SEC 300 (MOST Version)

Earthwork, Erosion Control Section 300
and Drainage
Earthwork, Erosion Control and
Drainage
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300
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Earthwork, Erosion
Control and Drainage

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and Drainage
301. EXCAVATION FO OAD!A" AND DAIN#
301.1. #$o%e
This work shall consist of excavation, removal and satisfactor dis!osal of all
materials necessar for the constr"ction of roadwa, side drains and waterwas in
accordance with re#"irements of these S!ecifications and the lines, grades and cross-
sections shown in the drawings or as indicated $ the Engineer% &t shall incl"de the
ha"ling and stacking of or ha"ling to sites of em$ankment and s"$grade constr"ction,
s"ita$le c"t materials as re#"ired, as also the dis!osal of "ns"ita$le c"t materials in
s!ecified manner, trimming and finishing of the road to s!ecified dimensions or as
directed $ the Engineer%
301.& Classi'i$ation o' E($a)ated *aterial
301.&.1. Classi'i$ation+ 'll materials involved in excavation shall $e classified
$ the Engineer in the following manner (
)a* Soil
This shall com!rise to!soil, t"rf, sand, silt, loam, cla, m"d, !eat, $lack cotton
soil, soft shale or loose moor"m, a mixt"re of these and similar material which
ields to the ordinar a!!lication of !ick, s!ade and+or shovel, rake or other
ordinar digging im!lement% ,emoval of gravel or an other nod"lar material
having dimension in an one direction not exceeding -. mm occ"rring in s"ch
strata shall $e deemed to $e covered "nder this categor%
)$* /rdinar ,ock )not re#"iring $lasting* This shall incl"de(
)i* rock t!es s"ch as laterites, shales and conglomerates, varieties of
limestone and sandstone etc%, which ma $e #"arried or s!lit with crow
$ars, also incl"ding an rock which in dr state ma $e hard, re#"iring
$lasting $"t which, when wet, $ecomes soft and managea$le $ means
other than $lasting0
)ii* macadam s"rface s"ch as water $o"nd and $it"men+tar $o"nd0 soling of
roads, !aths etc% and hard core0 com!act moor"m or sta$ilised soil
re#"iring grafting tool or !ick or $oth and shovel, closel a!!lied0 gravel
and co$$le stone having maxim"m dimension in an one direction
$etween -. and 300 mm0
)iii* lime concrete, stone masonr in lime mortar and $rick work in
lime+cement mortar $elow gro"nd level, reinforced cement concrete
which ma $e $roken "! with crow $ars or !icks and stone masonr in
cement mortar $elow gro"nd level0 and
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and Drainage
)iv* $o"nders which do not re#"ire $lasting having maxim"m dimension in
an direction of more than 300mm, fo"nd ling loose on the s"rface or
em$edded in river $ed, soil, tal"s, slo!e wash and terrace material of
dissimilar origin%
)c* 2ard ,ock )re#"iring $lasting*
This shall com!rise (
)i* an rock or cement concrete for the excavation of which the "se of
mechanical !lant and+or $lasting is re#"ired 0
)ii* reinforced cement concrete )reinforcement c"t thro"gh $"t not se!arated
from the concrete* $elow gro"nd level 0 and
)iii* $o"lders re#"iring $lasting%
)d* 2ard ,ock )$lasting !rohi$ited*
2ard rock re#"iring $lasting as descri$ed "nder )c* $"t where $lasting is
!rohi$ited for an reason and excavation has to $e carried o"t $ chiselling,
wedging or an other agreed method%
)e* 3arsh Soil
This shall incl"de soils like soft clas and !eats excavated $elow the original
gro"nd level of marshes and swam!s and soils excavated from other areas
re#"iring contin"o"s !"m!ing or $ailing o"t of water%
301.&.&. A,thorit- 'or $lassi'i$ation+ The classification of excavation shall $e
decided $ the Engineer and his decision shall $e final and $inding on the Contractor%
3erel the "se of ex!losives in excavation will not $e considered as a reason for higher
classification "nless $lasting is clearl necessar in the o!inion of the Engineer%
301.3. Constr,$tion O%erations
301.3.1. #etting o,t + 'fter the site has $een cleared as !er Cla"se 101, the
limits of excavation shall $e set o"t tr"e to lines, c"rves, slo!es, grades and sections as
shown on the drawings or as directed $ the Engineer% The Contractor shall !rovide all
la$o"r, s"rve instr"ments and materials s"ch as strings, !egs, nails, $am$oos, stones,
lime, mortar, concrete, etc%, re#"ired in connection with the setting o"t of works and the
esta$lishment of $ench marks% The Contractor shall $e res!onsi$le for the maintenance
of $ench marks and other marks and stakes as long as in the o!inion of the Engineer,
the are re#"ired for the work%
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and Drainage
301.3.&. #tri%%ing and storing to%soil+ 4hen so directed $ the Engineer, the
to!soil existing over the sites of excavation shall $e stri!!ed to s!ecified de!ths
constit"ting 2ori5on 6'7 and stock!iled at designated locations for re-"se in covering
em$ankment slo!es, c"t slo!es, $erms and other dist"r$ed areas where re-vegetation is
desired% 8rior to stri!!ing the to!soil, all trees, shr"$s etc% shall $e removed along with
their roots, with a!!roval of the Engineer%
301.3.3 E($a)ation . /eneral+ 'll excavations shall $e carried o"t in conformit
with the directions laid here-in-"nder and in a manner a!!roved $ the Engineer% The
work shall $e so done that the s"ita$le materials availa$le from excavation are
satisfactoril "tili5ed as decided "!on $eforehand%
4hile !lanning or exec"ting excavations, the Contractor shall take all ade#"ate
!reca"tions against soil erosion, water !oll"tion etc% as !er Cla"se 309, and take
a!!ro!riate drainage meas"res to kee! the site free of water in accordance with Cla"se
311%
The excavations shall conform to the lines, grades, side slo!es and levels shown
on the drawings or as directed $ the Engineer% The Contractor shall not excavate
o"tside the limits of excavation% S"$:ect to the !ermitted tolerances, an excess
de!th+width excavated $eond the s!ecified levels+dimensions on the drawings shall $e
made good at the cost of the Contractor with s"ita$le material of characteristics similar
to that removed and com!acted to the re#"irements of Cla"se 30.%
'll de$ris and loose material on the slo!es of c"ttings shall $e removed% ;o
$ackfilling shall $e allowed to o$tain re#"ired slo!es exce!ting that when $o"lders or
soft materials are enco"ntered in c"t slo!es, these shall $e excavated to a!!roved de!th
on instr"ctions of the Engineer and the res"lting cavities filled with s"ita$le material and
thoro"ghl com!acted in an a!!roved manner%
'fter excavation, the sides of excavated area shall $e trimmed and the area
conto"red to minimise erosion and !onding, allowing for nat"ral drainage to take !lace%
&f trees were removed, new trees shall $e !lanted, as directed $ the Engineer% The cost
of !lanting new trees shall $e deemed to $e incidental to the work%
301.3.0. *ethods, tools and e1,i%2ent+ /nl s"ch methods, tools and
e#"i!ment as a!!roved $ the Engineer shall $e ado!ted+"sed in the work% &f so desired
$ the Engineer, the Contractor shall demonstrate the efficac of the t!e of e#"i!ment
to $e "sed $efore the commencement of work%
301.3.3. o$k e($a)ation+ ,ock, when enco"ntered in road excavation, shall $e
removed "!to the formation level or as otherwise indicated on the drawings% 4here,
however, "nsta$le shales or other "ns"ita$le materials are enco"ntered at the formation
level, these shall $e excavated to the extent of .00 mm $elow the formation level or as
otherwise s!ecified% &n all cases, the excavation o!erations shall $e so carried o"t that at
no !oint on c"t formation the rock !rotr"des a$ove the s!ecified levels% ,ocks and large
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$o"lders which are likel to ca"se differential settlement and also local drainage
!ro$lems sho"ld $e removed to the extent of .00 mm $elow the formation level in f"ll
formation width incl"ding drains and c"t thro"gh the side drains%
4here excavation is done to levels lower than those s!ecified, the excess
excavation shall $e made good as !er Cla"ses 301%3%3 and 301%9 to the satisfaction of the
Engineer%
Slo!es in rock c"tting shall $e finished to "niform lines corres!onding to slo!e
lines shown on the drawings or as directed $ the Engineer% ;otwithstanding the
foregoing, all loose !ieces of rock on excavated slo!e s"rface which move when !ierced
$ a crow$ar shall $e removed%
4here $lasting is to $e resorted to, the same shall $e carried o"t to Cla"se 301
and all !reca"tions indicated therein o$served%
4here !res!litting is !rescri$ed to $e done for the esta$lishment of a s!ecified
slo!e in rock excavation, the same shall $e carried o"t to Cla"se 303%
301.3.4 *arsh e($a)ation+ The excavation of soils from marshes+swam!s
shall $e carried o"t as !er the !rogramme a!!roved $ the Engineer%
Excavation of marshes shall $egin at one end and !roceed in one direction across
the entire marsh immediatel ahead of $ackfilling% The method and se#"ence of
excavating and $ackfilling shall $e s"ch as to ens"re, to the extent !ractica$le, the
com!lete removal or dis!lacement of all m"ck from within the lateral limits called for
on the drawings or as staked $ the Engineer, and to the $ottom of the marsh, firm
s"!!ort or levels indicated%
301.3.5. E($a)ation o' road sho,lders6)erge62edian 'or widening o'
%a)e2ent or %ro)iding treated sho,lders+ &n works involving widening of existing
!avements or !roviding treated sho"lders, "nless otherwise s!ecified, the
sho"lder+verge+median shall $e removed to their f"ll width and to levels shown on
drawings or as indicated $ the Engineer% 4hile doing so, care shall $e taken to see that
no !ortion of the existing !avement designated for retention is loosened or dist"r$ed% &f
the existing !avement gets dist"r$ed or loosened, it shall $e dismantled and c"t to a
reg"lar sha!e with sides vertical and the dist"r$ed+loosened !ortion removed com!letel
and relaid as directed $ the Engineer, at the cost of the Contractor%
301.3.7. E($a)ation 'or s,r'a$e6s,8.s,r'a$e drains+ 4here the Contract
!rovides for constr"ction of s"rface+s"$-s"rface drains to Cla"se 30=, excavation for
these shall $e carried o"t in !ro!er se#"ence with other works as a!!roved $ the
Engineer%
301.3.9 #lides+ &f sli!s, slides, over-$reaks or s"$sidence occ"r in c"ttings d"ring
the !rocess of constr"ction, the shall $e removed at the cost of Contractor as ordered $
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the Engineer% 'de#"ate !reca"tions shall $e taken to ens"re that d"ring constr"ction, the
slo!es are not rendered "nsta$le or give rise to rec"rrent slides after constr"ction% &f
finished slo!es slide into the roadwa s"$se#"entl, s"ch slides shall $e removed and
!aid for at the Contract rate for the class of excavation involved, !rovided the slides are
not d"e to an negligence on the !art of the Contractor% The classification of the de$ris
material from the sli!s, slides etc% shall conform to its condition at the time of removal
and !ament made accordingl regardless of its condition earlier%
301.3.10. Dewatering+ &f water is met with in the excavations d"e to s!rings,
see!age, rain or other ca"ses, it shall $e removed $ s"ita$le diversions, !"m!ing or
$ailing o"t and the excavation ke!t dr whenever so re#"ired or directed $ the
Engineer% Care shall $e taken to discharge the drained water into s"ita$le o"tlets as not
to ca"se damage to the works, cro!s or an other !ro!ert% D"e to an negligence on the
!art of the Contractor, if an s"ch damage is ca"sed, it shall $e the sole res!onsi$ilit of
the Contractor to re!air+restore to the original condition at his own cost or com!ensate
for the damage%
301.3.11. Dis%osal o' e($a)ated 2aterials+ 'll the excavated materials shall $e the
!ro!ert of the Em!loer% The material o$tained from the excavation of roadwa,
sho"lders, verges, drains, cross-drainage works etc%, shall $e "sed for filling "! of )i*
roadwa em$ankment, )ii* the existing !its in the right-of wa and )iii* for landsca!ing
of the road as directed $ the Engineer, incl"ding levelling and s!reading with all lifts
and lead "!to 1000 m and no extra !ament shall $e made for the same%
'll hard materials, s"ch as hard moor"m, r"$$le, etc%, not intended for "se as
a$ove shall $e stacked neatl on s!ecified land as directed $ the Engineer with all lifts
and lead "!to 1000 m%
>ns"ita$le and s"r!l"s material not intended for "se within the lead s!ecified
a$ove shall also, if necessar, $e trans!orted with all lifts and lead $eond initial 1000
m, dis!osed of or "sed as directed $ the Engineer%
301.3.1& :a$k'illing+ ?ackfilling of masonr+concrete+h"me !i!e drain
excavation shall $e done with a!!roved material after concrete+masonr+h"me !i!e is
f"ll set and carried o"t in s"ch a wa as not to ca"se "nd"e thr"st on an !art of the
str"ct"re and +or not to ca"se differential settlement% 'll s!ace $etween the drain walls
and the side of the excavation shall $e refilled to the original s"rface making d"e
allowance for settlement, in laers generall not exceeding 1.0 mm com!acted
thickness to the re#"ired densit, "sing s"ita$le com!action e#"i!ment s"ch as
mechanical tam!er, rammer or !late com!actor as directed $ the Engineer%
301.0 ;l-ing o' Constr,$tion Tra''i$
Constr"ction traffic shall not "se the c"t formation and finished s"$grade witho"t
the !rior !ermission of the Engineer% 'n damage arising o"t of s"ch "se shall $e made
good $ the Contractor at his own ex!ense%
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301.3 ;reser)ation o' ;ro%ert-
The Contractor shall "ndertake all reasona$le !reca"tions for the !rotection and
!reservation of an or all existing roadside trees, drains, sewers or other s"$-s"rface
drains, !i!es, cond"its and an other str"ct"res "nder or a$ove gro"nd, which ma $e
affected $ constr"ction o!erations and which, in the o!inion of the Engineer, shall $e
