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"rof# $# %# Rai &le'troni's and $ommuni'ation U%I$( Guru Govind %ingh Indra)rastha University Dwar*a( New Delhi( India 'srai+i)u#a'#in ,idhi &le'troni's and $ommuni'ation U%I$( Guru Govind %ingh Indra)rastha University Dwar*a( New Delhi( India vidhee-.+gmail#'om Munish /umar &le'troni's and $ommuni'ation U%I$( Guru Govind %ingh Indra)rastha University Dwar*a( New Delhi( India munish*m0121+gmail#'om ,ee3hore ,arun &le'troni's and $ommuni'ation U%I$( Guru Govind %ingh Indra)rastha University Dwar*a( New Delhi( India vee3hore#varun+gmail#'om Abstract This paper presents a robust and detailed approach to design a fuzzy filter for the reduction of additive noise in colored as well as black and white images. A fuzzy filter is based on a set of IF-T!" rules. The filter consists of two stages. In the first stage# fuzzy derivative values for all the eight directions that is !# $# "# %# "!# "$# %!# %$ with reference to the central pi&el are calculated for determining noisy pi&els. In the second stage# another fuzzy rule based system is employed. It uses the output of the previous fuzzy system to perform fuzzy smoothing by weighting the contribution of neighboring pi&els. 'oth stages can also be implemented through membership functions using (Fuzzy )ogic* toolbo&# which is also an inbuilt toolbo& in +AT)A'. For a particular value of an adaptive parameter ,# the fuzzy logic is iteratively used on the corrupted image till a desired value of -%". comes. 'y the e&perimental results# proposed fuzzy rule based filtering provides appro&imately same performance results as that of filters like $einer and +edian filter. The results are compared using numerical measures /like -%".# and +%!0 and also through visual inspection. KeywordsAdditive noise, histogram, filtering, fuzzification, defuzzification, membership function, edge preserving filtering, noise reduction, Wiener filter, Median filter, correction term, image processing I# INR4DU$I4N Noise removal and image smoothing are one of the most im)ortant )re)ro'essing ste)s in image )ro'essing# Digital image )ro'essing fo'uses on two ma5or tas*s #Im)rovement of )i'torial information for human inter)retation and )ro'essing of image data for storage( transmission and re)resentation for autonomous ma'hine )er'e)tion 678# In re'ent years( many resear'hers have a))lied the fuzzy set theory to develo) new te'hni9ues for image enhan'ement# Fuzzy set theory is the e:tension of 'onventional ;'ris)< set theory# It handles the 'on'e)t of )artial truth ;truth values 3etween 0 ;'om)letely true< and . ;'om)letely false<<# he idea of fuzzy sets is sim)le and natural# he a))li'ation of fuzzy te'hni9ues in image )ro'essing is a )romising field 608# Already several fuzzy filters have 3een designed for several domains of image )ro'essing ;e#g# filtering( inter)olation 6=8 and mor)hology 6-8 6>8<# hese filters have num3er of a))li'ations in )ra'ti'al day to day life 6?8# Most of the filters 3ased on fuzzy logi' are used for the noise redu'tion of images 'orru)ted with im)ulse noise i#e# flat tailed noise# hey do not )rodu'e good results when su35e'ted to narrow@tailed and medium narrow@tailed noise# Hen'e a system has 3een )ro)osed to mainly deal with additive noise# o 'om)ute the value that e:)resses the degree to whi'h the fuzzy derivative in a 'ertain dire'tion is small( mem3ershi) fun'tion for )ro)erty small is as follows@ where / is an ada)tive )arameter# Figure 0# Mem3ershi) fun'tionsA a< %mall 3#< "ositive '#< Negative II# BA$/GR4UND R&,I&B AND "R4"4%&D A""R4A$H A. PROPOSED FUZZY FILTER he main aim of the )ro)osed filter is to average a )i:el using other neigh3oring )i:els# Here we ta*e the neigh3oring )i:els 3ased on the dire'tions su'h as North( &ast( et'# his filter mainly distinguishes lo'al variations due to noise and due to image stru'tures# In order to a''om)lish this( for ea'h )i:el we derive a value that e:)resses the degree in whi'h the derivative in a 'ertain dire'tion is small# %u'h a value is derived for ea'h dire'tion 'orres)onding to the neigh3oring )i:els of