IBM Research Labs

IBM IRL,
Block 1,IIT,
Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016
IBM E-Gove!"e!# $o%ec#

Date: 25
th
Jul, 2001
Ashish Gupta
B.Tech 4
th
ear
!"#puter $cie%ce a%& '%(i%eeri%(
IIT Delhi

')ecuti*e $u##ar+
M& #wo-"o!#h I!'us#ial I!#e!shi( $o)a" wok #e" was wi#h #he IBM Reseach La*s,
New Delhi+ I was i!volve' i! #he aea o, e-Gove!a!ce 'ui!) "& wok #e", all o, which
will *e ou#li!e' i! #his e(o#+ This e(o# will cove so"e *ack)ou!' i!,o"a#io! o! #he
(o%ec#s I was i!volve' i!, as well as 'e#ails o! how #he (o%ec#s wee 'evelo(e'+
Thee ae #wo "a%o (o%ec#s #ha# I ha' a si)!i,ica!# ole i!+
The ,is# (o%ec# i!volve' )ai!i!) a )oo' u!'es#a!'i!) o, a! IBM (o'uc# calle' -o!#e!#
Ma!a)e+ M& #ask was #o s#u'& i#s ca(a*ili#ies ,o" #he (oi!# o, view o, a 'a#a
"a!a)e"e!# solu#io! i! #he e-Gov s&s#e"+ M& #ask was #o
.!'es#a!' #he (o'uc#,
How #o 'evelo( a((lica#io!s usi!) -o!#e!# Ma!a)e,
-ea#e a (o#o#&(e eGov /((lica#io! o! #o( o, i#+
0!e o, #he i"(o#a!# achieve"e!#s o, #his (o%ec# was #he 'evelo("e!# o, a !ew
$o)a""i!) /$I ove #he -o!#e!# Ma!)e $o)a""i!) /$I which (ovi'es "a!&
,ea#ues a!' su((o#s #he eGov co!ce(# o, 1Mi''lewae2+ The "a%o *e!e,i#s o, #his /$I
ae3
I# )ea#l& si"(li,ies #he #ask o, 'evelo(i!) a((lica#io!s o! #o( o, -o!#e!# Ma!a)e+
I# (ovi'es a''i#io!al ,u!c#io!ali#& i! -o!#e!# Ma!a)e, which woul' *e a
e4uie"e!# ,o eGov (o%ec#+
I# su((o#s a la&ee' achi#ec#ue *& which !ew ca(a*ili#ies ca! *e a''e' #o #he
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e /$I *& i"(le"e!#i!) #he e4uie' ,u!c#io!ali#& as la&es a*ove
#he /$
/! a((lica#io! was ,i!all& 'evelo(e' usi!) #he a*ove /$I #o 'e"o!s#a#e i#s use,ul!ess+ I#
was a (o#o#&(e solu#io! #o a eal li,e (o*le" k!ow! as I!!e Li!e $e"i#, which occus i!
eas#e! s#a#es o, I!'ia like /u!achal $a'esh+
The seco!' (o%ec# was o! 'esi)!i!) a!' i"(le"e!#i!) /u'i# Tails i! Dis#i*u#e'
Da#a*ase E!vio!"e!#s such as #ha# o, eGov+ /u'i# Tail ca! *e 'esci*e' as elec#o!ic
evi'e!ce #ha# ca! *e use' #o #ace #a!sac#io!s #o vei,& #hei vali'i#& a!' accuac&+ I#
)a#hes 'a#a a*ou# ac#ivi#& i! #he s&s#e" a!' a!al&zes i# #o 'iscove secui#& viola#io!s+
I! #his (o%ec# we woke' o! so"e issues e)a'i!) /u'i# Tails i! such a! e!vio!"e!#
a!' so"e solu#io!s wee (o(ose'+
I ac4uie' "a!& !ew #ech!ical skills #hou)hou# "& wok #e"+ I ac4uie' !ew k!owle')e
i! #he aea o, Dis#i*u#e' Da#a*ases+ I also *ushe' u( "& 5isual -66 skills while "aki!)
