346 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, VOL. 56, NO.

3, AUGUST 2013
A Web-Based Educational Interface for an Analog
Communication Course Based on MATLAB
Builder NE With WebFigures
Sezgin Kaar and Cneyt Baylm
AbstractExperimental experience has a signicant effect
on students engineering education and improves their prac-
tical skills. However, experiments are high-cost, requiring
laboratory space, experimental sets, and so on. Computer-as-
sisted learning (CAL) can provide a similar educational effect.
Web-based interfaces, a type of CAL often used in distance educa-
tion, are therefore economical solutions in that they require neither
laboratories nor experimental equipment. In particular, they fa-
cilitate students understanding of the practical applications of
their engineering education. This paper proposes the Web-based
simulation of analog modulation techniques using MATLAB. To
this end, a Web-based educational interface, called AnalogWeb,
was designed and implemented as part of an analog communica-
tion course. AnalogWeb was developed using MATLAB Builder
for NE with WebFigures and ASP.NET platform; it can be easily
accessed by users/students using only a Web browser and re-
quires no installation of MATLAB or any special program on the
server or the clients. AnalogWeb is a user-friendly educational
interface providing advanced visualization tools such as zoom,
moving graphics, and three-dimensional imaging. AnalogWeb was
validated, and its educational contributions tested, with 60 under-
graduate students at Sakarya University, Turkey; the results are
presented here.
Index TermsAnalog communication, communication engi-
neering education, computer-assisted learning (CAL), distance
learning, MATLAB Builder for NE and WebFigures, Web-based
educational interface.
I. INTRODUCTION
E
NGINEERING education uses practical applications and
laboratory experiments in its principal aim of improving
the skills of engineering students. These applications and ex-
periments provide students with experience in solving practical
problems. To perform practical applications, a real laboratory
environment and instrumentation are required, which have the
disadvantage of being expensive and needing curriculum time
and facility space. Some of the many academic and commer-
cial experimental/training setups and equipment are shown in
Table I [1][5]. These can cost up to several thousand dollars,
Manuscript received April 27, 2012; revised August 08, 2012; accepted
November 30, 2012. Date of publication January 08, 2013; date of current
version July 31, 2013.
S. Kaar is with the Department of ElectricalElectronic Engineering,
Technology Faculty, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey (e-mail:
skacar@sakarya.edu.tr).
C. Baylm is with the Department of Computer Engineering, Tech-
nology Faculty, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey (e-mail:
cbayilmis@sakarya.edu.tr).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TE.2012.2236329
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION EXPERIMENTAL SETUPS
so equipping a laboratory for 20 students, say, becomes exces-
sively expensive. This presents a major problem in schools and
in countries that have limited budgets.
Computer-assisted learning (CAL) is an extremely easy, fast,
effective, and economic solution to these disadvantages. CAL
signicantly increases the efciency of traditional/theoretical
engineering education and also reinforces the practical training
of engineering students when there are many students in a class
or when many experiments are to be implemented. Linns study
in the communication eld and Bhunias study in the signal
processing eld can be given as examples of the CAL litera-
ture [6], [7]. This paper deals with Web-based interfaces, cur-
rently a very popular type of CAL. Web-based educational en-
vironments are more useful than other types of CAL. In partic-
ular, Web-based solutions enable e-learning, distance education,
cost reduction, time saving, exibility, and advanced visualiza-
tion tools. Recently, Web-based educational environments con-
sisting of educational interfaces to virtual and remote laborato-
ries have been widely used in engineering education. Users/stu-
dents can easily access and use interactive Web-based educa-
tional tools and environments for practical teaching, with no
limitations imposed by schedule or geographic location [8], [9].
The literature describes many Web-based educational appli-
cations with Web-based educational interfaces and virtual and
remote laboratories for engineering education using various
platforms such as MATLAB, Java, C, C++, and LabVIEW.
Most of these studies are related to virtual and remote labora-
tories for control systems applications such as motor control or
robots. A Web-based laboratory focusing on signal processing
and control algorithms for engineering education is introduced
in [9]. Current trends in virtual laboratories are discussed
in [10]. Tzafestas et al. [11] presented an experimental evalu-
ation comparing virtual and remote laboratories in the area of
robotics. A MATLAB Builder NE implementation of a virtual
0018-9359/$31.00 2012 IEEE
KAAR AND BAYILMI: WEB-BASED EDUCATIONAL INTERFACE FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATION COURSE 347
remote electrical engineering laboratory is presented in [12]. An
educational computer system and its Web-based simulator were
developed to teach a computer architecture and organization
course in [13]. Nowadays, Web-based educational interfaces
depending on MATLAB server technology are widely used in
medicine and biomedical engineering education, [14], [15].
