Universidade do Vale do Ifajai - UNIVALI

cINcIA D A coM P u T Ag A' o

I| \ | c-; | . s
R E G R AS G R AM AT IC AIS B AS IC A5
Inc-; | . s INS T R UM E NT AL
E liza C oral
2002
2
S UM / ( R IO
1 . P ersonal P ronou ns ( pronomesg essog g s1 . ,,. . ,,,. ,. ,. . . ,,. . . ,,. ,. ,,. ,. ,. . . . ,. ,,,,. ,. ,. ,. ,,,,,,,. ,. ,. ,,,,. . ,. ,. ,. . . ,,,,. ,,. ,. ,. . . ,. ,. ,,,. ,,. . ,. . . . . . . j
2. T O B E : S imLle P resent ( s_er/ estar presente simples), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. T O B E : S g le P qst ( ser/ Qtor _mzss4 1 do siLng les[,#,,_. . . . . . . . _,_,#,_. . . . . . . ,. ,. ,. ,,,. ,,. ,,. ,. ,. ,,,,. ,. ,. . . . ,. . ,,. ,,. ,,. . . ,. . . ,,,. . . ,. ,,. . ,,. 4
4 . NO UNS ( su bstantivos). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 . T he Indefinite ArticL( arg _os ind_efinidos)_,,. . . . L,_,. . . . _,. . . . . . ; mw. . . n. . . . . ,,,. . ,. ,,,. . ,. . ,,. . ,. . ,,. . ,. . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . ,,. ,. . . . . . . ,5
6 . T he D enite Article ( artig os denidos), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
. . . . . . . . . _,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L, . . . . . . . _m,,m, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, . . . . . . . . . . nlq_| _g _g _' . . . . . . m, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1 1 . D emonstrg te P ronou ns ( pronomes riemonstt-g g ' g g s1 . . ,,. ,,. ,. ,,,. ,. ,,. . ,. ,,,,,. . ,,,,. ,. ,,,,,. ,,. ,,,,. ,,. . ,,,. ,,,,,. ,. ,. ,. ,. . ,,. ,. ,,,. ,,,. 9
1 2. P ossessive Adjectives Qiijg tivos possessivos). . . . . . . . . . A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0
1 3. R g g yg zr and Irreg g lqr Verbs ( verbos reg g ares e irreg y1 g res). ,,,,. ,,. . ,,. ,,,,. ,. . ,. . ,,,,. ,,. . ,. ,. . ,,,,. ,. . . ,. . . . ,,. . . ,,,,,. ,,,. . . . IQ
L4 . Locu g xio Verbal. . . . . . . ; ,_. . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;. . . . . . . L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
1 5 . Adverbs ( adg g ' rQiQs). ,,,. . . ,,. ,. ,,,. ,. ,. ,,,. ,. ,,,,,. . . . . ,. ,,,,. ,,. ,,,. ,. ,,,,. . . . ,. . ,,. ,,,. . . . . ,. ,,,. ,,,,,. . . ,. ,,,. ,,. . . . . . ,,,,,. ,,. . ,. ,. ,. ,,,. . ,,. . . ,,. ,,,. . . ,1 2
1 6 . P repositions . . . . . . . . . ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
He phaced his hat u _p0n his head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l7
1 7. Verba_l T enses Qemg os K erbq_is)_,_,_. .
esimples) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7_
onm@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 _8
L73 T he simple past tense ( pg ssado simples)_,_. . . . . _,_E . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . .
L7. 4 T he_past continu os tense ( passado continu 0L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . 20
L75 T he simple fu tu re tense Qig u ro simples);. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, . . . , . . ,. . ,,,,,. ,, . . . . . . . , . . ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, . . . . , . ,, . . . . ,20
L76 G oing to ( fu tu ro prog ressivo ou fig u ro proximo), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . 20
LL7 P rog ressive P ast ( passado pi-og ressiv0_). ,,. , . . ,, . . . . . . . . ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . , . ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2l
L1 8 WO ULD ( ltu ro do pret rit0)L. . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . 2l
L7. 9 T he P res_ent P erfect T ense ( presente perfeit0). _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
L71 0 T he P ast P erfect T ense ( passado perfeitolm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _,_,_, . . . . . . . . . ; ,_,,_,_. . . . . . . ,. . ,. ,. ,. . . ,. . ,. . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . ,. . ,. 22
rrQu u ms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1 . P ersonal P ronou ns ( pronomes pessoais)
I eu
you voc
he / she / it ele / ela
we nos
You voc s
they eles/ elas
C omo u tilizar o pronome IT ?
1 . E mpreg amos 0 pronome it qu ando nos referimos a u m fenomeno, objeto
coisa, animal, etc. :
E x. : T he dress is u g ly. - It' s u g ly.
2. Utiliza-se tamb m 0 pronome it para su jeito ocu lto ou inexistente.
E x. : It is raining .
O u tros u sos do IT
1 . O pronome it tamb m u sado em frases como:
It is hot today. ( E sta qu ente hoje. )
What time is it? It is 6 o' clock. ( Qu e horas sao? S o 6 horas. )
It is abou t 4 00 K m from S 5 1 0 P au lo to R io.