#he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e a((lica#io!+ The! I )o# i!#o'uce' #o #he aea o, eseach a!' how #o
a((oach i#+ Mos# i"(o#a!#l&, #he wok e7(eie!ce was ve& )oo' which i!clu'e' )oo'
,ellowshi(, coo(ea#ive #ea"wok a!' acce(#i!) es(o!si*ili#ies+
I ,ou!' #ha# I was well #ai!e' i! ce#ai! aeas #ha# hel(e' "e su*s#a!#iall& i! "& (o%ec#s+
Ma!& (o)a""i!) skills #ha# I use' i! "& (o%ec#s, such as (o)a""i!) s#&le a!'
'esi)!, wee o!es #ha# I ha' ac4uie' 'ui!) "& s#u'ies i! -o"(u#i!) 8cie!ce+
This e(o# co!clu'es wi#h "& oveall i"(essio!s o, "& wok e7(eie!ce as well as "&
o(i!io! o, #he I!'us#ial I!#e!shi( $o)a" i! )e!eal+

TABL' ,- !,.T'.T$
1 A!/.,0L'DG'M'.T$ 1
2 I.TR,D2!TI,. A.D ,3'R3I'0 4
2.1 IBM and e-Governance Background Information 4
2.2 Introduction 4
2.3 Need for E-governance 4
2.4 Issues in impementing e-governance !
2.! "oution #pproac$ !
2.% &irection of 'esearc$ at I'( !
2.) *ro+ect ,vervie- %
2.7.1 Part-I: Content Manager 6
2.7.2 Part-II: Audit Trail on Distributed Database 6
1 4R,J'!T 5 I: !,.T'.T MA.AG'R 6
3.1 *ro+ect Background and "cope )
3.2 *ro+ect.s 'ationae and Goas )
3.3 /ec$nica &etais and #ppica0e Issues 1
3.3.1 Installing the Product
3.3.2 !nderstanding Content Manager
3.3.3 "#er#ie$ o% the Architecture o% Content Manager
3.3.& 'eatures o% Content Manager ( )rie% *u++ar, 1-
3.3.. The )eginners /uide to Content Manager 1-
3.3.6 The 0e$ Content Manager API 1-
3.3.7 The Inner 1ine Per+it A22lication 12
3.3. 'uture 3or4 16
3.3.5 *u++ar, 17
4 4R,J'!T 7 II: A2DIT TRAIL ,. DI$TRIB2T' DATABA$'$ 18
4.1 *ro+ect Background and "cope 11
&.1.1 e/o#ern+ent %ro+ audit trail6s 2ers2ecti#e 1
&.1.2 3hat is audit trail 7 1
4.2 *ro+ect.s 'ationae and Goas 12
4.3 /ec$nica &etais and #ppica0e Issues 23
2
&.3.1 Architectural choices 2-
4.4 'e4uirements for #udit /rai 21
4.! "oution 22
&...1 8e%erence Architecture o% ATA 2&
4.% 5uture 6ork 2!
4.) "ummar7 2!
5 L'AR.I.G -R,M T9' I.T'R.$9I4 4R,GRAM 25
: A44LI.G M 2.I3'R$IT $/ILL$ 2:
6 A44'.DI!'$ 26
).1 #ppendi8 # 9 'e4uirements for eGov data management
2)
).2 #ppendi8 B 9 "ome 4uestions regarding :ontent Manager 31
).3 #ppendi8 : 9 "ecurit7 using "mart :ards 32
).4 #ppendi8 & 9 'eference Guide for t$e ne- #*I 34
3
1 Acknowledgements
Dui!) "& su""e i!#e!shi( , #he s#a,, a# IBM a!' (eso!s )ui'i!) "e wee wee ve&
hel(,ul a!' e7#e!'e' #hei valua*le )ui'a!ce a!' hel( whe!eve e4uie' ,o #he (o%ec#s
which I woke' o!+
I a" ve& #ha!k,ul #o "& )ui'e D+ $+ 5+ Ka"esa" ,o his i!valua*le )ui'a!ce a!' a'vice
'ui!) "& 8u""e I!#e!shi(+
I a" #ha!k,ul #o 9ai%i# Bha##aca&a ,o his )ui'a!ce a!' ,ie!'l& su((o# 'ui!) "& s#a& a#
IRL+
I a" also ve& )ea#,ul #o .(e!'a 8ha"a : ,o )ea# coo(ea#io! a!' hel( es(+ i! #he ;
!'
