A Term Paper On

Nuclear Energy & its Effect

For course of CL101 EES
Prepared and submitted by :-
ame !o"" o#
1# $ar%aniya &ipes' 1(bme0)*
)# &obariya is'it 1(bme0)+
(# ,amb'%a -'ar.a% 1(bme0)/
*# Pate" 0ars' 1(bme0(+
$ec'anica" En.ineerin. &epartment
1nstitute of Tec'no"o.y irma 2ni%ersity
COTETS
Pa.e no:
1 # 1ntroduction (
) # Production of nuc"ear ener.y *
( # uc"ear po""ution 3
4A5Types of nuc"ear 6aste 7
4-5&isposa" met'ods 7-10
4C5Effects of nuc"ear po""ution 10-1(
4&5Contro" of nuc"ear po""ution 1*
* # Ad%anta.es and &isad%anta.es 1+-13
+# uc"ear time"ine 17
8# Some facts re"ated to nuc"ear ener.y 1/
3# Conc"usion )0
)
s
Introduction
E"ectrica" ener.y is t'e one of most re9uired ener.y no6 days# One
can not t'in: 'is "ife 6it'out e"ectrica" ener.y# !e9uirement of e"ectric
ener.y is increased day by day# As 1ndia is a de%e"opin. country; its
e"ectrica" ener.y re9uirement increased more rapid"y# 1ndia obtain e"ectrica"
ener.y by t'erma" po6er p"ant; 'ydro po6er; so"ar po6er; biomass ener.y;
tida" ener.y; 6ind po6er; so"ar po6er ; nuc"ear po6er etc#
o6 days at 6'ic' speed 1ndia .ro6in. ener.y re9uirement increased
%ery rapid"y; to fu"fi"" t'is re9uirement 6e s'ou"d find t'e ener.y sources
from 6'ic' 6e can .et more ener.y# Present"y 1ndia .et most of ener.y from
t'erma" po6er p"ant# T'erma" ener.y can .et by coi" combustion# -ut coi" is
"imited stoc:# so it is e<'austed %ery soon in future# o6 e"ectrica" ener.y
can a"so .et from nuc"ear# uc"ear po6er p"ant is more efficient# T'ey can
.i%e more ener.y comparati%e"y ot'er sources#
(
Production of uc"ear Ener.y
*
Present scenario of nuc"ear ener.y
In the world: From the table it is clear that India is having
lowest Average power per capita available among the top
ten power consuming countries and signifcantly below the
worlds average. As GDP growth accelerates to an ambitious
to !"#$ the shortage o% power will become more severe.
Ran
k
Countr
y
Year 2010
Electricity
Population
million
Annual KWh per
capita
& 'orld (!$( )$* +!+
! ,- .$+) +" !.(!
( /hina .$!) !$++ +!"
+ 0apan !$") !( +
. 1ussia !$". !. *.2
3 India 2! !$!) **
) German )( *)(
* /anada )! + !*3
France 3* ) 2+
2 4ra5il .2 !2 (.
!" -. 6orea . . 22+
+
Fi.ure depicts t'e e<istin. an t'e under construction =proposed nuc"ear
po6er reactors in 1ndia# T'e .reen co"or indicates e<istin. nuc"ear po6er
p"ants 6'ic' are 13 in tota" and t'e red indicates under construction=
proposed nuc"ear po6er p"ants of 6'ic' * 6it' a cumu"ati%e capacity
cumu"ati%e capacity of (180m6 are under construction#
At present t'ere are 13 nuc"ear reactors 6it' a tota" capacity of *;1)0 m6e
operatin. in t'e country#
8
Nuclear pollution
Sources of Nuclear Pollution
> uc"ear po""ution is a primary po""utant
> T'e main form of nuc"ear po""ution is radioacti%e 6aste# T'ese are 6aste
types containin. radioacti%e c'emica" e"ements t'at do not 'a%e a practica"
purpose# T'ey are sometimes t'e products of nuc"ear processes; suc' as
nuc"ear fission#
> 1ndustries not direct"y connected to t'e nuc"ear industry can produce "ar.e
9uantities of radioacti%e 6aste# 1t 'as been estimated t'at t'e past )0 years
t'e oi"7producin. endea%ors of t'e 2nited States 'a%e accumu"ated ei.'t
mi""ion tons of radioacti%e 6astes#
> T'e ma?ority of radioacti%e 6aste is @"o67"e%e" 6aste@; meanin. it contain
s"o6 "e%e"s of radioacti%ity per mass or %o"ume# T'is is dan.erous incase of
radioacti%e contamination of a 'uman body t'rou.' in.estion ;in'a"ation
;absorption; or in?ection#
> !adioacti%e contamination is typica""y t'e resu"t of a spi"" or accident
durin. t'e production or use of radioisotopes#
> Spent fue" comin. from ot'er European and non7European countries is
