1)What are the layers of data description in R/3?

The external layer.

The ABAP/4 layer.
The database layer.
)!e"ne external layer?
The external layer is the plane at #hich the $ser sees and
interacts #ith the data% that is% the data for&at in the $ser
interface. This data for&at is independent of the database
syste& $sed.
3)!e"ne ABAP/4 layer?
The ABAP/4 layer describes the data for&ats $sed by the ABAP/4
processor.
4)!e"ne !atabase layer?
The database layer describes the data for&ats $sed in the
database.
')What is a !ata (lass?
The !ata class deter&ines in #hich table space the table is stored
#hen it is created in the database.

))What is a *i+e (ate,ory?
The *i+e cate,ory describes the probable space re-$ire&ent of
the table in the database.
.)/o# &any types of si+e cate,ories and data classes are there?
There are "0e si+e cate,ories 1234) and 11 data classes only three
of #hich are appropriate for application tables4
5
APP623 7aster data 1data fre-$ently accessed b$t rarely
$pdated).
5
APP613 Transaction data 1data that is chan,ed fre-$ently).
5
APP63 8r,ani+ational data 1c$sto&i+in, data that is entered
#hen syste& is con",$red and then rarely chan,ed).
The other t#o types are4
5
9*R
5
9*R1 : ;ntended for c$sto&er<s o#n de0elop&ents.
What are control tables?
The 0al$es speci"ed for the si+e cate,ory and data class are
&apped to database3speci"c 0al$es 0ia control tables.
What is the f$nction of the transport syste& and #or=bench
or,ani+er?
The f$nction of the transport syste& and the Wor=bench
8r,ani+er is to &ana,e any chan,es &ade to ob>ects of the
ABAP/4 !e0elop&ent Wor=bench and to transport these chan,es
bet#een di?erent *AP syste&s.
What is a table pool?
A table pool 1or pool) is $sed to co&bine se0eral lo,ical tables in
the ABAP/4 !ictionary. The de"nition of a pool consists of at least
t#o =ey "elds and a lon, ar,$&ent "eld 1@AR!ATA).
What are pooled tables?
These are lo,ical tables% #hich &$st be assi,ned to a table pool
#hen they are de"ned. Pooled tables can be $sed to store control
data 1s$ch as screen se-$ences or pro,ra& para&eters).
What is a table cl$ster?
A table cl$ster co&bines se0eral lo,ical tables in the ABAP/4
!ictionary. *e0eral lo,ical ro#s fro& di?erent cl$ster tables are
bro$,ht to,ether in a sin,le physical record. The records fro& the
cl$ster tables assi,ned to a cl$ster are th$s stored in a sin,le
co&&on table in the database.
/o# can #e access the correction and transport syste&?
Aach ti&e yo$ create a ne# ob>ect or chan,e an existin, ob>ect in
the ABAP/4 !ictionary% yo$ branch a$to&atically to the
Wor=bench 8r,ani+er or correction and transport syste&.
Which ob>ects are independent transport ob>ects?
!o&ains% !ata ele&ents% Tables% Technical settin,s for tables%
*econdary indexes for transparent tables% *tr$ct$res%
@ie#s%7atchcode ob>ects% 7atchcode ;ds% 6oc= ob>ects.
/o# is con0ersion of data types done bet#een ABAP/4 B !B
layer?
(on0ersion bet#een ABAP/4 data types and the database layer is
done #ithin the database interface.
/o# is con0ersion of data types done bet#een ABAP/4 B external
le0el?
(on0ersion bet#een the external layer and the ABAP/4 layer is
done in the *AP dialo, &ana,er !CDP.
What are the !ata types of the external layer?
A((P% (har% (6DT% (9EC% (9RR% !AT*% !A*(% F6TP% ;DT1% ;DT%
;DT4% 6ADG% 6(/R% 6RAW% D97(% PRA(% H9AD% RAW% T;7*%
9D;T%@AR(
What are the !ata types of the ABAP/4 layer?
Possible ABAP/4 data types4
(4 (haracter.
!4 !ate% for&at CCCC77!!.
F4 Floatin,3point n$&ber in !89B6A PRA(;*;8D 1I bytes).
;4 ;nte,er.
D4 D$&erical character strin, of arbitrary len,th.
P4 A&o$nt of co$nter "eld 1pac=edJ i&ple&entation depends on
h/# platfor&).
*4 Ti&e *ta&p CCCC77!!//77**.
@4 (haracter strin, of 0ariable len,th% len,th is ,i0en in the "rst
t#o bytes.
K4 /exadeci&al 1binary) stora,e.
/o# can #e set the table spaces and extent si+es?
Co$ can specify the extent si+es and the table space 1physical
stora,e area in the database) in #hich a transparent table is to be
stored by settin, the si+e cate,ory and data class.
What is the f$nction of the correction syste&?
The correction syste& &ana,es chan,es to internal syste&
co&ponents. *$ch as ob>ects of the ABAP/4 !ictionary.
What are local ob>ects?
6ocal ob>ects 1!e0 classLT7P) are independent of correction and
transport syste&.
What is a !e0elop&ent class?
Related ob>ects fro& the ABAP/4 repository are assi,ned to the
sa&e de0elop&ent class. This enables yo$ to correct and
transport related ob>ects as a $nit.
What is a data dictionary?
!ata !ictionary is a central so$rce of data in a data &ana,e&ent
syste&. ;ts &ain f$nction is to s$pport the creation and
&ana,e&ent of data de"nitions. ;t has details abo$t 5#hat data
is contained?5What are the attrib$tes of the data?5What is the
relationship existin, bet#een the 0ario$s data ele&ents?
What f$nctions does a data dictionary perfor&?
;n a data &ana,e&ent syste&% the principal f$nctions perfor&ed
by the data dictionary are 7ana,e&ent of data
de"nitions.Pro0ision of infor&ation for e0al$ation.*$pport for s/#
de0elop&ent.*$pport for& doc$&entation.5
Ans$rin, that the data de"nitions are Mexible and $p3to3date.