(o%ec# a!' "& ,i!al (ese!#a#io! <, /%a& Gu(#a : ,o hel(i!) i! "& ,i!al (ese!#a#io!, i!
'evelo(i!) #he a((lica#io! a!' #he /$I a!' 'ocu"e!#i!) #he /$Is < a!' Haish -hauha!
: who was alwa&s ea'& #o e7#e!' a!& #ech!ical su((o# a# a sho# !o#ice <+
I also #ha!k D+ Ma!o% Ku"a who hel(e' us i! #he ;
!'
(o%ec# o! /u'i# Tails *& shai!)
his vas# e7(eie!ce a!' )ivi!) valua*le 'iec#io! #o #he (o%ec#+
0veall , #he a*ove #ea" "a'e "& s#a& a# IRL a! e!%o&a*le o!e a!' I a" )ea#,ul #o #he"
,o "aki!) i# so+
4
2 Introduction and Overview
2.1 IB and e!"overnance # Background In$ormation
Gove!"e!#s ae ce!#al (la&es i! #he !ew eco!o"&+ The& se# #he cli"a#e ,o weal#h
cea#io!+ The& ca! ac# as a 'ea'e!i!) ha!' o! cha!)e o *e #he ca#al&s# ,o cea#ivi#&+
The& ca! cause eco!o"ic s#a)!a#io!+++o #he& ca! se# a cli"a#e ,o )ow#h+=
The Di)i#al Eco!o"&
2.2 Introduction
$e,o"a!ce o, )ove!"e!# a,,ec#s 4uali#& o, li,e, eco!o"ic )ow#h a!' vo#e *ehavio+ To
#ha# e7#e!#, i# is esse!#ial #o s#ea"li!e #he *usi!ess o, )ove!a!ce+
Tech!olo)& has *ee! a wi'el& use' #ool #o i!cease (o'uc#ivi#& a!' #o e"ove
i!e,,icie!cies i! vaious i!'us#ies i! #he la#e ;0#h ce!#u&+ Howeve, #he *usi!ess o,
)ove!a!ce has *ee! la#e i! a'o(#i!) #ech!olo)& solu#io!s #o i!cease i#s e,,icie!c&+
The (i"a& easo! ,o #his a!o"al& is #ha# #hee ae !u"eous #ech!olo)& issues #ha#
!ee' #o *e esolve' *e,oe a #ue eGove!a!ce solu#io! ca! *e a'o(#e'+
2.3 %eed $or &!governance
E-)ove!a!ce is a #ool #o (ovi'e e,,icie!# a!' e,,ec#ive )ove!a!ce+ I# i!ceases #he
e,,icie!c& o, )ove!a!ce *& (ovi'i!) #a!s(ae!c& a!' accou!#a*ili#& a!' e'uci!) #he
cos# o, )ove!a!ce+
'
/o#ern+ent /o#ern+ent
Transactions
Citi9ens
e-/o# solution
2.4 Issues in implementing e!governance
5aious )ove!"e!#s, i!volve' i! #he #ask o, *uil'i!) a e-)ove!a!ce solu#io!, ae ,aci!) a
#hee (o!)e' (o*le"+ The ,is# is how #o selec# a!' e!#us# a solu#io! (ovi'e #o 'elive
a!& (a# o, e-)ove!a!ce+ >hile #hee ae !u"eous solu#io! (ovi'es i! #he "ake#, i#
a((eas u!likel& #ha# a!& si!)le ve!'o ca! o,,e #he e!#ie s&s#e"?solu#io!+
The seco!' is #o e!sue #ha# a,#e each solu#io! (ovi'e has cea#e' a solu#io!, #he
vaious solu#io!s shoul' *e i!#e)a*le a!' shoul' #alk #o each o#he+ 8i!ce each solu#io!