reprocessed so ; t'ere are additiona" ris:s; due to t'e s'ipments of
radioacti%e materia" by "and and sea#
> !adioacti%e contamination may a"so be an ine%itab"e resu"t of certain
processes; suc' as t'e re"ease of radioacti%e <enon in nuc"ear fue"
reprocessin.# 1n cases t'at radioacti%e materia" cannot be contained; it may
be di"uted to safe concentrations#
> uc"ear fa""out is t'e distribution of radioacti%e contamination
by a nuc"ear e<p"osion
3
Types of Nuclear Waste
> Lo67"e%e" 6aste inc"udes items t'at 'a%e become contaminated 6it'
radioacti%e materia" or 'a%e become radioacti%e t'rou.' e<posure to neutron
radiation# T'is 6aste typica""y consists of contaminated protecti%e s'oe
co%ers and c"ot'in.; 6ipin. ra.s; mops; fi"ters; reactor 6ater treatment
residues; e9uipments and too"s; "uminous dia"s; medica" tubes; s6abs;
in?ection need"es; syrin.es syrin.es ; and "aboratory anima" carcasses and
tissues#
> 0i.'7"e%e" radioacti%e 6astes are t'e 'i.'"y radioacti%e materia"s produced
as a byproduct of t'e reactions t'at occur inside nuc"ear reactors# 0i.'7"e%e"
6astes ta:e one of t6o forms: spent 4used5 reactor fue" 6'en it is accepted
for disposa" and 6aste materia"s remainin. after spent fue" is reprocessed#
> Spent nuc"ear fue" is used fue" from a reactor t'at is no "on.e refficient in
creatin. e"ectricity; because its fission process 'as s"o6ed# 0o6e%er; it is
sti"" t'erma""y 'ot; 'i.'"y radioacti%e; and potentia""y 'armfu"#
Disposal Method
> Lo67"e%e" 6aste disposa" occurs at commercia""y operated "o67"e%e" 6aste
disposa" faci"ities t'at must be "icensed by eit'er !C or A.reement States#
T'e faci"ities must be desi.ned; constructed; and operated to meet safety
standards# T'e operator of t'e faci"ity must a"so e<tensi%e"y c'aracteriAe t'e
site on 6'ic' t'e faci"ity is "ocated and ana"yAe 'o6 t'e faci"ity 6i"" perform
for t'ousands of years into t'e future#
> 2nited States po"icies .o%ernin. t'e permanent disposa" of 0LB are
defined by t'e uc"ear Baste Po"icy Act of 1/7); as amended 4BPA5# T'is
Act specifies t'at 0LB 6i"" be disposed of under.round; in a deep .eo"o.ic
repository; and t'at Cucca $ountain; e%ada; 6i"" be t'e sin."e
candidate site for c'aracteriAation as a potentia" .eo"o.ic repository#
7
E.: 1n Spain; t'e drums are mo%ed to t'e Stora.e Center T'e Cabri"
4CDrdoba5; 6'ic' mana.es E!ESA# -esides a"" nuc"ear 6aste deposited a""
Spanis' p"ants; a"so deposited nuc"ear 6aste .enerated by t'e medicine;
researc'; industry and ot'er fie"ds t'at a"so 6or: 6it' ener.y nuc"ear#
/
Measuring Nuclear Radiation
> One 6ay measure radiation is to count t'e number of nuc"ear
transformations or e<p"osions 6'ic' occur in a .i%en unit of radioacti%e
substance per second# T'is measure is usua""y standardiAed to radium; t'e
first radioacti%e substance to be disco%ered and 6ide"y used #One .ram of
radium under.oes (#3 < 1010 nuc"ear transformations or disinte.rations per
second# T'e acti%ity of 1 .ram of radium is ca""ed 1 curie 4Ci5; named for
$adame $arie Curie# 1n recent radiation protection .uides; t'e curie is
bein. rep"aced by t'e -ec9uere" ;6'ic' indicates one atomic e%ent per
second# One .ram of radium 6ou"d e9ua" 1 curie of radium or (#3 <
1010bec9uere"s of radium#
Effects of Nuclear Pollution
> T'e resu"t of ce"" e<posure to t'e microscopic e<p"osions 6it' t'e resu"tant
sudden inf"u< of random ener.y and ioniAation may be eit'er ce"" deat' or
ce"" a"teration# T'e c'an.e or a"teration can be temporary or permanent# 1t
can "ea%e t'e ce"" unab"e to reproduce itse"f#
> !adiation dama.e can cause t'e ce"" to produce a s"i.'t"y different
'ormone or enAyme t'an it 6as ori.ina""y desi.ned to produce; sti"" "ea%in.