What are the feat$res of ABAP/4 !ictionary?
The &ost i&portant feat$res are4
;nte,rated to aABAP/4 !e0elop&ent Wor=bench.
Acti0e in the r$nti&e en0iron&ent.
What are the $ses of the infor&ation in the !ata dictionary?
The follo#in, infor&ation is directly ta=en fro& the !ata
dictionary4
;nfor&ation on "elds displayed #ith F1 help.
Possible entries for "elds displayed #ith F4 help.
7atchcode and help 0ie#s search $tilities.
What are the basic ob>ects of the data dictionary?
Tables
!o&ains
!ata ele&ents
*tr$ct$res
Forei,n Eeys
What are the a,,re,ate ob>ects in the data dictionary?
@ie#s
7atch codes
6oc= ob>ects.
;n the ABAP/4 !ictionary Tables can be de"ned independent of the
$nderlyin, database 1T/F).
Tr$e.
ABAP/4 !ictionary contains the 6o,ical de"nition of the table.
A "eld containin, c$rrency a&o$nts 1data type (9RR) &$st be
assi,ned to a reference table and a reference "eld. Axplain.
As a reference table% a syste& containin, all the 0alid c$rrencies
is assi,ned or any other table% #hich contains a "eld #ith the
c$rrency =ey for&at. This "eld is called as reference "eld. The
assi,n&ent of the "eld containin, c$rrency a&o$nts to the
reference "eld is &ade at r$nti&e. The 0al$e in the reference
"eld deter&ines the c$rrency of the a&o$nt.
A "eld containin, -$antity a&o$nts 1data type H9AD) &$st be
assi,ned to a reference table and a reference "eld. Axplain?
As a reference table% a syste& table containin, all the 0alid
-$antity $nits is assi,ned or any other table% #hich contains a
"eld #ith the for&at or -$antity $nits 1data type 9D;T). This "eld
is called as reference "eld.
The assi,n&ent of the "eld containin, -$antity a&o$nts to the
reference "eld is &ade at r$nti&e. The 0al$e in the reference
"eld deter&ines the -$antity $nit of the a&o$nt.