( S ao aproximadamente 4 00 K m de S o P au lo ao R io. )
2. T amb m empreg a-se o pronome it como su jeito de orag oes deste tipo:
| t' is hard to believe. B u t it is tru e!
( E dificil acreditar. M as verdade!)
2. T O B E : S imple P resent ( serlestar presente simples)
I am
you are
he is
she is
it is
we are
you are
they are
( I' m)
( you ' re)
( he' s)
( she' s)
( it' s)
( we' re)
( you ' re)
( they' re)
eu estou / sou
voc est /
ele est /
ela est /
ele/ ela est / ( coisas e animals)
nos estamos/ somos
voc s estao/ s o
eles/ elas est o/ s o
3. T O B E : S imple P ast ( serlestar - passado simples)
I was eu estava/ era
you were voc estava/ era
he was ele estava/ era
she was q ela estava/ era
it was ele/ ela estava/ era ( coisas e
we were animals)
you were nos est vamos/ ramos
they were voc s estavam/ eram
nlnr/ nlar r\ r' | "_\ \ l' _\ rv\ / r\ r"arv\
INT E R R O G AT IVA E NE G AT IVA
1 . P ara formar a interrog ativa, colocamos o verbo antes do su jeito:
He was American. - Was he American?
You were happy. - Were you happy?
2. P ara formar a neg ativa, u samos not depois do verbo.
He was strang e. - He was not strang e. ( He wasn' t)
T hey were pretty. - T hey were not pretty. ( T hey weren' t)
4 . NO UNS ( su bstantivos)
O s su bstantivos - nou ns, em ing l s - dao nome aos objetos, pessoas, animals, etc
P lu ral of Nou ns ( plu ral dos su bstantivos)
D e modo g eral, acrescenta-se "s"ao sing u lar.
E x. : B O Y - B O YS
R E G R AS E S P E C IAIS :
1 . S e o su bstantivo terminar em s, sh, ch, x, z, ou em o precedido de consoante,
acrescenta-se es para formar o plu ral.
bu s - bu ses; bu sh - bu shes; coach - coaches;
fox - foxes; watch - watches; hero - heroes
2. E xistem 1 3 su bstantivos terminados em f ou fe cu jo plu ral formado pela troca
do f ou fe por ves:
life - lives; wife - wives; knife - knives; thief - thieves; elf - elves;
self - selves; loaf - loaves shelf - shelves; leaf - leaves; sheaf - sheaves;
wolf - wolves; calf - calves; half - halves.
3. Nos su bstantivos terminados em y precedido de consoante, troca-se o y por i e
acrecenta-se es:
E x: body bodies
4 . Alg u ns su bstantivos sao u sados apenas no sing u lar, com verbos tamb m no
sing u lar:
E x: news, advice, fu rnitu re, information, knowledg e, prog ress
5 . O u tros su bstantivos sao u sados apenas no plu ral, com verbos tamb m no
plu ral:
E x: pants, pajamas, trou sers, clothes, g lasses, scissors, g oods, riches
6 . O s su bstantivos sheep e deer sao invariaveis, isto , tem a mesma forma para
sing u lar e plu ral. Assim tamb m os su bstantivos patrios terminados em ss e se
( S wiss, Japanese)
7. S u bstantivos qu e apresentam forma irreg u lar no plu ral:
child - children; die - dice; mou se mice; woman - women; g oose -
g eese; ox - oxen; man - men; tooth - teeth; foot - feet; lou se - lice.
5 . T he Indefinite Article ( artig os indefinidos)
O artig o indenido tem du as formas em ing l s: a e an.
Ambas t m 0 mesmo sig nificado - u m, u ma - e sao u sadas somente antes de
su bstantivos contaveis no sing u lar.
T he form a
Usamos a antes de palavras iniciadas por letras com som de consoante:
a past a hot su mmer
O a ainda u sado antes de palavras comeg adas por vog ais com som de yu ou w:
som de yu : a u niversity , a E u ropean cou ntry
som de w: a one-way street, a one-horse coach
T he form an
A forma an u sada antes de su bstantivos iniciados por letras com som de vog al
E x: an army, an idea
T amb m u samos an antes do h mu do:
E x: an hou r, an honest g overnor
6
AT T E NT IO N!
an x-ray photog raphy an L. A. g ang
\ , _ \
( pronu ncla eks) ( som de el)
6 . T he D efinite Article ( artig os definidos)
E m g eral, o artig o denido the ( o, a, os, as) u sado em ing l s do mesmo modo qu e
em portu g u s, isto , para indicar alg o qu e j conhecemos ou qu e de
conhecimento de todos.
E x: T he g irl in red is my friend
T he B eatles were famou s.
O nde nao u samos the?
1 . Antes de nomes proprios: John Lennon was born in E ng land.
2. Antes de possessivos: M y favou rite rock sing er is B ono Vox.
3. Antes de su bstantivos empreg ados em sentido g eral:
Love is a strang e feeling . ( sentido g eral)
7. T he Adjective ( adjetivos)
O adjetivo toda palavra qu e qu alifica u m su bstantivo. S ao bastante simples as
reg ras qu e orientam su a u tilizag ao:
1 . O adjetivo nao varia em nomero. M esmo qu e 0 su bstantivo apareg a no plu ral, o
adjetivo conserva a mesma forma: big car - big cars
2. O adjetivo nao varia em g nero. O su bstantivo pode ser mascu lino ou feminino,
mas o adjetivo conserva a mesma forma: strong man - strong woman
3. adjetivo normalmente u sado antes do su bstantivo qu e ele qu alica:
E x: I have big cars.