the )ro'essed )i:el 3y a fuzzy rule# he further 'onstru'tion of the filter is then 3ased on the o3servation that a small fuzzy derivative most li*ely is 'aused 3y noise( while a large fuzzy derivative most li*ely is 'aused 3y an edge in the image# For ea'h dire'tion we will a))ly two fuzzy rules that ta*e this o3servation into a''ount ;and thus distinguish 3etween lo'al variations due to noise and due to image stru'ture<( and that determine the 'ontri3ution of the neigh3oring )i:el values# hus the result of these rules ;07 in total< is defuzzified and a C'orre'tion termD is o3tained for the )ro'essed )i:el value# he 'orre'tion term o3tained 'an 3e re)la'ed with the 'entral )i:el there 3y removing the 'ertain amount of noise at that )osition and this same )ro'ess is a))lied to the ne:t neigh3oring )i:els until the total image is )ro'essed and this filter is a))lied re)etitively until the noise is removed# he )ro)osed filter is effe'tive in )reserving the original details in the image 3y ta*ing 'are of im)ortant image stru'tures su'h as edges# B. Estimation of the Fuzzy Deriatie
Figure =# Neigh3orhood of 'entral )i:el ;:( y<
"$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! "orth-$est If an edge is )assing through %B@N& dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the dire'tive value in the NB dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and neigh3oring )i:els# "orth-!ast If an edge is )assing through NB@%& dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the dire'tive value in the N& dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and neigh3oring )i:els# %outh-$est If an edge is )assing through %&@NB dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the dire'tive value in the %B dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and neigh3oring )i:els# %outh-!ast If an edge is )assing through %B@N& dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the dire'tive value in the NB dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and neigh3oring )i:els# "orth If an edge is )assing through &@B dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the dire'tive value in the N dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and neigh3oring )i:els# !ast If an edge is )assing through %@N dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the dire'tive value in the & dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and neigh3oring )i:els# %outh If an edge is )assing through B@& dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the dire'tive value in the % dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and neigh3oring )i:els# $est If an edge is )assing through N@% dire'tion( then 'al'ulate the dire'tive value in the B dire'tion for the 'entral )i:el and neigh3oring )i:els# "$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! "$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! "$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! "$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! "$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! "$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! "$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! "$ " "! $ /&# y0 ! %$ % %! Ees No Figure -# Flow 'hart for a))lying fuzzy rules to noisy image he algorithm for the fuzzy image filtering 'onsists of the following ste)s@ 1. he image on whi'h filtering is 3e )erformed is 'hosen# his 'an 3e done 3y using FimreadG in MA!AB# 2. Gaussian noise is added to the image# 3. If the image is RGB( then it should 3e first 'onverted to gray s'ale image# his 'an 3e done as followsA 6width height dim8 H size;image<I For 'olored images( value of FdimG will 3e - and for gray s'ale images( its value is =# 4. o start with( a mas* of ?:? is ta*en# he )ro'ess 'onsists sim)ly of moving the filter mas* from )oint to )oint in an image# At ea'h )oint ;:( y< the res)onse of the filter at that )oint is 'al'ulated using the following se9uen'e# a# For ea'h 'entral )i:el( the 2 neigh3ors in the eight dire'tions are 'onsidered and for ea'h dire'tion sim)le derivative value is 'om)uted using following e:)ressionsA