Furthermore, a Web-based interface using MATLAB Builder
NE with WebFigures was designed by Bayilmis for teaching
and analyzing digital modulation techniques, including ASK,
PSK, and FSK, in a communications course [8].
This paper describes a Web-based educational interface
AnalogWeb, designed and implemented for teaching and
training in an analog communications course. AnalogWeb
was developed using MATLAB Builder for NE with Web-
Figures and the ASP.NET platform. MATLAB Builder for
NE [16], which replaces the MATLAB Web server with the
MATLAB 2008 version, is becoming an increasingly popular
tool for engineering applications [17], [18] and educational
platforms [8], [12], [13]. It enables supporting server tech-
nology and powerful features of MATLAB such as its library,
analysis tools, numeric computation, advanced visualization
tools and so on.
AnalogWeb has several important advantages compared
to those used in the studies mentioned above. One is that
AnalogWeb runs standard services without requiring the down-
loading and installation of any extra software, giving faster
running time and lower response time and workload. Another
is its easy access via a Web browser from a PC, laptop, PDA, or
mobile/smart phone or other device connected to the internet.
A third advantage is the use of MATLAB Builder for NE
with WebFigures and .Net platform in its design; this allows
MATLAB features to be used in simulations without MATLAB
needing to be installed on the server or the user computers. In
particular, MATLAB Builder for NE with WebFigures tech-
nology provides high exibility with advanced visualization
tools such as zoom, moving graphics, and three-dimensional
images. AnalogWeb has been validated, and its educational
contributions tested with 60 senior undergraduate students at
Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; the results of the test are
presented here.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The theoret-
ical background of AnalogWeb is briey explained in Section II.
Section III introduces the proposed system architecture and the
design stages of AnalogWeb. Section IV presents the developed
AnalogWeb and gives examples of its use. The evaluation of
AnalogWebs educational results are described in Section V. Fi-
nally, conclusions are drawn in Section VI.
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF ANALOGWEB
This section is intended to provide the theoretical background
used in the interface, not to explain analog modulation tech-
niques. In this context, in Section II-A, the analog modulation
techniques used in the interface are classied, with a brief de-
scription of their theoretical basis. Section II-Bthen presents the
theoretical infrastructure of discrete-time simulation of analog
modulation techniques.
A. Analog Modulation Techniques
The two types of analog modulation techniques are ampli-
tude modulation and angle modulation. Both use two signals for
Fig. 1. Amplitude and angle modulations.
modulation: the message signal and the carrier signal. In ampli-
tude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal changes ac-
cording to the message signal amplitude. In angle modulation,
the frequency of the carrier signal varies according to the mes-
sage signal amplitude. Fig. 1 shows both amplitude and angle
modulations.
Amplitude modulation can be further diversied as
double sideband (DSB), double sidebandsuppressed car-
rier (DSB-SC), single sideband (SSB), and vestigial side-
band (VSB). The mathematical formulas and general frequency
spectra for amplitude modulation techniques are given in
Table II [19], [20].
Similarly, there are two types of angle modulation techniques:
frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM). These
modulation techniques are mathematical operations, effective
in the frequency domain since the components of the mod-
ulated signal can be clearly seen in the frequency spectrum.
Table III shows the formulas and frequency spectra for FM and
PM [19], [20].
B. Theoretical Background of Discrete-Time Simulation of
Analog Modulation Techniques
Two types of graphical results are obtained from AnalogWeb
simulations. The rst consists of a plot of the message, carrier
and modulated signals in the time-domain. The second shows
the frequency spectra of the signals. Since the signals and modu-
lation techniques in this work are analog, the graphics should be
obtained by continuous-time operations and transforms. How-
ever, since AnalogWeb is a simulation tool designed to simulate
analog modulation techniques, running on a computer as a dig-
ital system, the simulation results have to be obtained by dis-
crete-time operations and transforms after the signal sampling.
It is thus necessary to discuss how analog signals are sampled
and simulated in AnalogWeb.