(ovi'e "a& use i#s ow! #ech!olo)ies, 'a#a sche"as a!' s#a!'a's, i!#e)a#io! will *e a
challe!)e+
The #hi' (o*le" is #o e!coua)e #he 'evelo("e!# o, (o#a*le? e(lica*le solu#io!, #ha#
ca! *e euse' i! a((lica#io!s ,o o#he )ove!"e!# a)e!cies, 8#a#es e#c+ The easo!i!)
*ehi!' #his is #ha#, %us# as i! *usi!esses, aou!' @AB o, #he (ocesses ae sa"e acoss
,i"s, wi#hi! #he sa"e i!'us#&, i# is e7(ec#e' #ha# @AB o, #he (ocesses shoul' *e si"ila
acoss 'i,,ee!# )ove!"e!#s+ Thus, i# shoul' *e (ossi*le #o use #he solu#io!s 'evelo(e'
,o o!e )ove!"e!#, i! a!o#he )ove!"e!#+ Reusi!) #he e-)ove!a!ce asse# acoss
'i,,ee!# )ove!"e!#s ca! su*s#a!#iall& *i!) 'ow! #he cos# o, )ove!a!ce+
2.' Solution Approach
0!e (ossi*le o(#io! ,o a''essi!) #he a*ove s#a#e' challe!)es is #o a'o(# a "o'el i!
which #he solu#io!s #o *e 'evelo(e' a!' 'e(lo&e' ca! a'o(# #o a!& !e#wok #o(olo)&,
"ake use o, a eusa*le "i''lewae : which ca! i"(ose so"e s#a!'a'iza#io!<+ 8uch a
"i''lewae i#sel, "a& "ake use o, s#a!'a' so,#wae co"(o!e!#s ,o" #he i!'us#&+
Ci!all& #he a((lica#io!s #he"selves will *e *uil# *& To#al 8olu#io! $ovi'es o! #o( o, #he
"i''lewae+
2.( )irection o$ Research at IR*
IRL is woki!) o! #he 'esi)! a!' (o#o#&(e o, #he e-)ove!a!ce "i''lewae, which will
"ake i# (ossi*le ,o )ove!"e!#s #o 4uickl& 'e(lo& a((lica#io!s wi#h #he hel( o, #his
"i''lewae+ These a((lica#io!s #he"selves "a& *e #o ,acili#a#e i!#e'e(a#"e!#al
ac#ivi#ies wi#hi! #he )ove!"e!#, -i#ize! a!' e"(lo&ee i!#eac#io!s wi#h #he Gove!"e!#,
o #o #o co!'uc# #he *usi!ess o, )ove!a!ce wi#h *usi!esses a!' e!#e(ises+
(

'5("*er%a%ce 4lat;"r#
G"*er%
#e%t
!iti<e% Busi%es
ses
'#pl"+e
es
2.+ ,ro-ect Overview
2.+.1 ,art!I. /ontent anager
This (a# o, #he (o%ec# i!volve' )ai!i!) a )oo' u!'es#a!'i!) o, a! IBM (o'uc# calle'
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e+ M& #ask was #o s#u'& i#s ca(a*ili#ies ,o" #he (oi!# o, view o, a 'a#a
"a!a)e"e!# solu#io! i! #he e-Gov s&s#e"+ M& #ask was #o
.!'es#a!' #he (o'uc#,
How #o 'evelo( a((lica#io!s usi!) -o!#e!# Ma!a)e,
-ea#e a (o#o#&(e eGov /((lica#io! o! #o( o, i#+
0!e o, #he i"(o#a!# achieve"e!#s o, #his (o%ec# was #he 'evelo("e!# o, a !ew
$o)a""i!) /$I ove #he -o!#e!# Ma!)e $o)a""i!) /$I, which (ovi'es "a!&
,ea#ues a!' su((o#s #he eGov co!ce(# o, 1Mi''lewae2+ The "a%o *e!e,i#s o, #his /$I
ae3
I# )ea#l& si"(li,ies #he #ask o, 'evelo(i!) a((lica#io!s o! #o( o, -o!#e!# Ma!a)e+
I# (ovi'es a''i#io!al ,u!c#io!ali#& i! -o!#e!# Ma!a)e, which woul' *e a
e4uie"e!# ,o eGov (o%ec#+