contin"ed in "se witho"t an change% Safet meas"res taken $ the Contractor in this
res!ect, shall $e got a!!roved from the Engineer% 2owever, if an of these o$:ects is
damaged $ reason of the Contractor=s negligence, it shall $e re!laced or restored to
the original condition at his ex!ense% &f the Contractor fails to do so, within the re#"ired
time as directed $ the Engineer or if, in the o!inion of the Engineer, the actions initiated
$ the Contractor to re!lace+restore the damaged o$:ects are not satisfactor, the
Engineer shall arrange the re!lacement+restoration directl thro"gh an other agenc at
the risk and cost of the Contractor after iss"ing a !rior notice to the effect%
301.4. ;re%aration o' C,t For2ation
The c"t formation, which serves as a s"$grade, shall $e !re!ared to receive the
s"$-$ase+$ase co"rse as directed $ the Engineer%
4here the material in the s"$grade )that is within .00 mm from the lowest level
of the !avement* has a densit less than s!ecified in Ta$le 300-1, the same shall $e
loosened to a de!th of .00mm and com!acted in laers in accordance with the
re#"irements of Cla"se 30.%
'n "ns"ita$le material enco"ntered in s"$grade level shall $e removed as
directed $ the Engineer and re!laced with s"ita$le material com!acted in accordance
with Cla"se 30.%
&n rock formations, the s"rface irreg"larities shall $e corrected and the levels
$ro"ght "! to the s!ecified elevation with gran"lar $ase material as directed $ the
Engineer, laid and com!acted in accordance with the res!ective S!ecifications for these
materials% The "ns"ita$le material shall $e dis!osed of in accordance with Cla"se
301%3%11% 'fter satisfing the densit re#"irements, the c"t formation shall $e !re!ared
to receive the s"$$ase+$ase co"rse in accordance with Cla"ses 310 and 311 to receive
the s"$-$ase+$ase co"rse%
301.5. Finishing O%erations
@inishing o!erations shall incl"de the work of !ro!erl sha!ing and dressing all
excavated s"rfaces%
4hen com!leted, no !oint on the slo!es shall var from the designated slo!es $
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and Drainage
more than 1.0 mm meas"red at right angles to the slo!e, exce!t where excavation is in
rock )hard or soft* where no !oint shall var more than 300 mm from the designated
slo!e% &n no case shall an !ortion of the slo!e encroach on the roadwa%
The finished c"t formation shall satisf the s"rface tolerances descri$ed in Cla"se
=01%
4here directed, the to!soil removed earlier and conserved )Cla"ses 301%3%1% and
30.%3%3* shall $e s!read over c"t slo!es, where feasi$le, $erms and other dist"r$ed areas%
Slo!es ma $e ro"ghened and moistened slightl, !rior to the a!!lication of to!soil, in
order to !rovide satisfactor $ond% The de!th of to!soil shall $e s"fficient to s"stain
!lant growth, the "s"al thickness $eing from -. mm to 100 mm%
301.7. *eas,re2ents 'or ;a-2ent
Excavation for roadwa shall $e meas"red $ taking cross-sections at s"ita$le
intervals in the original !osition $efore the work starts and after its com!letion and
com!"ting the vol"me in c"%m% $ the method of average end areas for each class of
material enco"ntered% 4here it is not feasi$le to com!"te vol"mes $ this method
$eca"se of erratic location of isolated de!osits, the vol"mes shall $e com!"ted $ other
acce!ted methods%
't the o!tion of the Engineer, the Contractor shall leave de!th indicators d"ring
excavations of s"ch sha!e and si5e and in s"ch !ositions as directed so as to indicate the
original gro"nd level as acc"ratel as !ossi$le% The Contractor shall see that these
remain intact till the final meas"rements are taken%
@or rock excavation, the over$"rden shall $e removed first so that necessar
cross-sections co"ld $e taken for meas"rement% 4here cross sectional meas"rements
co"ld not $e taken d"e to irreg"lar config"ration or where the rock is admixed with
other classes of materials, the vol"mes shall $e com!"ted on the $asis of stacks of
excavated r"$$le after making 3. !er cent ded"ction therefrom% 4hen vol"mes are
calc"lated in this manner for excavated material other than rock, ded"ction made will $e
to the extent of 19 !er cent of stacked vol"mes%
4orks involved in the !re!aration of c"t formation shall $e meas"red in "nits
indicated $elow (
)i* Aoosening and recom!acting
the loosened material at s"$grade %%%c"% m%
)ii* Aoosening and removal of
"ns"ita$le material and
re!lacing with a s"ita$le
material and com!acting
to re#"ired densit %%%c"% m%
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)iii* 8re!aring rock s"$grade %%%s#% m%%
)iv* Stri!!ing incl"ding storing
and rea!!lication of to!soil %%%c"% m%
)v* Dis!osal of s"r!l"s material
$eond initial 1000 m lead % %%c"% m%
301.9. ates
301.9.1. The Contract "nit rate for the items of roadwa and drain excavation
shall $e !ament in f"ll for carring o"t the o!erations re#"ired for the individ"al items
incl"ding f"ll com!ensation for(
)i* setting o"t0
)ii* trans!orting the excavated materials and de!ositing the same on sites of
em$ankments, s!oil $anks or stacking as directed within all lifts and lead
"!to 1000 m or as otherwise s!ecified0
)iii* trimming $ottoms and slo!es of excavation0
)iv* dewatering0
)v* kee!ing the work free of water as !er Cla"se 3110 and
)vi* all la$o"r, materials, tools, e#"i!ment, safet meas"res, testing and
incidentals necessar to com!lete the work to S!ecifications%
8rovided, however, where !res!litting is !rescri$ed to achieve a s!ecified slo!e
in rock excavation, the same shall $e !aid for vide Cla"se 303%.%
301.9.&. The Contract "nit rate for loosening and recom!acting the loosened
materials at s"$grade shall incl"de f"ll com!ensation for loosening to the s!ecified
de!th, incl"ding $reaking clods, s!reading in laers, watering where necessar and
com!acting to the re#"irements%
301.9.3. Cla"se 301%=%1 and 30.%B shall a!!l as regards Contract "nit rate for
item of removal of "ns"ita$le material and re!lacement with s"ita$le material
res!ectivel%
301.9.0. The Contract "nit rate for item of !re!aring rock s"$grade as !er
Cla"se 301%9 shall $e f"ll com!ensation for !roviding, laing and com!acting gran"lar
$ase material for correcting s"rface irreg"larities incl"ding all materials, la$o"r and
incidentals necessar to com!lete the work and all leads and lifts%
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301.9.3. The Contract "nit rate for the items of stri!!ing and storing
to!soil and of rea!!lication of to!soil shall incl"de f"ll com!ensation for all the
necessar o!erations incl"ding all lifts, $"t leads "!to 1000 m%
301.9.4.%The Contract "nit for dis!osal of s"r!l"s earth from roadwa and
drain excavation shall $e f"ll com!ensation for all la$o"r, e#"i!ment, tools and
incidentals necessar on acco"nt of the additional ha"l or trans!ortation involved
$eond the initial lead of 1000 m%
30&. :<A#TIN/ O;EATION#
30&.1. /eneral
?lasting shall $e carried o"t in a manner that com!letes the excavation to the
lines indicated in drawings, with the least dist"r$ance to ad:acent material% &t shall $e
done onl with the written !ermission of the Engineer% 'll the stat"tor laws,
reg"lations, r"les, etc%, !ertaining to the ac#"isition, trans!ort, storage, handling and "se
of ex!losives shall $e strictl followed%
The Contractor ma ado!t an method or methods of $lasting consistent with the
safet and :o$ re#"irements% 8rior to starting an !hase of the o!eration the Contractor
shall !rovide information descri$ing !ertinent $lasting !roced"res, dimension and notes%
The maga5ine for the storage of ex!losives shall $e $"ilt to the designs and
s!ecifications of the Ex!losives De!artment concerned and located at the a!!roved site%
;o "na"thori5ed !erson shall $e admitted into the maga5ine which when not in "se shall
$e ke!t sec"rel locked% ;o matches or inflamma$le material shall $e allowed in the
maga5ine% The maga5ine shall have an effective lightning cond"ctor% The following shall
$e h"ng in the lo$$ of the maga5ine(
)a* ' co! of the relevant r"les regarding safe storage $oth in English and in
the lang"age with which the workers concerned are familiar%
)$* ' statement of "!-to-date stock in the maga5ine%
)c* ' certificate showing the last date of testing of the lightning cond"ctor%
)d* ' notice that smoking is strictl !rohi$ited%
'll ex!losives shall $e stored in a sec"re manner in com!liance with all laws and
ordinances, and all s"ch storage !laces shall $e clearl marked% 4here no local laws or
ordinances a!!l, storage shall $e !rovided to the satisfaction of the Engineer and in
general not closer than 300 m from the road or from an $"ilding or cam!ing area or
!lace of h"man occ"!anc% &n addition to these, the Contractor shall also o$serve the
following instr"ctions and an f"rther additional instr"ctions which ma $e given $ the
Engineer and shall $e res!onsi$le for damage to !ro!ert and an accident which ma
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occ"r to workmen or the !"$lic on acco"nt of an o!erations connected with the storage,
handling or "se of ex!losives and $lasting% The Engineer shall fre#"entl check the
Contractor=s com!liance with these !reca"tions%
30&.&. *aterials, Tools and E1,i%2ent
'll the materials, tools and e#"i!ment "sed for $lasting o!erations shall $e of
a!!roved t!e% The Engineer ma s!ecif the t!e of ex!losives to $e allowed in s!ecial
cases% The f"se to $e "sed in wet locations shall $e s"fficientl water-resistant as to $e
"naffected when immersed in water for 30 min"tes% The rate of $"rning of the f"se shall
$e "niform and definitel known to !ermit s"ch a length $eing c"t as will !ermit
s"fficient time to the firer to reach safet $efore ex!losion takes !lace% Detonators shall
$e ca!a$le of giving effective $lasting of the ex!losives% The $lasting !owder,
ex!losives, detonators, f"ses, etc%, shall $e fresh and not damaged d"e to dam!ness,
moist"re or an other ca"se% The shall $e ins!ected $efore "se and damaged articles
shall $e discarded totall and removed from the site immediatel%
30&.3. ;ersonnel
The $lasting o!eration shall remain in the charge of com!etent and ex!erienced
s"!ervisor and workmen who are thoro"ghl ac#"ainted with the details of handling
ex!losives and $lasting o!erations%
30&.0. :lasting O%erations
The $lasting shall $e carried o"t d"ring fixed ho"rs of the da !refera$l d"ring
the mid-da l"ncheon ho"r or at the close of the work as ordered in writing $ the
Engineer% The ho"rs shall $e made known to the !eo!le in the vicinit% 'll the charges
shall $e !re!ared $ the man in charge onl%
The Contractor shall notif each !"$lic "tilit com!an having str"ct"res in
!roximit to the site of the work of his intention to "se ex!losives% S"ch notice shall $e
given s"fficientl in advance to ena$le the com!anies to take s"ch ste!s as the ma
deem necessar to !rotect their !ro!ert from in:"r% &n advance of an $lasting work
within .0 m of an railwa track or str"ct"res, the Contractor shall notif the concerned
,ailwa '"thorit of the location, date, time and a!!roximate d"ration of s"ch $lasting
o!erations%
,ed danger flags shall $e dis!laed !rominentl in all directions d"ring the
$lasting o!erations% The flags shall $e !lanted 100 m from the $lasting site in all
directions% 8eo!le, exce!t those who act"all light the f"se, shall $e !rohi$ited from
entering this area, and all !ersons incl"ding workmen shall $e excl"ded from the flagged
area at least 10 min"tes $efore the firing, a warning siren $eing so"nded for the !"r!ose%
The charge holes shall $e drilled to re#"ired de!ths and at s"ita$le !laces%
?lasting sho"ld $e as light as !ossi$le consistent with thoro"gh $reakage of the material
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and Drainage
necessar for economic loading and ha"ling% 'n method of $lasting which leads to
overshooting shall $e discontin"ed%
4hen $lasting is done with !owder, the f"se c"t to the re#"ired length shall $e
inserted into the hole and the !owder dro!!ed in% The !owder shall $e gentl tam!ed
with co!!er rods with ro"nded ends% The ex!losive !owder shall then $e covered with
tam!ing material which shall $e tam!ed lightl $"t firml%
4hen $lasting is done with dnamite and other high ex!losives, dnamite
cartridges shall $e !re!ared $ inserting the s#"are c"t end of a f"se into the detonator
and finishing it with ni!!ers at the o!en end, the detonator gentl !"shed into the
!rimer leaving 1+3rd of the co!!er t"$e ex!osed o"tside% The !a!er of the cartridge shall
then $e closed "! and sec"rel $o"nd with wire or twine% The !rimer shall $e ho"sed
into the ex!losive% ?oreholes shall $e s"ch si5e that the cartridge can easil go down%
The holes shall $e cleared of all de$ris and ex!losive inserted% The s!ace of a$o"t 100
mm a$ove the charge shall then $e gentl filled with dr cla, !ressed home and the rest
of the tam!ing formed of an convenient material gentl !acked with a wooden rammer%
't a time, not more than 10 s"ch charges will $e !re!ared and fired% The man in
charge shall $low a siren in a recognised manner for ca"tioning the !eo!le% 'll the
!eo!le shall then $e re#"ired to move to safe distances% The charges shall $e lighted $
the man-in-charge onl% The man-in-charge shall co"nt the n"m$er of ex!losions% 2e
shall satisf himself that all the charges have $een ex!loded $efore allowing the
workmen to go $ack to the work site%
'fter $lasting o!erations, the Contractor shall com!act the loose resid"al material
$elow s"$grade and re!lace the material removed $elow s"$grade with s"ita$le material%
30&.3. *is'ire
&n case of misfire, the following !roced"re shall $e o$served(
)i* S"fficient time shall $e allowed to acco"nt for the delaed $last%
The man-in-charge shall ins!ect all the charges and determine the
missed charge%
)ii* &f it is the $lasting !owder charge, it shall $e com!letel flooded
with water% ' new hole shall $e drilled at a$o"t <.0 mm from the
old hole and fired% This sho"ld $last the old charge% Sho"ld it not
