Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Session 2005-2006
St. James Twin Chapel Spire
Acknowledgement
The help, advice and support from the following are gratefully acknowledged:
Synopsis
This report is a structural case study on the St. James Twin Chapel Spire, which was
dismantled due to its condition that was at severe risk of collapse if there had been a strong
gust of wind. This report covers the structural condition of the spire before it was dismantled
in 1978 based on documents found in the Bath City Archive.
This report consists of two sections. The first section includes a structural analysis and
diagnosis of the spire’s structural defects and the second section is a discussion on the
proposed intervention and the philosophy of conservation behind it.
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St. James Twin Chapel Spire
Contents
Page No.
Acknowledgement
List of Illustrations i
Synopsis ii
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Published Records 3
3.0 In situ Survey 4
4.0 Structural Analysis 5
4.1 Structural Description of the Spire 5
4.2 Structural Condition of the Spire 6
4.3 Wind Action onto the Spire 6
4.4 Defect 1: Crack at Base of the Original Anchor Block (F/G) 7
4.5 Defect 2: Crack at the Base of Tapered Octagon 9
5.0 Proposed Structural Intervention 11
5.1 Stone Treatment 11
5.2 Strengthening the Spire – Post Stressed System 11
6.0 Philosophy of the Structural Repair Techniques Applied 13
7.0 Conclusion 14
Notes 15
Bibliography 16
Appendices
Appendix A – Drawings
Appendix B – Working Procedure Report
St. James Twin Chapel Spire
List of Illustrations
3 Twin Chapel Spire before and after demolition in 1978. The Creasy
Partnership
Guildford & Epsom
6 Cracks at the mid height of the Twin Chapel Spire Bath City
Archive
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
1.0 Introduction
1.0.1 St. James Twin Chapel in the middle of St. James Cemetery was opened in 1861 but
has now closed. It is located ¾ mile west of the Bath City Centre, on the south of the
Lower Bristol Road.
1.0.2 Built in 1860, the St. James Twin Chapel was a mortuary building designed by Bath’s
City Architect at that time, Charles Edward Davis1. The chapel is of medieval
architecture, consisting of two twin chapel complexes built using Coombe Down Stone.
The two chapels are placed on the West-East axis, separated by a twin-carriage porch-
way.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
Figure 2:
Location map of St.
James Twin Chapel
in Bath.
1.0.3 A slender stone spire was placed above the twin carriage porch-way of the chapel.
Unfortunately, the spire’s structural condition was deemed to be dangerous and was
carefully dismantled in 1978 by the Bath City Council2.
1.0.4 During the spire’s demolition, all the stonework were measured, recorded and
subsequently numbered. The stonework are now stored in the two cemetery chapels for
future reuse3. The stump of the original spire is temporarily capped-off at the top of its
pedestal level, just above the ridge of the Twin Chapel’s roofs.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
Original
Spire
Pedestal
Level
1.0.5 A grant aid of £37 500 had previously been offered to the City Council by the
Department of the Environment under Section 4 of the Historic Buildings and Ancient
Monuments Act 1953, as the Department of the Environment regarded the Twin Chapel
as an outstanding historic building4. However, the restoration project never came to
being due to funding difficulties5.
2.0.1 There are little published records on the St. James Twin Chapel. However, as the
building was designed by the City Architect in 1860, Charles Edward Davis, original
scaled contract drawings and specifications still exist in the Bath City Council
Archives6. These drawings however are not available to the general public.
2.0.2 A detailed measured drawing of the spire and photographs of the Twin Chapel before
the spire was dismantled in 1978 were obtained from the Bath Council Archive,
showing the form, details and structural defects of the spire. The drawing and
photographs are used as primary reference to the spire’s original design for this report.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
2.0.3 The most comprehensive document found on the spire’s structural history is the
Feasibility Study on the Restoration of The Twin Chapel Spire Report by Creasy
Partnership Guildford and Epsom, published by the Departmental of Environmental
Services of Bath City Council. This report contains detailed description of the spire’s
characteristic features, structural analysis, structural calculations and technical details
of the proposed spire restoration in 1985. Detailed recordings of the original spire
together with its drawings are also included.