where N;:( y<( NB;:( y< re)resents the sim)le derivative value in north and north@west dire'tion res)e'tively# I;:( y< re)resent the intensity value at ;:( y<# 5. hen we would 'al'ulate the fuzzy derivative values for a )arti'ular dire'tion ;say NB< as followsJ If ;NB;:( y< is small and NB;:@0( y@0< is small< or ;NB;:( y< is small and NB;:K0( y@0< is small< or ;NB;:@0( yK0< is small and NB;:K0( y@0< is small< hen F NB;:( y< is small# 6. Next, fuzzy smoothing is performed by cacuating the truthness ! " N# and L @ NB of these fuzzy deri$ati$e $aues for each direction. %. &fter cacuating truthness for each direction, the correction term is cacuated and added to that centra pixe of the seected mas'. It 'an 3e 'al'ulated asA
"&RF4RMAN$& &,A!UAI4N M&RI$% In order to evaluate the )erforman'e of the )ro)osed te'hni9ue( there are some 9uality measures su'h as M%& ;mean s9uare error<( "%NR ;)ea* signal to noise ratio<( and N$$ ;normalized 'ross 'orrelation<# %elect the image# I %elect the image# I Add 1aussian noise to I Add 1aussian noise to I Is I an .1' image 2 Is I an .1' image 2 3onvert I to gray scale image 3onvert I to gray scale image Take $indow of 4&4 size over the image Take $indow of 4&4 size over the image Apply fuzzy rules in 5 directions to compute degree of membership of fuzzy derivatives Apply fuzzy rules in 5 directions to compute degree of membership of fuzzy derivatives 3alculate 6 7 8 and 6 7 - for all directions# 3alculate 6 7 8 and 6 7 - for all directions# 3alculate 9# which is given by: 9;) < /6 7 8 - 6 7 - 0 = 5 3alculate 9# which is given by: 9;) < /6 7 8 - 6 7 - 0 = 5 9 is added to pi&el value of location /&# y0 9 is added to pi&el value of location /&# y0 "%NR is widely used to measure im)er'e)ti3ility 3etween the original image and 'orre'ted image# It is defined 3y e9n# ;0<# he similarity 3etween original and 'orre'ted image is used to re)resent how algorithm is ro3ust against noise( is 'al'ulated 3y N$$ value# N$$ value is defined 3y e9n# ;-<# &M"&RIM&NA! R&%U!% AND ANA!E%I% Bhen the algorithm for the fuzzy 3ased filtering is em)loyed and 'om)ared with the wiener and median filter( it yields 'om)ara3le results in terms of visual 9uality( "%NR values et'# o 'om)are )erforman'e of the a3ove a))roa'hes( these e:)eriments have 3een re)eated several times and the results are 'om)ared on the 3asis of "%NR values# Median filter mainly 'on'entrate on im)ulsive noise# Gaussian Noise is not s)e'ifi'ally 'on'entrated# Median filter does not distinguish lo'al variations due to noise and image stru'ture 3ut the )ro)osed filter distinguishes 3etween the two# AB!& I# C$AM&RAMAND BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N ,A!U&% 4F ,ARIAN$&
3ameraman image with mean;> ? different variance 3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values "oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected Image istogram of noisy Image 3ameraman.tif -%".;@.@5@A ,;B# -%".;AC.CDA -%".;@.4BBEF ,;B# -%".;AC.D4B -%".;@.BB>E5 ,;F# -%".;AB.>>B -%".;@.A4E@C ,;F# -%".;AB.AFE -%".;@.>FA4E ,;C# -%".;AB.A>> AB!& II# CB4A%D BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N ,A!U&% 4F ,ARIAN$&
'oats image with mean;> ? different variance 3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values "oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected image istogram of noisy image 'oats.Gpg -%".;@.DAEC ,;F# -%".;AC.5@@ -%".;@.EF>5B ,;B# -%".;AB.@>F -%".;@.F@B5 ,;F# -%".;AB.D54 -%".;@.BF@> ,;B# -%".;AF.BCA -%".;@.CACD ,;B# -%".;AF.B>C AB!& III# C!&NAD BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N ,A!U&% 4F ,ARIAN$&
)ena image with mean;> ? different variance 3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values "oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected image istogram of noisy image )ena.bmp -%".;@.554DB ,;F# -%".;AB.>EF -%".;@.EC4B ,;F# -%".;AB.5B> -%".;@.FFACA ,;F# -%".;AF.CC> -%".;@.B>DD ,;B# -%".;AF.4EF -%".;@.A554CC ,;B# -%".;AF.5DF AB!& I,# C$4!4R&D BAB44ND BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N ,A!U&% 4F ,ARIAN$& 3olored 'aboon image with mean;> ? different variance 3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values "oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected image istogram of noisy image 'aboon.Gpg -%".;@.DCBCD ,;F# -%".;AB.>BD -%".;@.E5CB ,;F# -%".;AF.>BC -%".;@.4>5A ,;# -%".;AF.FC5A -%".;@.B5D5F ,;B# -%".;AF.@C5 -%".;@.C@5B ,;B# -%".;AF.@EA AB!& ,# C$4!4R&D !&NAD BIH GAU%%IAN N4I%& F4R DIFF&R&N ,A!U&% 4F ,ARIAN$&