$last the old charge, the !roced"re shall $e re!eated till the old
charge is $lasted%
)iii* &n case of charges of gelignite, dnamite, etc%, the man-in-charge
shall gentl remove the tam!ing and the !rimer with the
detonator% ' fresh detonator and !rimer shall then $e "sed to $last
the charge% 'lternativel, the hole ma $e cleared of 300 mm of
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and Drainage
tam!ing and the direction then ascertained $ !lacing a stick in
the hole% 'nother hole ma then $e drilled 1.0 mm awa and
!arallel to it% This hole shall then $e charged and fired when the
misfired hole sho"ld ex!lode at the same time% The man-in-charge
shall at once re!ort to the Contractor=s office and the Engineer
all cases of misfire, the ca"se of the same and what ste!s were
taken in connection therewith%
&f a misfire has $een fo"nd to $e d"e to defective detonator or dnamite, the
whole #"antit in the $ox from which defective article was taken m"st $e sent to the
a"thorit directed $ the Engineer for ins!ection to ascertain whether all the remaining
materials in the $ox are also defective%
30&.4. A$$o,nt
' caref"l and da to da acco"nt of the ex!losive shall $e maintained $ the
Contractor in an a!!roved register and manner which shall $e o!en to ins!ection $ the
Engineer at all times%
303. ;E#;<ITTIN/ OC= EXCAVATION #<O;E#
303.1. /eneral
8res!litting is defined as the esta$lishment of a s!ecified excavation slo!e
in rock $ the controlled "se of ex!losives and $lasting accessories in !ro!erl aligned
and s!aced drill holes%
The !res!litting techni#"e shall $e "sed for forming rock excavation slo!es
at locations shown on the !lans or as otherwise decided $ the Engineer%
303.&. Constr,$tion O%erations
8rior to starting drilling o!erations for !res!litting, the Contractor shall
f"rnish the Engineer a !lan o"tlining the !osition of all drill holes, de!th of drilling, t!e
of ex!losives to $e "sed, loading !attern and se#"ence of firing% The drilling and
$lasting !lan is for record !"r!oses onl and will not a$solve the Contractor of his
res!onsi$ilit for "sing !ro!er drilling and $lasting !roced"res% Controlled $lasting shall
$egin with a short test section of a length a!!roved $ the Engineer% The test section
shall $e !res!lit, !rod"ction drilled and $lasted and s"fficient material excavated
where$ the Engineer can determine if the ContractorCs methods have !rod"ced an
acce!ta$le slo!e%
'll over$"rden soil and weathered rock along the to! of the excavation for a
distance of a$o"t . to 1. m $eond the drilling limits, or to the end of the excavation, as
decided $ the Engineer shall $e removed $efore drilling the !res!litting holes%
8artic"lar care and attention shall $e directed to the $eginning and end of excavations to
ens"re com!lete removal of all over$"rden soil and weathered rock and to ex!ose fresh
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and Drainage
rock to an elevation e#"al to the $ottom of the ad:acent lift of the !res!litting holes
$eing drilled%
Slo!e holes for !res!litting shall $e drilled along the line of the !lanned slo!e
within the s!ecified tolerances% The drill holes shall $e not less than 90 mm nor more
than -. mm in diameter% Drilling o!erations shall $e controlled $ the "se of !ro!er
e#"i!ment and techni#"e to ens"re that no hole shall deviate from the !lane of the
!lanned slo!e $ more than 300 mm nor shall an hole deviate from $eing !arallel to an
ad:acent hole $ more than two-third of the !lanned hori5ontal s!acing $etween holes%
The length of !res!lit holes for an individ"al lift shall not exceed = m%
The s!acing of !res!lit holes shall not exceed =00 mm on centers and shall $e
ad:"sted to res"lt in a "niform shear face $etween holes%
'"xiliar drill holes along the !res!lit line, not loaded or stemmed, ma $e
ordered $ the Engineer% Exce!t for s!acing, a"xiliar drill holes shall conform to the
!rovisions for !res!lit holes%
The line of !rod"ction holes shall $e !laced inside the !res!lit lines in s"ch a
manner as to avoid damage to the !res!lit face%
&f necessar, to red"ce shatter and over$reak of the !res!lit s"rface, the first line
of the !rod"ction holes shall $e drilled !arallel to the slo!e line at the to! of the c"t and
at each $ench level thereafter%
'n $lasting techni#"e, which res"lts in damage to the !res!lit s"rface, shall $e
immediatel discontin"ed%
;o !ortion of an !rod"ction hole shall $e drilled within 1%. m of a !res!lit
!lane exce!t as a!!roved $ the Engineer% The $ottom of the !rod"ction holes shall not
$e lower than the $ottom of the !res!lit holes%
' maxim"m offset of 900 mm will $e !ermitted for a constr"ction working
$ench at the $ottom of each lift for "se in drilling the next lower !res!litting !attern% The
drilling o!erations shall $e ad:"sted to com!ensate for drift of !revio"s levels and for the
offset at the start of new levels to maintain the s!ecified slo!e !lane%
The maxim"m diameter of ex!losives "sed in !res!lit holes shall not $e greater
than one-half the diameter of the !res!lit hole%
/nl standard cartridge ex!losives !re!ared and !ackaged $ ex!losive
man"fact"ring firms shall $e "sed in !res!lit holes% These shall $e fired as recommended
$ the man"fact"rer% 'mmoni"m nitrate com!osition $lasting agents will not $e
!ermitted in !res!litting o!erations%
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and Drainage
Stemming ma $e re#"ired to achieve a satisfactor !res!lit face% Stemming
material shall $e dr free-r"nning material all of which !asses 11%1 mm sieve and =0 !er
cent of which is retained on 1%B0 mm sieve% Stemmed !res!lit holes shall $e com!letel
filled to the collar%
'll charges in each !res!litting !attern shall $e detonated sim"ltaneo"sl%
303.3 Toleran$es
The !res!lit face shall not deviate more than 300 mm from the !lane !assing
thro"gh ad:acent drill holes, exce!t where the character of the rock is s"ch that, as
determined $ the Engineer, irreg"larities are "navoida$le% 4hen com!leted, the average
!lane of the slo!es shall conform to the slo!es indicated on the !lans and no !oint on the
com!leted slo!es shall var from the designated slo!es $ more than 300 mm% These
tolerances shall $e meas"red !er!endic"lar to the !lane of the slo!e% &n no case shall an
!ortion of the slo!e encroach on the side drains%
's long as e#"all satisfactor !res!lit slo!es are o$tained, then either the slo!e
face ma $e !res!lit $efore drilling for !rod"ction $lasting or !res!litting the slo!e face
and !rod"ction $lasting ma $e done at the same time, !rovided that the !res!litting drill
holes are fired with 5ero dela and the !rod"ction holes are delaed starting at the row of
holes farthest from the slo!e and !rogressing in ste!s to the row of holes nearest the
!res!ilt line, which row shall $e delaed at least .0 milliseconds% &n either case the
!res!liting holes shall extend either to the end of the excavation or for a distance of not
less than 1. m $eond the limits of the !rod"ction holes to $e detonated%
The area of !res!litting to $e !aid for will $e meas"red as s#"are meters of
acce!ta$le !res!lit slo!e s"rface%
303.3 ates
The Contract "nit rate for !res!litting work shall $e !ament in f"ll for carring
o"t the re#"ired o!erations for o$taining acce!ta$le !res!lit slo!e s"rfaces% The #"antit
of rock excavated thro"gh the !rod"ction+!res!lit holes shall $e !aid for as !er Cla"se
301%=%1%
300. EXCAVATION FO #T>CT>E#
300.1. #$o%e
Excavation for str"ct"res shall consist of the removal of material for the
constr"ction of fo"ndations for $ridges, c"lverts, retaining walls, head walls, c"toff
walls, !i!e c"lverts and other similar str"ct"res, in accordance with the re#"irements of
these S!ecifications and the lines and dimensions shown on the drawings or as indicated
- 1. -
and Drainage
$ the Engineer% The work shall incl"de constr"ction of the necessar cofferdams and
cri$s and their s"$se#"ent removal0 all necessar sheeting, shoring, $racing, draining
and !"m!ing0 the removal of all logs, st"m!s, gr"$s and other deleterio"s matter and
o$str"ctions, necessar for !lacing the fo"ndations0 trimming $ottoms of excavations0
$ackfilling and clearing "! the site and the dis!osal of all s"r!l"s material%
300.&. Classi'i$ation o' E($a)ation
'll materials involved in excavation shall $e classified in accordance with
Cla"se 301%1%
300.3 Constr,$tion O%erations
300.3.1 #etting o,t+ 'fter the site has $een cleared according to Cla"se 101,
the limits of excavation shall $e set o"t tr"e to lines, c"rves and slo!es to Cla"se
301%3%1%
300.3.&.E($a)ation+ Excavation shall $e taken to the width of the lowest ste!
of the footing and the sides shall $e left !l"m$ where the nat"re of soil allows it% 4here
the nat"re of soil or the de!th of the trench and season of the ear do not !ermit vertical
sides, the Contractor at his own ex!ense shall !"t "! necessar shoring, str"tting and
!lanking or c"t slo!es to a safer angle or $oth with d"e regard to the safet of !ersonnel
and works and to the satisfaction of the Engineer%
The de!th to which the excavation is to $e carried o"t shall $e as shown on the
drawings, "nless the t!e of material enco"ntered is s"ch as to re#"ire changes, in which
case the de!th shall $e as ordered $ the Engineer% 8ro!!ing shall $e "ndertaken when
an fo"ndation or stressed 5one from an ad:oining str"ct"re is within a line of 1 vertical
to 1 hori5ontal from the $ottom of the excavation%
4here $lasting is to $e resorted to, the same shall $e carried o"t in accordance
with Cla"se 301 and all !reca"tions indicated therein o$served% 4here $lasting is likel
to endanger ad:oining fo"ndations or other str"ct"res, necessar !reca"tions s"ch as
controlled $lasting, !roviding r"$$er mat cover to !revent fling of de$ris etc% shall $e
taken to !revent an damage%
300.3.3 Dewatering and %rote$tion+ ;ormall, o!en fo"ndations shall $e laid
dr% 4here water is met with in excavation d"e to stream flow, see!age, s!rings, rain or
other reasons, the Contractor shall take ade#"ate meas"res s"ch as $ailing, !"m!ing,
constr"cting diversion channels, drainage channels, $"nds, de!ression of water level $
well-!oint sstem, cofferdams and other necessar works to kee! the fo"ndation
trenches dr when so re#"ired and to !rotect the green concrete+masonr against damage
$ erosion or s"dden rising of water level% The methods to $e ado!ted in this regard and
other details thereof shall $e left to the choice of the Contractor $"t s"$:ect to a!!roval
of the Engineer% '!!roval of the Engineer shall, however, not relieve the Contractor of
- 19 -
and Drainage
the res!onsi$ilit for the ade#"ac of dewatering and !rotection arrangements and for
the #"alit and safet of the works%
4here cofferdams are re#"ired, these shall $e carried to ade#"ate de!ths and
heights, $e safel designed and constr"cted and $e made as watertight as is necessar for
facilitating constr"ction to $e carried o"t inside them% The interior dimensions of the
cofferdams shall $e s"ch as to give s"fficient clearance for the constr"ction and
ins!ection and to !ermit installation of !"m!ing e#"i!ments etc%, inside the enclosed
area%
&f it is determined $eforehand that the fo"ndations cannot $e laid dr or the
sit"ation is fo"nd that the !ercolation is too heav for kee!ing the fo"ndation dr, the
fo"ndation concrete shall $e laid "nder water $ tremie !i!e onl% &n case of flowing
water or artesian s!rings, the flow shall $e sto!!ed or red"ced as far as !ossi$le at the
time of !lacing the concrete%
8"m!ing from the interior of an fo"ndation enclos"re shall $e done in s"ch a
manner as to !recl"de the !ossi$ilit of the movement of water thro"gh an fresh
concrete% ;o !"m!ing shall $e !ermitted d"ring the !lacing of concrete or for an !eriod
of at least 1< ho"rs thereafter, "nless it is done from a s"ita$le s"m! se!arated from the
concrete work $ a watertight wall or other similar means%
't the discretion of the Contractor, cement gro"ting or other a!!roved methods
ma $e "sed to !revent or red"ce see!age and to !rotect the excavation area%
The Contractor shall take all !reca"tions in diverting channels and in discharging
the drained water as not to ca"se damage to the works, cro!s or an other !ro!ert%
300.3.0.;re%aration o' 'o,ndation+ The $ottom of the fo"ndation shall
$e levelled $oth longit"dinall and transversel or ste!!ed as directed $ the Engineer%
?efore footing is laid, the s"rface shall $e slightl watered and rammed% &n the event of
excavation having $een made dee!er than that shown on the drawings or as otherwise
ordered $ the Engineer, the extra de!th shall $e made "! with concrete or masonr of
the fo"ndation at the cost of the Contractor as !er Cla"se 110<%1% /rdinar filling shall
not $e "sed for the !"r!ose to $ring the fo"ndation to level%
4hen rock or other hard strata is enco"ntered, it shall $e freed of all soft loose
material, cleaned and c"t to a firm s"rface either level and ste!!ed as directed $ the
Engineer% 'll seams shall $e cleaned o"t and filled with cement mortar or gro"t to the
satisfaction of the Engineer% &n the case of excavation in rock, ann"lar s!ace aro"nd
footing shall $e filled with lean concrete )1(3(9 nominal mix* "!to the to! level of rock%
&f the de!th of fill re#"ired is more than 1%. m a$ove the to! of the footing,
filling "!to 1%. m a$ove to! of footing shall $e done with lean concrete )1(3(9 nominal
mix* followed $ $o"lders gro"ted with cement%
- 1- -
and Drainage
4hen fo"ndation !iles are "sed, the excavation of each !it shall $e s"$stantiall
com!leted $efore $eginning !ile-driving o!erations therein% 'fter !ile driving o!erations
in a given !it are com!leted, all loose and dis!laced materials therein shall $e removed
to the elevation of the $ottom of the footings%
300.3.3. #li%s and sli%.o,ts+ &f there are an sli!s or sli!-o"ts in the excavation,
these shall $e removed $ the Contractor at his own cost%
