberc
v .. i.,.,.
A= 411'r'
c-z..,.
G
Distance and Midpoint formulas
DisLana: betwcco P
1
(x
1
, y
1
) aod P2(Jtt. .Yl):
Lines
Slope of line through P,(;c:. y,) and P,(z., .Yl):
)1:1- YA

.r::- .1:1
Sector of Circle
A= !r:8
6 = r6 (6 in cadia!lS)
r
Cone
v-i1rr
1
h
A= 11'r../r' +
Puim-slope equalion of line lhrougb P,(l., yv wilb slope rn:
y - )'J m(x - xt)
Slope-intercept equaiioo of line witb slope m IUid y-inlercept b:

Circles
Equllion of lhe circle wid! cenler (II. i:) and tad1us r:
(Jt - , .. ., + (y - ..,. .. ,.
TRIGONOMETRY
Angle Measurement
11' ndians = 180"
,_ r8
( 0 in rar.lians)
180"

11'
Right Angle Tri gonomotry
sin 8 = opp 8 hyp
hyp opp
&dj -8- hyp
cos8 ... - - -
byp adj

d__d"PP
Trigonometric functions
,
cscO=-
y
,.
seco"'-
r
.r
cot 8=-
y
Graphs oJ Tr igonornetric Functions
y
y = cosx

y=ctcx y

adj
y
v:
:\
I
!0
I
I I
I
I I
I I
# 2,. ..
I
:r
I
211' .l
-I
h'
-I
V'J
\
I I I I
'
I
Trigonometric Functions of lmport11nt Angles
9 talians sio 0 CI0$9
(f
0 0 1
30" "'T/6 1/2
../3/2
45 "'T/4 Ji/2
v'i/2
60" 'fT/3 ../3/2 1/2
90" -rr/2 0
tm8
0
,fjj3
,fj
2
Fundamental identities
csc8=-
1
-
sin 8
tanB-sinfl
cos 0
cotB- -
1
-
tanO
aec8=-
1
-
C0$8
cosll
cotfl= sin8
sin( -o)- -sin 8 cos(-8) = cos 8
Wl(-8} - -r110 8
\ln(i- o} =cot9
The Law of Sines
sin A sin B _ sin C
II b ('
Thu Law of Cor.ines
a,=b
2
+ c,- 2bccosA
.Addition and Subtraction Fnrmulss
.sin(.t + y) = siJ:u CDS y + c:os.r silly
sin(x- y)- sinx cosy- cos.r silly
coa(.l: + y) - CO$ x cosy - sin r sin y
cos(x - y) = cos z OM y + silu sin y
ua(x + y)- ll&nx + tany
-&mrWly
Wlx-tany
tm(.-:- y)- I + wu tany
Double Angle Formulas
sin 2.l: = 2 sin x crux
B
cos 2.x- COB
1
x - si.n
1
z- 2 cos
2
x - 1 - 1 - 2 sin
2
x
2 tiD. .t
lall
Halt-Angle Formulos
l - eash
sin
1
.x -
2
2
1 + cos2.x
ccsx=
2
c
.
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
' .
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
------------------------------------
Power Functions .f(.d =
I il = .r", " a positive integer
Iii! f(z) = zt = a positive integer
(iii) /b) - x- -.!.
.t
Inverse Trigono11etric Functions
arcwu: =

y => W!y - x and

0
neven
y
0
---------
(1.1)
X
f(xi=.J%
y I

...__
X
11' 'IT
--"!!y ... -
2 2

11' '1T
--<y<-
2 2
y
..
2
y
----
X
I
lim tan -x = !!.
-- 2
..
SPECtAL FUNCTIONS

Exponential and I ogarithmic Functions
= y a' =
In = log .1, where In t = I
Cancellation Equ&lions
laiNS of logarithms
Jog.(a') =X X
1. log.(xy) =- log .r + log.y
ln(t-) = i"'' = .r
2. log.(;) - log.y
3. log.(.J:') = r rog..1
.X
Ex"ponential functions
Hyperbolic Functions
sin.b .x

cosh.x
Inverse Hyperbolic f unctions
y sinh-
1
x sinh y = x
1
CIICb.X = --
Sinb X
1

ClOth .X

coth.r =--
sinh.r
y - coah-
1
.x coshy - .r and y ;a 0
4
lime'=O
0
Logarilbmic functions
)'
y = sinhx
...... .
lim (I)
-
Y
)' -log).x
)''"' logiD.x
X
-
DIFFERENTIATION RULES
General Formulas
d
1. .:b: (c) = 0 2. [cf(x)] = cf'(x)
d
3. .:b: [f(x) + g(x)] f'(x) + g'(x) 4. [/(.x) - g{x)] = f'(x) - glt)
S. [/(x)g(x)J = /(x)g'(x) + y{x)f'(x) Rule)
7. f(g(x)) = f'(g(z))g'(.x) (OWn Rule)
& .i_ [ f(x)] = g(x)f'(x) - /(z)!J'(x) (Quouent Rule)
d;c g(x) [g(x)]l
d
I. tb: (x") = 11x- l (Power Rule)
Elpollential and Logari thmic Functions
d 1
11.-Lol x l=-
tb: X
Trigononwtrlc Functions
13. (sin x) =
d
15. tb: (csc x) = -esc x c01.x
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
11. : ... (sin-'.:c) = Jt : .x
2
2Z. .!!.. (cx-x) - -
1
tb x.Jx
2
- I
Hyperbol ic Functi ons
25. ; (Ji.nb x) - cosh x
d
21. d; (csch x)- -csch .x colh z
Inverse Hvperbolic Functions
d
10. - (a')= a'ln a
tb:
d I
12. -::;::- (log. x) = --
.... X)DO
d
14. -(cos.:c) = - sinx
tb:
d
17. tb: (sec.%) = lee X laD X
d I
28. - (cos-'x) = -----
tb ./1 - x
1
23 . .!!_ (acc-
1
x) =
1
tb x../x- I
d .
M. dx (cosh x) = 11111h x
d
29. -;I; (!!edt .r) - secb x umh z
5
d
15. tb: (lanx) - scc
1
x
d
11. - (rot.x) = -csc
2
x
tb:
d I
XJ. iU (lllnb- '.:c)- I - xz
. d 1
36. iU (ootb-'x) - 1 -
TABU. Of tNli&HALS
Basic Forms
1.Judv-uv - Jvdu
4. J e du = + C
f
o
5. a"du =-- + C
In o
6. J sin udu = - cosu + c
7. f COS II du = sin II + C
I. J scc
2
udu = taD11 + C
9. f CSC'Z.II dJi = -cot II + C
10. J sec u tan 11 du = sec 11 + C
Forms Involving .Jn1 + uf. a > (I
23. du = vo
1
+ 11
2
- o In. . + C
f
.Ja2 + u2 . ro + .Joz + u21
U II
f
.Ja2 + u2 .Jaz + uz
24. 2 du = + ln(u + .Ja
2
+ ul) + C
II u
11. J esc u cotudu = -cscu + C
12. J Wludu !secul +,C
\
13. J cot,udu ID lsinul + C
14. J sec " du = In I sec u + tan u I + C
15. J cscudu = In lcscu- cotul + C
16. f dr.t = sm-l + c, a > 0
.Ja" - 112 a
f
du 1 111+al
19.
1 2
- + C
o -u uz 11-a
f
du 1
20.
2
= In -- + C
u -a uz u+11
.