2.0.4 It has been noted that a structural report on the Twin Chapel Spire was submitted by
David Mclaughlin, a Msc. Conservation of Historic Buildings student at the University
of Bath in 2005. However, this report was not used as reference.
3.0.1 The first site visit was on 12 November 2005 to investigate whether the Twin Chapel
was suitable for the assignment. The building’s cemetery compound was found to be
well looked after and the chapel is locked at all times to keep safe the spire’s original
stonework.
3.0.2 The second visit on the 20 December 2005 was accompanied by a representative from
Haycombe Cemetery Office. Investigation into the chapel found the whole building’s
structure to be in a sound condition. There were hardly wall cracks or timber rafter
decay.
3.0.3 The long effects of storage onto the spire’s stored stonework have appeared to be mild
with little sign of severe chemical erosion from the local atmosphere. The markings on
the stones are still visible.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
Figure 4: Stonework of the spire stored in the East Chapel. Markings on the stones are still visible.
3.0.4 As a whole, the Twin Chapel building is thought to be well maintained despite the fact
that it has been closed for a few decades.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
Crack at F/G
4.4.1 External cracking appeared at level F/G at the base of the original anchor block. It was
assumed that this defect (Figure 9) was due to the considerable oscillation caused by
wind action against the height of the spire, and worsen by the ineffective stone anchor
which was suspended internally from the apex by an iron finial crossed by two linked
iron bars15. It is likely that the architect used this ‘pendulum’ device in an attempt to
counteract the effect of wind sway by holding down the head of the spire.
4.4.2 This ‘dead-weight’ anchor block, resting on the internal base at level F (Figure 10) was
not heavy enough to hold down the spire. Its influence was particularly insignificant at
the positions where it most needed. The size of the ‘kentledge’ provided was only 2%
of that required to stabilize the most sensitive components of the structure16.
4.4.3 In a high gust wind, the suspended anchor block is liable to lift and swing against the
internal faces of the spire with corresponding damage to the stone’s at both the support
level at the apex of the spire.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
Crack at T/U
4.5.1 There was a severe horizontal crack through the stonework of both the solid and lattice
face where the base of tapered octagon is. The crack was most significant on the north
east of the structure and probably accords with the direction of the prevailing wind.
4.5.2 A flat band of iron to encircle the structure at the base of the octagon was introduced to
restrain the outward thrust on the stonework of the open belfry from the weight of the
spire above. This precautionary measure was not adequate to prevent a fracture of the
stones at T/U.
4.5.3 Level T/U at the base of the tapered octagon is a position of exceptional sensitivity and
is particularly vulnerable to above average wind gusts. The four latticed panels of the
lower stem, supporting the tapered octagons are relatively weak in diagonal tension and
provide only a fraction of the desirable efficiency. A stabilising component was
inserted horizontally at the mid height of the lower stem to stiffen it17.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
4.5.4 The bell chamber is arranged as 4 wide panels on the square sides of the octagonal
cross-sections without any form of restraint on the diagonals. In its present form the
efficiency of the bell chamber unit is very low and largely indeterminate. Improvements
to ensure that the 4 columns act together as a fully braced frame is possible by inserting
a horizontal cross frame at mid height.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
5.1.2 The proposed guidelines for the spire’s stone treatment are as follows:
i. Natural erosion of the stone face and corners are to be accepted. Stones
which may have been used in positions of face bedding are to be avoided
in the process of restoration.
ii. The removal of structural defects (rusting from previous fitments,
cracks, blemishes and spalling) will only involve those threatening the
stability of the restored spire. This will involve squaring up of the
existing stone block and importing additional material to match.
iii. The stonework of the spire, including the base and pedestal are to be
face cleaned. All traces of old mortar are to be removed for the stability
of the structure, especially in the position of the anchorage seating.