300.3.4. ;,8li$ sa'et-+ ;ear towns, villages and all fre#"ented !laces, trenches
and fo"ndation !its shall $e sec"rel fenced, !rovided with !ro!er ca"tion signs and
marked with red lights at night to avoid accidents% The Contractor shall take ade#"ate
!rotective meas"res to see that the excavation o!erations do not affect or damage
ad:oining str"ct"res% @or safet !reca"tions, g"idance ma $e taken from &S ( 3-9<%
300.3.5. :a$k'illing+ ?ackfilling shall $e done with a!!roved material after
concrete or masonr is f"ll set and carried o"t in s"ch a wa as not to ca"se "nd"e
thr"st on an !art of the str"ct"re% 'll s!ace $etween fo"ndation masonr or concrete
and the sides of excavation shall $e refilled to the original s"rface in laers not
exceeding 1.0 mm com!acted thickness% The com!action shall $e done with the hel! of
s"ita$le e#"i!ment s"ch as mechanical tam!er, rammer, !late vi$rator etc%, after
necessar watering, so as to achieve a densit not less than the field densit $efore
excavation%
300.3.7. Dis%osal o' s,r%l,s e($a)ated 2aterials+ Cla"se 301%3%11 shall a!!l%
300.0.*eas,re2ents 'or ;a-2ent
Excavation for str"ct"res shall $e meas"red in c"% m% for each class of material
enco"ntered, limited to the dimensions shown on the drawings or as directed $ the
Engineer, Excavation over increased width, c"tting of slo!es, shoring, sh"ttering and
!lanking shall $e deemed as convenience for the Contractor in exec"ting the work and
shall not $e meas"red and !aid for se!aratel%
8re!aration of rock fo"ndation shall $e meas"red in s#"are metres% @o"ndation
sealing, dewatering, incl"ding !"m!ing shall $e deemed to $e incidental to the work
"nless se!arate !rovision is made for in the Contract% &n the latter case, !ament shall $e
on l"m!s"m $asis as !rovided in the ?ill of D"antities%
300.3 ates
300.3 .1. The Contract "nit rate for the items of excavation for str"ct"res
shall $e !ament in f"ll for carring o"t the re#"ired o!erations incl"ding f"ll
com!ensation for (
)i* setting o"t0
- 1B -
and Drainage
)ii* constr"ction of necessar cofferdams, cri$s, sheeting, shoring and $racing
and their s"$se#"ent removal0
)iii* removal of all logs, st"m!s, gr"$s and other deleterio"s matter and
o$str"ctions, for !lacing the fo"ndations incl"ding trimming of $ottoms
of excavations0
)iv* fo"ndation sealing, dewatering incl"ding !"m!ing when no se!arate
!rovision for it is made in the Contract0
)v* $ackfilling, clearing "! the site and dis!osal of all s"r!l"s material within
all lifts and leads "!to 1000 m or as otherwise s!ecified0 and
)vi* all la$o"r, materials, tools, e#"i!ment, safet meas"res, diversion of
traffic and incidentals necessar to com!lete the work to S!ecification%
300.3.&. The Contract "nit rate for !re!aration of rock fo"ndation shall $e f"ll
com!ensation for c"tting, trimming and cleaning the fo"ndation s"rface and
filling+sealing of all seams with cement gro"t or mortar incl"ding all materials, la$o"r
and incidentals re#"ired for com!leting the work%
300.3.3. The Contract "nit rate for trans!orting material from the excavation for
str"ct"res shall $e f"ll com!ensation for all la$o"r, e#"i!ment, tools, and incidentals
necessar on acco"nt of the additional ha"l or trans!ortation involved $eond the initial
lead of 1000 m%
303. E*:AN=*ENT CON#T>CTION
303
303.1. /eneral
303.1.1. Des$ri%tion+These S!ecifications shall a!!l to the constr"ction of
em$ankments incl"ding s"$grades, earthen sho"lders and miscellaneo"s $ackfill with
a!!roved material o$tained from roadwa and drain excavation, $orrow !its or other
so"rces% 'll em$ankments, s"$grades, earthen sho"lders and miscellaneo"s $ackfills
shall $e constr"cted in accordance with the re#"irements of these S!ecifications and in
conformit with the lines, grades, and cross-sections shown on the drawings or as
303.& *aterials and /eneral e1,ire2ents
303.&.1. ;h-si$al re1,ire2ents+
303.&.1.1. The materials "sed in em$ankments, s"$grades, earthen sho"lders
and miscellaneo"s $ackfills shall $e soil, moor"m, gravel, a mixt"re of these or an
other material a!!roved $ the Engineer% S"ch materials shall $e free of logs, st"m!s,
- 1= -
and Drainage
roots, r"$$ish or an other ingredient likel to deteriorate or affect the sta$ilit of the
em$ankment+s"$grade%
The following t!es of material shall $e considered "ns"ita$le for em$ankment(
a* 3aterials from swam!s, marshes and $ogs0
$* 8eat, log, st"m! and !erisha$le material0 an soil that classifies as /A, /&,
/2 or 8t in accordance with &S ( 1<=B0
c* 3aterials s"sce!ti$le to s!ontaneo"s com$"stion0
d* 3aterials in a fro5en condition0
e* Cla having li#"id limit exceeding -0 and !lasticit index exceeding <.0 and
f* 3aterials with salts res"lting in leaching in the em$ankment%
303.&.1.&% Ex!ansive cla exhi$iting marked swell and shrinkage !ro!erties
)6free swelling index7 exceeding .0 !er cent when tested as !er &S ( 1-10 E 8art <0*
shall not $e "sed as a fill material% 4here an ex!ansive cla with acce!ta$le 6free
swelling index7 val"e is "sed as a fill material, s"$grade and to! .00 mm !ortion of the
em$ankment :"st $elow s"$grade shall $e non-ex!ansive in nat"re%
303.&.1.3 'n fill material with a sol"$le s"l!hate content exceeding 1%= grams
of s"l!hate )ex!ressed as S/
3
* !er litre when tested in accordance with ?S ( 13-- Test
10, $"t "sing a 1(1 water-soil ratio shall not $e de!osited within .00 mm or other
distance descri$ed in the Contract, of concrete, cement $o"nd materials or other
cementitio"s materials forming !art of the 8ermanent 4orks%
3aterials with a total s"l!hate content )ex!ressed as S/
3
* exceeding 0%. !ercent
$ mass, when tested in accordance with ?S ( 13-- Test = shall not $e de!osited within
.00 mm, or other distances descri$ed in the Contract, of metallic items forming !art of
the 8ermanent 4orks%
303.&.1.0. The si5e of the coarse material in the mixt"re of earth shall ordinaril
not exceed -. mm when $eing !laced in the em$ankment and .0 mm when !laced in
s"$grade% 2owever, the Engineer ma at his discretion !ermit the "se of material coarser
than this also if he is satisfied that the same will not !resent an diffic"lt as regards the
!lacement of fill material and its com!action to the re#"irements of these S!ecifications%
The maxim"m !article si5e shall not $e more than two-thirds of the com!acted laer
thickness%
303.&.1.3. /rdinaril, onl the materials satisfing the densit re#"irements
given in Ta$le 300-1 shall $e em!loed for the constr"ction of the em$ankment and the
s"$grade%
- 10 -
and Drainage
TA:<E 300.1. DEN#IT" E?>IE*ENT# OF E*:AN=*ENT AND
#>:/ADE *ATEIA<#
_______________________________________________________________________
S%;o T!e of 4ork 3axim"m la$orator dr "nit weight when tested
as !er &S ( 1-10 )8art B*
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1 Em$ankments "! to 3 metres ;ot less than 1.%1 k;+c"% m%
height, not s"$:ected to
extensive flooding%
1 Em$ankments exceeding 3 ;ot less than 19%0 k;+c"% m
metres height or em$ankments
of an height s"$:ect to long
!eriods of in"ndation
3 S"$grade and earthen sho"lders+ ;ot less than 1-%. k;+c"% m
verges+$ackfill
;otes( )1* This Ta$le is not a!!lica$le for lightweight fill material e%g% cinder,
fl ash etc%
)1* The Engineer ma relax these re#"irements at his discretion taking into
acco"nt the availa$ilit of materials for constr"ction and other relevant
factors%
)3* The material to $e "sed in s"$grade sho"ld also satisf design C?, at the
dr "nit weight a!!lica$le as !er Ta$le 300-1
303.&.&. /eneral re1,ire2ents+
303.&.&.1. The materials for em$ankment shall $e o$tained from a!!roved
so"rces with !reference given to materials $ecoming availa$le from near$ roadwa
excavation or an other excavation "nder the same Contract%
The work shall $e so !lanned and exec"ted that the $est availa$le materials are
saved for the s"$grade and the em$ankment !ortion :"st $elow the s"$grade%
303.&.&.&. :orrow 2aterials+ 4here the materials are to $e o$tained form
designated $orrow areas, the location, si5e and sha!e of these areas shall $e as indicated
$ the Engineer and the same shall not $e o!ened witho"t his written !ermission% 4here
s!ecific $orrow areas are not designated $ the Em!loer+the Engineer, arrangement for
locating the so"rce of s"!!l of material for em$ankment and s"$grade as well as
com!liance to environmental re#"irements in res!ect of excavation and $orrow areas as
sti!"lated, from time to time $ the 3inistr of Environment and @orests, Fovernment
- 11 -
and Drainage
of &ndia and the local $odies, as a!!lica$le, shall $e the sole res!onsi$ilit of the
Contractor%
?orrow!its along the road shall $e disco"raged% &f !ermitted $ the Engineer,
these shall not $e d"g contin"o"sl% ,idges of not less than B m width sho"ld $e left at
intervals not exceeding 300 m% Small drains shall $e c"t thro"gh the ridges to facilitate
drainage% The de!th of the !its shall $e so reg"lated that their $ottom does not c"t an
imaginar line having a slo!e of 1 vertical to < hori5ontal !ro:ected from the edge of the
final section of the $ank, the maxim"m de!th in an case $eing limited to 1%. m% 'lso,
no !it shall $e d"g within the offset width from the toe of the em$ankment re#"ired as
!er the consideration of sta$ilit with a minim"m width of 10 m%
2a"lage of material to em$ankments or other areas of fill shall !roceed onl
when s"fficient s!reading and com!action !lant is o!erating at the !lace of de!osition%
;o excavated acce!ta$le material other than s"r!l"s to re#"irements of the
Contract shall $e removed from the site% Sho"ld the Contractor $e !ermitted to remove
acce!ta$le material from the site to s"it his o!erational !roced"re, then he shall make
good an conse#"ent deficit of material arising therefrom%
4here the excavation reveals a com$ination of acce!ta$le and "nacce!ta$le
materials, the Contractor shall, "nless otherwise agreed $ the Engineer, carr o"t the
excavation in s"ch a manner that the acce!ta$le materials are excavated se!aratel for
"se in the !ermanent works witho"t contamination $ the "nacce!ta$le materials% The
acce!ta$le materials shall $e stock!iled se!aratel%
The Contractor shall ens"re that he does not adversel affect the sta$ilit of
excavation or fills $ the methods of stock!iling materials, "se of !lants or siting of
tem!orar $"ildings or str"ct"res%
The Contractor shall o$tain re!resentative sam!les from each of the identified
$orrow areas and have these tested at the site la$orator following a testing !rogramme
a!!roved $ the Engineer% &t shall $e ens"red that the s"$grade material when
com!acted to the densit re#"irements as in Ta$le 300-1 shall ield the design C?,
val"e of the s"$grade%
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and Drainage
TA:<E 300.& CO*;ACTION E?>IE*ENT# FO E*:AN=*ENT AND
#>:/ADE
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T-%e o' work62aterial elati)e $o2%a$tion as
%er$entage o' 2a(. la8orator- dr-
densit- as %er I#+&5&0 @;art7A
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1% S"$grade and earthen sho"lders ;ot less than =-
1% Em$ankment ;ot less than =.
3% Ex!ansive Clas
a* S"$grade and .00 mm !ortion ;ot allowed
:"st $elow the s"$grade
$* ,emaining !ortion of em$ankment ;ot less than =0
The Contractor shall at least - working das $efore commencement of
com!action s"$mit the following to the Engineer for a!!roval(
)i* The val"es of maxim"m dr densit and o!tim"m moist"re content o$tained in
accordance with &S ( 1-10 )8art -* or )8art B*, as the case ma $e, a!!ro!riate for
each of the fill materials he intends to "se%
)ii* ' gra!h of densit !lotted against moist"re content from which each of the
val"es in )i* a$ove of maxim"m dr densit and o!tim"m moist"re content were
determined%
)iii* The Dr densit-moist"re content - C?, relationshi!s for light, intermediate and
heav com!active efforts )light corres!onding to &S ( 1-10 )8art -*, heav
corres!onding to &S ( 1-10 )8art B* and intermediate in-$etween the two* for
each of the fill materials he intends to "se in the s"$grade%
/nce the a$ove information has $een a!!roved $ the Engineer, it shall form the
$asis for com!action%
303.3.1. #etting o,t+ 'fter the site has $een cleared to Cla"se 101, the work
shall $e set o"t to Cla"se 301%3%1% The limits of em$ankment+s"$grade shall $e marked
$ fixing $atter !egs on $oth sides at reg"lar intervals as g"ides $efore commencing the
earthwork% The em$ankment+s"$grade shall $e $"ilt s"fficientl wider than the design
dimension so that s"r!l"s material ma $e trimmed, ens"ring that the remaining material
is to the desired densit and in !osition s!ecified and conforms to the s!ecified side
slo!es%
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and Drainage
303.3.&. Dewatering+ &f the fo"ndation of the em$ankment is in an area with
stagnant water, and in the o!inion of the Engineer it is feasi$le to remove it, the same
shall $e removed $ $ailing o"t or !"m!ing, as directed $ the Engineer and the area of
the em$ankment fo"ndation shall $e ke!t dr% Care shall $e taken to discharge the
drained water so as to ca"se damage to the works, cro!s or an other !ro!ert% D"e to
an negligence on the !art of the Contractor, if an s"ch damage is ca"sed, it shall $e the
sole res!onsi$ilit of the Contractor to re!air+restore it to original condition or
com!ensate the damage at his own cost%
&f the em$ankment is to $e constr"cted "nder water, Cla"se 30.%<%9 shall a!!l%
303.3.3. #tri%%ing and storing to%soil+ &n localities where most of the availa$le
em$ankment materials are not cond"cive to !lant growth, or when so directed $ the
Engineer, the to!soil from all areas of c"tting and from all areas to $e covered $
em$ankment fo"ndation shall $e stri!!ed to s!ecified de!ths not exceeding 1.0 mm and
stored in stock!iles of height not exceeding 1 m for covering em$ankment slo!es, c"t
slo!es and other dist"r$ed areas where re-vegetation is desired% To!soil shall not $e