He is a strong man.
Alg u ns odjetivos qu e voc deve conhecert
1 . g rande: B IG pequ eno: S M ALL, LIT T LE
2. velho: O LD jovem: YO UNG
3. antig o: O LD novo: NE W
4 . alto: T ALL baixo: S HO R T
5 . long o: LO NG cu rto: S HO R T
6 . rico: R IC H pobre: P O O R
7. qu ente: HO T frio: C O LD
8. feliz: HAP P Y infelizz UNHAP P Y, S AD
FAT
E AS Y
9. g ordo:
1 0. faciI:
1 1 . rapido: FAS T
1 2. bonito: P R E T T Y
1 3. Iindo: B E ALT IFUL
1 4 . bom: G O O D
1 5 . doce: S WE E T
1 6 . f0rte: S T R O NG
1 7. caro: E XP E NS IVE
1 8. su jo: D IR T Y
1 9. seco: D R Y
20. orientaI: E AS T E R N
21 . setentrionaI:NO R T HE R N
22. adiantado:E AR LY
23. certo: R IG HT
24 . direito: R IG HT
a. T O HAVE ( verbo ter)
mag ro:
dificil:
lento:
feio:
horrivel:
mau :
amarg o:
fraco:
barato:
limpo:
molhado:
ocidentalz
meridional:
atrasado:
errado:
esqu erdo:
S imple P resent S imple P ast
I have I
you have you
he has he
she has she
it has it
we have we
you have you
they have they
Qu ando u sado isoladamente, o verbo to have sig nifica "ter", "possu | r"
had
had
had
had
had
had
had
had
T HIN
D IFFIC ULT Y, HAR D
S LO W
UG LY
AWFUL
B AD
B IT T E R
WE AK
C HE AP
C LE AN
WE T
WE S T E R N
S O UT HE R N
LAT E
WR O NG
LE FT
Qu ando integ ra expressoes, pode adqu irir ou tros sentidos.
E xemplos:
to have coffe, beer, cig arretes:
tomar caf , cen/ eja / fu mar cig arros
to have breakfast: tomar caf da manha
to have lu nch: almog ar
to have dinner: jantar
to have a shower, a bath: tomar banho
to have a party: dar u ma festa
to have a g ood time: divertir-se
9. lnterrog ative Words ( palavras interrog rativas)
What, which
As palavras what e which referem-se a pessoas e coisas.
WHAT ( o qu e, qu al)
- What is you r name?
- M y name is C lau dina.
- What time is it?
- It is fou r o' clock.
- What size do you u se?
- M ediu m.
WHIC H ( qu al) - refere-se a u ma escolha.
- Which is you r name: C lau dine or C lau dina?
- M y name is C lau dina.
- Which g ame do you prefer?
- E u like chess best.
- Which of these is you r favou rite actor?
- T om Hanks.
Who, whom, whose ( Qu em, Qu em, D e qu em)
As palavras who, whom, whose referem-se a pessoas.
S UB JE C T E XAM P LE S
Who Who is investig ating the mu rder?
S herlock Holmes is.
O B JE C T
Who Who / Whom did M r. D oyle try to phone?
or He tried to phone the police.
Whom
P O S S E S S IVE
Whose Whose footprints are those?
T hose are the mu rderers footprints.
Why, where, when, how ( P or qu e, onde, qu ando, como)
1 . Why? ( P or qu ? P or qu e motivo?)
- Why is she sad?
- B ecau se her dog died.
2. Where? ( O nde?)
- Where does he live?
- He lives far from here.
3. When? ( Qu ando)
- When will you come?
- We will come late.
4 . How? ( C omo?)
- How are you feeling today?
- Not so well. I have a headache.
1 0. T here is I T here are ( existelexistem)
S imple present S imple
past
antes de palavras no
sing u lar there is there
was
antes de palavras no plu ral
T here is / T here are se tradu z como "ter"no sentido de "existir".
E x: T here is a car ou tside
T here are many cars ou tside.
O bs. : "T er"no sentido de "possu ir" expressado pelo verbo HAVE .
E x: I have a car. ( eu tenho u m carro)
Formas lnterrog ativa e Neg ativa
lnterrog ative Neg ative
S imple present is there? there is not
are there? there are not
S imple past was there? there was not
were there? there were not
1 1 . D emonstrative P ronou ns ( pronomes demonstrativos)
T his - that ( S ING ULAR )
T hese - those ( P LUR AL)
Qu ando u m objeto ou objetos estao perto, u sa-se T HIS e T HE S E - este/ esta( s)/ isto
Qu ando estao long e, u sa-se T HAT e T HO S E - aqu ele/ aqu eIa( s)/ aqu ilo.
1 0
1 2. P ossessive Adjectives ( adjetivos possessivos)
M y - Indica a minha posse: T here is a rat in M Y bedroom!