.
'
'
' .
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
' .
'
TABU OF INTEGRALS _.;_ __
35
f du
u.Ja'l - u
2
1 --ln + c
a u
3&. J du = __ I_ .Ja2 - w2 + C
u?.Jaz - y2
31. f (a
2
-

cht _.!!, (2u

2
- Sa
2
).Jo
2
- uz +
304
sm-.!!. + C
8 B a
Fonns Involving vu
1
- al, a> 0
f
u
40. w2.Juz- azt.t. =s(2M
2
- a
2
).Juz- az- SID l11 + .J,.z- oz I+ C
J
.J,.z- a2 a
41 . IliA=- .Jut- a
2
- acoa-
1
- + C
. u lui
f
.J,,- oz .Juz -at
42.
2
du = + In I u + .Ju
2
- a
1
I + C
II II
II +C
az.Jwz- az
TABLE OF INTEGRAL$
Forms Involving a + bu
47. J ud.rtb
a+ u b
J
u
1
du 1
48, --b- =-,[(a+ 4a(a + bu) + 2A
1
1n lo + bul} + C
a+ " 2b
J
dM ,,.,,
49 =-lo -- +C
u(a + bu) a a + bl#
J
du 1 b la+bwl
58 - --+-1n -- + C
11
2
(a + bw) . au a
2
I 11
54. J u.../a + bu du = l:bt (3bu - 2a)(a + b11)
1
fl + C
f
udu 2 ,---
55. ../a + bu -
3
b
2
(bu - 2a).Ja + bu + C
J
u
1
dv 2
56. = Sb' (81.1
2
+ 3b
2
u
1
- 4abc.)yQ + bw + C
va + bu 1
'
57 J dw - -
1
- In I -. .[Q I + C if a > 0
u.Ja + bu JQ Ja + bu + ,fa '
= -
2
- + bu + C if a< 0
Fa -a '

J du
58. du = 2va + '"' + a
u uva + bu
59. J ../7 du = ..;;:;+bu + ! J dJI
u 2 u./a + bw
60. f u-Ja + bvda = b(
2
.,
2
+
3
) [ u-{a + bu)
3
1Z- na f un-l Ja + budll.]
f
u du 2u.;;;+b;. 2nt.l f u-J du
&l . Ja + bu = b(OI + 1) - b(2n + 1) Ja + b11
62 f du
uJa + bu
.;;:+iiU b(2Jt- 3) r dJI
1.1(n - l)u- - 2D(rr - l) ,r'Jll + be.
......
:
.
Lt

!
:
.
.
' .
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
:
.
!
.
!
:
.
.
.
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
Trigonometric forms
63. J sin
2
u du = !u - 2u + C
64. J cos
2
udu 2 + C
fi5. f tan
2
utiu =tan II- II+ C
66. f cot.1utiu = -cot.u- 11 + C
67. f dM = -H2 + sin
2
11) cos u + C
61. J ros'u du = 1{2 + cos
2
u) sin 11 + C
69. f tan\t du = ! tan
2
11 + ln I cosu I + C
70. f cot
3
udu = -!cot
2
u - In lsinul + C
71. f sec'u du = i sec u tan u + In I sec u + tan u I + C
7Z. J csc
3
u d11 -!esc u cot u + ! In I esc 11 - cot ul + C
Inverse Trigunomauic Formt
IJ. f sin-u du- 11 sin-
1
11 + + C
18. f cos-'.u du = u cos- u - + C
19. f tlln-u du = u llln-u -! Jn(l + u
2
) + C
90. J usin-uttu =
2112
4
-
1
&in-
1
u + + c
... f -1 -' 2w
2
- 1 _
1
-"'...:;.J_i_-_11_
2
+ C
"' UCOII COl u-
4 4
76. f aJ1."11 du =-=.!....._ <Xll-
1
.u - f cot-
2
u du
II- 1
f
. . sin( a - b )u sin(a + b )u
'19. sm !WI bu du = 2(a - b) - 2(a + b) + C
f
sin(a - b)u sin(a + b)w
110. oos au cos b,y du = 2(a - b) + l(a +b) + C
f
. cos(a - b)u cos(a + b)u
81. sm au cos bu dM = -
2
(a _ b) - 2(a + b) + C
12. f II II du = Sift II - II COS II + C
13. f II WS U tiu = COS II + II sin II + C
14. f u"sinudu = -u"cosu + 11 f u-cosudu
15. f u cos 11 d11 = u sin u - 11 f u.-
1
sin u dv.
f
sin.,...'u cos"'+'u 11 - 1 J
16. sin"u C06"'11 d11 ... + -- sin"-
2
u cos"'u d11
n+m n+m
+ -- sin"u cos.,_
2
udu
sm.u

m - i j
n+m n+m
f
1 [ f 11 .....
1
dJJ ]
94. .,.OOI-
1
adll. -- .,coa- + , n. -1
11+1
f
I [ f u+l du ]
95.

,.tttM-
1
N - ---.
.11 + I 1 + u
2

TABLE OF INTEGRALS

Exponential and logarithmic Forrns
!16. J uti'" dll- :, (ou- t)e + C
f
. 1 n J
97. du =-;; al''e - -;; u-e du
f
tl'"
99. f! cos bu du = a
1
+ b'l (a c:os + b sin bu) + C
forms
103. J sinh u du = cosh 11 -t- C
104. J COI\h u du sinh 11 + C
\
105. J !anh u du = ln co&h u + C
1116. J cothll = ln I sinhu I + C
-107. J tan-
1
lainlul + C
Forms lnvohriag vlD.u - ul, a > e
113. J2au-

--J2au- ,z + -cos-
1
-- + C
f
11- a a
1
(a- ll)
- . 2 2 p
114. J uJ2Dil
f
J2au- 11
2
(a- 11)
115. u du = Jlau - u
1
+ a-cas- -Q- + c
f
'J'liJM- ., 2J2JJM- 1115 (a -")
116. du = - - t:Q&.-
1
.-- + c
11
2
II 0
117. -COS-I -- + C
f
du ("- v)
J'1m4 _
11
2 . a
118. 1 I lldu -

C .
v2Dil- u
2
. a
100. J ln u du = u ln 11 '_ ,; + C
f
w+l
101. uturdl.t ... (n + l)2 [(1'1 + l)ln u.- 11 + C
102. J-
1
-dll=lnllnul+ C
IIWII
108. J csch ". du =In I I + C
109. J sechlv du = Lanb u + C
110. J du = -coth " + C
111. J u tanh ll du = -sech u + C
112. J csch u coth u du = -csch u + C
119. J "2 du = - (w + 'o) J'1ml - ,., + 3oz cos-(ll - ") + C
.:/21Ju - ,, 2 2. Q
120. J du = - J2mt - ,, + C
11 ,f2iJ11 - u1 au
-
-
The n s ~ tutton of
Engtneenng and Techno ogy
Units & Symbols
for Electrical &
Electronic Engineers
www. theiet. org
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering i
Preface
A booklet, Symbols and Abbreviations for use in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Courses, was published by the Institution of
Electrical Engineers in 1968 and 1971. To take account of the many revisions and additions to British and International Standards
since then, a new and fully revised edition was published in 1979, with reprints in 1980 and 1983.
In 1985, the editorial panel reconvened and undertook a total review and update of the Symbols and Abbreviations booklet, prior
to it being re-issued under its new title in the professional brief series, in 1986. Further reviews of the contents were undertaken in
1991 and 1996. Any comments on the present content, or suggestions for additional material, will be welcomed. Please address
comments to the Secretary of the Institution.
The booklet is for use by students and staff in colleges and universities, as a reference for authors of papers and books on
electrical and electronic engineering and related subjects, and as a guide for draughtsmen and designers in industry.
Appendix A lists the standards which have been used in the preparation of this Guide.
The IET 2008
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering ii

Contents
Preface i
Introduction 1
Abbreviations for Words & Phrases 2
Printing Conventions 3
Letter symbols, subscripts 3
Unit Symbols 4
Compound symbols 4
Numerical Values 5
The decimal sign 5
Multiplication of numbers 5
The International System of Units 6
SI base units and supplementary units 6
SI derived units 7
Non-SI units 7
Quantity Symbols for Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Illumination 8
Quantity Symbols for Electrotechnics 10
Subscripts and other uses of Letters and Numbers 13
General 13
Semiconductors 15
Mathematical Symbols 16
Physical Constants 18
Conversion Factors 19
Length 19
Area, Volume 19
Mass, Density 19
Velocity 19
Force, Pressure, Torque 20
Energy, Power 20
Nucleonics, Radiation 20
Special remark on logarithmic quantities and units 21
Graphical Symbols 22
Connections and network elements 22
Power plant 23
Electronic devices 23
Logic symbols 24
Optic fbre symbols 25
Telecommunication symbols 26
Microwave devices 26
Flowchart symbols 27
Some Abbreviations 28
Commonly used abbreviations in optical, logic and microprocessor circuits 28
Component identifcation abbreviations 29
Letter and Digit Code for R & C Values 30
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering iii
Appendix A 31
Appendix B 32
Appendix B 33
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 1
Introduction
In the expression I = 16 mA, I is the quantity symbol for the physical phenomenon of electric current, and 16 is its numerical
value in terms of the decimal submultiple (10
3
) of a unit (ampere) of current; mA is the unit symbol for milliampere. Other
symbols (such as j, exp, Cu) are used to indicate mathematical operations, chemical elements etc. Frequently occurring technical
phrases are commonly rendered as abbreviations (such as e.m.f., p.d.). In circuit diagrams, graphical symbols identify network
components and devices.
International letter symbolism is based on the Roman and Greek alphabets. There are fewer than 90 distinctive capital and small
letters to represent some thousands of scientifc and technical quantities, and extensive duplication is unavoidable. Priority is
given here to electrical, electronic and manufacturing engineering, and quantities in associated felds are, where necessary,
assigned alternative or second-choice symbols.
The units and symbols listed throughout this booklet conform to the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) and the British Standards Institution (BSI). Additionally, because of their common usage, in the Logic Symbols
under Section 12 some distinctive-shape binary logic symbols have been used.