If an analog signal is to be simulated with a digital system
such as a computer, it must be sampled, and a discrete-time se-
quence must be created from the sampled signal. The sampling
rate (or frequency, ) must be more than twice the frequency
(in hertz) of the maximum frequency component of the
signal according to the Nyquist sampling rate
in sampling theory [21]. In AnalogWeb, for every process, the
348 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, VOL. 56, NO. 3, AUGUST 2013
TABLE II
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS AND FREQUENCY SPECTRA OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION TECHNIQUES, WHERE IS THE AMPLITUDE OF THE CARRIER SIGNAL,
IS THE FREQUENCY OF THE CARRIER SIGNAL, IS THE MESSAGE SIGNAL, IS HILBERT TRANSFORM OF THE MESSAGE SIGNAL,
AND IS THE BANDPASS FILTERED SIGNAL OF THE MESSAGE SIGNAL
maximum frequency signal is the carrier signal. For that reason,
for time-domain graphics, the sampling frequency is determined
over the carrier frequency . Although making
is adequate for an accurate sampling, is made greater than
to achieve better graphics in time-domain presentations in
AnalogWeb.
If the sampling has been correctly done, making the time-do-
main presentation of the sampled signals is a very easy opera-
tion. The graphics can be created by plotting the time sequences
and discrete signal samples together; there are few differences
between the continuous-time and discrete-time presentations.
However, the same cannot be said for the frequency-domain
presentations of continuous-time and discrete-time signals be-
cause the discrete-time Fourier transform (DFT) is used for fre-
quency-domain presentation of discrete-time signals, while the
continuous-time Fourier transform (FT) is used for frequency-
domain presentation of continuous-time signals. FT and DFT
are different transforms with different features. However, in
general, the fast Fourier transform (FFT), a more efcient al-
gorithm for DFT, is preferred for practical applications; it has
been used in AnalogWeb for the frequency-domain presenta-
tion of discrete-time signals.
KAAR AND BAYILMI: WEB-BASED EDUCATIONAL INTERFACE FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATION COURSE 349
TABLE III
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS AND FREQUENCY SPECTRA FOR ANGLE MODULATION TECHNIQUES, WHERE REPRESENT AMPLITUDES
OF BESSEL FUNCTION
Although the most accurate results for continuous-time
analog signals are obtained in the frequency-domain by using
FT, the frequency spectra in AnalogWeb have to be obtained
with FFT because of the discrete-time signals. There are differ-
ences between the results of the FT of the analog signals and the
FFT of the simulated signals since FFT is discrete and of nite
length in both the time and frequency domains [21]. In addition,
using the FFT raises issues such as synchronization, frequency
resolution , and spectral leakage. If the sample rate and
number of samples used in FFT are not selected properly, good
synchronization and frequency resolution cannot be obtained.
This produces spectral leakage, and the results of the FFT
are inaccurate, as seen in the right-hand side of Fig. 2, which
shows the FFT of . It is possible to get the same
results with the FT, when the FFT is used as seen in Fig. 2,
if synchronization is provided and the frequency resolution is
selected properly.
Synchronization is ensured by beginning and ending the
sampled signal at the same phase and choosing the appropriate
number of samples according to the phase. However, this
is not always possible since the number of samples being
analyzed must be a power of 2 for the FFT [22]. This poses
a big problem for FFT applications; some techniques, such as
windowing, attempt to circumvent this, but cannot eliminate
the synchronization problem entirely.
The frequency resolution can be improved to minimize spec-
tral leakage by considering the following equation, which shows
that the sampling rate and the number of samples must be se-
lected appropriately to improve the frequency resolution
(1)
where is the number of samples. To realize this in
AnalogWeb, is selected according to Table IV. Then,
the sampling rate and the number of samples are determined
according to the selected . However, this may increase the
computing time. Finally, it can be said that the results of the FT
of the analog signals and the FFT of the simulated signals are
nearly the same, with both giving a good frequency resolution.
350 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, VOL. 56, NO. 3, AUGUST 2013
Fig. 2. Signal spectra of : (left) accurate and (right) with spectral leakage.
TABLE IV
SELECTION OF THE FREQUENCY SOLUTION
III. TOOLS FOR DESIGN AND USE OF ANALOGWEB
AnalogWeb is a Web-based interface developed on both
.Net and MATLAB platforms. A Web-based .Net application
needs .NET framework and the Visual Studio program as well
as ASP.NET editor. Furthermore, if .NET and MATLAB are
to work together in the application, MATLAB Compiler and
MATLAB Builder NE must be used in developing the appli-
cation. When developing Web-based .Net applications with
MATLAB, the rst task is using the MATLAB platform, and
the second is to use the .NET platform. Using the MATLAB
platform includes the creation of MATLAB functions that per-
form complex processes, compiling the functions and building
.NET components with MATLAB Compiler and MATLAB
Builder NE. Using the .NET platform can be investigated in two
parts. The rst is integrating deployed components (.dll les)
and MATLAB WebFigures tool, which provides visualization
of MATLAB gures in browsers, to .NET, and the second is to
design Web interface with ASP.NET [16]. The tools used in the
interface design were the following:
1) MATLAB Functions;
2) MATLAB Compiler;
3) MATLAB Builder NE (which includes MATLAB
WebFigures);
Fig. 3. Design steps and tools used in developing AnalogWeb.