10
it ab"e to reproduce ot'er ce""s capab"e of .eneratin. t'is same a"tered
'ormone or enAyme# E%entua""y t'ere may be mi""ions of suc' a"tered ce""s#
> 1f t'e radiation dama.e occurs in .erm ce""s; t'e sperm or o%um; it can
cause defecti%e offsprin.# T'e defecti%e offsprin. 6i"" in turn produce
defecti%e sperm or o%a; and t'e .enetic Emista:eF 6i"" be passed on to
succeedin. .enerations; reducin. t'eir 9ua"ity of "ife unti" t'e fami"y "ine
terminates in steri"iAation and=or deat'#
Heat Rejection
As is 6it' t'e case of t'erma" po6er p"ants 4based on fossi" fue"s5;
nuc"ear po6er p"ants re9uire some means by 6'ic' t'ey can e<pe" 'eat as
part of t'eir condenser system# T'e amount of 'eat %aries from t'e different
components used in t'e p"ant but on an a%era.e about 80 to 30G of t'erma"
ener.y from t'e nuc"ear fue" is re?ected out of t'e p"ant# Some p"ants use
coo"in. to6ers 6'i"e some use a "ar.e body of 6ater; suc' as an artificia"
"a:e or a natura" body of 6ater suc' as a "a:e or a ri%er# 1t a"so ad%erse"y
affects t'e a9uatic "ife of t'e ecosystem into 6'ic' 'eat is re?ected# 1n some
cases; t'e 'eat re?ected into 6ater bodies can cause f"uctuations in f"o6 rates
of ri%ers and anoma"ies in sea "e%e"
aseous E!issions
T'e .aseous emissions from a nuc"ear po6er p"ant can be of different
forms and intensities# uc"ear po6er p"ants use diese" .enerators as a means
for bac:-up e"ectric po6er in case of emer.encies# $ost are a"so re9uired to
run and test t'ese systems once e%ery mont' to ensure t'eir 6or:in.# As
suc'; t'ey re"ease .reen'ouses .ases into t'e atmosp'ere# T'ese .ases
primari"y consist of carbon dio<ide; carbon mono<ide; nitrous o<ides and
su"fur dio<ides# Apart from .reen'ouse .ases; e<'aust .ases from bui"din.s
containin. radioacti%e processes is radioacti%e in nature# 1n addition; in
p"ants 6it' boi"in. 6ater reactors; t'e air e?ector e<'aust is radioacti%e as
6e""# Suc' e<'austs are passed t'rou.' de"ay pipes; stora.e tan:s and
'ydro.en recombines before re"ease into t'e en%ironment to ensure t'at
radiation "e%e"s are in accordance to re.u"ations# !adioacti%e e<'aust from
nuc"ear po6er p"ants is a"so :no6n to cause s:in prob"ems of se%era" :inds#
11
En"iron!ental I!pact
Per'aps t'e impact 6'ic' is easiest to notice is t'e effect on t'e
en%ironment; particu"ar"y in terms of f"ora and fauna# To start 6it'; t'e
settin. up of a nuc"ear p"ant re9uires a "ar.e area; preferab"y situated near a
natura" 6ater body# T'is is usua""y accompanied 6it' c"earin. of forests
6'ic' disturbs t'e natura" 'abitat of se%era" creatures and .radua""y upsets
t'e eco"o.ica" ba"ance of t'e re.ion# Apart from t'is; studies 'a%e s'o6n
t'at due to t'e 'eat re?ected into t'e 6ater bodies; t'ere 'a%e been
si.nificant drops in t'e popu"ations of se%era" species of fis' in certain
re.ions of 2S# Anot'er si.nificant effect is t'e increased amount of su"fur
dio<ide in t'e air 6'ic' causes acid rain to form 6'ic' t'en "eads to
contamination of surface 6ater bodies of t'e re.ion; reduction of
producti%ity of t'e soi"; and 'as se%era" ot'er ne.ati%e effects on t'e re.ionFs
%e.etation and 'uman 'ea"t'#
Social I!pact
Settin. up a nuc"ear po6er p"ant in any re.ion does not come 6it'out
concerns and criticism from a 6ide %ariety of peop"e# Peop"e in suc' re.ions
fear t'e t'reat of bein. e<posed to unusua" "e%e"s of radiation# T'e natura"
6ater sources in suc' p"aces are a"so doubted to contain p"ant emissions
especia""y if t'e p"ant uses t'e body of 6ater as a 'eat sin:# 1n addition;
durin. t'e post /-11 era; t'ere 'as a"so been an increased concern o%er
reactor safety and inte.rity# As suc'; a "ot of effort 'as to .o into con%incin.