YO UR - Indica a su a ( de voc ) posse: YO UR cat loves fish.
- Indica a posse dele: T o HIS su rprise, he cou lnd' t win!
- Indica a posse dela: HE R hu sband is a pop star.
IT S - Indica a posse de u m animal, coisa, etc. sobre alg o:
T he lion opened IT S mou th.
O UR Indica a nossa posse: M y g irlfriend and I have O UR little
secrets. . .
YO UR - Indica a posse de voc s: B atman and R obin, I love YO UR
adventu res.
T HE IR - Indica a posse deles:
Yesterday I visited the K ennedys. T HE IR hou se is
beau tifu l
R E G R AS B AS IC AS :
1 . O s adjetivos possessivos concordam com o possu idor, e nao com a coisa
possu ida.
E x: C omo her indica a posse dela, ao Ier esta frase ja sabemos qu e se
trata de u ma mu lher cu jo pai mu ito rico. HE R father is very rich.
C omo his Indica a posse dele, ao Ier esta frase sabemos qu e se trata
dessa vez de u m homem cu jo pai mu ito rico. HIS father is very rich
2. O s adjetivos possessivos antecedem aos su bstantivos.
E x: T o his S UR P R IS E , he cou ldn' t win!
1 3. R eg u lar and Irreg u lar Verbs ( verbos reg u lares e
irreg u lares)
Yesterday the dog escaped and ran u nder a car.
A frase acima possu i dois verbos, ambos no simple past ( passado simples)
O primeiro deles - to escape - u m verbo reg u lar, pois termina em ed tanto no
simple past ( passado simples) como no past participle ( passado participio).
E xemplos:
ll
infinite simple past past participle
to escape escaped escaped
to walk walked walked
to stay stayed stayed
O verbo na su a forma orig inal ( infinitivo) leva a preposig ao T O na frente.
O seg u ndo verbo - to ru n - irreg u lar porqu e nao termina em ed. P ossu i
conju g acao irreg u lar no simple past e no past participle.
E xemplos:
infinite imple past past participle
to ru n ran ru n
to bu y bou g ht bou g ht
to write wrote written
R eg u lar Verbs
R eg ras para escrever no simple past e no past participle com os verbos reg u lares:
1 . Qu ando 0 verbo terminar em e, acrescentamos apenas d: E x: love - loved
2. S e o verbo terminar em y precedido de vog al, conservamos o y e
acrescentamos ed: E x: pray - prayed
M as:
S e o verbo terminar em y precedido de consoante, su bstitu imos o y por i e
acrescentamos ed: E x: try - tried
3. S e o verbo tiver apenas u ma silaba e terminar em consoante-vog al-
consoante, dobramos a consoante nal e acrescentamos ed: E x: stop -
stopped
4 . S e o verbo tiver mais de u ma silaba, mas for oxitono e terminar em
consoante-vog al-consoante, dobramos a consoante final e acrescentamos ed
E x: admit admitted
Irreg u lar Verbs
O s verbos irreg u lares apresentam formas variadas no simple past e no past
participle.
E xemplos:
I S AW you when I C AM E back.
T he cat D R UNK a lot of milk.
M r. R eese finally S O LD his hou se.
( ver tabela dos verbos irreg u lares no final da apostila)
1 4 . Locu g ao Verbal
Uma locu cao verbal formada pela composicao de dois verbos, sendo qu e o
seg u ndo fica no innitivo.
E xemplos.
I want to learn E ng lish. ( E u qu ero aprender ing l s)
We need to stu dy hard to pass in the exam. ( Nos precisamos estu dar du ro para
passar no exame)
I like to read g ood books. ( E u g osto de Ier bons Iivros)
Apos 0 verbos like e enjoy, o verbo seg u inte pode vir com o su xo ing , mas estara
na su a forma infinitiva.
E x: I like playing tennis on S u ndays. ( E u g osto de jog ar tennis nos doming os)
I enjoy watching T V on weekends. ( E u aprecio assistir T V nos finais de semana)
1 5 . Adverbs ( adv rbios)
Adv rbios modificam verbos, adjetivos ou ou tros adv rbios, dando a forma,
qu alidade ou enfatizando os mesmos.
O
All the birds were sing ing happily. ( T odos os passaros estavam cantando
aleg remente. ) | |
verbo adv rbio
it
It seemed that life was sp wonde\ rl' L1 l. ( P arecia qu e a vida era tao
maravilhosa. )
adverbio adjetivo
i
T he birds were sing ing so hap ily. ( O s passaros estavam cantando tao
aleg remente. ) | \ \
verbo adv rbio adv rbio
G neros dos Adv rbios:
E xistem adv rbios de modo, Iu g ar, tempo, freqtl ncia e qu alidade.
1 . O s adv rbios de modo "respondem"a qu estao - C omo. . . ?
How were the birds sing ing ?
1 3
T he birds were sing ing well, happily, joyfu lly, etc.
2. O s adv rbios de lu g ar "respondem"a qu estao - O nde. . . ?
Where do you r cats sleep?
M y cats sleep here, there, everywhere, etc.
3. O s adv rbios de tempo "respondem"a qu est o - Qu ando. . . ?
When will she arrive home?
T oday she won' t arrive early.
