S07 Current and Future Development in Networks and Communications

Submission 07 ;
Current and Future

Development in
Networks and
Communications

Name: Ahmad Imran Idzqandar
Identification Card Number: 970929-12-
5417
Class: 417

Submission 07 ; Current and Future Development in Networks and Communications 2013

Page 1

Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 2
2.0 MOBILE COMPUTING ............................................................................ 3
2.1 DEFINITION ............................................................................................. 3
2.2 SPECIFICATION, SERVICES AND FREQUENCIES OF MOBILE
COMPUTING ................................................................................................... 4
3.0 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES ..................................... 6
3.1 VOIP............................................................................................................. 6
3.2 BLOG ......................................................................................................... 7
4.0 TYPES OF NETWORK ............................................................................... 9
4.1 PAN ........................................................................................................... 9
4.2 VPN ......................................................................................................... 10
4.3 WLAN .................................................................................................... 11
4.4 WIMAX .................................................................................................. 12
5.0 CONLUSION ................................................................................................ 13
6.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 14


Page 2

1.0 Introduction

The purpose of a computer communications network is to allow moving information
from one point to another inside the network. The information could be stored on a device,
such as a personal computer in the network, it could be generated live outside the network,
such as speech, or could be generated by a process on another piece of information, such as
automatic sales transactions at the end of a business day. The device does not necessarily have
to be a computer; it could be a hard disk, a camera or even a printer on the network. Due to a
large variety of information to be moved, and due to the fact that each type of information has
its own conditions for intelligibility, the computer network has evolved into a highly complex
system. Specialized knowledge from many areas of science and engineering goes into the
design of networks. It is practically impossible for a single area of science or engineering to
be entirely responsible for the design of all the components. Therefore, a study of computer
networks branches into many areas as we go up from fundamentals to the advanced levels.


Page 3

2.0 Mobile Computing

2.1 Definition

Mobile computing is humancomputer interaction by which a computer is expected to
be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile communication,
mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc and
infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and
concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile
software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.


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2.2 SPECIFICATION, SERVICES AND FREQUENCIES OF
MOBILE COMPUTING

Brand Apple Inc.
Slogan
Since March 2013: "Loving it is easy. That's why so many people do."
[1]

Until March 2013: "The biggest thing to happen to iPhone since iPhone"
Series
iPhone
Compatible networks
GSM, CDMA, 3G, EVDO,HSPA+, LTE
Availability by country September 21, 2012
[2]
[show]
September 28, 2012
[2]
[show]
November 2, 2012
[3]
[show]
November 9, 2012
[4]
[show]
December 7, 2012
[5]
[show]
December 14, 2012
[5]
[show]
December 21, 2012
[5]
[show]
Discontinued September 10, 2013
Units sold Two million units in the initial 24 hours of pre-order
[6]

Five million units in the first three days of release
[7]

Predecessor iPhone 4S
Successor
iPhone 5S
iPhone 5C
Related
iPod Touch (5th generation)
Type
Smartphone
Form factor
Bar
Dimensions
123.8 mm (4.87 in) H
58.6 mm (2.31 in) W
7.6 mm (0.30 in) D
Weight
112 g (3.95 oz)
Operating system
Original: iOS 6.0

Page 5

Current: iOS 7.0, released September 18, 2013
System on chip
Apple A6
CPU
1.3 GHz dual core
GPU
PowerVR SGX543MP3
Memory
1 GB LPDDR2-1066 RAM
Storage
16, 32 or 64 GB
Battery
3.8 V, 5.45 Wh (1,440 mAh)
[8]

Data inputs
Multi-touch touchscreendisplay
3-axis gyroscope
3-axis accelerometer
Digital compass
Proximity sensor
Ambient light sensor
Display
4 in (100 mm) diagonal
(16:9 aspect ratio),
multi-touch display,
LED backlit IPS TFT LCD,
640 1,136 pixels at 326 ppi,
800:1 contrast ratio (typical),
500 cd/m
2
max. brightness (typical), Fingerprint-resistantoleophobic coating on front
Rear camera
8 MP back-side illuminated sensor
HD video (1080p) at 30 frame/s
IR filter
Aperture f/2.4
5 element lens
Facial recognition (stills only)
Image stabilization
Front camera
1.2 MP, HD video (720p)
Sound
Single loudspeaker
3.5 mm TRRS, 20 Hz to 20 kHz frequency response(internal, headset)
3.5mm audio jack
Microphone
Connectivity
All models:
Wi-Fi (802.11 a/b/g/n) (802.11n: 2.4 and 5 GHz),Bluetooth 4.0, GPS &GLONASS, Quad-
bandGSM/GPRS/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), Quad-bandUMTS/HSDPA+/DC-
HSDPA(850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz).
GSM model (A1428):
Dual-band LTE (Bands 4, 17: 1700 (AWS), 700b MHz).
GSM model (A1429):
Tri-band LTE (Bands 1, 3, 5: 2100, 1800, 850 MHz).
CDMA model (A1429):
Tri-band 2G CDMA (800 (CDMA over ESMR), 850, 1900 MHz).
Dual-band 3G CDMA/EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (850, 1900 MHz).
Penta-band LTE (Bands 1, 3, 5, 13, 25: 2100, 1800, 850, 700c, 1900 MHz).
Other
Talk time: Up to 8 hours
Standby time: Up to 225 hours (9 days, 9 hours)
Internet use: Up to 8 hours (3G), up to 8 hours (LTE), up to 10 hours (Wi-Fi)
Video playback: Up to 10 hours
Audio playback: Up to 40 hours (1 day, 16 hours)