1. Abbreviations for Words & Phrases
Well known abbreviations, such as those listed below, are set in small roman (lower-case upright) letters, except for proper names,
the unit system (SI), at the start of a sentence (e.g. A. C., not A.c.), and in titles and table headings where preferred:
Alternating current*
Direct current*
Electromotive force
Per unit
a.c
d.c.
e.m.f.
p.u.
*Adjective only, as in a.c. motor, d.c. circuit.
tAs in 3-ph. Supply
Phaset
Potential difference
Power factor
Root mean square
I ph.
p.d.
p.f.
1
r.m.s.
Ad hoc abbreviations (such as s.s.b. for si ngle sideband) may be employed subject to an initial use in context of the ful l
expression. Some acronyms (e.g. radar, laser) are used as nouns. The use of capital letters without full points for some
abbreviations is common, particularly in the fields of logic, computers and microprocessors (see Commonly used abbreviations in
optical, logical and microprocessor curcuits in Section 13).
2. Printing Conventions
For clarity, in scientific and technical literature, different types of object are printed in different typefaces. The normal printing
conventions are as follows:
Object Typeface
unit symbols Roman
scalar physical quantities Italic
vector physical quantities* Italic boldface or
Italic with anow
numbers and numerical constants Roman
numerical variables Italic
matrices Italic boldface
standard mathematical functions Roman
Note: the four styles of typeface are (using the letter A as an example):
Roman (or 'upright'):
Italic (or 'sloping'):
A
A
*this typeface also applies to phasor physical quantities
Letter symbols, subscripts
I
Roman boldface:
Italic boldface:
I
Examples
Hz, s, lUll
f, t
t . ~
I,E
17, 11:, e
x, x,.,f(x)
A
sin, log
A
A
Letter symbols should be used with consistency (e.g. only L for self-i nductance, only Pfor power), but distinguishing subscripts
can be attached (e.g. L
1
and ~ ) . Upper-case letters (e.g. V, f) are used for steady, mean and r.m.s values; lower-case letters for
instantaneous values which vary with time (e.g. v, 1). Maximum, minimum and average are indicated by subscripts (e.g. Vmax' Vmin,
~ ) .
3. Unit Symbols
Unit symbols are printed in upright roman characters and are used after numerical values (e.g. 10 A, but 'a few amperes').
They are the same in singular and plural, and are not followed by a full point except for normal punctuation, e.g. at the end of a
sentence. A space is set between the number and its unit symbol (e.g. 230 V, not 230V). The decimal multiples and submultiples
given below are prefixed, without a space, to the unit symbols (e.g. 6.6 kV). Compound decimal prefixes should not be used (e.g.
pF, not 1-11-1 F).
yotta
y
milli m
zetta z micro
1-'
exa E hecto h nano n
peta
p
deca da pi co p
tera T deci d femto f
gigi G centi c atto a
mega M
kilo k
Powers in steps of 3 are preferred, but some others have common usage (e.g. centimetre em, decibel dB).
Compound symbols
In a compound unit symbol, multiplication is denoted by either a dot or a space (e.g. Nm, N m). The last form may also be
written without a space, provided that special care is taken when the symbol for one of the units is the same as the symbol for a
prefix, e.g. mN means millinewton, not metre newton. Unit division may be indicated by a solidus (e.g. V/m). Not more than one
solidus should appear in a combination (e.g. 5 m/s
2
, not 5 m/s/s). In some cases parentheses or negative powers may be used for
clarity (e.g. 1/s or s-
1
; J/(m s K) or J m-1 s-I K-I).
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 5
4. Numerical Values
Numbers should generally be printed in roman (upright) type. To facilitate the reading of numbers with many digits, these may be
separated into suitable groups, preferably of three digits, counting from the decimal sign towards the left and the right; the groups
should be separated by a small space, and never by a comma or a point, nor by any other means.
The decimal sign
The IEC and the BSI indicate that a comma on the line is the preferred decimal sign. In most British Standards, most UK
literature, and all USA literature it is the practice to use a dot on the line as the decimal marker. In order to avoid confusion the IET
adopts the convention of English literature publications and uses a dot on the line as the decimal marker.
Multiplication of numbers
In the UK the preferred sign for the multiplication of numbers is a cross (X); if a dot is used as the decimal sign, the cross must
be used. (A dot half-high may be used as the multiplication sign for numbers, but in this case a comma should be used as the
decimal sign.)
5. The International System of Units
The International System of Units (SI) establishes three kinds of units: base, supplementary, and derived, discussed in the
following sub-sections under Section 5. In addition, various other units, listed under the sub-heading Non-SI Units, are recognised
for continued use alongside Sl units. Many obsolescent non-SI units are listed in Section 11, where conversion factors are given.
Sl base units and supplementary units
There are seven base units and two supplementary units, as shown below:
Base quantity Name of Sl base unit Unit symbol
length metre m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd
plane angle radian rad
solid angle steradian sr
The definitions of these units are as follows:
metre (m): the metre is the length of the path travelled in vacuum by light during {1!299 792 458) second.
kilogram (kg): the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.
second (s): the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the caesium
133
atom.
ampere (A): that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parall el conductors of infinite length, of negligible
circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x
1Q-
7
newton per metre of length.
kelvin (K): the unit of thermodynamic temperature is the fraction 11273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple
point of water (but see footnote*).
candela (cd) : the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source which emits monochromatic radiation with a frequency
540 x 10
12
hertz and whose energy intensity in that direction is (1/683) watt per steradian.
mole (mol): the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon
12
When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.
radian (rad): the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the
radius.
steradian (sr): the solid angle which, having its apex at the centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere
equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.
The supplementary units 'radian' and 'steradian' are to be regarded as dimensionless derived units which may be used or omitted
in the expressions for derived units.
* In addition to the thermodynamic temperature (symbol T), expressed in kelvins, use is also made of Celsius temperature (symbol t) defined
by the equation t = T-T
0
where T
0
= 273.15 K by definition. The unit 'degree Celsius' is equal to the unit 'kelvin', but 'degree Celsius' is a special
name in place of 'kelvin' for expressing Celsius temperature. A temperature interval or a Celsius temperature difference can be expressed in
degrees Celsius as well as kelvins, but kelvin is to be preferred.
Sl derived units
The units of all physical quantities are derived from the base and supplementary Sl units, and certain of them have been named.
These, together with some common compound units, are given here:
Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol
force newton N
energy joule J
power watt w
pressure, stress pascal Pa
electric potential volt v
electric charge coulomb c
electric flux coulomb c
magentic flux weber Wb
magnetic flux density tesla T
electric resistance ohm
Q
electric conductance siemens s
capacitance farad F
inductance henry H
Celsius temperature* degree Celsius oC
frequency hertz Hz
luminous flux lumen 1m
activity (of a radionuclide) becquerel Bq
absorbed dose grey Gy (=J/Kg)
I
dose equivalent sievert Sv (=J/Kg)
mass density kilogram per cubic metre kglm
3
moment of force newton metre Nm
torque mewton metre Nm
electric field strength volt per metre VIm
electrical displacement coulomb per square metre C/m
2
magnetic field strength ampere per metre VIm
thermal conductivity watt per metre kelvin Wm
1
K
1
luminance candala per square metre cdlm
2
*See footnote to previous sub-section - Sl base units and supplementary units
Non-SI units
Some commonly used units not within the Sl range are:
angle
energy
length
mass
pressure, stress
rotational frequency
time
volume
degree o = n/180 rad); minute 0' = W
6
/)
second (1" = W6(,)'); revolution (1 r = 2nrad)
calorie (cal); electronvolt (eV); watt-hour (W h)
(A)
ton (ton); tonne(= metric ton) (t)
unified atomic mass unit (u)
atmosphere (atm); bar (bar); torr (Torr)
revolution per minute (r/min)*, revolution per second (r/s)*
minute (min); hour (h); day (d); year (a)
litre (L, I or litre)
*These are widely used for rotational frequency in specifications of rotating machinery.
Expression in terms of
Sl base unit
m kg s
2
m
2
kg s
2
m
2
kg s
3
mI kg s
2
m2 kg s3 A-I
sA
sA
m2 kg s2 A-I
kg s2 A-I
m2 kg s3 A-2
m
2
kg
1
s
3
A2
m
2
kg
1
s
4
A2
m2 kg s2 A-2
K
sI
cd sr
sI
m2 s2
m2s2
m
3
kg
m
2
kg s
2
m
2
kg s
2
m kg s
3
A-I
m
2
sA
mI A
m kg s
3
K-I
m
2
cd
6. Quantity Symbols for Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Illumination
As noted in Section 2, an italic typeface is used for quantity symbols.
Quantity Symbol Sl Unit
acceleration, angular a rad/s
2
acceleration, linear a m/s
2
acoustic pressure jJ Pa
angle, plane a,p,y rad
angle, sol id
Q
sr
angular momentum L kg m
2
s
1
area, surface area A,S
m2
bulk compressibi lity K m
2
/N
coefficient of heat transfer a
W m-2 K-1
density jJ kg/m
3
efficiency
'I
energy E J
energy, kinetic
Ek
J
energy, potential E J
p
energy, volume density w J/m
3
enthalpy H(=U=pV) J
entropy s J/K
force F N
frequency f Hz
frequency, angular CtJ rad/s
friction, coefficient
Jl
friction, force coefficient F N s/m
friction, torque coefficient F N m s/rad
Gibbs function G (=U+pV-TS) J
heat, quantity of heat Q J
heat, heat capacity c J/K
heat, specific heat capacity c
J kg! K-1
heat, flow rate
(/Jib
w
heat, density of heat flow rate q W/m
2
Helmholtz free energy A, F(A=U-TS) J
illumunance E Lx
internal energy u J
isentropic exponent
K (=- ;(ff:)s)
kinematic viscosity m
2
/s v
length m
luminance L cd/m
2
luminous flux q> lm
luminous intensity I cd
mass m kg
mass flow rate
qm
kg/s
mechanical impedance z
m
N s/m
moduli, modulus of elasticity (Young) E Pa
moduli, longitudinal modulus of elasticity E N/m
2
moduli, sheer modulus, modulus of rigidity G N/m
2
moduli, bulk modulus, modulus of compression K N/m
2
moment of force M Nm
moment of inertia J kg m
2
6. Quantity Sltmbols for Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Illumination
(conttnueaJ
Quantity
momentum
Poisson ratio
pressure, stress
radius of gyration
ratio of specific heat capacities
second axial moment of force
second polar moment of area
specific heat capacity, constant pressure
specific heat capacity, constant volume
specific heat capacity, staturation
strain, linear
strain, sheer
strain, volume strain, bulk strain
surface tension
temperature, thermodynamic temperature
temperature, Celsius temperature
temperature interval
thermal, conductivity
thermal, resistance
time
time constant
torque
velocity, angular
velocity, linear
viscosity
viscosity, kimematic
volume
volume, specific
volume, flow rate
weight
work
Symbol
p
p
p
k
Y(=c !c)
l p
a
lp
cP
cv
csat
8
y
e
y
T,e
t,
(t)
v
v
v