"nnecessaril trafficked either $efore stri!!ing or when in a stock!ile% Stock!iles shall
not $e s"rcharged or otherwise loaded and m"lti!le handling shall $e ke!t to a
minim"m%
303.3.0. Co2%a$ting gro,nd s,%%orting e28ank2ent6s,8grade+ 4here
necessar, the original gro"nd shall $e levelled to facilitate !lacement of first laer of
em$ankment, scarified, mixed with water and then com!acted $ rolling so as to achieve
minim"m dr densit as given in Ta$le 300-1%
&n case where the difference $etween the s"$grade level )to! of the s"$grade on
which !avement rests* and gro"nd level is less than 0%. m and the gro"nd does not have
=- !er cent relative com!action with res!ect to the dr densit as given in Ta$le 300-1,
the gro"nd shall $e loosened "!to a level 0%. m $elow the s"$grade level, watered and
com!acted in laers in accordance with Cla"se 30.%3%. and 30.%3%9 to not less than =-
!er cent of dr densit as given in Ta$le 300-1%
4here so directed $ the Engineer, an "ns"ita$le material occ"rring in the
em$ankment fo"ndation shall $e removed and re!laced $ a!!roved materials laid in
laers to the re#"ired degree of com!action%
Em$ankment or s"$grade work shall not !roceed "ntil the fo"ndations for
em$ankment+s"$grade have $een ins!ected $ the Engineer for satisfactor condition
and a!!roved%
'n fo"ndation treatment s!ecified for em$ankments es!eciall high
em$ankments, resting on s"s!ect fo"ndations as revealed $ $orehole logs shall $e
carried o"t in a manner and to the de!th as desired $ the Engineer% 4here the gro"nd
on which an em$ankment is to $e $"ilt has an of the material t!es )a* to )f* in Cla"se
- 1< -
and Drainage
30.%1%1, at least .00 mm of s"ch material m"st $e removed and re!laced $ acce!ta$le
fill material $efore em$ankment constr"ction commences%
303.3.3 #%reading 2aterial in la-ers and 8ringing to a%%ro%riate 2oist,re
$ontent
303.3.3.1% The em$ankment and s"$grade material shall $e s!read in laers of
"niform thickness not exceeding 100 mm com!acted thickness over the entire width of
em$ankment $ mechanical means, finished $ a motor grader and com!acted as !er
Cla"se 30.%3%9% The motor grader $lade shall have hdra"lic control s"ita$le for initial
ad:"stment and maintain the same so as to achieve the s!ecific slo!e and grade%
S"ccessive laers shall not $e !laced "ntil the laer "nder constr"ction has $een
thoro"ghl com!acted to the s!ecified re#"irements as in Ta$le 300-1 and got a!!roved
$ the Engineer% Each com!acted laer shall $e finished !arallel to the final cross-
section of the em$ankment%
303.3.3.& 3oist"re content of the material shall $e checked at the site of
!lacement !rior to commencement of com!action0 if fo"nd to $e o"t of agreed limits,
the same shall $e made good% 4here water is re#"ired to $e added in s"ch
constr"ctions, water shall $e s!rinkled from a water tanker fitted with s!rinkler ca!a$le
of a!!ling water "niforml with a controlla$le rate of flow to varia$le widths of s"rface
$"t witho"t an flooding% The water shall $e added "niforml and thoro"ghl mixed in
soil $ $lading, discing or harrowing "ntil a "niform moist"re content is o$tained
thro"gho"t the de!th of the laer%
&f the material delivered to the road$ed is too wet, it shall $e dried, $ aeration
and ex!os"re to the s"n, till the moist"re content is acce!ta$le for com!action% Sho"ld
circ"mstances arise, where owing to wet weather, the moist"re content cannot $e
red"ced to the re#"ired amo"nt $ the a$ove !roced"re, com!action work shall $e
s"s!ended%
3oist"re content of each laer of soil shall $e checked in accordance with &S (
1-10 )8art 1*, and "nless otherwise mentioned, shall $e so ad:"sted, making d"e
allowance for eva!oration losses, that at the time of com!action it is in the range of 1 !er
cent a$ove to 1 !er cent $elow the o!tim"m moist"re content determined in accordance
with &S ( 1-10 )8art -* or &S ( 1-10 )8art B* as the case ma $e% Ex!ansive clas shall,
however, $e com!acted at moist"re content corres!onding to the s!ecified dr densit,
$"t on the wet side of the o!tim"m moist"re content o$tained from the la$orator
com!action c"rve%
'fter adding the re#"ired amo"nt of water, the soil shall $e !rocessed $ means
of graders, harrows, rotar mixers or as otherwise a!!roved $ the Engineer "ntil the
laer is "niforml wet%
- 1. -
and Drainage
Clods or hard l"m!s of earth shall $e $roken to have a maxim"m si5e of -. mm
when $eing !laced in the em$ankment and a maxim"m si5e of .0 mm when $eing
!laced in the s"$grade%
303.3.3.3. Em$ankment and other areas of fill shall, "nless otherwise re#"ired in
the Contract or !ermitted $ the Engineer, $e constr"cted evenl over their f"ll width
and their f"llest !ossi$le extent and the Contractor shall control and direct constr"ction
!lant and other vehic"lar traffic "niforml over them% Damage $ constr"ction !lant and
other vehic"lar traffic shall $e made good $ the Contractor with material having the
same characteristics and strength as the material had $efore it was damaged%
Em$ankments and other areas of "ns"!!orted fills shall not $e constr"cted with
stee!er side slo!es, or to greater widths than those shown in the Contract, exce!t to
!ermit ade#"ate com!action at the edges $efore trimming $ack, or to o$tain the final
!rofile following an settlement of the fill and the "nderling material%
4henever fill is to $e de!osited against the face of a nat"ral slo!e, or slo!ing
earthworks face incl"ding em$ankments, c"ttings, other fills and excavations stee!er
than 1 vertical on < hori5ontal, s"ch faces shall $e $enched as !er Cla"se 30.%<%1
immediatel $efore !lacing the s"$se#"ent fill%
'll !ermanent faces of side slo!es of em$ankments and other areas of fill formed
shall, s"$se#"ent to an trimming o!erations, $e reworked and sealed to the satisfaction
of the Engineer $ tracking a tracked vehicle, considered s"ita$le $ the Engineer, on
the slo!e or an other method a!!roved $ the Engineer%
303.3.4 Co2%a$tion+ /nl the com!action e#"i!ment a!!roved $ the
Engineer shall $e em!loed to com!act the different material t!es enco"ntered d"ring
constr"ction% Smooth wheeled, vi$rator, !ne"matic tred, shee!sfoot or !ad foot
rollers, etc% of s"ita$le si5e and ca!acit as a!!roved $ the Engineer shall $e "sed for
the different t!es and grades of materials re#"ired to $e com!acted either individ"all
or in s"ita$le com$inations%
The com!action shall $e done with the hel! of vi$rator roller of B0 to 100 k;
static weight with !lain or !ad foot dr"m or heav !ne"matic tred roller of ade#"ate
ca!acit ca!a$le of achieving re#"ired com!action%
The Contractor shall demonstrate the efficac of the e#"i!ment he intends to "se
$ carring o"t com!action trials% The !roced"re to $e ado!ted for these site trials shall
first $e s"$mitted to the Engineer for a!!roval%
Earthmoving !lant shall not $e acce!ted as com!action e#"i!ment nor shall the
"se of a lighter categor of !lant to !rovide an !reliminar com!action to assist the "se
of heavier !lant $e taken into acco"nt%
- 19 -
and Drainage
Each laer of the material shall $e thoro"ghl com!acted to the densities
s!ecified in Ta$le 300-1% S"$se#"ent laers shall $e !laced onl after the finished laer
has $een tested according to Cla"se =03%1%1 and acce!ted $ the Engineer% The Engineer
ma !ermit meas"rement of field dr densit $ a n"clear moist"re+densit ga"ge "sed
in accordance with agreed !roced"re and the ga"ge is cali$rated to !rovide res"lts
identical to that o$tained from tests in accordance with &S ( 1-10 )8art 1B*% ' record of
the same shall $e maintained $ the Contractor%
4hen densit meas"rements reveal an soft areas in the em$ankment
+s"$grade+earthen sho"lders, f"rther com!action shall $e carried o"t as directed $ the
Engineer% &f ins!ite of that the s!ecified com!action is not achieved, the material in the
soft areas shall $e removed and re!laced $ a!!roved material, com!acted to the densit
re#"irements and satisfaction of the Engineer%
303.3.5. Drainage+ The s"rface of the em$ankment+s"$grade at all times d"ring
constr"ction shall $e maintained at s"ch a cross fall )not flatter than that re#"ired for
effective drainage of an earthen s"rface* as will shed water and !revent !o"nding%
303.3.7. e%airing o' da2ages $a,sed 8- rain6s%illage o' water+ The soil in
the affected !ortion shall $e removed in s"ch areas as directed $ the Engineer $efore
next laer is laid and refilled in laers and com!acted "sing a!!ro!riate mechanical
means s"ch as small vi$rator roller, !late com!actor or !ower rammer to achieve the
re#"ired densit in accordance with Cla"se 30.%3%9% &f the c"t is not s"fficientl wide for
"se of re#"ired mechanical means for com!action, the same shall $e widened s"ita$l to
!ermit their "se for !ro!er com!action% Tests shall $e carried o"t as directed $ the
Engineer to ascertain the densit re#"irements of the re!aired area% The work of
re!airing the damages incl"ding widening of the c"t, if an, shall $e carried o"t $ the
Contractor at his own cost, incl"ding the arranging of machiner+e#"i!ment for the
!"r!ose%
303.3.9. Finishing o%erations+ @inishing o!erations shall incl"de the work of
sha!ing and dressing the sho"lders+verge+road$ed and side slo!es to conform to the
alignment, levels, cross-sections and dimension shown on the drawings or as directed $
the Engineer s"$:ect to the s"rface tolerance descri$ed in Cla"se =01% ?oth the "!!er
and lower ends of the side slo!es shall $e ro"nded off to im!rove a!!earance and to
merge the em$ankment with the ad:acent terrain%
The to!soil, removed and conserved earlier )Cla"se 301%3%1 and 30.%3%3* shall $e
s!read over the fill slo!es as !er directions of the Engineer to facilitate the growth of
vegetation% Slo!es shall $e ro"ghened and moistened slightl !rior to the a!!lication of
the to!soil in order to !rovide satisfactor $ond% The de!th of the to!soil shall $e
s"fficient to s"stain !lant growth, the "s"al thickness $eing from -. mm to 1.0 mm%
4here directed, the slo!es shall $e t"rfed with sods in accordance with Cla"se
30-% &f seeding and m"lching of slo!es is !rescri$ed, this shall $e done to the
re#"irement of Cla"se 30B%
- 1- -
and Drainage
4hen earthwork o!erations have $een s"$stantiall com!leted, the road area
shall $e cleared of all de$ris, and "gl scars in the constr"ction area res!onsi$le for
o$:ectiona$le a!!earance eliminated%
303.0 Constr,$tion o' E28ank2ent and #,8grade ,nder #%e$ial Conditions
303.0.1. Earthwork 'or widening e(isting road e28ank2ent+ 4hen an
existing em$ankment and+or s"$grade is to $e widened and its slo!es are stee!er than 1
vertical on < hori5ontal, contin"o"s hori5ontal $enches, each at least 300 mm wide, shall
$e c"t into the old slo!e for ens"ring ade#"ate $ond with the fresh
em$ankment+s"$grade material to $e added% The material o$tained from c"tting of
$enches co"ld $e "tili5ed in the widening of the em$ankment+s"$grade% 2owever, when
the existing slo!e against which the fresh material is to $e !laced is flatter than 1 vertical
on < hori5ontal, the slo!e s"rface ma onl $e !lo"ghed or scarified instead of resorting
to $enching%
4here the width of the widened !ortions is ins"fficient to !ermit the "se of
conventional rollers, com!action shall $e carried o"t with the hel! of small vi$rator
rollers+!late com!actors+!ower rammers or an other a!!ro!riate e#"i!ment a!!roved
$ the Engineer% End d"m!ing of material from tr"cks for widening o!erations shall $e
avoided exce!t in diffic"lt circ"mstances when the extra width is too narrow to !ermit
the movement of an other t!es of ha"ling e#"i!ment%
303.0.&. Earthwork 'or e28ank2ent and s,8grade to 8e %la$ed against
slo%ing gro,nd+ 4here an em$ankment+s"$grade is to $e !laced against slo!ing
gro"nd, the latter shall $e a!!ro!riatel $enched or !lo"ghed+scarified as re#"ired in
Cla"se 30.%<%1 $efore !lacing the em$ankment+s"$grade material% Extra earthwork
involved in $enching or d"e to !lo"ghing+scarifing etc% shall $e considered incidental
to the work%
@or wet conditions, $enches with slightl inward fall and s"$soil drains at the
lowest !oint shall $e !rovided as !er the drawings, $efore the fill is !laced against
slo!ing gro"nd%
4here the Contract re#"ires constr"ction of transverse s"$s"rface drain at the
c"t-fill interface, work on the same shall $e carried o"t to Cla"se 30= in !ro!er se#"ence
with the em$ankment and s"$grade work as a!!roved $ the Engineer%
303.0.3. Earthwork o)er e(isting road s,r'a$e+ 4here the em$ankment is to
$e !laced over an existing road s"rface, the work shall $e carried o"t as indicated $elow(
)i* &f the existing road s"rface is of gran"lar or $it"mino"s t!e and lies within
1m of the new s"$grade level, the same shall $e scarified to a de!th of
.0mm or more if s!ecified, so as to !rovide am!le $ond $etween the old
- 1B -
and Drainage
and new material ens"ring that at least .00 mm !ortion $elow the to! of
new s"$grade level is com!acted to the desired densit%
)ii* &f the existing road s"rface is of cement concrete t!e and lies within 1 m
of the new s"$grade level the same shall $e removed com!letel%
)iii* &f the level difference $etween the existing road s"rface and the new
formation level is more than 1 m, the existing s"rface shall $e !ermitted to
sta in !lace witho"t an modification%
303.0.0. E28ank2ent and s,8grade aro,nd str,$t,res+ To avoid
interference with the constr"ction of a$"tments, wing walls or ret"rn walls of
c"lvert+$ridge str"ct"res, the Contractor shall, at !oints to $e determined $ the Engineer
s"s!end work on em$ankment forming a!!roaches to s"ch str"ct"res, "ntil s"ch time as
the constr"ction of the latter is s"fficientl advanced to !ermit the com!letion of
a!!roaches witho"t the risk of damage to the str"ct"re%
>nless directed otherwise, the filling aro"nd c"lverts, $ridges and other
str"ct"res "!to a distance of twice the height of the road from the $ack of the a$"tment