4 . O s adv rbios de freqii ncia "respondem"a qu estao - Qu antas vezes. . . ?
How often do they visit you ?
Andrew never visits me, bu t he always calls me u p.
5 . O s adv rbios de qu alidade demostram a importancia, a qu alidade ou
intensicam alg u m acontecimento.
D oris really worked mu ch today. S he is so tired!
1 6 . P repositions ( preposig oes)
-1 IL I
P reposig oes sao palavras qu e conectam u m g ru po de du as ou tres pa avras qu e
relacionam os su bstantivos ou pronomes ao elemento b sico da senteng a ( su jeito,
verbo, objeto ou complemento)
P reposig oes t m sido chamadas as "pequ enas g randes palavras em ing l s". E las
sao bastante pequ enas e de apar ncia insig nificante, por m t m fu ng oes
extremamente importantes.
E xemplos: g et u p ( levantar) - g et on ( su bir) - g etdown( descer)
g et in ( entrar) - g et ou t ( sair)
g o u p ( su bir) - g o on ( continu ar) - g o down ( descer)
g o in ( entrar) - g o ou t ( sair) -
g o by ( passar por alg u m lu g ar)
Uma preposig o e seu su bstantivo ou pronome, chamada de frase preposicional.
E stas frases podem ser:
Adjetivos: u sada como u m adjetivo seg u ido do su bstantivo qu e ele modica.
We shou ld take the road along the river. ( nos deveriamos peg ar a estrada ao
long o do rio)
He saw a river with a bridg e. ( E le viu u m rio com u ma ponte)
T he book on E g ypt has been sold. ( O Iivro sobre o E g ito foi vendido)
T he packag e for M ary arrived yesterday. ( O pacote para M ary cheg ou ont m)
l4
Adv rbios: Qu ando as preposicoes modicam verbos, fu ncionando como
adv rbios da senteng a.
T hey were driving along a cou ntry road. ( E les estavam dirig indo ao long o de
u ma estrada ru ral)
T hey came to a river. ( E les cheg aram em u m rio)
We saw John in Janu ary. ( Nos vimos John em janeiro)
In April, we will see him ag ain. ( E m abril, nos 0 veremos novamente)
As frases preposicionais tamb m podem ser:
S u bstantivo: A preposicao vem ju nto com 0 su bstantivo.
B efore breakfast is a g ood time for a swim. ( su bject)
T he best place for a picnic is in the park. ( su bject complement)
P reposig oes normalmente indicam relacionamentos, tais como posig ao, Iu g ar,
direg ao, tempo, modo, ag ente, possessao e condicao entre objetos ou ou tras
partes da sentenca.
P reposig oes mais u tilizodos
In - ( no, nos, nos, nos, em, dentro de)
S entido de estar dentro alg u m lu g ar
Usos do "In"
Lu g ar ou resid ncia em u m estado, u ma cidade, ou u m pais ( O lu g ar
normalmente u ma g rande area ou u ma g rande cidade):
He lives in America.
T hat river is in C alifornia.
P onto do tempo, ou periodo de tempo como u ma u nidade completaz
I saw him in Janu ary.
It was in 1 96 5 .
D u racao de tempo:
He can do it in an hou r.
He finished that book in one evening .
Ling u as:
T hey were speaking in Arabic.
T he play was produ ced in French.
D entro, dentro de, fechado:
l5
He is in his office now.
His hand is in his pocket.
D epois de u m certo periodo de tempo:
He will come in an hou r.
O n - ( no, nos, nos, nos, em, sobre)
- S entido de estar sobre alg u m lu g ar;
- S entido de continu idade;
- S entido de lig ar alg o.
Usos do "O n"
D escansando sobre ou tocando alg o:
T he book is on the table.
We are on the beach
D ias da semana e ou tras datas:
S u mmer beg ins on Ju ne 21 .
We do not have classes on S u ndays.
Local ou resid ncia de u ma ru a cu jo nomero nao dado.
S he is visiting a friend on M ag nolia S treet.
I live on M cK inley S treet.
At ( no, nos, nos, nos, em, perto)
- S entido de estar perto de alg u m lu g ar;
- Usado na frente de lu g ares poblicos;
Usos do "At"
Local ou resid ncia em u ma pequ ena cidade, ou em u m endereg o de u ma ru a, se o
nu mero da casa dado:
He lives at S mithville.
We have nally arrived at his town.
T empo exato:
He arrived at 8:00 o' clock.
T hose farmers stop working at su nset.
P reco:
T he prices of those books beg in at one dollar and g o u p.
D irecao ou alvo:
1 6
Look at those boys fig hting .
Localizacao, lu g ar: ( lu g ares poblicos)
He is at school now.
I am at the door
T o - ( para)
- E xpressa acao;
- Usado na frente de verbos no infinitivo.
E xemplos:
I will g o to Lag u na this weekend.
We want to drink a g ood bottle of wine.
For - ( P or, para)
- Nao expressa acao;
Usos do "For"( por, para)
D u racao de tempo:
S he played the piano for two hou rs.
We have been waiting for twenty minu tes
E m troca de:
He rented the hou se for very little money.
He bou g ht this book for two dollars.
P or prazer ou beneficio de:
M ary sang song s for u s.