3olored )ena image with mean;> ? different variance
3omparison table of $einer filter# +edian filter and Fuzzy filter on the basis of -%". values "oisy Image Fuzzy 3orrected Image istogram of noisy Image )enaHcoloured.Gpg -%".;@.5EAD5 ,;4# -%".;AB.> -%".;@.EAF>F ,;B# -%".;AB.DC5 -%".;@.FFEFCA ,;4# -%".;AF.CFE -%".;@.BAFF ,;B# -%".;AF.@AF -%".;@.AE54AD ,;C# -%".;AF.BD@ Acknowledgment Be would li*e to e:)ress our foremost and sin'ere gratitude to Dr# $#% Rai( our guide( who has 3een a 'onstant sour'e of *nowledge and ins)iration to us( throughout the 'ourse of this re)ort# References 608 &# /erre and M# Na'htegael( &ds#( Fuzzy e'hni9ues in Image "ro'essing# New Eor*A %)ringer@,erlag( =...( vol# ?=( %tudies in Fuzziness and %oft $om)uting#N# $ler* Ma:well( A reatise on &le'tri'ity and Magnetism( -rd ed#( vol# =# 4:fordA $larendon( 021=( ))#72@O-# 6=8 D# ,an De ,ille( B# "hili)s( and I# !emahieu( Fuzzy e'hni9ues in Image "ro'essing# New Eor*A %)ringer@,erlag( =...( vol# ?=( %tudies in Fuzziness and %oft $om)uting( 'h# Fuzzy@3ased motion dete'tion and its a))li'ation to de@interla'ing( ))# --OJ-71## 6-8 M# Na'htegael and &# &# /erre( C$onne'tions 3etween 3inary( gray@s'ale and fuzzy mathemati'al mor)hologies(D Fuzzy %ets %yst#( to 3e )u3@
Figure ># "%NR gra)hs of various images for different values of varian'e
PSNR values of Lena_coloured.jpgin presence of Gaussian noise for various values of variance For variance, 2 =0. For variance, 2 =0.! For variance, 2 =0." For variance, 2 =0.# For variance, 2 =0.$ PSNR values of %a&oon_coloured.jpgin presence of Gaussian noise for various values of variance For variance, 2 =0. For variance, 2 =0.! For variance, 2 =0." For variance, 2 =0.# For variance, 2 =0.$ lished#M# Eoung( he e'hni'al BriterGs Hand3oo*# Mill ,alley( $AA University %'ien'e( 0121# 6>8 CDe'om)osing and 'onstru'ting fuzzy mor)hologi'al o)erations over @'utsA $ontinuous and dis'rete 'ase(D I&&& rans# Fuzzy %yst# (vol# 2( ))# 70?J7=7( 4't# =...# 6?8 B# Reus'h( M# Fathi( and !# Hilde3rand( %oft $om)uting( Multi@media and Image "ro'essingP"ro'eedings of the Borld Automation $ongress Al3u9uer9ue( NMA %I "ress( 0112( 'h# Fuzzy $olor "ro'essing for Quality Im)rovement( ))# 2>0J2>2# 678 %ridevi#Ravada et al# R International Nournal on $om)uter %'ien'e and &ngineering ;IN$%&<@FDistinguishing the Noise and image stru'tures for dete'tin g the 'orre'tion term and filtering the noise 3y using fuzzy rulesG# 6O8 A New Fuzzy Gaussian Noise Removal Method for Gray@%'ale Images /#Ratna Ba3u et al( R ;IN$%I< International Nournal of $om)uter %'ien'e and Information e'hnologies( ,ol# = ;0< ( =.00( ?.>@?00 628 Digital Image "ro'essing@- rd edition ))t# 3y Rafael $# Gonzalez( Ri'hard&#Boods# 618 N# Delon and A# Desolneu:( CA )at'h@3ased a))roa'h for random@valued im)ulse noise removalD( I&&& International $onferen'e on A'ousti's( %)ee'h and %ignal "ro'ess# ;I$A%%"<(( ))# 0.1-@0.17( =?@-. Mar'h =.0=# 60.8 S# Shou( C$ognition and Removal of Im)ulse Noise Bith Un'ertaintyD( IEEE Trans. on Ima!e Pro"ess. ( vol#=0( no#O( ))# -0?O@-07O( Nuly =.0=# 6008 F# Russo( CFIR& o)erators for image )ro'essingD( Fuzzy Sets Syst.( vol# 0.-( no# =( ))# =7?@=O?( 0111# 60=8 R# 4ten( R#N#" de Figueiredo( CAda)tive al)ha@trimmed mean filters under deviations from assumed noise modelD( IEEE Trans. on Ima!e Pro"ess.( vol#0-( no#?( ))# 7=O@7-1( May =..># 60-8 N# Bednar( # Batt( CAl)ha@trimmed means and their relationshi) to median filtersD( I&&& rans# on A'ousti's( %)ee'h and %ignal "ro'ess#( vol#-=( no#0( ))# 0>?@0?-( Fe3 012># 60>8 Eoung%i* $hoi and Raghu /rishna)uram( CA Ro3ust A))roa'h to Image &nhan'ement Based on Fuzzy !ogi'D( I&&& rans# 4n Image "ro'essing( vol#7( no#7( ))# 2.2@2=?( Nune 011O# 60?8