shall $e carried o"t inde!endent of the work on the main em$ankment% The fill material
shall not $e !laced against an a$"tment or wing wall, "nless !ermission has given $
the Engineer $"t in an case not "ntil the concrete or masonr has $een in !osition for
1< das% The em$ankment and s"$grade shall $e $ro"ght "! sim"ltaneo"sl in e#"al
laers on each side of the str"ct"re to avoid dis!lacement and "ne#"al !ress"re% The
se#"ence of work in this regard shall $e got a!!roved from the Engineer%
The material "sed for $ackfill shall not $e an organic soil or highl !lastic cla
having !lasticit index and li#"id limit more than 10 and <0 res!ectivel when tested
according to &S ( 1-10 )8art .*% @illing $ehind a$"tments and wing walls for all
str"ct"res shall conform to the general g"idelines given in '!!endix 9 of &,C ( -B
)Standard S!ecifications and Code of 8ractice for ,oad ?ridges-Section G&&* in res!ect
of the t!e of material, the extent of $ackfill, its laing and com!action etc% The fill
material shall $e de!osited in hori5ontal laers in loose thickness and com!acted
thoro"ghl to the re#"irements of Ta$le 300-1%
4here the !rovision of an filter medi"m is s!ecified $ehind the a$"tment, the
same shall $e laid in laers sim"ltaneo"sl with the laing of fill material% The material
"sed for filter shall conform to the re#"irements for filter medi"m s!elt o"t in Cla"se
1.01+30=%3%1 )?* "nless otherwise s!ecified in the Contract%
4here it ma $e im!ractica$le to "se conventional rollers, the com!action shall
$e carried o"t $ a!!ro!riate mechanical means s"ch as small vi$rator roller, !late
com!actor or !ower rammer% Care shall $e taken to see that the com!action e#"i!ment
does not hit or come too close to an str"ct"ral mem$er so as to ca"se an damage to
them or excessive !ress"re against the str"ct"re%
- 1= -
and Drainage
303.0.3. Constr,$tion o' e28ank2ent o)er gro,nd in$a%a8le o' s,%%orting
$onstr,$tion e1,i%2ent+ 4here em$ankment is to $e constr"cted across gro"nd which
will not s"!!ort the weight of re!eated heav loads of constr"ction e#"i!ment, the first
laer of the fill ma $e constr"cted $ !lacing s"ccessive loads of material in a
"niforml distri$"ted laer of a minim"m thickness re#"ired to s"!!ort the constr"ction
e#"i!ment as !ermitted $ the Engineer% The Contractor, if so desired $ him, ma also
"se s"ita$le geosnthetic material to increase the $earing ca!acit of the fo"ndation%
This exce!tion to normal !roced"re will not $e !ermitted where, in the o!inion of the
Engineer, the em$ankments co"ld $e constr"cted in the a!!roved manner over s"ch
gro"nd $ the "se of lighter or modified e#"i!ment after !ro!er ditching and drainage
have $een !rovided% 4here this exce!tion is !ermitted, the selection of the material and
the constr"ction !roced"re to o$tain an acce!ta$le laer shall $e the res!onsi$ilit of the
Contractor% The cost of !roviding s"ita$le traffic conditions for constr"ction e#"i!ment
over an area of the Contract will $e the res!onsi$ilit of the Contractor and no extra
!ament will $e made to him% The remainder of the em$ankment shall $e constr"cted as
s!ecified in Cla"se 30.%3%
303.0.4. E28ank2ent $onstr,$tion ,nder water+ 4here filling or $ackfilling
is to $e !laced "nder water, onl acce!ta$le gran"lar material or rock shall $e "sed
"nless otherwise a!!roved $ the Engineer% 'cce!ta$le gran"lar material shall consist of
graded, hard d"ra$le !articles with maxim"m !article si5e not exceeding -. mm% The
material sho"ld $e non-!lastic having "niformit coefficient of not less than 10% The
material !laced in o!en water shall $e de!osited $ end ti!!ing witho"t com!action%
303.0.5. Earthwork 'or high e28ank2ent+ &n the case of high em$ankments,
the Contractor shall normall "se the material from the s!ecified $orrow area% &n case he
desires to "se different material for his own convenience, he shall have to carr o"t
necessar soil investigations and redesign the high em$ankment at his own cost% The
Contractor shall then f"rnish the soil test data and design of high em$ankment for
a!!roval of the Engineer, who reserves the right to acce!t or re:ect it%
&f necessar, stage constr"ction of fills and an controlled rates of filling shall $e
carried o"t in accordance with the Contract incl"ding installation of instr"ments and its
monitoring%
4here re#"ired, the Contractor shall s"rcharge em$ankments or other areas of
fill with a!!roved material for the !eriods s!ecified in the Contract% &f settlement of
s"rcharged fill res"lts in an s"rcharging material, which is "nacce!ta$le for "se in the
fill $eing s"rcharged, ling $elow formation level, the Contractor shall remove the
"nacce!ta$le material and dis!ose it as !er direction of the Engineer% 2e shall then $ring
the res"ltant level "! to formation level with acce!ta$le material%
303.0.7. #ettle2ent %eriod+ 4here settlement !eriod is s!ecified in the
Contract, the em$ankment shall remain in !lace for the re#"ired settlement !eriod $efore
excavating for a$"tment, wingwall, retaining wall, footings, etc%, or driving fo"ndation
- 30 -
and Drainage
!iles% The d"ration of the re#"ired settlement !eriod at each location shall $e as !rovided
for in the Contract or as directed $ the Engineer%
303.3. ;l-ing o' tra''i$+
Constr"ction and other vehic"lar traffic shall not "se the !re!ared s"rface of the
em$ankment and+or s"$grade witho"t the !rior !ermission of the Engineer% 'n damage
arising o"t of s"ch "se shall, however, $e made good $ the Contractor at his own
ex!ense as directed $ the Engineer%
303.4. #,r'a$e Finish and ?,alit- Control o' !ork
The s"rface finish of constr"ction of s"$grade shall conform to the re#"irements
of Cla"se =01% Control on the #"alit of materials and works shall $e exercised in
accordance with Cla"se =03%
303.5. #,8grade #trength
303.5.1. &t shall $e ens"red !rior to act"al exec"tion that the $orrow area
material to $e "sed in the s"$grade satisfies the re#"irements of design C?,%
303.5.&. S"$grade shall $e com!acted and finished to the design strength
consistent with other !hsical re#"irements% The act"al la$orator C?, val"es of
constr"ction s"$grade shall $e determined on "ndist"r$ed sam!les c"t o"t from the
com!acted s"$grade in C?, mo"ld fitted with c"tting shoe or on remo"lded sam!les,
com!acted to the field densit at the field moist"re content%
Earth em$ankment+s"$grade constr"ction shall $e meas"red se!aratel $ taking
cross sections at intervals in the original !osition $efore the work starts and after its
com!letion and com!"ting the vol"mes of earthwork in c"$ic metres $ the method of
average end areas%
The meas"rement of fill material from $orrow areas shall $e the difference
$etween the net #"antities of com!acted fill and the net #"antities of s"ita$le material
$ro"ght from roadwa and drainage excavation% @or this !"r!ose, it shall $e ass"med
that one c"% m of s"ita$le material $ro"ght to site from road and drainage excavation
forms one c"% m% of com!acted fill and all $"lking or shrinkage shall $e ignored%
Constr"ction of em$ankment "nder water shall $e meas"red in c"% m%
Constr"ction of high em$ankment with s!ecified material and in s!ecified
manner shall $e meas"red in c"% m%
- 31 -
and Drainage
Stri!!ing incl"ding storing and rea!!lication of to!soil shall $e meas"red in c"%
m%
4ork involving loosening and recom!acting of gro"nd s"!!orting
em$ankment+s"$grade shall $e meas"red in c"% m%
,emoval of "ns"ita$le material at em$ankment+s"$grade fo"ndation and
re!lacement with s"ita$le material shall $e meas"red in c"% m%
Scarifing existing gran"lar+$it"mino"s road s"rface shall $e meas"red in s#"are
metres%
Dismantling and removal of existing cement concrete !avement shall $e
meas"red vide Cla"se 101%9%
@ilter medi"m and $ackfill material $ehind a$"tments, wing walls and other
retaining str"ct"res shall $e meas"red as finished work in !osition in c"% m%
303.9. ates
303.9.1. The Contract "nit rates for the items of em$ankment and s"$grade
constr"ction shall $e !ament in f"ll for carring o"t the re#"ired o!erations incl"ding
f"ll com!ensation for(
)i* Cost of arrangement of land as a so"rce of s"!!l of material of re#"ired
#"antit for constr"ction "nless !rovided otherwise in the Contract 0
)ii* Setting o"t0
)iii* Com!acting gro"nd s"!!orting em$ankment+s"$grade exce!t where
removal and re!lacement of "ns"ita$le material or loosening and
recom!acting is involved0
)iv* Scarifing or c"tting contin"o"s hori5ontal $enches 300 mm wide on side
slo!es of existing em$ankment and s"$grade as a!!lica$le0
)v* Cost of watering or dring of material in $orrow areas and+or em$ankment
and s"$grade d"ring constr"ction as re#"ired0
)vi* S!reading in laers, $ringing to a!!ro!riate moist"re content and
com!acting to S!ecification re#"irements0
)vii* Sha!ing and dressing to! and slo!es of the em$ankment and s"$grade
incl"ding ro"nding of corners0
)viii*,estricted working at sites of str"ct"res0
- 31 -
and Drainage
)ix* 4orking on narrow width of em$ankment and s"$grade0
)x* Excavation in all soils from $orrow !its+designated $orrow areas incl"ding
clearing and gr"$$ing and trans!orting the material to em$ankment and
s"$grade site with all lifts and leads "nless otherwise !rovided for in the
Contract0
)xi* 'll la$o"r, materials, tools, e#"i!ment and incidentals necessar to com!lete
the work to the S!ecifications0
)xii* Dewatering 0 and
)xiii*Hee!ing the em$ankment+com!leted formation free of water as !er Cla"se
311%
303.9.&. &n case the Contract "nit rate s!ecified is not incl"sive of all leads, the
"nit rate for trans!orting material $eond the initial lead, as s!ecified in the Contract for
constr"ction of em$ankment and s"$grade shall $e incl"sive of f"ll com!ensation for all
la$o"r, e#"i!ment, tools and incidentals necessar on acco"nt of the additional ha"l or
trans!ortation involved $eond the s!ecified initial lead%
303.9.3. Cla"se 301%=%. shall a!!l as regards Contract "nit rates for items of
stri!!ing and storing to! soil and of rea!!lication of to!soil%
303.9.0 Cla"se 301%=%1 shall a!!l as regards Contract "nit rate for
the
item of loosening and recom!acting the em$ankment+s"$grade fo"ndation%
303.9.3. Cla"se 301%=%1 and 30.%B shall a!!l as regards Contract rates for items
of removal of "ns"ita$le material and re!lacement with s"ita$le material res!ectivel%
303.9.4. The Contract "nit rate for scarifing existing gran"lar+$it"mino"s road
s"rface shall $e !ament in f"ll for carring o"t the re#"ired o!erations incl"ding f"ll
com!ensation for all la$o"r, materials, tools, e#"i!ment and incidentals necessar to
com!lete the work% This will also com!rise of handling, salvaging, stacking and
dis!osing of the dismantled materials within all lifts and "!to a lead of 1000 m or as
otherwise s!ecified%
303.9.5 Cla"se 101%- shall a!!l as regards Contract "nit rate for dismantling and
removal of existing cement concrete !avement%
303.9.7. The Contract "nit rate for !roviding and laing filter material $ehind
a$"tments shall $e !ament in f"ll for carring o"t the re#"ired o!erations incl"ding all
materials, la$o"r, tools, e#"i!ment and incidentals to com!lete the work to
S!ecifications%
- 33 -
and Drainage
303.9.9. Cla"se 30.%<%9 shall a!!l as regards Contract "nit rate for constr"ction
of em$ankment "nder water%
303.9.10 Cla"se 30.%<%- shall a!!l as regards Contract "nit rate for constr"ction
of high em$ankment% &t shall incl"de cost of instr"mentation, its monitoring and
settlement !eriod, where s!ecified in the Contract or directed $ the Engineer%
304. #OI< EO#ION AND #EDI*ENTATION CONTO<
304.1. Des$ri%tion
This work shall consist of meas"res as shown on !lans or as directed $ the
Engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water !oll"tion, thro"gh "se of
$erms, dikes, sediment $asins, fi$er mats, m"lches, grasses, slo!e drains, and other
devices%
304.&. *aterials
'll materials shall meet commercial grade standards and shall $e a!!roved $ the
Engineer $efore $eing "sed in the work%
8rior to the start of the relevant constr"ction, the Contractor shall s"$mit to the
Engineer for a!!roval his sched"les for carring o"t tem!orar and !ermanent erosion+
sedimentation control works as are a!!lica$le for the items of clearing and gr"$$ing,
roadwa and drainage excavation, em$ankment+s"$grade constr"ction, $ridges and other
str"ct"res across water co"rses, !avement co"rses and sho"lders% 2e shall also s"$mit
for a!!roval his !ro!osed method of erosion+sedimentation control on service road and
$orrow!its and his !lan for dis!osal of waste materials% 4ork shall not $e started "ntil
the erosion+sedimentation control sched"les and methods of o!erations for the a!!lica$le
constr"ction have $een a!!roved $ the Engineer%
The s"rface area of erodi$le earth material ex!osed $ clearing and gr"$$ing,
excavation, $orrow and fill o!erations shall $e limited to the extent !ractica$le% The
Contractor ma $e directed to !rovide immediate !ermanent or tem!orar erosion and
sedimentation control meas"res to !revent soil erosion and sedimentation that will
adversel affect constr"ction o!erations, damage ad:acent !ro!erties, or ca"se
contamination of near$ streams or other water co"rses, lakes, reservoirs etc% S"ch work
ma involve the constr"ction of tem!orar $erms, dikes, sediment $asins, slo!e drains
and "se of tem!orar m"lches, fa$rics, mats, seeding or other control devices or
methods as necessar to control erosion and sedimentation% C"t and fill slo!es shall $e
seeded and t"rfed as re#"ired on the !lans%
- 3< -
and Drainage
The Contractor shall $e re#"ired to incor!orate all !ermanent erosion and
sedimentation control feat"res into the !ro:ect at the earliest !ractica$le time as o"tlined
in his acce!ted sched"le to minimi5e the need for tem!orar erosion and sedimentation
control meas"res%
Tem!orar erosion+sedimentation and !oll"tion control meas"res will $e "sed to
control the !henomenon of erosion, sedimentation and !oll"tion that ma develo!