S he baked a cake for me.
A0 inv s de ou em lu g ar de:
S he was bu sy, so I did her work for her.
Alice is g oing to cook the dinner for her mother.
P reposig ao T radu g aolsentido I E xemplo
Across do ou tro ladolatrav s I Her hou se is across the street.
Ag ainst C ontra I His bibycle was leaning ag ainst the
fence.
B ehind Atras [T he g arag e is behind the hou se.
B y P erto, por, pelo, de [T hat hou se by the lake is my dream
1 7
hou se.
D own ( S entido) para baixo We saw her walking down Fifth
Avenu e this afternoon.
in back of Atras ( no fu ndo) T he taxi is parked in back of the
bu s.
in front of Na frente de T he ball rolled in front of the bu s.
Inside D entro de C ome in. It is warmer inside the
hou se.
Near P erto de You shou ldn' t smoke near g asoline.
on top of No topo de I sobre I want cake and ice cream, and on
top of that I want whipped cream.
O ver S obre ( passar por cima
sem tocar)
T rmino
E xcesso/ sobrecarg a
Acima de
T he mother pu lled the blanket over
the baby.
T he g ame is over.
T here was an overow in the system
T he temperatu re is over 4 0 C
O u tside D o lado de fora T here' s a bird' s nest ou tside my
window.
T hrou g h Atrav s T he bird flew throu g h the open
window.
Under E m baixo de ( fisico) I fou nd that book. It was u nder the
desk.
U nderneath E m baixo de ( tocando) P u t a pad u nderneath that hot coffe
pot.
Up
Acima He was walking u p the street.
Among E ntre varias coisas ou
pessoas
If you look carefu lly, you mig ht find
the letter among those papers.
B etween E ntre du as coisas ou
pessoas
His shop in between the bank and
the post office.
After D epois Walk straig ht ahead; then take the
first street after the bridg e.
B efore Antesl na frente I have you r letter before me now.
B elow Abaixo ( sentido) T hey live in the apartment below
ou rs.
O pposite O posto / do ou tro lado T he school is opposite the chu rch.
Within D entro de T he mail will arrive within an hou r.
Upon E m cima ( sobre) He placed his hat u pon his head
1 7. Verbal T enses ( T empos Verbais)
1 7. 1 T he simple present tense ( presente simples)
As orag oes abaixo estao no simple present tense, u m tempo para expressar acoes
habitu ais no presente.
I G O to school every day.
S he WO R K S at Univali.
Na seg u nda oracao, 0 su jeito esta na 3a. pessoa do sing u lar sendo o verbo
acrescido de s, g s og lg ; de acordo a terminacao do verbo seg u mdo as mesmas
reg ras do plu ral de su bstantivos.
E xemplos de u so:
Adv rbios qu e normalmente acompanham o presente simples
I dance We dance.
You dance You dance.
H
S %dances. T hey dance.
It
s na 3a. pessoa do sing u lar
Always sempre
Never nu nca
often = frequ enly -frequ entemente
seldom = rarely raramente
sometimes alg u mas vezes
every day ( week,. . . ) -todos os dias ( semana,. . . . )
once a day u ma vez por dia
twice a day - du as vezes por dia
INT E R R O G AT IVA E NE G AT IVA
P ara frases interrog ativas e neg ativas, u tiliza-se os au xiliares D O ou D O E S ( He,
she, It).
1 7. 2 T he present continu os tense ( presente contmu o)
E xpressa u ma acao qu e esta acontecendo no presente momento
O presente continu o tem esta formu la:
E xemplos:
D o you work?
No, I do not. ( don' t)
D oes she work?
No, she does not. ( doesn' t)
I don' t work in B lu menau , I work in Florianopolis.
S he doesn' t work in B lu menau , she works in Florianopolis
to be + verbo principal com "ing "
E xemplo: I am stu dying .
1 9
E xemplos de u so Adv rbios de tempo qu e
normalmente acompanham
T hey are crossing the street now now ag ora
I am playing the g u itar at this moment. at this moment - neste momento
Nowadays she is working in a factory. Nowadays hoje em dia
INT E R R O G AT IVA E NE G AT IVA
C omo o present continu os formado pelo verbo to be, para formar a interrog ativa,
coloca-se o verbo to be na frente da frase. E para formar a neg ativa, acrescenta-se
not apos o verbo to be.
You are stu dying E ng lish.
Are you stu dying E ng lish?
You are not stu dying E ng lish.
1 7. 3 T he simple past tense ( passado simples)
O simple past normalmente u sado para descrever acoes qu e comeg aram e
terminaram no passado.
E x: I WAS here last nig ht.
Forma-se o passado dos verbos reg u lares, acrescentando-se Q, eg , og ied.
T he dog D IE D .
Adv rbios de tempo qu e normalmente o acompanham o passado simples:
Yesterday - ont m
last ( nig ht, week, year, etc. ) ( noite, semana, ano, etc) passada I passado
one hou r ag o ( u ma hora atras)
two days ag o - ( dois dias atras)
a week ag o - ( u ma semana atr s, semana passada)
INT E R R O G AT IVA E NE G AT IVA
P ara frases interrog ativas e neg ativas, u tiliza-se 0 au xiliar D ID . Neste caso, o verbo
permanece no presente.