G
w
Sl Unit
kg m/s
Pa
m
N/m
K
oc
K
w m-I K-1
KIW
s
s
Nm
rad/s
m/s
Pas
m
2
/s
m3
m
3
/kg
m
3
/s
N
7. Quantity Symbols for Electrotechnics
Quantity Symbol Sl Unit
admittance
y
s
attenuation A Npt dBt
attenuation coefficient a
mI
bandwidth B Hz
capacitance c F
charge
Q
c
charge density, surface (J C/m
2
charge density, volume p C/m
3
conductance G s
conductance, mutual g., s
conductivity Y,o S/m
control angle, rectifier a rad
control angle, inverter p rad
coupling factor k
current I A
current density, area J Nm
2
current density, linear A Nm
current linkage e A
damping coefficient 0 s-
1
(or Np/s)
decrement, logarithmic
),
dipole moment, electric p Cm
dipole moment, magnetic j Wbm
dissipation factor d
distortion factor d
electric constant s
0
F/m
electric field, strength E V/m
electric field, level L
e
Nptt
electric flux IJI c
electric flux density D C/m
2
electric polarisation
p
C/m
2
electric susceptibi lity
X.Xe
electromotive force E v
energy E,w. J
energy, Fermi s J:j:
feedback factor p
frequency
f
Hz
frequency, angular w rad/s
frequency, deviation 11/ Hz
frequency, complex angular p
s-I
gain G
group velocity
cg, vg m/s
group delay t s
Hall coefficient kb, A, m
3
/C
impedance z 0
impedance, characteristic z
0
0
impedance, surge z
0
0
inductance, self L H
inductance, mutual Lik,M H
leakage factor 0
t Not a Sl unit but in common use-also see section 11 sub section Special remark on Logarithmic quantities and units
tt Not a Sl unit but in common use
+ More usually expressed in eV
7. Quantity Symbols for Electrotechnics (continued)
Quantity
loss angle
magnetic constant
magnetic field strength
magnetic flux
magnetic flux density
magnetic flux linkage
magnetic (area) moment
magnetic polarisation
magnetic susceptibility
magnetic vector potential
magnetisation
magnetomotive force
mobility
modulation factor (a.m.)
modulation factor (f.m.)
noise factor
noise power
noise temperature
number density of particles
number of phases
number of pole pairs, pulses
number of turns
period
permeabi lity, absolute
permeabi lity, relative
permeance
permittivity, absolute
permittivity, relative
phase, angle
phase, delay
phase, deviation
phase change
phase-change coefficient
phase velocity
polarisation, electric
polarisation, magnetic
potential
potential difference
power, active
power, apparent
power, reactive
power factor
power factor, sinusoidal
power-level difference
Poynting vector
propagation coefficient
Q (qual ity) factor
radiant energy
radiation resistance
t Not a Sl unit but in common use
Symbol
flo
H
II>
B
'P
m
B;J
X,K
A
H;M
F,/m
fl
m
n
m
p
N
T
fl
flr
A
c ~ v ~
p
B;,J
v
u,v
p
s
Q
lc
cos II>
s
'Y
Q
Q,W
R
Sl Unit
rad
H/m
Nm
Wb
T
Wb
Am
2
T
Wb/m
Nm
A
m2Vl sI
rad
w
K
m-3
s
H/m
H, Wb/A
F/m
rad
rad
rad
rad
rad/m
m/s
C/m
2
T
v
v
w
VA
vart
Npt, dBt
W/m
2
mI
J
0
7. Quantity Symbols for Electrotechnics (continued)
Quantity
rating
reactance
reflection coefficient
refractive index
regulation
reluctance
resistance
resistance-temperature coefficient
resistivity
signal
sl ip
standing-wave radio
susceptance
susceptibili ty, electric
susceptibili ty, magnetic
transconductance
transfer function
transmission factor
turn-on, turn-off time
voltage
wavelength
work function
t Not a Sl unit but in common use
:J: More usually expressed in eV
Symbol
s
X
r, p
n
E
R,Rm
R
a
p
s
s
s
B
X ~
X,K
g.,
H
l
ton, toll'
u,v
lc
II>
Sl Unit
VA, W
0
p.u.t
H
1
, A./Wb
0
Kl
Om
s
Ml, s
s
v
m
J :J:
8. Subscripts and other uses of Letters and Numbers
It is recommended as a guiding principle for the printing of subscripts that, when these are symbols for physical quantities, they
should be printed in italic type. Numbers as subscripts should be printed in roman type; mathematical variables (e.g. running
subscripts) should be printed in italic type. All other subscripts should be printed in roman type.
Some commonly used abbreviations, often occurring as subscripts, are as follows:
General
a absolute exp experimental
acoustic
active f field
additional filament, heater
alternating final
ambient forward
anode frequency
anti-resonance fl floating
axial
amb ambient g airgap
as asynchronous gate
av average grid
group
b backward
base h hysteresis
br breakdown height, depth
hybrid
c calculated
carrier i ideal
case image
coercive induced
coll ector initial
correction input
critical instantaneous
cut-off intermediate
ch chemical internal
cp composite intrinsic
cr critical im image
in insertion
d d-axis ind indirect
damped
delay j junction
deviation
diameter k cathode
difference knee
diffuse iterative
direct short circuit
dissipation K transformation ratio
distortion
dynamic I leakage
dem demodulation limiting
line
e effective local
electric longitudinal
emitter L load
equivalent large signal
error
external
8. Subscripts and other uses of Letters and Numbers (continued)
m magnetic r (cont) resonance
magnetising resulting
maximum reverse
measured reverse transfer
mechanical rotational
mutual rotor
peak value ref reference
max maximum rms root mean square value
med median
min mimimum s secondary
mod modulation segment
series
n natural signal
noise spherical
nominal standardised
static
0 output stator
spherical characteristic in vacuo steady issue
oc open circuit storage
opt optical synchronous
or original sat saturation
OY overload sc short-circuit
sim simultaneous
p parallel, shunt sin sinusodial
parasitic stg storage
pole, or pairs of poles sue successive
primary
psophometric t tangential
pulse total
pd pull down transient
ph phase transmission
pk peak transverse
pt punch through th thermal
pu pull up theoretical
p-p peak-to-peak tot total
q q-axis u usual
quadrature useful
quiescent
turn off
y
luminous
vartying
r radical vacuum
radiation valley
rated
real wdg winding
relative
reflection X reactive
remanent crosstalk
residual
8. Subscripts and other uses of Letters and Numbers (continued)
0 characteristic 2 negative sequence
free space output
no load port 2
zero frequency second harmonic
secondary
1 full load
fundamental 3 tertiary
input
port 1 I, P parallel
positive sequence _L,n perpendicular
primary O,s spherical
00 at infinity
Semiconductors
To the incremental hybrid (h), admittance (0 and impedance (z) parameters, double subscripts are appli ed in the order (1)
function, (2) common electrode:
(1) i or 11 input; o or 22 output; for 21 forward transfer; r or 12 reverse transfer.
(2) b base; c coll ector; d drain; e emitter; g gate; s source (e.g. hoe, Y
12
b) .
The upper-case variant of the subscript is used for static (d.c.) or large-signal values (e.g. hFE, h
21
F).
The real and imaginary parts of a device impedance are shown, respectively, by Re and j lm (e.g. hi = Re h i ~ + j lm h i ~ ) .
Upper-case letters are used for the representation of electrical parameters of external circuits and all inductances and
capacitances. Except for Land C, lower-case letters are used for electrical parameters inherent in the device (e.g. rJ. In equivalent
circuits using 3-terminal devices, a third letter may be used to indicate the condition at the third terminal (e.g. Vc
80
where /E = 0),
whil e the first subscript indicates one terminal of the device and the second subscript the reference terminal or circuit node.
9. Mathematical Symbols
Term
.J-1
ratio of circumference to diameter of circle
base of natural logarithms
exponential function (to the base e) of x
logarithm to the base a of x
natural logarithm of x
common logarithm of x
binary logarithm of x
circular functions of x
inverse circular functions of x
hyperbolic functions of x
inverse hyperbolic functions of x
sum
product
function f
value of the function fat x
limit to which j(x) tends as x
approaches a
finite increment of x
variation of x
total differential off
operators Q., Q.
oxdx
differential coefficient of order
n of j(x)
partial differential coefficient of order
/(x, y, ... ) with respect to x, when
y, ... are held constant
indefinite integral of j(x) with respect to x
definitive integral of j(x) from
X= a to X= b
convolution product off and x
matrix A
inverse of the square matrix A
transpose matrix of A
complex conjugate matrix of A
determinant of the square matrix A
I
Symbol
j
592 654)
e 281 828)
e", exp x
log,x
lnx (=logcx)
lg x (=loguf)
lb x (=low)
sin X, COS X, tan X
arcsin x, arccos x, arctan x
sinh x, cosh x, tanh x
arsinh x, arcosh x, artanh x
I
II
f
j(x)
limj(x)