d"ring normal constr"ction !ractices, $"t ma neither $e foreseen d"ring design stage
nor associated with !ermanent control feat"re on the 8ro:ect%
4here erosion or sedimentation is likel to $e a !ro$lem, clearing and gr"$$ing
o!erations sho"ld $e so sched"le and !erformed that grading o!erations and !ermanent
erosion or sedimentation control feat"res can follow immediatel thereafter if the !ro:ect
conditions !ermit0 otherwise tem!orar erosion or sedimentation control meas"res ma
$e re#"ired $etween s"ccessive constr"ction stages% >nder no conditions shall a large
s"rface area of erodi$le earth material $e ex!osed at one time $ clearing and gr"$$ing
or excavation witho"t !rior a!!roval of the Engineer%
The Engineer ma limit the area of excavation, $orrow and em$ankment
o!erations in !rogress, commens"rate with the ContractorCs ca!a$ilit and !rogress in
kee!ing the finish grading, m"lching, seeding and other s"ch !ermanent erosion,
sedimentation and !oll"tion control meas"res, in accordance with the acce!ted sched"le%
Sho"ld seasonal limitations make s"ch coordination "nrealistic, tem!orar
erosion+sedimentation control meas"res shall $e taken immediatel to the extent feasi$le
and :"stified%
&n the event tem!orar erosion, sedimentation and !oll"tion control meas"res
$ecome necessar d"e to the ContractorCs negligence, carelessness or fail"re to install
!ermanent controls as a !art of the work as sched"led or ordered $ the Engineer, these
shall $e carried o"t at the ContractorCs own ex!ense% Tem!orar erosion, sedimentation
and !oll"tion control work re#"ired, which is not attri$"ted to the ContractorCs
negligence, carelessness or fail"re to install !ermanent controls, will $e !erformed as
ordered $ the Engineer%
Tem!orar erosion, sedimentation and !oll"tion control ma incl"de
constr"ction work o"tside the right-of-wa where s"ch work is necessar as a res"lt of
road constr"ction s"ch as $orrow !it o!erations, service roads and e#"i!ment storage
sites%
The tem!orar erosion, sedimentation and !oll"tion control feat"res installed $
the Contractor shall $e acce!ta$l maintained $ him till these are needed, "nless
otherwise agreed $ the Engineer%
304.0. *eas,re2ent 'or ;a-2ent
- 3. -
and Drainage
The soil erosion, sedimentation and !oll"tion control works will $e meas"red in
terms of "nits s!ecified in the ?ill of D"antities for the res!ective items%
304.3 ates
The Contract "nit rate for different items of soil erosion, sedimentation and
!oll"tion control works shall $e !ament in f"ll for carring o"t all re#"ired o!erations
incl"ding f"ll com!ensation for all la$o"r, tools, e#"i!ment and incidentals to com!lete
the works to the S!ecifications%
305. T>FIN/ !ITB #OD#
304
305 305.1 #$o%e
This work shall consist of f"rnishing and laing of the live sod of !erennial t"rf
forming grass on em$ankment slo!es, verges )earthen sho"lders* or other locations
shown on the drawings or as directed $ the Engineer% >nless otherwise s!ecified, the
work shall $e taken "! as soon as !ossi$le following constr"ction of the em$ankment,
!rovided the season is favo"ra$le for esta$lishment of the sod%
305.&. *aterials
The sod shall consist of dense, well-rooted growth of !ermanent and desira$le
grasses, indigeno"s to the localit where it is to $e "sed, and shall $e !racticall free
from weeds or other "ndesira$le matter% 't the time the sod is c"t, the grass on the sod
shall have a length of a!!roximatel .0 mm and the sod shall have $een freed of de$ris%
Thickness of the sod shall $e as "niform as !ossi$le, with some .0-B0 mm or so
of soil covering the grass roots de!ending on the nat"re of the sod, so that !racticall all
the dense root sstem of the grasses is retained in the sod stri!% The sods shall $e c"t in
rectang"lar stri!s of "niform width, not less than a$o"t 1.0 mm x 300 mm in si5e $"t not
so large that it is inconvenient to handle and trans!ort these witho"t damage% D"ring wet
weather, the sod shall $e allowed to dr s"fficientl to !revent rearing d"ring handling
and d"ring dr weather shall $e watered $efore lifting to ens"re its vitalit and !revent
the dro!!ing of the soil in handling%
305.3 Constr,$tion O%erations
305.3.1. ;re%aration o' the earth 8ed+ The area to $e sodded shall have
$een !revio"sl constr"cted to the re#"ired slo!e and cross section% Soil on the area
shall $e loosened, freed of all stones larger than .0 mm si5e, sticks, st"m!s and an
"ndesira$le foreign matter, and $ro"ght to a reasona$l fine gran"lar text"re to a de!th
of not less than 1. mm for receiving the sod%
- 39 -
and Drainage
4here re#"ired, to!soil shall $e s!read over the slo!es% 8rior to !lacing the
to!soil, the slo!es shall $e scarified to a de!th which, after settlement, will !rovide the
re#"ired nominal de!th shown on the !lans% S!reading shall not $e done when the
gro"nd is excessivel wet%
@ollowing soil !re!aration and to! soiling, where re#"ired, fertili5er and gro"nd
limestone when s!ecified shall $e s!read "niforml at the rate indicated on the !lans%
'fter s!reading, the materials are incor!orated in the soil $ discing or other means to
the de!ths shown on the !lans%
305.3.&. ;la$ing the sods+ The !re!ared sod $ed shall $e moistened to the
loosened de!th, if not alread s"fficientl moist, and the sod shall $e !laced thereon
within a!!roximatal 1< ho"rs after the same had $een c"t% Each sod stri! shall $e laid
edge to edge and s"ch that the :oints ca"sed $ a$"tting ends are staggered% Ever stri!,
after it is sn"gl !laced against the stri!s alread in !osition, shall $e lightl tam!ed
with s"ita$le wooden or metal tam!ers so as to eliminate air !ockets and to !ress it into
the "nderling soil%
/n side slo!es stee!er than 1 )hori5ontal * to 1 )vertical*, the laing of sods shall
$e started from $ottom "!wards% 't !oints where water ma flow over a sodded area, the
"!!er edges of the sod stri!s shall $e t"rned into the soil $elow the ad:acent area and a
laer of earth !laced over this followed $ its thoro"gh com!action%
305.3.3. #taking the sods+ 4here the side slo!e is 1 )hori5ontal* to 1 )vertical*
or stee!er and the distance along the slo!e is more than 1 m, the sods shall $e staked
with !egs or nails s!aced a!!roximatel .00 to 1000 mm along the longit"dinal axis of
the sod stri!s % Stakes shall $e driven a!!roximatel !l"m$ thro"gh the sods to $e
almost fl"sh with them%
305.3.0. To% dressing+ 'fter the sods have $een laid in !osition, the s"rface shall
$e cleaned of loose sod, excess soil and other foreign material%Thereafter, a thin laer of
to!soil shall $e scattered over the s"rface of to! dressing and the area thoro"ghl
moistened $ s!rinkling with water %
305.3.3. !ater and 2aintenan$e+ The sods shall $e watered $ the Contractor
for a !eriod of at least fo"r weeks after laing% 4atering shall $e so done as to avoid
erosion and !revent damage to sodded areas $ wheels of water tanks%
The Contractor shall erect necessar warning signs and $arries, re!air or re!lace
sodded areas failing to show "niform growth of grass or damaged $ his o!erations and
shall otherwise maintain the sod at his cost "ntil final acce!tance%
T"rfing with sods shall $e meas"red as finished work in s#"are metres%
- 3- -
and Drainage
305.3. ate
The Contract "nit rate for t"rfing with sods shall mean !ament in f"ll for
carring o"t all the re#"ired o!erations ex!lained a$ove incl"ding com!ensation for
)i* f"rnishing all the materials to $e incor!orated in the 4orks with all leads and
lifts0 and
)ii* all la$o"r, tools, e#"i!ments and incidentals to com!lete the work in
accordance with these S!ecifications%
The Contract "nit rate for a!!lication of to!soil shall $e as !er Cla"se 301%=%.%
307. #EEDIN/ AND *><CBIN/
307.1. #$o%e
This shall consist of !re!aring slo!es, !lacing to!soil, f"rnishing all seeds,
commercial or organic fertili5ers and m"lching materials, !roviding :"te netting and
!lacing and incor!orating the same on em$ankment slo!es or other locations
designated $ the Engineer or shown in the Contract doc"ments%
307.&. *aterials
A. #eeds+ The seeds shall $e a!!roved #"alit and t!e s"ita$le for the soil
on which these are to $e a!!lied, and shall have acce!ta$le !"rit and
germination to re#"irements set down $ the Engineer %
@ertili5er shall consist of standard commercial materials and conform to the
grade s!ecified% /rganic man"re shall $e f"ll !"trefied organic matter s"ch
as cow d"ng %
3"lching materials shall consist of straw, ha, wood shavings or sawd"st,
and shall $e delivered dr% The shall $e reasona$l free of weed seed and
s"ch foreign materials as ma detract from their effectiveness as a m"lch or
$e in:"rio"s to the !lant growth %
:. To%soil+To!soil shall not $e o$tained from an area known to have
noxio"s weeds growing in it % &f treated with her$icides or sterilents, it shall $e
got tested $ a!!ro!riate agric"lt"ral a"thorit to determine the resid"al in the
soil % To!soil shall not contain less than 1 !er cent and more than 11 !er cent
organic matter %
C. :it,2ino,s E2,lsion+ ' s"ita$le grade of $it"mino"s c"t$ack or em"lsion
"sed as a tie down for m"lch shall $e as descri$ed in the Contract doc"ment
- 3B -
and Drainage
or as desired $ the Engineer% Em"lsified $it"men shall not contain an
solvent or dil"ting agent toxic to !lant life %
D. Netting+ I"te netting shall $e "nded :"te arn woven into a "niform o!en
weave with a!!roximate 1%. cm s#"are o!enings%
Feonetting shall $e made of "niforml extr"ded rectang"lar mesh having
mesh o!ening of 1 cm x 1 cm% The colo"r ma $e $lack or green% &t shall
weigh not less than 3%B kg !er 1000 s#%m%
307.3. #eeding O%erations
307.3.1. #eed.8ed %re%aration+ The area to $e seeded shall $e $ro"ght to the
re#"ired slo!e and cross-section $ filling, resha!ing eroded areas and refinishing
slo!es, medians etc% To!soil shall $e evenl s!read over the s!ecified areas to the de!th
shown on the !lans, "nless otherwise a!!roved $ the Engineer% The seed-$ed
!re!aration shall consist of eliminating all live !lants $ s"ita$le means "sing
agric"lt"ral im!lements% 'll stones 1.0 mm in smallest dimension and larger shall $e
removed% The soil shall $e excavated on the conto"r to a de!th of 100 mm% 'll clods
larger than 1. mm in diameter shall $e cr"shed and !acked% 4here necessar, water
shall then $e a!!lied% 'll to!soil shall $e com!acted "nless otherwise s!ecified or
a!!roved $ the Engineer% Com!action shall $e $ slo!e com!actor, cleated tractor or
similar e#"i!ment a!!roved $ the Engineer% E#"i!ment shall $e so designed and
constr"cted as to !rod"ce a "niform ro"gh text"red s"rface read for seeding and
m"lching and which will $ond the to!soil to the "nderling material% The entire area
shall $e covered $ a minim"m of < !asses or 1 ro"nd tri!s of the roller or a!!roved
e#"i!ment%
307.3.&. FertiliCer a%%li$ation+ @ertili5er to the re#"ired #"antities shall $e
s!read and thoro"ghl incor!orated into the soil s"rface as a !art of the seed-$ed
!re!aration%
307.3.3 . ;lanting o' seeds+ 'll seeds shall $e !lanted "niforml at the a!!roved
rate% &mmediatel after sowing, the area shall $e raked, dragged or otherwise treated so
as to cover the seeds to a de!th of 9 mm%
The o!eration of seed sowing shall not $e !erformed when the gro"nd is m"dd
or when the soil or weather conditions wo"ld otherwise !revent !ro!er soil !re!aration
and s"$se#"ent o!erations%
307.3.0. #oil 2oist,re and watering re1,ire2ents+ Soil-moist"re shall exist
thro"gho"t the 5one from 1. mm to at least 11. mm $elow the s"rface at the time of
!lanting%
4atering of the seeded areas shall $e carried o"t as determined $ the Engineer%
- 3= -
and Drainage
307.0. *,l$hing, A%%l-ing :it,2ino,s E2,lsion and D,te
Netting6/eonetting
4ithin 1< ho"rs of seeding, m"lching material mixed with organic man"re shall
$e !laced so as to form a contin"o"s, "n$roken cover of a!!roximate "niform thickness
of 1. mm "sing an acce!ta$le mechanical $lower% 3"lching material shall $e held in
!lace and made resistant to $eing $lown awa $ s"ita$le means a!!roved $ the
Engineer% 4hen called for in the Contract doc"ments, m"lch material shall $e anchored
in !lace with $it"mino"s em"lsion a!!lied at the rate of 1300 litres !er hectare% 'n
m"lch dist"r$ed or dis!laced following a!!lication shall $e removed, reseeded and
rem"lched as s!ecified% I"te netting+Feonetting shall $e "nrolled and !laced !arallel to
the flow of water immediatel following the $ringing, to finished grade, the area
s!ecified on the !lans or the !lacing of seed and fertili5er% 4here more than one stri! is
re#"ired to cover the given areas, the shall overla! a minim"m of 100 mm% I"te
netting+Feonetting shall $e held in !lace $ a!!roved wire sta!les, !ins, s!ikes or
wooden stakes driven verticall into the soil%
307.3. *aintenan$e
The Contractor shall maintain all seeded and m"lched areas "ntil final
acce!tance% 3aintenance shall incl"de !rotection of traffic $ a!!roved warning signs or
$arricades and re!airing an areas damaged following the seeding and m"lching
o!erations% &f m"lched areas $ecome damaged, the area shall $e resha!ed and then
seeded and m"lched again as originall s!ecified%
307.4. *eas,re2ents 'or %a-2ent
Seeding and m"lching shall $e meas"red as finished work in s#"are metres%
307.5. ate
The Contract "nit rate for seeding and m"lching shall $e !ament in f"ll for
carring o"t all the re#"ired o!erations incl"ding f"ll com!ensation for all materials,
la$o"r, tools and incidentals%
309 #>FACE6#>:.#>FACE DAIN#
309.1. #$o%e
This work shall consist constr"cting s"rface and+or s"$-s"rface drains in
accordance with the re#"irements of these S!ecifications and to the lines, grades,
dimensions and other !artic"lars shown on the drawings or as directed $ the Engineer%
Sched"le of work shall $e so arranged that the drains are com!leted in !ro!er se#"ence
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and Drainage
with road works to ens"re that no excavation of the com!leted road works is necessar
s"$se#"entl or an damage is ca"sed to these works d"e to lack of drainage%
309.&. #,r'a$e Drains
S"rface drains shall $e excavated to the s!ecified lines, grades, levels and
dimensions to the re#"irements of Cla"se 301% The excavated material shall $e removed
from the area ad:oining the drains and if fo"nd s"ita$le, "tilised in em$ankment+
s"$grade constr"ction% 'll "ns"ita$le material shall $e dis!osed of as directed%
The excavated $ed and sides of the drains shall $e dressed to $ring these in close
conformit with the s!ecified dimensions, levels and slo!es%
4here so indicated, drains shall $e lined or t"rfed with s"ita$le materials in
accordance with details shown on the drawings%
'll works on drain constr"ction shall $e !lanned and exec"ted in !ro!er se#"ence
with other works as a!!roved $ the Engineer, with a view to ens"ring ade#"ate
drainage for the area and minimising erosion+sedimentation%
309.3. #,8.s,r'a$e Drains
309.3.1. #$o%e+ S"$-s"rface drains shall $e of close-:ointed !erforated !i!es,
o!en-:ointed "n!erforated !i!es, s"rro"nded $ gran"lar material laid in a trench or
aggregate drains to drain the !avement co"rses% S"$-s"rface drains designed "sing
Feosnthetics and a!!roved $ the Engineer can also $e "sed %
309.3.&. *aterials
A. ;i%e + 8erforated !i!es for the drains ma $e of metal+as$estos
cement+cement concrete+8GC, and "n!erforated !i!es of vitrified
cla+cement concrete+as$estos cement % The t!e, si5e and grade of the !i!e
to $e "sed shall $e as s!ecified in the Contract% &n no case, however, shall
the internal diameter of the !i!e $e less than 100 mm% 2oles for !erforated
!i!es shall $e on one half of the circ"mference onl and conform to the
s!acing indicated on the drawings% Si5e of the holes shall not ordinaril $e
greater than half of DB. si5e of the material s"rro"nding the !i!e, s"$:ect to
$eing minim"m 3 mm and maxim"m 9 mm% DB. stands for the si5e of the
sieve that allows B. !ercent of the material to !ass thro"gh it%
:. :a$k'ill 2aterial+ ?ackfill material shall consist of so"nd, to"gh, hard,
d"ra$le !articles of free draining sand-gravel material or cr"shed stone and
shall $e free of organic material, cla $alls or other deleterio"s matter%
>nless the Contract s!ecifies an !artic"lar gradings for the $ackfill material
or re#"ires these to $e designed on inverted filter criteria for filtration and
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and Drainage
!ermea$ilit to the a!!roval of the Engineer, the $ackfill material shall $e
!rovided on the following lines(
)i* 4here the soil met with in the trench is of fine grained t!e )e%g% silt,
cla or a mixt"re thereof*, the $ackfill material shall conform to Class 1
grading set o"t in-Ta$le 300-3%
)ii* 4here the soil met with in the trench is of coarse silt to medi"m sand or
sand t!e, the $ackfill material shall corres!ond to Class && grading of
Ta$le 300-3%
)iii* 4here soil met with in the trench is gravell sand, the $ackfill material
shall corres!ond to Class &&& grading of Ta$le 300-3%
Thickness of $ackfill material aro"nd the !i!e shall $e as shown on the drawings
s"$:ect to $eing at least 1.0 mm aro"nd in all cases %
Feosnthetics for "se with s"$s"rface drain shall conform to the re#"irements as
!er section -00%
Ta8le 300.3 /ADIN/ E?>IE*ENT# FO FI<TE *ATEIA<
8er cent !assing $ weight
Sieve Designation Class & Class && Class &&&
.3 mm - - 100
<. mm - - =--100
19%. mm - 100 -
11%< mm - =.-100 .B-100
11%1 mm 100 <B-100 10-90
.%9 mm =1-100 1B-.< <-31
1%B mm B3-100 10-3. 0-10
1%< mm .=-=9 - 0%.