t'e peop"e "i%in. around t'e p"ant t'at it is secure"y desi.ned 6it' se%era"
safety measures# Amon. ot'er impacts t'at it can 'a%e on t'e re.ion; p"ant
commissionin. in a re.ion causes impairment of aest'etic; recreationa" and
natura" conser%ation %a"ues and a"so si.nificant"y "o6ers t'e %a"ue of t'e
surroundin. property#
So!atic Effect
Somatic effects are caused bon t'e person e<posed to t'e radioacti%e
materia"s "eadin. to t'e dama.e of t'e ce""s# T'is ce"" dama.e may manifest
1)
in ma"i.nancies suc' as "eu:emia or cancer#
enetic Effect
B'en t'e nuc"ear radiations; !adiation-rays etc passes t'rou.' t'e
.enetic ce""s# T'ey affect t'e c'romosomes# B'en t'e .enetic ce""s are
affected t'en t'e conse9uences are %ery serious as t'ese cause mutation
effects# $utations are .enera""y transmitted from .eneration to .eneration
and so t'e dama.e is in'erited by t'e pro.enies of t'e affected .eneration#
1(
#ontrol of Nuclear Pollution
$% Radiation e&posure protection :
T'e t'ree princip"es of radiation protection are distance; time to
e<posure t'e s'ie"din.#
Distance - T'e e<posure of t'e radioacti%e materia"s
decrease 6it' t'e s9uare of distance from t'e source#
Ti!e T'e time of e<posure s'ou"d be :ept as "o6 as
possib"e to accomp"is' a particu"ar tas:#
Shielding - S'ie"din. means stoppin. t'e radiation from
penetratin. t'e body of t'e "i%in. bein.s#
'% #ontrol (rea :
Area 6'ic' cause or permit e<posure to radiation are re9uired
to 'a%e contro""ed accessibi"ity and s'ou"d be mar:ed H!estricted
areaI or Hradiation AoneI etc# Le%e" of t'e radioacti%e po""ution
s'ou"d be re.u"ar"y c'ec:ed# !adiation resistant cases or 6a""s
s'ou"d be constructed for screenin. from radioacti%e materia"s#
)% #ollection* Storage and Disposal+
!adioacti%e 6astes s'ou"d be proper"y co""ected; s'ou"d be
c'an.ed into 'arm"ess form or stored in deep "ayer of
"it'osp'ere 6'ere t'eir .radua" 'arm"ess decay can ta:e p"ace#
T'ese are stored in t'ic: 6a""ed containers of inert materia"s as
!CC; dar: co"oured ."ass etc#

1*



(d"antages and Disad"antages
(d"antages +
One of t'e .reat ad%anta.es of usin. nuc"ear ener.y is t'e ratio of t'e
amount of fue" used and t'e ener.y obtained# T'is a"so trans"ates into
sa%in.s in transport; 6aste; etc#
One of t'e app"ications of nuc"ear ener.y 4but "itt"e used5 is to
con%ert it into mec'anica" ener.y for transport#
Current"y e"ectricity .eneration is by nuc"ear fission reactions; but if
nuc"ear fusion as practicab"e; pro%ide t'e fo""o6in. ad%anta.es:
i. Bou"d .et a fue" source ine<'austib"e
ii. 1n t'e reactor 6ou"d a%oid accidents by c'ain reactions t'at occur in
t'e fissions#
iii. Baste .enerated are muc' "ess radioacti%e#
uc"ear 6eapon can be used for mi"itary purposes as demonstrated in
t'e 'istory of nuc"ear ener.y in t'e first time t'at nuc"ear ener.y 6as
used after appropriate in%esti.ations 6as to attac: Japan in Bor"d Bar
11 6it' t6o nuc"ear bombs#
1+
uc"ear po6er p"ants donFt re9uire a "ot of space - t'ey 'a%e to be