E xemplos:
- You worked yesterday.
- D id you work yesterday?
- You did not work yesterday. ( didn' t)
20
1 7. 4 T he past continu os tense ( passado continu o)
E mpreg amos o past continu os tense para descrever ag oes qu e estavam
acontecendo no passado qu ando foram interrompidas ou como refer ncia de alg o
qu e se estava fazendo ou qu e estava acontecendo nu m determinado tempo no
passado.
E formado pelo verbo to be no passado, acrescentando-se ing ao verbo principal
I WAS stu dylNG when you arrived.
A forma lnterrog ativa e neg ativa a aqu ela correspondente ao verbo to be.
E xemplos de u so
I was playing yesterday.
You were sing ing last nig ht.
It was raini when I came.
A
to be simple past ing form
Adv rbios de tempo e expressoes qu e normalmente o acompanham:
Yesterday ont m
last ( nig ht, week, year, etc. ) ( noite, semana, ano, etc. ) passada I passado
1 7. 5 T he simple fu tu re tense ( fu tu ro simples)
Usa-se o simple fu tu re tense para descrever acoes fu tu ras.
E mpreg a se o verbo au xiliar WILL para constru ir oracoes no fu tu ro simples.
I WILL g o to E u rope next year.
( I' ll )
I WILL not travel next month.
( I won' t . . . )
1 7. 6 G oing to ( fu tu ro prog ressivo ou fu tu ro proximo)
O Fu tu ro P rog ressivo constitu ido pelo verbo to be no presente + g oing to.
E xpressa u ma ag ao qu e deve acontecer nu m fu tu ro proximo:
He is g oing to wait his g irl till midnig ht. ( E le val esperar su a g arota at a meia noite
21
V
presente
I ag t g oing to sleep now. ( E u vou dormir ag ora)
P resente
1 7. 7 P rog ressive P ast ( passado prog ressivo)
O P assado P rog ressivo constitu ido pelo verbo to be no passado + g oing to.
D escreve u ma acao planejada, mas qu e por alg u m motivo nao foi realizada.
He was g oing to commit su icide, bu t a man saved his life.
P atsado
( E u ia cometer su lcidio, mas u m homem salvou minha vida. )
1 7. 8 WO ULD ( fu tu ro do pret rito)
O fu tu ro do pret rito no ing l s expresso atrav s do au xiliar WO ULD , qu e coloca o
verbo principal no fu tu ro do pret rito.
E xemplos:
I WO ULD like to help you , bu t it is raining . ( E u g ostaria de aju da-Io, mas esta
chovendo)
WO ULD you like a g lass of water? ( Voc g ostaria de u m copo de ag u a?)
Affirmative lnterrog ative Neg ative
I wou ld g o. Wou ld I g o? I wou ld not g o.
( I' d g o) ( I wou ldn' t g o. )
He wou ld g o. Wou ld he g o? He wou ld not g o
( he' d g o) ( He wou ldn' t g o. )
O u tros Verbos no Fu tu ro do P ret rito=
C O ULD - poderia
E x: C O ULD you help me? ( Voc poderia me aju dar?)
22
S HO ULD - deveria
E x: You S HO ULD stu dy E ng lish. ( Voc deveria estu dar ing l s)
1 7. 9 T he P resent P erfect T ense ( presente perfeito)
E xpressa u ma acao no passado sem tempo determinado, ou u ma acao no passado
qu e continu a no presente.
Forma-se o P resent P erfect:
verbo HAS IHAVE + verbo principal no passado participio
O au xiliar do presente perfeito o verbo HAVE IHAS
E xemplos:
I HAVE lived in E u rope for many years. ( E u morei na E u ropa por mu itos anos)
I HAVE lived in Florianopolis since 1 988. ( E u moro em Florianopolis desde 1 988)
S he HAS been in R io de Janeiro. ( E la esteve no R io de Janeiro)
Have you ever been in E u rope? ( Voc alg u ma vez esteve na E u ropa?)
No, I haven' t. ( Nao, eu nao estive)
1 7. 1 0 T he P ast P erfect T ense ( passado perfeito)
E xpressa u ma acao qu e aconteceu no passado, antes de ou tra acao, tamb m no
passado.
Forma-se o P ast P erfect:
verbo HAD + verbo principal no passado participio
O au xiliar do passado perfeito o verbo HAD
E xemplo:
I HAD called the ambu lance when the police arrived.
I HAD ju st Finished my homework when you called.