What is the si,ni"cance of Technical settin,s 1speci"ed #hile
creatin, a table in the data dictionary)? By specifyin, technical
settin,s #e can control ho#
database tables are created in the database. The technical
settin,s allo#s $s to
8pti&i+e stora,e space re-$ire&ents.
Table access beha0ior.
B$?erin, re-$ired.
(han,es to entries lo,,ed.
What is a Table attrib$te?
The table<s attrib$tes deter&ine #ho is responsible for
&aintainin, a table and #hich types of access are allo#ed for the
table.
The &ost i&portant table attrib$tes are4
!eli0ery class.
Table &aintenance allo#ed.
Acti0ation type.
What is the si,ni"cance of !eli0ery (lass?
The deli0ery class controls the de,ree to #hich the *AP or the
c$sto&er is responsible for table &aintenance.Whether *AP
pro0ides the table #ith or #itho$t contents.!eter&ines the table
type.eter&ines ho# the table beha0es #hen it is "rst installed% at
$p,rade% #hen it is transported% and #hen a client copy is
perfor&ed.
What is the &ax. no. 8f str$ct$res that can be incl$ded in a table
or str$ct$re.
Dine.
What are t#o &ethods of &odifyin, *AP standard tables?
Append *tr$ct$res and
($sto&i+in, ;ncl$des.

What is the di?erence bet#een a *$bstr$ct$re and an Append
*tr$ct$re?
;n case of a s$bstr$ct$re% the reference ori,inates in the table
itself% in the for& of a state&ent incl$deN.5
;n case of an append str$ct$re% the table itself re&ains
$nchan,ed and the reference ori,inates in the append str$ct$re.
To ho# &any tables can an append str$ct$re be assi,ned.
8ne.
;f a table that is to be extended contains a lon, "eld% #e cannot
$se append str$ct$res #hy?
6on, "elds in a table &$st al#ays be located in the end% as the
last "eld of the table. ;f a table has an append str$ct$re the
append line &$st also be on the last "eld of the table.
(an #e incl$de c$sto&i+in, incl$de or an append str$ct$re #ith
Pooled or (l$ster tables?
Do.
What are the t#o #ays for restrictin, the 0al$e ran,e for a
do&ain?
By specifyin, "xed 0al$es.
By stip$latin, a 0al$e table.
*tr$ct$res can contain data only d$rin, the r$nti&e of a pro,ra&
1T/F)
Tr$e.
What are the a,,re,ate ob>ects in the !ictionary?
@ie#s
7atch (ode.
6oc= 8b>ect.
What are base tables of an a,,re,ate ob>ect?
The tables &a=in, $p an a,,re,ate ob>ect 1pri&ary and
secondary) are
called a,,re,ate ob>ect.
The data of a 0ie# is not physically stored% b$t deri0ed fro& one
or &ore tables 1t/f)
Tr$e.
What are the other types of @ie#s% #hich are not allo#ed in
Release 3.2?
*tr$ct$re @ie#s.
Antity @ie#s.
What is a 7atch (ode?
7atch code is a tool to help $s to search for data records in the
syste&. 7atch (odes are an eOcient and $ser3friendly search aid
#here =ey of a record
is $n=no#n.
What are the t#o le0els in de"nin, a 7atch (ode?
57atch (ode 8b>ect.
7atch (ode ;d.
What is the &ax no of &atch code ;d<s that can be de"ned for one
7atch code ob>ect?
A &atch code ;d is a one character ;! that can be a letter or a
n$&ber.