4) .NET Framework;
5) Visual Studio program as ASP.NET editor.
The use of these tools in the design steps for AnalogWeb is
shown in Fig. 3.
For using a .NET application with a deployed MATLAB
component and MATLAB WebFigures, .NET Framework and
MATLAB Compiler Runtime (MCR) are required. MCR is
an execution engine that executes deployed MATLAB les
(.dll les) on computers/servers without an installed version of
MATLAB [16]. There is thus no license requirement or cost.
Fig. 4 shows the architecture and use of AnalogWeb.
KAAR AND BAYILMI: WEB-BASED EDUCATIONAL INTERFACE FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATION COURSE 351
Fig. 4. Architecture and use of AnalogWeb.
IV. USE OF ANALOGWEB
This section details the use of AnalogWeb, which is
very simple and easy to understand. When a user accesses
AnalogWeb, the home page allows them to click a button to
select the type of modulation they want to useeither DSB,
DSB-SC, SSB, or VSB amplitude modulation, or FM or PM
angle modulation.
Clicking the Theoretical Information button brings up a
Web page giving the theory of the selected technique. Users can
also access theoretical information on the discrete-time simula-
tion of the technique (Sampling theory, the FFT, etc.). Clicking
the Simulation Interface button opens a Web page for the sim-
ulation of the selected modulation type. The rst time the sim-
ulation pages are opened, only the MATLAB symbol gure is
shown in the gure frames. At the left of the pages, there is a
panel that includes the simulation parameters; Fig. 5 shows the
panel for DSB modulation and is typical of the other panels.
Two subpanels in the panel in Fig. 5 are used to set the mes-
sage signal and a carrier signal. In the message signal panel,
users can choose a dened signal or use a real sound signal. If
they select a dened signal, they can dene the message signals
shape, amplitude, frequency, and length. The signal shape is de-
termined by selecting one of ve signal shapes from a drop-
down list, seen in Fig. 5. Amplitude and frequency values are
set by sliders. The length of the message signal is entered in a
signal time textbox as seconds only for time-domain graphics. If
a real sound signal is chosen, the user must upload an audio le
of that sound. Similarly, users can then dene a carrier signal, ei-
ther sine or cosine, using the drop-down list on the carrier signal
panel. There is no option to uploading a carrier signal. Once
the message and carrier signals are dened, users click the Start
Simulation button.
At the end of the simulation, the graphical results are shown in
the gure frame by MATLAB WebFigures Control as in Fig. 6,
which shows the results of a sample simulation for DSB mod-
ulation. For this simulation, the message signal was dened as
for 0.001 s, and the carrier signal was dened
as . The graphical results consist of the mes-
sage signal, carrier signal, modulated signal, and their frequency
spectra. To obtain frequency spectra without spectral leakage,
the sampling rates and the number of samples were appropri-
ately determined by AnalogWeb as mentioned in Section II-B.
As a second example, the results of a simulation of DSB-SC
modulation are shown in Fig. 7. For the simulation, the message
signal was set as and the carrier signal was set
as by the user.
Fig. 5. Panel for entering simulation parameters.
In the examples seen in Figs. 6 and 7, the message sig-
nals were single sinusoids with 10- and 3.4-kHz frequency
values. The carrier frequency values were 80 and 40 kHz.
The frequency resolution was selected automatically as 0.1 Hz
according to Table IV by AnalogWeb. The sampling rates and
the number of samples were determined to provide the selected
. Thus, the frequency spectra were obtained accurately
without spectral leakage. Their accuracy can be seen when
compared to the general spectra of in Table II.
For angle modulations, there is a little variation on the carrier
signal panel because users must enter the kp and kf coefcients
of (5) and (6) to select between PM and FM, as shown at the
left in Fig. 8. Fig. 8 illustrates the results of a sample FM simu-
lation with a randomly dened message signal. When users de-
ne a random message signal for any technique in AnalogWeb,
352 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, VOL. 56, NO. 3, AUGUST 2013
Fig. 6. Graphical simulation results for DSB modulation.