23
1 8. Irreg u lar verbs table ( tabela dos verbos irreg u lares
Infinitive
T o be
T o beat
T o become
T o beg in
T o behold
T o bet
T o bind
T o bite
T o bleed
T o blow
T o break
T o bring
T o bu ild
T o bu rn
T o bu y
T o catch
T o choose
T o come
T o cost
T o cu t
T o dare
T o dig
T o do
T o draw
T o dream
T o drink
T o drive
T o eat
T o fall
T o feed
T o feel
T o g ht
T o nd
T o y
T o forbid
T o forg et
T o forg ive
T o freeze
T o g et
T o g ive
T o g o
T o g row
T o hang
T o have
T o hear
T o hide
S imple past
waslwere
beat
became
beg an
beheld
bebeed
bou nd
bit
bled
blew
broke
brou g ht
bu ilt
bu rntlbu rned
bou g ht
cau g ht
chose
came
cost
cu t
du rstldared
du g
did
drew
dreamtldreamed
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fou g ht
fou nd
ew
forbade
forg ot
forg ave
froze
g ot
g ave
went
g rew
hu ng / hang ed
had
heard
hid
P ast participle
been
beaten
become
beg u n
beheld
betlbetted
bou nd
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brou g ht
bu ilt
bu rntlbu rned
bou g ht
cau g ht
chosen
come
cost
cu t
du rstldared
du g
done
drawn
dreamtld reamed
dru nk
dnven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fou g ht
fou nd
own
forbidden
forg otten
forg iven
frozen
g otlg otten
g iven
g one
g rown
hu ng lhang ed
had
heard
hidden
T ranslation
ser, estar; existir
bater; derrotar
T ornar-se
C omecar
O bservar; contemplar
Apostar
Lig ar; ju ntar
M order
S ang rar
S oprar
Qu ebrar
T razer
C onstru ir
Qu eimar
C omprar
P eg ar; ag arrar
E scolher
Vir
C u star
C ortar
O u sar, T er corag em de
C avar
Fazer
D esenhar; pu xar; retirar
S onhar
B eber
D irig ir; g u iar
C omer
C air
Alimentar
S entir( -se)
Lu tar; combater
E ncontrar; achar
Voar
P roibir
E squ ecer( -se de)
P erdoar
C ong elar
O bter; tornar-se; car
D ar
Ir
C rescer; tornar-se; ficar
P endu rar; enforcar
T er
O u vir
E sconder
T o hit
T o hold
T o hu rt
T o keep
T o know
T o lay
T o lead
T o lean
T o learn
T o leave
T o lend
T o let
T o lie
T o lig ht
T o lose
T o make
T o mean
T o meet
T o overcome
T o pay
T o pu t
T o read
T o ride
T o ring
T o rise
T o ru n
T o say
T o see
T o seek
T o sell
T o send
T o set
T o shake
T o shine
T o shoot
T o show
T o shu t
T o sing
T o sink
T o sit
T o sleep
T o slide
T o smell
T o speak
T o spell
hit
held
hu rt
kept
knew
laid
led
leant/ leaned
learnt/ learned
left
lent
let
lay
lit/ lig hted
lost
made
meant
met
overcame
paid
pu t
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
saw
saw
sou g ht
sow
sent
set
shook
shone
shot
showed
shu t
sang
sank
sat
Hept
sd
smewsnmmd
spoke
spmspeed
hit
held
hu rt
kept
known
laid
led
leant/ leaned
learnt/ learned
left
lent
let
Iain
Iitllig hted
lost
made
meant
met
overcome
paid
pu t
read
ndden
ru ng
nsen
ru n
saw
seen
sou g ht
sow
sent
set
shaken
shone
shot
shown/ showed
shu t
su ng
su nwsu nken
sat
dept
sd
smewandbd
spoken
spmspeed
24
B ater; acertar
S eg u rar; conter; realizar
( festa, reu niao, etc. )
Ferir; doer
G u ardar; manter;
continu ar
S aber; conhecer
P or; assentar
C ondu zir; Iiderar
E ncostar( -se);
incIinar( -se)
Aprender
D eixar; partir; sair
E mprestar
D eixar; permitir
D eitar-se; situ ar-se
Acender; ilu minar
P erder
Fazer
S ig nicar; pretender;
Qu erer, dizer
E ncontrar; conhecer
S u perar
P eg ar
P or; colocar
Ler
M ontar; cavalg ar
T ocar; soar ( campainha,
telefone, etc. )
S u bir; levantar-se
C orrer; dirig ir ( neg ocio)
S aber
Ver
B u scar; procu rar
Vender
M andar; enviar
P or
S acu dir
B rilhar
Atirar; disparar
M ostrar
Fechar
C antar
Afu ndar
S entar-se
D ormir
D eslizar; fazer deslizar
C heirar; sentir cheiro de
Falar
G rafar; soletrar
T o spend
T o spread
T o stand
T o steal
T o stick
T o swear
T o sweep
T o swim
T o take
T o teach
T o tear
T o tell
T o think
T o throw
T o u nderstand
T o wake( u p)
T o wear
T o weep
T o win
T o write
spent
spread
stood
stole
stu ck
swore
swept
swam
took
tau g ht
tore
told
thou g ht
threw
u nderstood
woke/ waked( u p)
wore
wept
won
wrote
spent
spread
stood
stolen
stu ck
sworn
swept
swu m
taken
tau g ht
torn
told
thou g ht
thrown
u nderstood
woken/ waked( u p)
worn
wept
won
written
25
G astar; passar ( tempo)
E spaIhar( -se)
Ficar em p ; ag u entar
R ou bar
G ru dar; fincar
Ju rar
Varrer
Nadar
P eg ar; tomar; Ievar
E nsinar
R asg ar
C ontar; dizer
P ensar
Lang ar; jog ar
E ntender; compreender
Acordar
Usar; vestir
C horar; lacrimejar
Veneer
E screver