-10 micron 3.-B0 9-1B -
3.. micron 1<-<0 1-= -
1B0 micron 3-1. - -
=0 micron 0-. 0-< 0-3
309.3.3. Tren$h e($a)ation+ Trench for s"$-s"rface drain shall $e excavated to
the s!ecified lines, grades and dimensions shown in the drawings !rovided that width of
trench at !i!e level shall not $e less than <.0 mm% The excavation shall $egin at the
o"tlet end of the drain and !roceed towards the "!!er end% 4here "ns"ita$le material is
met with at the trench $ed, the same shall $e removed to s"ch de!th as directed $ the
- <1 -
and Drainage
Engineer and $ackfilled with a!!roved material which shall $e thoro"ghl com!acted to
the s!ecified degree%
309.3.0. <a-ing o' %i%e and 8a$k'illing+ Aaing of !i!e in the trench shall $e
started at the o"tlet end and !roceed towards the "!!er end, tr"e to the lines and grades
s!ecified% >nless otherwise !rovided, longit"dinal gradient of the !i!e shall not $e less
than 1 in 100%
?efore !lacing the !i!e, $ackfill material of the re#"ired grading)s* shall $e laid
for f"ll width of the trench $ed and com!acted to a minim"m thickness of 1.0 mm or as
shown on the drawings% The !i!e shall then $e em$edded firml on the $ed%
8erforated !i!es, "nless otherwise s!ecified, shall $e !laced with their
!erforations down to minimise clogging% The !i!e sections shall $e :oined sec"rel with
a!!ro!riate co"!ling fittings or $ands%
;on-!erforated !i!es shall $e laid with :oints as close as !ossi$le with the o!en
:oints wra!!ed with s"ita$le !ervio"s material )like do"$le laer of hessian, s"ita$le
Feosnthetics or some other material of not less than 1.0 mm width* to !ermit entr of
water $"t !revent fines entering the !i!es% &n the case of non-!erforated !i!es with $ell
end, the $ell shall face "!grade%
>!grade end sections of the !i!e installation shall $e tightl closed $ means of
concrete !l"gs or !l"gs fa$ricated from the same material as the !i!e and sec"rel held
in !lace to !revent entr of soil materials%
'fter the !i!e installation has $een com!leted and a!!roved, $ackfill material of
the re#"ired grading)s* )see Cla"se 30=%3%1?* shall $e !laced over the !i!e to the
re#"ired level in hori5ontal laers not exceeding 1.0 mm in thickness and thoro"ghl
com!acted% The minim"m thickness of material a$ove the to! of the !i!e shall $e 300
mm%
>nless otherwise !rovided, s"$-s"rface drains not located $elow the road
!avement shall $e sealed at the to! $ means of 1.0 mm thick laer of com!acted cla
so as !revent !ercolation of s"rface water %
309.3.3. >se o' geos-ntheti$ in la-ing o' %i%e and 8a$k'illing+ 'fter
excavating the trench for s"$s"rface drain, the filter fa$ric shall $e !laced, the !i!e
installed and the trench $ackfilled with !ermea$le material according to dimensions and
details shown on the !lans% S"rfaces to receive filter fa$ric !rior to !lacing shall $e free
of loose or extraneo"s material and shar! o$:ects that ma damage the filter fa$ric
d"ring installation% 'd:acent rolls of the fa$ric shall $e overla!!ed a minim"m of <.0
mm% The !receding roll shall overla! the following roll in the direction the material is
$eing s!read%
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and Drainage
Damage to the fa$ric res"lting from ContractorCs vehicles, e#"i!ment or
o!erations shall $e re!laced or re!aired $ the Contractor at his ex!ense%
309.3.4.Drain o,tlet+ The o"tlet for a s"$-drain shall not $e "nder water or
!l"gged with de$ris $"t sho"ld $e a free o"tlet discharging into a stream , c"lvert or
o!en ditch % The $ottom of the !i!e shall $e ke!t a$ove high water in the ditch and the
end !rotected with a grate or screen% @or a length of .00 mm from the o"tlet end, the
trench for !i!e shall not $e !rovided with gran"lar material $"t $ackfilled with
excavated soil and thoro"ghl com!acted so as to sto! water directl !ercolating from
the $ackfill material aro"nd the !i!e% The !i!e in this section shall not have an
!erforations%
309.3.5. Aggregate drains+ 'ggregate drains shall $e !laced within the
verge+sho"lders after com!letion of the !avement% De!th, thickness and s!acing of the
aggregate drains shall $e as shown on the !lan%
Trenches for aggregate drains shall $e excavated to a minim"m width of 300
mm and to the de!th shown on the !lans or ordered $ the Engineer% The $ottom of the
trench shall $e slo!ed to drain and shall $e free from loose !articles of soil% The trench
shall $e excavated so as to ex!ose clearl the gran"lar !avement co"rses to $e drained%
'ggregate for the drains shall $e d"ra$le gravel, stone or slag and shall $e free
from vegeta$le matter and other deleterio"s s"$stances% The grading re#"irements are
given at Ta$le 300-<% T!e ? grading ma $e "sed onl where the drain is designed to
interce!t s"rface water flowing to the !i!e and is likel to get slowl $locked% T!e '
grading allows a m"ch wider range%
TA:<E 300.0 /ADIN/ E?>IE*ENT# FO A//E/ATE DAIN#
#ie)e #iCe ;er $ent %assing 8- weight
T-%e A T-%e :
93 mm - 100
3-%. mm 100 B.- 100
1= mm - 0-10
=%. mm <.-100 0%.
3-3. mm 1.-B0 -
900 micron B-<. -
1.0 micron 0-10 -
-. micron 0-. -
- << -
and Drainage
3eas"rement for s"rface and s"$-s"rface drains shall $e !er r"nning metre length
of the drain% Dis!osal of s"r!l"s material $eond 1000 m shall $e meas"red in c" m%
309.3 ates
The Contract "nit rates for s"rface and s"$s"rface drains shall $e !ament in f"ll
for all items s"ch as excavation, dressing the sides and $ottom0 !roviding lining, t"rfing,
!itching, masonr, concrete and !lastering0 !roviding, laing and :ointing !i!es0
!roviding, laing and com!acting $ackfill and $ed of gran"lar material0 !roviding,
fixing and !ainting of cover etc, incl"ding f"ll com!ensation for all materials, la$or,
tools, e#"i!ment and other incidentals to com!lete the work as shown on drawings with
all leads and lifts exce!t for removal of "ns"ita$le material for which the lead shall $e
1000 m% 8rovision of inlets, gratings, s"m!s, o"tlet !i!es, $edding, dis$"rsers etc
wherever re#"ired shall $e incidental to constr"ction of drain% The Contract "nit rate for
dis!osal of s"r!l"s and "ns"ita$le material $eond the initial 1000 m lead shall $e in
accordance with Cla"se 30<%.%3
310. ;E;AATION AND #>FACE TEAT*ENT OF FO*ATION
8re!aration and s"rface treatment of the formation, that is to! of the s"$grade,
shall $e carried o"t onl after com!letion of an s!ecified s"$grade drainage and "nless
otherwise agreed $ the Engineer, immediatel !rior to laing the s"$-$ase or the road
$ase where no s"$-$ase is re#"ired% The se#"ence of o!erations shall $e as follows(
)a* 'll s"rfaces $elow carriagewa, la$es, footwas and hard sho"lders shall,
after reinstatement of an soft areas to the re#"ired S!ecifications $e well
cleaned and freed of m"d and sl"rr %
)$* The s"rface shall $e com!acted $ < !asses of a smooth wheeled roller of
B0 to 100 k; weight after s!raing re#"isite amo"nt of water, if re#"ired,
$efore the commencement of rolling%
)c* The formation shall, wherever necessar, $e reg"lated and trimmed to the
re#"irements of Cla"se 30.%3%= with motor grader%
)d* The trimmed formation shall $e rolled $ one !ass of smooth wheeled
roller of B0 to 100 k; weight after s!raing re#"isite amo"nt of water, if
re#"ired, $efore the commencement of rolling%
4here the com!leted formation is not immediatel covered with s"$-$ase or
road $ase material, its moist"re content shall $e maintained to !revent cracking in the
formation $ s"ita$le meas"res as a!!roved $ the Engineer% The entire work of s"rface
treatment of formation shall $e deemed as incidental to the work of s"$-$ase+$ase co"rse
to $e !rovided on the s"$grade and as s"ch no extra !ament shall $e made for the same%
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and Drainage
311 .!O=# TO :E =E;T FEE OF !ATE
311.1. The Contractor shall arrange for the ra!id dis!ersal of water collected+
acc"m"lated on the earthwork or com!leted formation d"ring constr"ction or on the
existing roadwa or which enters the earthwork or an other item of work from an
so"rce, and where !ractica$le, the water shall $e discharged into the !ermanent o"tfall
of the drainage sstem% The arrangements shall $e made in res!ect of all earthwork
incl"ding excavation for !i!e trenches, fo"ndations or c"ttings%
311.& The Contractor shall !rovide, where necessar, tem!orar water co"rses,
ditches, drains, !"m!ing or other means for maintaining the earthwork free from water%
S"ch !rovisions shall incl"de carring o"t the work of forming the c"t sections and
em$ankments in s"ch manner that their s"rfaces have at all times a s"fficient minim"m
crossfall and, where !ractica$le, a s"fficient longit"dinal gradient to ena$le them to shed
water and !revent !onding%
The works involved in kee!ing the earthwork or an other item of works free of
water shall $e deemed as incidental to the res!ective item of work and as s"ch no
se!arate !ament shall $e made for the same%
31&. !ATE CO>#E# AT C><VET#
31&.1. Excavation carried o"t in the diversion, enlargement, dee!ening or
straightening water co"rses at c"lverts, where necessar, shall incl"de the o!erations
s"ch as clearing, gr"$$ing, removal of vegetation, trimming of slo!es, grading of $eds,
dis!osal of excavated materials, !"m!ing, tim$ering etc, necessar for dealing with the
flow of water%
31&.&. The $eds and slo!ing sides of water co"rses shall, where shown on the
Drawings, $e !rotected against the action of water $ r"$$le !aving to form a flat or
c"rved s"rface as indicated% The !rotection shall consist of large smooth faced stones or
of $locks of !recast concrete% Stones for r"$$le !aving shall $e ro"ghl dressed s#"are%
;o stone shall $e less than 1.. mm in de!th nor less than 0%01 c"%m% in vol"me and no
ro"nded $o"lders shall $e "sed% 'fter com!letion of constr"ction of c"lverts, tem!orar
diversion of water co"rse, if an, shall $e closed and water co"rse restored for flow
thro"gh the c"lvert as !er the direction of the Engineer%
31&.3. *eas,re2ents 'or ;a-2ent
The work for water co"rses at c"lverts as stated a$ove shall $e meas"red in terms
of "nits s!ecified in the ?ill of D"antities for res!ective items% The tem!orar diversion
of channel to facilitate constr"ction of c"lverts, its clos"re and restoration to original
water co"rse shall $e considered incidental to the work of constr"ction of c"lverts and
no extra !ament shall $e made for the same%
- <9 -
and Drainage
31&.0. ates
The Contract "nit rates for different items for water co"rses at c"lverts shall $e
!ament in f"ll for carring o"t all re#"ired o!erations incl"ding f"ll com!ensation for
all cost materials, la$o"r, tools, e#"i!ment and other incidentals to com!lete the work to
the S!ecification%
313. CON#T>CTION OF OC=FI<< E*:AN=*ENT
313.1. #$o%e
&n normal circ"mstances, the em$ankment sho"ld not $e constr"cted with
rockfill material% 2owever, where s!ecificall !ermitted $ the Engineer $eca"se of
im!erative economic or technical reasons, constr"ction of rockfill em$ankments shall $e
in accordance with the lines, grades and cross-sections as shown in drawings or as
,ockfill shall not $e "sed at least for a de!th of .00 mm $elow the formation
level% There sho"ld $e a minim"m of .00 mm thick earthen c"shion over the rockfill%
313.&. *aterial
The si5e of rock !ieces "sed in rockfill em$ankments shall $e s"ch that the can
$e de!osited in laers so as to s"it the conditions eval"ated in the field com!action trials
or as directed $ the Engineer% The rockfill shall consist of hard, d"ra$le and inert
material, !refera$l maxim"m si5e not exceeding 300 mm and !er cent finer than 11.
mm not exceeding 10 !er cent%
'rgillaceo"s rocks )cla, shells etc*, "n$"rnt collier stock and chalk shall not $e
"sed in rockfill%
The rock fragments and $linding material re#"ired for filling the voids shall also
satisf the a$ove re#"irements%
313.3. #%reading and Co2%a$tion
The material shall $e ti!!ed, s!read and levelled in laers extending to the f"ll
width of em$ankment $ a s"ita$le do5er% @ragments of rock shall then $e s!read on the
to! of laer to the re#"ired extent and laer com!acted $ minim"m of . !asses of
vi$rator roller having static weight B-10 tonnes% The com!acted thickness of each laer
shall not exceed .00 mm% 'fter com!action of each laer, the s"rface voids shall $e
filled with $roken fragments% ;ext laer, where re#"ired, shall $e !laced in the same
manner, a$ove the earlier com!acted laer%
- <- -
and Drainage
The to! laer of rockfill, on which normal earth fill will rest shall $e thoro"ghl
$linded with s"ita$le gran"lar material to seat its s"rface%
3eas"rement shall $e made $ taking cross-sections at intervals in the original
!osition $efore the work starts and after its com!letion and com!"ting the vol"me in
c"%m% $ the method of average end areas%
313.3 ate
The Contract "nit rate shall $e !aid in f"ll for carring o"t all the a$ove
o!erations incl"ding cost of rockfill, $roken fragments and $linding material and shall
!rovide f"ll com!ensation for all items as !er Cla"se 30.%=%1 and 30.%=%1%
- <B -

SEC 300 (MOST Version)

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