Fig. 7. Graphical simulation results for DSB-SC modulation.
the entered amplitude value is the highest value that the mes-
sage signal can approach, and the entered frequency value is
the bandwidth of the random message signal. In the example
in Fig. 8, the bandwidth is 20 kHz, and the carrier frequency is
500 kHz. Therefore, was selected automatically as 0.1 Hz
according to Table IV. The accuracy of the frequency spectra
can be seen in comparison to the general spectra of Table III.
The icons displayed in Fig. 8 are features of MATLAB
WebFigures. If users move the cursor on MATLAB
WebFigures, a bar appears above. Three of the icons are
in the middle of the bar and the fourth is on the right. The rst
icon in the middle is used to move the gure, the second to
zoom and the third to rotate the gure in the frame of MATLAB
WebFigures. The last icon on the right is to return the gure to
its original dimensions.
V. ASSESSMENT OF ANALOGWEB
In order to facilitate the learning and teaching of analog mod-
ulation techniques, AnalogWeb was used in conjunction with
experimental setups in the laboratory environment during an
KAAR AND BAYILMI: WEB-BASED EDUCATIONAL INTERFACE FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATION COURSE 353
Fig. 8. Graphical simulation results for the FM angle modulation technique.
TABLE V
SURVEY ITEMS
analog communication course taught by the authors in the Elec-
tronic Education Department of the Technical Education Fac-
ulty at Sakarya University during the Fall term of 2011. All of
the 60 senior undergraduate students used AnalogWeb before
using the laboratory experimental setups. As a result, they had
a higher level of understanding when they performed the actual
analog communication experiments. Asurvey was administered
to evaluate AnalogWeb in terms of educational contributions
and validity.
The students were asked to rate AnalogWeb for eight items,
listed in Table V, on a ve-point Likert-type scale excellent
very good good fair very poor . The
results are shown in Fig. 9.
The rst three items are about simplifying the teaching and
learning of analog modulation techniques with AnalogWeb.
Students gave an average 85% positive response, suggesting
that AnalogWeb is useful as an educational tool. The fourth,
fth, and sixth items are intended to elicit feedback in the use
of AnalogWeb. Because of the given negative responses for the
sixth item, working and response time, the average satisfaction
level was 766%. This is because users have to wait for nearly
half a minute for the results since the communication between
the client and server takes some time. The seventh item is about
overall success; the majority (65%) of the students thought
AnalogWeb successful. The aim of the last item was to decide
whether to implement similar tools in different courses; 80% of
students thought the structure of AnalogWeb is appropriate for
adaptation to other courses in engineering education.
The effectiveness and the validity of the AnalogWeb simula-
tion tool were further evaluated by comparing students perfor-
mance in the analog communication courses laboratory exam
over two years. In the rst year, without AnalogWeb, the pass
rate was 45 %. In the second year, with AnalogWeb, the pass
rate was 65%. The increase of the pass rate is attributed to
AnalogWeb giving students the opportunity to carry out more
experiments.
VI. CONCLUSION
Practical work plays an important role in engineering edu-
cation in improving students technical skills. However, this is
high-cost and needs a laboratory environment. When high num-
bers of students and experiments are considered, Web-based in-
terfaces are economical, exible, and easy solutions, in that they
do not require laboratories or experimental equipment, and can
facilitate students understanding of practical applications in en-
gineering education. To this end, Web-based educational inter-
faces have now become one of the most important parts in CAL
and distance education applications and are commonly used by
educators.
The most important feature of the AnalogWeb tool proposed
here is that it can be accessed with only a Web browser; there are
354 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, VOL. 56, NO. 3, AUGUST 2013
Fig. 9. Assessment results.
no other software requirements. This, and the other features de-
tailed in this paper, make AnalogWeb an appealing tool for ed-
ucational purposes. AnalogWebs evaluation results also show
it to be a successful and useful tool.
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Sezgin Kaar received the M.Sc. degree in electronics and computer education
from Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey, in 2010.
Since 2009, he has been with the Department of ElectricalElectronic En-
gineering, Sakarya University, as a Research Assistant. He performs research
in the areas of nonlinear systems analysis, Web and .net-based GUI design, and
embedded systems design.
Cneyt Baylm received the Ph.D. degree in electrical education fromKocaeli
University, Kocaeli, Turkey, in 2006.
Since 2008, he has been with the Department of ElectricalElectronic En-
gineering, Sakarya University, Turkey, as a Lecturer. He became an Associate
Professor in 2011. He performs research in the areas of wireless sensor net-
works, embedded systems technology, modeling, and simulation.