of
dj
Dx,D
Qut, j<nl(x)
dxD
QJ. (x, y, ... ),( 8j )
ax ox y'"""
fJ(x)dx
b
f .J(x)dx
f*g
( A,Am)
Am1 .......... Amn
A-I
AT, A
A*
det A, AD .......... AID
9. Mathematical Symbols (continued)
Term
vector A
magnitude of the vector A
scalar product of A and 8
vector product of A and 8
del operator
gradient of 0
divergence of A
curl of A
Laplacian
D' Alembertian
Symbol

A, (A also used)
A,IAI
AB
AxB
v
V0, grad"
V A, divA
V xA, cmlA
V2 = ffl ffl ffl
- +- +-
ail ay. az.
0 = :.. + + :.. - .!.... . .:..
ail ay. az. c
2
aP
10. Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol Numerical Value Unit
acceleration of free fall (standard)
~
9.806 65* m/s
2
atmospheric pressure (standard)
Po
1.013 25 X 1()5* Pa
atomic mass constant (unified) m
u
1.660 540 X 10
27
kg
Avogadro constant
NA
6.022 137 X 10
23
mol
1
Bohr magneton
~ a
9.274 015 X 102
4
J/T
Boltzmann constant k 1.380 658 X 10
23
J/K
elementary (proton) charge e 1.602 177 X 10
19
c
electron: charge -e -1.602 177 X 10
19
c
electron: rest mass m
e
9.109 390 X 10
31
kg
electron: charge/mass ratio elm
e
1. 758 820 X 10
11
Clkg
Faraday constant F 9.648 531 X 10
4
C/mol
free space: electric constant E
0
8.854 188 X 10
12
F/m
free space: intrinsic impedance z
0
376.7303 Q
free space: magnetic constant
llo
4n x 10
7
Him
free space: speed of e.m. waves c 2.997 924 58 X 1()8* m/s
gravitational constant G 6.672 59 X 1011 N m
2
kg
2
ideal molar gas constant R 8.314 510 JmoPK
1
neutron rest mass m
D
1.674 929 X 10
27
kg
Planck constant h 6.626 076 X 1034 Js
normalised {h/2n) h 1.054 573 X 10
34
Js
proton: charge +e 1.602 177 X 10
19
c
proton: rest mass m 1.672 623 X 10
27
kg
proton: charge/mass ratio ehn 9.578 831 X 107 Clkg
radiation constants
p
3.741 775 X 10
16
Wm
2
ci
c2
1.438 769 X 102 mK
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (J 5.670 51 X 10-8 Wm
2
K
4
unified atomic mass unit (is one twelfth of 1.660 540 X 10
27
kg
the mass of the atom of the nuclide 12C)
velocity of sound in air (s.t. p.) c 331.45 m/s
* exact values
Values of physical constants (apart from speed of sound) derived from CODATA Bulletin No. 63, Nov. 1986.
11. Conversion Factors
Exact values are shown with an asterisk *.
Some of these units may no longer have a legal validity.
length
1A 100.0* pm
1 mil 25.4* J..lm
1 in 25.4* mm
1ft 0.304 8* m
1 yd 0.914 4* m
1 mile 1.609 344* km
1 nautical mile 1.852* km
1 astronomical unit 0.149 597 87* Tm
I light year 9.4603 Pm
Area, Volume
1 in
2
645.16* mm
2
1 ft
2
0.092 903 04*
m2
1 yd
2
0.836127
m2
1 ha 10 000.0*
m2
1 in
3
16387.064* mm
3
1 litre 1.0* dm
3
1 UK fluid ounce 28.41 X lQ-6 m3
1 UK gal 4.54609 L
1 US gal 3.785 41 L
1 ft
3
0.028 316 8
m3
1 yd
3
0.764 555
m3
1 mile
2
(640 acres) 2.589 98 km
2
1 are 100.0*
m2
1 acre (4840 yd2) 4 046.855
m2
Mass, Density
1 oz (adp) 28.35 g
1 oz (troy) 31.10 g
1 lb 0.453 592.37* kg
1 tonne 1 000.0* kg
1 (UK) ton 1 016.05 kg
1 lb/ft
3
16.018 5 kg/m
3
l lb/in
3
27.68 Mg/m
3
1 cwt (UK) 50.802 3 kg
1 carat 0.2* g
Velocity
1 ft/s 0.304 8* m/s
1 mile/h 0.447 04* m/s
1 knot 0.514 4 m/s
Force, Pressure, Torque
1 ozf
1 lbf
1kgf
1 Torr
1 mm Hg
1 in H
2
0
1m Hp
1 bar
1 lbf/in
2
1 ft lbf
1 dyne
1 standard atmosphere
Energy, Power
1 eV
1 cal (international table)
1 Cal (= 1 kcal thermochemical)t
1 ft lbf
1m kgf
1 Btu
1 therm
1 kWh
1 ft lbf/s
1m kgf/s
1 Btu/h
1 hp (UK)
1 erg/s
278.0 mN
4.44822 N
9.806 65* N
133.322 Pa
133.322 Pa
249.09 Pa
9.806 65* kPa
100.0* kPa
6.894 76 kPa
1.355 82 Nm
10.0* iJN
0.101325* MPa
0.160 218 2 aJ
4.186 8* J
4.184* kJ
1.355 82 J
9.806 65* J
1.055 06 kJ
105.506 MJ
3.6* Mj
1.355 82 w
9.806 65* w
0.293 071 w
0.745 7 kW
0.1* iJW
t Widely used for energy content of food. (There are different 'calories', of marginally different sizes; also note that the 'big calorie',
used in newspapers etc., is 1000 times the corresponding 'small calorie'.)
Nucleonics, Radiation
Curie
rad
Rontgen
barn
foot-candle
1 Ci
1 rd
1 R
1 barn (or 1 b)
1ft cd
3.70 X 10
10
*
0.01*
2.58 X 10-4*
1Q-28*
10.76
Bq
Gy
C/kg
m2
lx
Special remark on logarithmic quantities and units
The expression for the time dependence of a damped harmonic oscillation can be written either in real notation or as the real part
of a complex notation
F(t) =A e-at cos(wf) = Re(A
This simple relation involving a and ro can be obtained only when e (base of natural logarithms) is used as the base of the
exponential function. The coherent Sl unit for the damping coefficient a and the angular frequency ro is second to the power
minus one, i.e. 1/s. Using the special names neper, Np, and radian, rad, for the units of at and rot respectively, the units for a
and ro become neper per second, Np/s, and radian per second, rad/s, respectively. Neper and radian are special names for the
'dimensionless' unit one, 1. The neper is used as a unit for logarithmic quantities; the radian is used as a unit for plane