bui"t on t'e coast; but do not need a "ar.e p"ot "i:e a 6ind farm
1t doesnFt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO) is .i%en out - it
t'erefore does not cause ."oba" 6armin.#
1t does not produce smo:e partic"es to po""ute t'e atmosp'ere#
uc"ear ener.y is by far t'e most concentrated form of ener.y - a "ot
of ener.y is produced from a sma"" mass of fue"#
1t is re"iab"e# 1t does not depend on t'e 6eat'er# Be can contro" t'e
output 1t is re"ati%e"y easy to contro" t'e output - a"t'ou.' t'e time
factor for a"terin. po6er output is not as sma"" as for fossi" fue"
stations#
1t produces a sma"" %o"ume of 6aste
Disad"antages +
A ci%i" "e%e"; one of t'e main dra6bac:s is t'e .eneration of nuc"ear
6aste and t'e difficu"ty to mana.e t'em as t'ey ta:e many years to
"ose its radioacti%ity and dan.erous#
&isad%anta.es increased security no6 6it' internationa" terrorism#
uc"ear fusion is unfeasib"e because of t'e difficu"ty of 'eatin. t'e
.as to suc' 'i.' temperatures and to maintain a sufficient number of
nuc"ei for a time sufficient to obtain a Ener.yK to "iberated t'an
necessary to retain 'eat and is 'i.'"y e<pensi%e .as#
Security systems are %ery ad%anced nuc"ear fission reactions .enerate
some c'ain reactions t'at contro" t'e systems if fa""s pro%o:e a
radioacti%e e<p"osion#
&ecommissionin. of nuc"ear po6er stations is e<pensi%e and ta:es a
"on. time
18
uc"ear accidents can spread radiation producin. partic"es o%er a
6ide area; T'is radiation 'arms t'e ce""s of t'e body 6'ic' can ma:e
'umans sic: or e%en cause deat'# 1""ness can appear or stri:e peop"e
years after t'ey 6ere e<posed to nuc"ear radiation and .enetic
prob"ems can occur too# A possib"e type of reactor disaster is :no6n
as a me"tdo6n# 1n a me"tdo6n; t'e fission reaction of an atom .oes
out of contro"; 6'ic' "eads to a nuc"ear e<p"osion re"easin. .reat
amounts of radioacti%e partic"es into t'e en%ironment#
A nuc"ear detonation creates se%era" forms of nuc"ear; or ioniAin.;
radiation# T'e nuc"ear fission 4atom sp"ittin.5 and nuc"ear fusion
4atom combinin.5 t'at occur to produce t'e e<p"osion re"ease; eit'er
direct"y or indirect"y; neutrons; .amma rays; beta partic"es; and a"p'a
partic"es# eutrons are 'ea%y partic"es t'at are re"eased from atomsF
nuc"ei# T'ese tiny @missi"es@ can easi"y penetrate so"id ob?ects#
Anot'er penetratin. form of radiation is .amma rays; 6'ic' are
ener.etic p'otons# -ot' of t'ese types of radiation can be dead"y# -eta
and a"p'a partic"es are "ess dan.erous; 'a%in. ran.es of se%era" meters
and se%era" centimeters; respecti%e"y# A"p'a partic"es can cause 'arm
on"y if t'ey are in.ested#
T'e intense 'eat 6ou"d a"so i.nite a @mass fire@ -- i#e#; a fire t'at
cou"d cause "ar.e areas to simu"taneous"y burst into f"ames#
13
Nuclear Ti!eline
,une $-.$ !oose%e"t creates t'e Office of Scientific !esearc' and
&e%e"opment#
,uly $-./ T'e test bomb; Trinity; is detonated#
(ugust $-./ T'e 2nited States bombs 0iros'ima and a.asa:i# Japan