5.1.3 The existing metal cross which surmounts the spire can be reused. However, the
existing apex seating was found to be very narrow and appears to have been damaged
by erosion and relaxation in the anchorage. The top anchorage was redesigned to avoid
these troubles. A limited amount of new stonework will probably be required in this
sensitive position.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
5.2.2 To stabilize the reconstructed spire, the ‘Kentledge’ concept was proposed but with
significant modifications.
5.2.3 It was proposed to anchor all intermediate positions to the base of the structure by a
system of central anchor rods. From this base, the full weight of the stonework could
then be effectively utilised to offset the gust effect on the more sensitive levels of the
structure. The anchorage rods are post stressed individually at each stage (refer Figure
13).
Stage 2 Level 6- F
- To stabilise the spire at these levels, it is
necessary to apply an appropriate Anchor
Force at a Level F.
- Original structure has already been
formed with a convenient internal corbel.
A coupling is provided to form the base of
Stage 3.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
6.0.1 The restoration of the spire is measured against English Heritage’s principles of
conservation; minimal intervention, like for like, do nothing, preserve as found,
sympathetic and reversibility.
6.0.2 The spire has a significant historical and structural value to the community, hence, its
reconstruction is deemed substantial.
6.0.3 It is fortunate that the spire’s stonework was carefully marked during the demolition
and is still securely kept. This, together with the availability of the spire’s measured and
original contract drawings, allows the spire to be restored to its original form
righteously - conservation wise.
6.0.4 The existence of 80% of the spire’s original stonework enables the retention of its
historic authenticity. Replacement of blemished stones with the same material is a like
for like intervention.
6.0.5 The spire’s major problem was the structural design itself. If reconstructed to the exact
original, the spire is expected to encounter the same complications. The proposal to
strengthen the structure by inserting iron anchor rods, is not a minimal or reversible
structural intervention. The new anchor rods will change the spire’s load path onto the
masonry beneath it. The complications that this proposal would create for the masonry
structure must be taken account of. The tendency for the iron rods to rust must also be
noted.
6.0.6 It is difficult to comprehend the reasoning behind the spire’s demolition before the
structure had broken down in 1978. The question whether the proposed anchoring to
conserve the spire could have taken place before demolition arises. Measures should
have been taken to restrain it from breaking down, not to bring it down before the
structure fails. If the structure has managed to stand against time, it gives an indication
that it is capable of standing even longer. Calculations are sometimes unreliable in
cases such as this.
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St. James Cemetery Twin Chapel Spire
6.0.7 The decision to dismantle the spire does not comply with any of the conservation
principles. It seems that this decision was heavily influenced by the lack of existing
funds.
6.0.8 The decision to record the stones and store the spire’s stonework however, opens the
possibility for future restoration when technology has advanced and funds have
expanded.
7.0 Conclusion
7.0.1 The assumption that the spire was a dangerous structure and was demolished before it
actually failed is unaccountable. If the spire has found a way of standing for several
decades, an explanation on why it has stood must be looked into. If analysis suggests
that the spire does not work, the analysis is at fault, not the structure.
“A structure only falls down when it has exhausted all possible ways of standing up.”
Walley’s Theorem
7.0.2 However, it is understood that the stonework was dismantled as a precaution measure
to avoid damage, in-case the structure does fall down. Limited funding implies that
there is no guarantee that the structure will be able to undergo restoration in near future.
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St. James Twin Chapel Spire
Notes
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St. James Twin Chapel Spire
Bibliography
2. Brebbia, C.A. Structural Studies of Historical Buildings IV: Dynamics, Repairs &
Restoration Volume II, Computational Mechanics Publication, Southampton, 1991.
3. Brebbia, C.A. Structural Studies of Historical Buildings IV: Dynamics, Repairs &
Restoration Volume IV, Computational Mechanics Publication, Southampton, 1995.
8. The Creasy Partnership Guildford & Epsom. St. James Cemetery Bath Twin Chapel
Spire Feasibility Study Restoration of the Spire. Department of Environmental
Services, 1985.
Website Resources
1. http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/lifeandleisure/cemeteriesandcrematorium/
cemlist.htm. List of Cemeteries in Bath (Accessed (29.11.2005)
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