angles and for the phase of circular functions.
Corresponding variation in space is treated in the same manner
F(x) =A e-ox = Re(A e-v), y = a +
where the unit for a is neper per metre, Np/m, and the unit is radian per metre, rad/m.
In ISO 31, the level of a field quantity is therefore defined as the natural logarithm of a ratio of two In(FIF ;y, and is
hence a quantity of dimension one. The unit neper (=the number 1) is the level of a field quantity when FIF
0
= e.
Since power is often proportional to the square of an amplitude, a factor 1/2 is introduced in the definition of the level of a power
quantity L = (1/2) ln(PIP
0
) in order to make the level of the power quantity under these circumstances equal to the level of the
field quantity.
In practice the non-coherent unit degree, ... o, (1 o = n/180 rad) is often used for angles and the non-coherent unit bel, B, [1 B =
(1/2) log.
10
Np"" 1.151 293 Np) is based on common logarithms (base 10) for logarithmic quantities. Instead of the bel, its sub-
multiple the decibel, dB, is commonly used.
Some numerical conversion factors are:
power level
frequency
1 dB
1 Np
1 octave
1 decade
0.05 log. 10 Np (=0.115 129 Np)
20 log
10
e dB dB
log
10
2 decade (""0.301 decade)
10 octave (""3.321 octave)
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 22
12. Graphical Symbols
Connections and network elements
cell battery
(long +ve)
d.c. supply a.c. supply n conductors screened
conductor
screen crossing junctions common antenna earth
frame fuse microphone loudspeaker one-port two-port
indicating
movement
symbol in envelope:
A ammeter
V voltmeter
W wattmeter
etc. general impedance resistor
(1 prefered)
non-reactive U (or V) non-linear
thermistor moving contact general impedance
(1 prefered)
variable tapping capacitor
pre-set polarised
e.g. electrolytic
ideal voltage
source
ideal current
source
signal oscillator
signal path
Not in BS but in common use
+
-

R
N
B
Y
in out
x = 0 Z or
1
2

or
1
2
+
+ +
or or
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 23
Power plant
Transformers:
2-wdg 3-wdg auto current or pulse
if desired, core shown
by single line annotated
to indicate material
Machines:
descriptive symbols in envelope:
G (generator), M (motor), G d.c., M
a.c.
S (synchronous), GS, MS
linear M stepping M wdgs M starter
choke reactor circuit-breaker isolator gap bridge rectifer converter
{

-
/
-
d.c.

~
/
-
rectifier

-
/
~
inverter
etc.
Electronic devices
Amplifers:
general operational parametric integrating inverting
Diodes:
general breakdown diode,
Esaki diode
photo-diode light emitting diode tunnel diode varactor
or or or
or
+
-
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 24
Thyristors:
triode thyristor
(type unspecifed)
triac reverse blocking n-gate triode thyristor p-gate
Cells:
photo-conductive device photo-voltaic
Transistors:
(for p-type arrows
are reversed)
npn transistor JUGFET
n-channel
IGFET
n-channel
enhancement
IGFET
n-channel
depletion
unijunction
transistor with
n-type base
(use of the envelope symbol is optional unless there is a connection to it)
with substrate connection brought out
Logic symbols
BS 3939 (1991)
AND element Or element EX
CL
OR delay element
(5 ns)
Schmitt trigger
Not in BS but in common use
logic negation logic polarity dynamic input
y
x
z
f
x
y
z
f
f
x
y
5 ns
ST
&
1 = 1
5 ns
input output
input output
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 25
Logic symbols (continued)
RS-bistable astable element monostable memories:
ROM; PROM;
RAM; CAM
asterisk:
indicates no. of
addresses and
bits arithmetic
elements
asterisk:
adder
P-Q subtractor
multiplier
ALU arithmetic
logic unit
shift register counter display unit multiplexer demultiplexer
Optic fbre symbols
optical fbre
optical fbre cable
multimode stepped
index optical fbre
single mode
stepped index
optical fbre
graded index
optical fbre
a core diameter
b cladding "
c frst coating "
d jacketing "
permanent joint
optical connection female-
male
optical attenuator changeover contact in
optical fbre circuit

guided light devices
SRGm MUX
*
m
2
m
1
DPV
CTRm DX
dB
a/b/c/d
S
R
G ROM
*
*
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 26
Telecommunication symbols
general symbol for:
modulator,
demodulator,
discriminator
fxed loss attenuator variable loss attenuator distortion corrector flter
general symbol for charger balancing network hybrid transformer delay line
piezo-electric circuit threshold generator
Microwave devices
rectangular fexible twisted rectangular coaxial taper
stripline
3 conductors
short-circuit sliding short-circuit non-contacting
piston
matched termination
three-port junction four-port junction hybrid ring three-port circulator directional coupler quadrature coupler
isolator phase changer
(directional)
T-R tube cavity resonator maser amplifer laser generator