surrenders in BB 11#
$-.01$--$ T'e So%iet 2nion and t'e 2nited States en.a.e in t'e Co"d
Bar#
No"e!2er $-/' T'e 2nited States tests t'e first t'ermonuc"ear bomb#
(ugust $-/) T'e So%iet 2nion detonates its first 'ydro.en bomb#
Dece!2er $-/) Eisen'o6er de"i%ers 'is LAtoms for PeaceM speec' before
t'e 2nited ations#
March $-/. T'e So%iet 2nion opens its first p"ant to .enerate e"ectricity
from nuc"ear po6er#
$-// T'e 2SS auta"is becomes t'e 6or"dIs first nuc"ear-
po6ered submarine#
,uly $-/3 T'e 1nternationa" Atomic Ener.y A.ency is estab"is'ed#
4cto2er $-0' T'e Cuban $issi"e Crisis brin.s t'e Co"d Bar c"osest to t'e
American s'ore#
March $-35 T'e uc"ear on-Pro"iferation Treaty .oes into effect#
,anuary $-3/ T'e uc"ear !e.u"atory Commission is formed#
March '6* $-3- A reactor core at t'e T'ree $i"e 1s"and nuc"ear p"ant partia""y
me"ts do6n#
(pril '/* $-60 C'ernoby" me"ts do6n#
17
March '5$$ Fu:us'ima me"ts do6n#
S4ME 7(#TS RE8(TED T4 N9#8E(R ENER:
1# Just remo%in. a personIs outer c"ot'in. can remo%e /0G of t'e
radioacti%e materia" after a disaster#
)# After JapanIs nuc"ear disaster in )011; se%era" countries 'a%e ret'ou.'t
t'e use of nuc"ear ener.y# For e<amp"e; ,ermany p"ans to c"ose a"" of its
reactors by )0))# 1ta"y and S6itAer"and 'a%e 'a"ted e<pandin. t'eir nuc"ear
po6er# 0o6e%er; some bi. mar:ets; suc' as C'ina and 1ndia; are sti""
pus'in. a'ead 6it' ne6 nuc"ear p"ants#
(# -efore Fu:us'ima &aiic'i nuc"ear disaster in )011; t'e 1nternationa"
Ener.y A.ency predicted t'at nuc"ear p"ants 6ou"d add (80 .i.a6atts of
.eneratin. capacity by )0(+# After Fu:us'ima; t'e 1EA 'a"%ed t'ose
estimates#
*# -et6een 1/++ and 1/7/; t'e a%era.e number of nuc"ear tests e%ery year
6as ++#
+# T'e Nas'i6aAa:i-Nari6a po6er p"ant in To:yo is t'e "ar.est nuc"ear
p"ant in t'e 6or"d# 1n )003; it 6as s'ut do6n temporari"y after its safety
systems fai"ed durin. an eart'9ua:e#
8# 1t too: 1* years and O/3+ mi""ion to c"ean up after T'ree $i"e 1s"and
disaster#
3# T'e 2#S#S# auti"us 6as t'e first nuc"ear-po6ered submarine and 6as put
to sea in &ecember 1/+*# amed after t'e submarine in Ju"es PerneIs
T6enty T'ousand Lea.ues 2nder t'e Sea; s'e 6as t'e first %esse" to tra%e"
submer.ed under t'e ort' Po"e; on Au.ust (; 1/+7# S'e 6as
decommissioned in 1/70 and 'as been preser%ed as a ationa" 0istoric
Landmar:#
7# A nuc"ear po6er p"ant must s'ut do6n e%ery 17-)* mont's to remo%e its
used uranium fue"; or radioacti%e 6aste#
1/
COCL2S1O
Ener.y 'as been t'e crucia" to t'e sur%i%a" of man:ind and e%ery and e%ery
ma?or step in t'e e%o"ution 'as seen manifo"d increase in ener.y
consumption# uc"ear ener.y in t'is re.ard 'o"d t'e :ey to sur%i%a" and
man:ind for t'is century and beyond#
As nuc"ear ener.y and po6er 'as ad%anta.es and disad%anta.es so it is
necessary to study t'e benefits and causes in muc' detai" so t'ere are
re.u"atory committees to "oo: into t'e matter 6it' .reat concern#
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