Page 6

3.0 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES
3.1 VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the
delivery of voice communications andmultimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP)
networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP
telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, IP
communications, and broadband phone service.
The term Internet telephony specifically refers to the provisioning of communications services
(voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public
switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps and principles involved in originating VoIP
telephone calls are similar to traditional digital telephony, and involve signaling, channel
setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over
a circuit-switched network, however, the digital information is packetized and transmission
occurs as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network. Such transmission
entails careful considerations about resource management different from time-division
multiplexing (TDM) networks.
Early providers of voice over IP services offered business models and technical solutions that
mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation providers, such
as Skype, have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls
and convenience, while potentially charging for access to other communication networks,
such as the PSTN. This has limited the freedom of users to mix-and-match third-party
hardware and software. Third generation providers, such as Google Talk have adopted the
concept of federated VoIP which is a departure from the architecture of the legacy
networks. These solutions typically allow dynamic interconnection between users on any two
domains on the Internet when a user wishes to place a call.
VoIP systems employ session control and signaling protocols to control the signaling, set-up,
and tear-down of calls. They transport audio streams over IP networks using special media
delivery protocols that encode voice, audio, video with audio codecs and video codecs
as Digital audio by streaming media. Various codecs exist that optimize the media stream
based on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely
on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs.
Some popular codecs include -law and a-law versions of G.711, G.722 which is a high-
fidelity codec marketed as HD Voice byPolycom, a popular open source voice codec known
as iLBC, a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way called G.729, and many others.
VoIP is available on many smartphones, personal computers, and on Internet access devices.
Calls and SMS text messages may be sent over 3G or Wi-Fi.


Page 7

A simple diagram showing how VoIP works

3.2 Blog

A blog (a contraction of the words web log) is a discussion or informational site
published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically
displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first). Until 2009 blogs
were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often covered
a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts
written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other
media outlets, universities, think tanks, interest groups and similar institutions account for an
increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other "microblogging" systems
helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog can also be used
as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.


Page 8

iniblogsaya.blogspot.com, a popular blog here in Malaysia


Page 9

4.0 Types of network
4.1 PAN

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among
computerized devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants. PANs can be used
for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or
for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). Awireless personal area
network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over network technologies such as
IrDA
Wireless USB
Bluetooth
Z-Wave
ZigBee
Body Area Network
The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters. A PAN may also be
carried over wired computer buses such as USB and FireWire.

A diagram showing a PAN network


Page
10

4.2 VPN

A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network,
such as the Internet. It enables a computer to send and receive data across shared or public
networks as if it were directly connected to the private network, while benefiting from the
functionality, security and management policies of the private network. This is done by
establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections,
encryption, or a combination of the two.
A VPN connection across the Internet is similar to a wide area network(WAN) link
between the sites. From a user perspective, the extended network resources are accessed in the
same way as resources available from the private network.
VPNs allow employees to securely access their company's intranet while traveling
outside the office. Similarly, VPNs securely and cost-effectively connect geographically
disparate offices of an organization, creating one cohesive virtual network. VPN technology is
also used by ordinary Internet users to connect to proxy servers for the purpose of protecting
one's identity.

A diagram showing how a VPN connection works.


Page
11

4.3 WLAN

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless
distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a
connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the mobility to
move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern
WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. WLANs
were once called LAWNs (for local area wireless network) by the Department of Defense.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in
commercial complexes offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. New York
City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of
the city with wireless Internet access.

A diagram showing WLAN.


Page
12

4.4 Wimax

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless
communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with
the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created
by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and
interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based
technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative
to cable and DSL".

A WIMAX antenna in the works


Page
13

5.0 Conclution

We can conclude that computer networks and communication makes our life
easier to communicate with each other and the world using the computer. Networks
connect us together no matter the limit. We communicate through modern technology to
collaborate and share ideas. VoIP is a great way to cut costs when calling overseas. Blogs
are a great way of sharing ideas and making money at the same time.


Page
14

6.0 References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP
http://www.phonearena.com/phones/Apple-iPhone-5_id7378
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network
http://inibelogsaya.blogspot.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vpn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WiMAX_equipment.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimax

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