4
or

G
3
4

4
general
band stop
low pass
band pass
high pass
*
asterisk
delay line
artifcial line
saw tooth
variable frequency
pulse
sine wave
G
*
asterisk
{
f
1
/f
2
freq. chgr.
f /
(f/n)
freq. div.
f /
nf
freq. mult.
2
5
/
2
7
code conv. etc
out in
carrier
dB
dB
0
90
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 27
Flowchart symbols
connector terminal /
interrupt
process decision data direct access
storage
on-line
storage
sequential
access
storage
stored data internal
storage
preparation predefned
process
manual
operation
auxiliary
operation
merge extract
control
transfer
loop limit collate sort document display manual input
off-line
storage
magnetic disk
13. Some Abbreviations
Commonly used abbreviations in optical, logic and microprocessor circuits
Abbreviation Descripti on Abbreviation Description
ACC accept INH inhibit
ACK acknowledge INT interrupt
ADR address 110 input I output
ALU arthmetic logic unit
LD load
BCD binary code decimel LOG 1 logical one
BCTR bit counter LOG Z logical zero
BIN binary LSB least -significant bit
BPS bits per second
BUF buffer MAR memory address register
BUS bus MM main memory
B byte MPX multiplex
MR memory register
CAR carry MSB most significant bit
cc condition code MUX multiplexor
CE chip enabled pP microprocessor
CLK clock
CLR clear N negation
COMP compare
CP clock pulse OCT octal
CR clock register OP operation
CT count
CTR counter PAR parity
CY cycle PC program counter
PE parity error
D data PU pull up
DEC decimal
DEL delay RAM random access memory
DIN data in REG register
DOUT data out RES reset
DR data register RO read out
DRAM dynamic random access memory ROM read only memory
RUN run
EN enable
END end SET set
EPROM electronic programmable read only memory SH shift
ERASE erase SRAM static random access memory
ERR error START start
EXOR exclusive or STOP stop
STR storage
F function SYNC synchronisation
FF flip-flop
FIFO first in - first out TERM terminate
TO to (transfer)
G gate TP time pulse
GEN generate TRIG trigger
GND ground
WI write in
HEX hexidecimal WR write
Component identification abbreviations
Abbreviation Description Abbreviation Description
AE aerial L inductor
LK link
B battery LP lamp
BB busbar LS loudspeaker
c capacitor M motor
CB circuit breaker ME meter
CK clock MG motor generator
CON contactor MIC microphone
CSR controlled semicondustor rectifier MK morse key
ML module
D diode MT telephone handset
MX matrix
EQ equaliser
PCC photoconductive cell
F fan PEC photoelectric cell
FB ferrite disc or bead PL plug
FC ferrite core
FL filter RE recording instrument or meter
FS fuse
FW field winding so surge diverter of any type
SE seal ing end
G generator SEM semaphore indicator
SHW shunt winding
H heater SRAM static random access memory
HC heat coil sw seires winding
HD hydrophone
TO transductor
IC integrated circuit TL telephone receiver
I REG induction regulator
ISL isolator u unit
K key VB vibrator
14. Letter and Digit Code for R & C Values
For resistors, R, K, M, G and Tare used as multipliers for 1, 10
3
, 10
6
, 1()9 and 10
12
, respectively, of resistance values expressed
in ohms, whilst for capacitors, p, n, 1-f, m and Fare used as multipliers for 10-
12
, 10-9, 1 ~ 10-
3
and 1, respectively, of the
capacitance values expressed in farads.
For example:
Resistance values Coded marking Capacitance values Coded marking
0.150 R15 0.15 pF p15
1.5 0 1R5 1.5 pF 1p5
15.00 15R 15.0 pF 15p
1.5 kO 1K5 1.5 nF 1n5
150 kO 150K 150 nF 150n
1.5 MO 1M5 1.5 1-1F 1!-15
15 MO 15M 15 1-1F 151-f
1.5 GO 1G5 1.5 mF 1m5
1.5TO 1T5 15 mF 15m
Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineering 31
Appendix A
List of Standards used in complilation of 'Units & Symbols'
British Standards Institution (BSI) Publications
BS 3363: 1988
BS 3939: 1992
BS 4058: 1995
BS 5070: 1991
BS 5555: 1993
BS 5775: 1993
Letter symbols for semiconductor devices and integrated microcircuits
Graphical symbols for electrical power, telecommunications and electronics diagrams
Data processing fow chart symbols, rules and conventions
Engineering diagram drawing practice. Part 4: recommendations for logic diagrams
SI Units and recommendations for the use of their multiples (ISO 1000: 1992) and of certain other units
Quantities, units and symbols. Part 5: electricity and (ISO 31: 1992) magnetism. Part 11: mathematical
signs and symbols for use in the physical sciences and technology
Note: The information given in the Booklet is in accordance (where relevant) with the Council* Directive on Units of Measurement
(1991).
*The Council of the European Communities
Appendix B
Typefaces used
English Alphabet
Upper case upright
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
p
Q
R
s
T
u
v
w
X
y
z
Lower case upright
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
J
k
1
m
n
0
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
X
y
z
Upper case sloping Lower case sloping
A a
B b
c c
D d
E e
F
f
G g
H h
I i
J j
K k
L I
M m
N n
0 0
p
p
Q q
R r
s s
T t
u u
v v
w w
X X
y
y
z z
Appendix B
Typefaces used
Greek Alphabet
Upper case upright lower case upright Upper case sloping lower case sloping
alpha A a. A a
beta B

B p
gamma r
'Y
r y
delta o,o* A 0
epsilon E E E 8
zeta z
s
z ;;
eta H T] H
"
theta 0 e e e
iota I I
kappa K 1( K 1C
lambda A 'A A A.
mu M
I!
M
f.1
nu N v N v
xi s

(
omicron 0 0 0 0
pi II n II 7C
rho
p
p
p
p
sigma :E (J }; (J
tau T l T r
upsilon
y '\) y
v
phi cl> <p (jJ
chi X X, X
X
psi 'I' \jl IJI
'I'
omega
Q (l) Q (I)
*Used only for partial differential coefficients
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IET Offces
r
'
r
.. /
NAME SYrvfBOL TURN ON TURNOFF NOTES
f

Positive anode to qathode

Reverse anode current

Thm on and .off depend on circuit
Dr ode
voltage

Recovery time before conditions
turning off

Very high power
5CR
f

Small gate pulse with

Anode current goes

Very high power
[1./-
positive anode to cathode below holding .

Hard to tum off
{51/iwf) . voltage

Slow, delay time before, ' .
On voltage -2 v


Slow- medium on time (5 forward voltage crull be
recHfier) t,s)
applied (10-200
.. r14!arJ L; KP.J
GTb


Small gate pulse with

Remove charge from gate

High power
' (JIIfe
positive anode to cathode (Medium current )

Easier to turn off than SCR
voltage

Medium off time ( 5 jJS)

On voltage -2 v

Slow- medium on time
of-F
(10 JJS)



Medium current to base
..
Remove current from

Medium power


Medium speed
base

Easy to control

Medium speed (-2 flS)

Medium drive requirements
J u11cf: frcu s.)

On voltage,... 1.5 v
!'105Ffi


Voltage to gate

Remove voltage from

Low power

Very high speed (0.2 J.lS) gate

Very easy to control
fJ
c. FJeld

High speed (0.5 J.lS)

Simple gate drive requirements .
:R ed
High on losses -0. 1 to 5 Q on
resistance

Voltage to gate .

Remove voltage from . Medium power

.
Very high speed (0.5 gate Very easy to control



Current tail delay

On:voltage -2 v
. ) . ' '.
Medium speed (-1
. . \

I Clf' Q(/ i
l1
/1 -
-
-
-
0.
...._...,
6, ~
-5
(7 - ~
Defern;
114

l02-
(;({:)
~ r i J
(Ol)
- ~
2-0
7oo
- -- ......---
17
boo-(- 100)
-
-
-
{00
'--
:; 34-0 - (-- <;;-60)
~ etto
/
Transfer impedance function
(Conlinutd)
,
A. [ 1 + Ttp J
(1 + T:p)(l + Top)
T, < T, < Tt
10.
11.
-
12.
-
13.
15.
Tobie 4-1. Impedance-function Networks (Continued) .
Relations Innrse
R,
f?-
AT:
A Ro R,=
(To - To)(To - Tt)
Rz
T, D n,c, R, -A
(To - T,j(Tt- Tt)
'. V
T,T, n,n,c,co c.=
ATt
_If
T, + To - n_,c, + n,c, + RoC
Ct = T1To

AT:
.f'
A .. R,+Ro
AT,
1\
R, =
TtT: + T,T, - T,T,
Rz
n,n, A(T, - T:)(T: - Tt)
,- To- ---C Ro=
n. +R T,T, + T,T, - T,T,
'1\To .. n,n,c,c,
T,T,
Co,.--
-'V rvv
-
AT, .
R,

T, + To = R\1)', + RoC, + R,c,
C (T,T: + T:To - ToTo)'
1
e AT:(To- T,)(T, - T,)
Ct
R,
'"
.
A. R1 n,- A
Rz
T, = R,(Cl + C:) Rt-
A(To - T:)(T, - T",)
{T: + To - T:)'
'. T,T, = n,n,c.c, c, ...
T,+ To-T:
. ;_,
A.
T, + To = n,c, + n,c, + n,o,
C, = T,T,(T, + To - T:)
c, Yt-
A(T, - T:)(T,- Ttl
Ct .
--------r-====::::::===-===-----
R,
A 2R, +-
Ro
T, .. n,c,
R,R,
T, = _R, +
2
R, (C, + C1)
T, .. n,c, .
.. . ;.,,.-,.
T, = n,c,
:. ..
To = Rt + h, (20, + C1)
A. - fl.
2R,c
T
2

T:+ To
n,- .
(T, + TI)(To + To - 2T:)
c, _ T1(T1 + To)
AT:
c. - To(T, + T,)
--A:-T:::,-"'
. ;..