(an #e de"ne o$r o#n 7atch (ode ;!<s for *AP 7atchcodes?
Ces% the n$&ber 2 to P are reser0ed for $s to create o$r o#n
7atch (ode ;ds for a *AP de"ned 7atchcode ob>ect.
What is an 9pdate type #ith reference to a 7atch code ;!?
;f the data in one of the base tables of a &atchcode ;! chan,es%
the &atchcode data has to be $pdated. The $pdate type
stip$lates
#hen the &atchcode is to be $pdated and ho# it is to be done.
The $pdate type also speci"es #hich &ethod is to be $sed for
B$ildin, &atchcodes. Co$ &$st
specify the $pdate type #hen yo$ de"ne a &atchcode ;!.
(an &atchcode ob>ect contain ;ds #ith di?erent $pdate types?
Ces.
What are the $pdate types possible?
The follo#in, $pdate types are possible4
9pdate type A4 The &atchcode data is $pdated asynchrono$sly to
database chan,es.
9pdate type *4 The &atchcode data is $pdated synchrono$sly to
database chan,es.
9pdate type P4 The &atchcode data is $pdated by the application
pro,ra&.
9pdate type ;4 Access to the &atchcode data is &ana,ed $sin, a
database 0ie#.
9pdate type 64 Access to the &atchcode is achie0ed by callin, a
f$nction &od$le.
What are the t#o di?erent #ays of b$ildin, a &atch code ob>ect?
A &atch code can be b$ilt in t#o di?erent #ays4
6o,ical str$ct$re4 The &atchcode data is set $p te&porarily at the
&o&ent #hen the &atch code is accessed. 19pdate type ;%=).
Physical *tr$ct$re4 The &atch code data is physically stored in a
separate table in the database. 19pdate type A% *% P).
What are the di?erences bet#een a !atabase index and a &atch
code?
5
7atch code can contain "elds fro& se0eral tables #hereas an
index can contain "elds fro& only one table.
5
7atch code ob>ects can be b$ilt on transparent tables and pooled
and cl$ster tables.

What is the f$nction of a !o&ain?
5
A do&ain describes the technical settin,s of a table "eld.
5
A do&ain de"nes a 0al$e ran,e% #hich sets the per&issible data
0al$es for the "elds% #hich refers to this do&ain.
5
A sin,le do&ain can be $sed as basis for any n$&ber of "elds
that are identical in str$ct$re.

(an yo$ delete a do&ain% #hich is bein, $sed by data ele&ents?
Do.
What are con0ersion ro$tines?
5
Don3standard con0ersions fro& display for&at to sap internal
for&at and 0ice30ersa are i&ple&ented #ith so called con0ersion
ro$tines.

What is the f$nction of a data ele&ent?
A data ele&ent describes the role played by a do&ain in a
technical context. A data ele&ent contains se&antic infor&ation.

(an a do&ain% assi,ned to a data ele&ent be chan,ed?
Ces. We can do so by >$st o0er#ritin, the entry in the "eld
do&ain.

(an yo$ delete data ele&ent% #hich is bein, $sed by table "elds.
Do.

(an yo$ de"ne a "eld #itho$t a data ele&ent?
Ces. ;f yo$ #ant to specify no data ele&ent and therefore no
do&ain for a "eld% yo$ can enter data type and "eld len,th and a
short text directly in the table &aintenance.

What are n$ll 0al$es?
;f the 0al$e of a "eld in a table is $nde"ned or $n=no#n% it is
called a n$ll 0al$e.

What is the di?erence bet#een a str$ct$re and a table?
*tr$ct$res are constr$cted the al&ost the sa&e #ay as tables%
the only di?erence $sin, that no database table is ,enerated fro&
the&.

What is a 0ie#?
A 0ie# is a lo,ical 0ie# on one or &ore tables. A 0ie# on one or
&ore tables i.e.% the data fro& a 0ie# is not act$ally physically
stored instead bein, deri0ed fro& one or &ore tables.

/o# &any types of @ie#s are there?
5
!atabase @ie#
5
/elp @ie#
5
Pro>ection @ie#
5
7aintenance @ie#

What is 6oc=in,?
When t#o $sers si&$ltaneo$sly atte&pt to access the sa&e data
record% this is synchroni+ed by a loc= &echanis&.

What is database $tility?
!atabase $tility is the interface bet#een the ABAP/4 !ictionary
and the $nderlyin, the *AP syste&.

What are the basic f$nctions of !atabase $tility?
The basic f$nctions of database $tility are4
5
(reate database ob>ects.
5
!elete database ob>ects.
5
Ad>$st database ob>ects to chan,ed ABAP/4
dictionary de"nition.

What is Repository ;nfo. *yste&s?
;t is a tool #ith #hich yo$ can &a=e data stored in the ABAP/4
!ictionary a0ailable.