1. S.M. Kao, T. Ning, C.W. Wu, and H.

Peng, Extraction of the focused object in an image

by filtering out the defocused background, In Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Speech, Image Processing and Neural Networks, vol. 1, pp. 53-56, 1994.
Technique Used: Ramp filtering followed by some post-processing steps.
2. X.P. Yang, T. Yang, and L.B. Yang, Extracting Focused Object From Defocused
Background Using Cellular Neural Networks, In Proceedings of the Third IEEE
International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications, pp. 451-
455, 1994.
Technique Used: Ramp filtering and Cellular Neural Network (CNN)
Image Size Used: 100x100.
3. C. Swain, and T. Chen, Defocus-based image segmentation, In Proceedings of the
International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 4, pp. 2403-
2406, 1995.
Technique Used: An defocus-based image segmentation approach has been used.
4. J. Katto, and M. Ohta, Novel algorithms for object extraction using multiple camera
inputs, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 2, pp.
863-866, 1996.
Technique Used: Clustering (Using Multiple Camera Input).
5. D.M. Tsai, and H.J. Wang, Segmenting Focused Objects in Complex Visual Images,
Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 29, pp. 929-949, 1998.
Based on edge and moment-preserving method.
All algorithms are programmed in the C language and executed on a personal
computer with a Pentium 166 MHz processor. The image Size is 512x480 pixels with
256 gray levels.
6. A. Marugame, A. Yamada, and M. Ohta, Focused Object Extraction with Multiple
Cameras, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 10, no.
4, pp. 530-540, 2000.
Technique Used: Disparity-Key Estimation (Edge Detection, edge -correspondence
detection, and disparity histogram creation) using three camera input system.
Resolution: 512x512.

7. J.Z. Wang, J. Li, R.M. Gray, and G. Wiederhold, Unsupervised multiresolution
segmentation for images with low depth of field, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis
and Machine Intelligence, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 85-90, 2001.
Technique Used: Multiscale approach based on high frequency wavelet coefficients
and their statistics.
The system has been implemented by C on UNIX platforms. The experiments were
performed on a single-CPU 300 MHz Pentium PC with the Linux operating system.
Image Resolution: 768x512.
8. C.S. Won, K. Pyun, and R.M. Gray, Automatic object segmentation in images with low
depth of field, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, vol.
3, pp. 805-808, 2002.
Technique Used: Block-wise maximum a posteriori segmentation (MAP).
9. C. Kim, Segmenting a Low-Depth-of-Field Image Using Morphological Filters and
Region Merging, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1503-
1511, 2005.
Technique Used: Higher order statistics (HOS) followed by morphological filtering
and region merging.
The processing time per QCIF format image is one second on an Intel Pentium IV
2.78 GHz PC.
10. K. Zhang, H. Lu, M. Duan, and Q. Zhao, Automatic Salient Regions of Interest
Extraction Based on Edge and Region Integration, In Proceedings of the IEEE
International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, vol. 1, pp. 620-623, 2006.
Technique Used: Wavelet Modulus Maxima Edge Detection and Mean Shift based
color region Segmentation.
11. L. Kovacs, and T. Sziranyi, Focus Area Extraction by Blind Deconvolution for defining
Regions of Interest, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,
vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1080-1085, 2007.
Technique Used: Blind Convolution
12. C. Kim, J. Park, J. Lee, and J.N. Hwang, Fast Extraction of Objects of Interest from
Images with Low Depth of Filed, ETRI Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 353-362, 2007.
Technique Used: Higher-order statistics map.
Intel Pentium-IV 3.4 GHz PC.
352x288
Average Processing time 0.13 seconds per frame.
13. H. Li, and K. N. Ngan, Unsupervized Video Segmentation With Low Depth of Field,
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, no. 12, pp.
1742-1751, 2007.
Technique Used: Matting model (Saliency map, bilateral and morphological
filtering and adaptive thresholding method).

14. H. Li, G. Liu, and K. Ngan, Learn to segment attention object from low DoF image, In
Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp.
2864-2867, 2010.
15. M. Kim, and H. Jeong, Automatic extraction of region of interest from images with low
depth of field, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Networking and
Information Technology, pp. 257-259, 2010.
16. H. Li, and K.N. Ngan, Learning to Extract Focused Object From Low DOF Images, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1571-
1580, 2011.
17. N. Neverova, and H. Konik, Edge-based method for sharp region extraction from low
depth of field images, In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Visual
Communications and Image Processing, pp. 1-6, 2012.