'
J
Tobie 4-l. lmpedonce-function Networks (Continued)
j rt.nslcr impedanee I unction
Net work
Relat.lona
Inverae rt1ations
10.
Cz
1/
1\
l
A 2R

2
A ( I+ Tsp )
t
Ts 2RCs
Cs _<lo Ts
1 + "'" + T,T,p
R
R
A
RC,
r,
Ta - T
c,
17.
Cz
e
A 2RtRt
AT'
A ( 1 + TtP )
- 2n.+R.
n, ..
2iT' - T,(T, - T:)]
!' + Tsp + T,T,p'
Tt
R,(BtCt + 2RsC, )
A Ts
1
R:-
r. ( cornplex)
2Rt + Rt
Tt(T, - T,)
Ts > -
r n,n,c.c.
C 4(T' - T, (Ts- Ts)]
<l roots ' - -
To > To
R,C, + 2Rt Co
AT,
.::I: c,
T n.c.
C TtT:
---
. ---
2
.{Ta
-
18. Ct
1/
1\ A 2R,
n,
!!
-
f--
' A <A I ANY
Tt n,c, + 2RaCs
R, ..
AT,(To - T:)
vv
'(T, - T,cr. - T>l
Rt

R, r , ..
R,(Rt + 2Ro)C,Cs
C - T1(Ts T:))
, -
R:
R:Ca + 2RaCs
.ATs
r , .. ( n, + c,
c r,T,
tc,
--- .-lTs
19.
c1
o
A 2R

R
2
IY
.T, .. R(C: + 2Cs)
c, .. 2[2T,> - T1(T: - Ttl]
T RCs(Co + Co)
.A.T:
....
Co ,. 2T,(Ts - T:)
c
c.+ 2C, .AT,
c,J
.R c r,r,
T , Z (Co + Co)
-- AT,
20.
R:
A ( I + T,p )
Cz l
A R:
n, ..
Ar,:
I + Tap + T 1T 1p>

Tt = 2R,Ct + RtCo
4[T, T, - T1(T
1
- To)]
T, !! (complex)
n,n,c,cc, + 2Ct)
11 A
> .f roou
r, ..
Ca .. 2[TaT: - T1(T1 - T ,)]
T , < r,
2n,c, + n,c, .d1'1
Tt 2R,c,
c r, - r,
---- A
21.
Rz
-o
A - R, n, ..
AT,
.
T C,(2RoCs + RsC1)
tr,r, - r,(r, - r ,)J
-
n,.;. A
2C, + Ca
r
T n, n,c,c, a 2ToT:
' - 2n,c, + n,c, --- AT,
R,
r, _ 2n,a.c, .c .. 4ToT:(T,T,- r.cr. - r ,11
2Ct + c, A T,(Tt - Tt)
Table 4-l. Impedance-funct ion Networks (Continued)
Tran:sfet impedance functi on Network nelations ln,erae rclntions
22.
Rl
(C<II>tinued)
A T,
.-l R, n, -
Rt
2[2T ,To - To(T, - T>))
R, (2R, + R,)C R .-tT,

T, l -
If
Rt+ R, 2(T,- T,)
1\
R, a A T,-- -
c 2Rt + Ro
R
1
C
ZR, R,C C 2T:T:
T,---- ---
R, +R: ATt

23.
R R2 R. A 2Rt + R:
T,- 1', .
R,

2T, .
A(l + T,p)(l + T,p)

1'>
T 1 < T:

2Rt + R,
n. - .-t T,
r, a R,C
c-
2T:'
A(Tt. - T,)
24.
R.
R,
vi/'
c
v rv
A. '
A 2R,
R1 - 2
- r--
L__t
II
. n,c,
R =AT,
( I + T:p )
T - -
2
- - 2R:C:
A - - --
I
4Tt
I+ T1T:p'
f_c,
Cz
T, - R,C,
C, 4T,
<
Rz
A
ZT:
Ct=-
-::b
A
R
1
C, = 4RzCz
I
. 7' - - . .. ................ . . . .
1
25.
-If-
-
Bp
c
s - a
c-s
G
26.
I . )
- 1 < flL 1
R c
n . !
' - (1 + Tp) Bee
Bp ,.

B
T R(J
C = B
27.
c c
.2_ c + Tp)
s.!!. Bp Tp
2
R = .!_
.Te 2RC
4B
C = ZlJ
28.
R
1 c + Tp)
-itO-
B c, R T( l- Bj
Bp 1 + BTp
--
< l
c, .
T R(Co + C,)
B
c, B
I -+ (ru, 1 R. c
3
) .5
a,
c. - ....!!!.... c2
, _____
c. + c,
c .... ) tt( .. >"I'
l - 8
1tSr;
29.
.. (c J s-+ I

+ Rc.,c.ts
B c, + c,
R - - -T-
+o
T RC,
B (l - 8)
c.
c, - Be
, ____
c, = B(l - B)
c, +c.
Cz .
'
Tabl e -i-1. Impedance-function Networks (Continutd)
Trans! or intpedanee luotlion
I
Network
Rclalion
Jn\erse
30.
Cz

R-
Tl'
B- c,
iB(l -B)

T. RCt c,)
c,-
28(1 - B)
Dp. 1 + Tp
'
f < I
2Cs
Ct B
, ____
2Cs + Ct
8 1.
c. c.

c,
Tl
B-
R
2Ct + c,
'B(l - 8)
2B
I'
'I' RCa
c.--
a
2C,
. .,tS(l - B)
s--
c. -
2Cl +c.
s
32.

Rt
Tl'
-1,
s- ---c
R, =
l
I\
J
R, + R,
28(2- I)
Tl
T,.. R,C R, W
R,
Rz
2Rt
28
----
c--

R, +Rt

33.
I
-c:j-
B Ct + Ct
11
, T,(Ts - Tt)
..!._[(I+ Tt)>)(l +To)>)]
B(T,- 'l't)
Tt R,C,
R T,(To- Tt)
Bp 1 + Ttp
'- B(T,- T:)
Tt < T: < T 1 :l't (il, + Ra) (
C B(To - T 1)
c, + c,
o
To- Tt
t Cz T,- R,C,
C B(To- T 1)
'-
T, :- T,
-
34.
R,
'
-tO
B C1
R T, +To-Ts
I
B
T, - (Rt + R:)C
R, TtTo(T, + To - T1)
T,T, R,R,CtCt
B(Tt - T,)(T, - Tt)
C, B
Rz Ct
T, + To - R,C, +RoC, + R1C1
C, ., R(T, - Ts)(T, - T1)
(T, -:- Ts - T:)'
85.
c,
B q, + C:
R TtTo

- --
Tt- R: CoCt
BT,
R, ., (TtTs + ToTo - TtTo)'
c, +c.
BTs(To - T,)(T, - Tt)
T,T, R,R.C,Co
C BTo>
-
T,T, + TtTo - ToTo
'Rl c T, + T, - RoC, + R,C, + R,c,
c, - B(To - To)(T, - To)
2
T,r, + T,T, T 1T1
36.
Rz
.)
\.
B- c,
R T,T,

-- BT,
1--
T, .. Jl,c,
R, (To - T,)(T, - T1)
T,T, - R,R,c,c,
BT,
II
C, B

2't + T , - R,co + n,o, + noc, Co-
BT,
(T, - T:)(Tt - T1)