I# su((o#s a la&ee' achi#ec#ue *& which !ew ca(a*ili#ies ca! *e a''e' #o #he
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e *& i"(le"e!#i!) #he" as la&es a*ove #he /$I+
2.+.2 ,art!II. Audit 0rail on )istri1uted )ata1ase
/! elec#o!ic au'i# #ail is a ,o" o, evi'e!ce #ha# ca! *e use' #o #ace #a!sac#io!s #o
vei,& #hei vali'i#& a!' accuac&+ I# )a#hes 'a#a a*ou# ac#ivi#& i! #he s&s#e" a!' a!al&zes
,o #he (u(ose o, au'i#i!) #he eve!#s *& #he a((lica#io! o! #he 'a#a+ The cue!# (o%ec#
,ocuses o! #he vaious issues i!volve' i! havi!) a! au'i# #ail "echa!ish" ,o a
'is#i*u#e' achi#ec#ue like #ha# o, eGove!"e!# as 'iscusse' a*ove+ I# will 'iscuss #he
(lace"e!# o, au'i# #ail lo)ic o!ce #he eGov achi#ec#ue is i! (lace a!' #he! o#he issues
like i#s s#oa)e a!' secui#& issues+
+
3 ,ro-ect ! I. /ontent anager
3.1 ,ro-ect Background and Scope
eGov is "assive (o%ec# i! which 'a#a "a!a)e"e!# (la&s a vi#al ole+ 8i!ce #he !u"*e o,
a((lica#io!s u!!i!) o! #he s&s#e" will *e la)e i! !u"*e, 'a#a s#oa)e, e#ieval a!'
"a!a)e"e!# will *e a i"(o#a!# issue+ Co #his, a 'a#a "a!a)e"e!# solu#io! is e4uie'
which will sui# eGov e4uie"e!#s+ /! IBM (o'uc# calle' -o!#e!# Ma!a)e o,,es o!e
(ossi*le solu#io!+
8i!ce #he i!,o"a#io! )e!ea#e' *& "os# o, #he eGov 'e(a#"e!#s "a& !o# (ossess a
s#uc#ue' ,o"a# a!' #hus #hee is a! o*vious !ee' o, so"e #ool, which ca! "a!)e #his
u!s#uc#ue' i!,o"a#io! i! a e,,icie!# "a!!e+ -o!#e!# Ma!a)e, a! IBM #a'e"ak, o,,es
a scala*le solu#io! ,o #he sa"e as i# ca! "a!a)e all u!s#uc#ue' i!,o"a#io! i! a!
e,,icie!# ,ashio!+
3.2 ,ro-ect2s Rationale and "oals
M& )oals e)a'i!) -o!#e!# Ma!a)e wee #he ,ollowi!)3
1+ To I!s#all #he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e $o'uc#
;+ To u!'es#a!' #he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e (o'uc# a!' i#s (o(e co!,i)ua#io! a!' se##i!)s
D+ To u!'es#a!' i#s (o)a""i!) I!#e,aces a!' how #o 'evelo( a! a((lica#io! o! #o( o,
i#+
E+ To 'evelo( a! /$I o! #o( o, #he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e /$I which a''s ,u!c#io!ali#& #o
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e as (e #he e4uie"e!#s o, eGov+
A+ To u!'e#ake a! eGov a((lica#io! a!' 'evelo( i# o! #o( o, -o!#e!# Ma!a)e
3.3 0echnical )etails and Applica1le Issues
3.3.1 Installing the ,roduct
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e uses IBM DB; .!ivesal Da#a*ase as a! a'%u!c# #o 'o i#s wok+ IBM
DB; .!ivesal Da#a*ase is a! IBM (o'uc# #o #ake cae o, #he e!#e(ise 'a#a*ase !ee's+
$io #o i!s#alli!) -o!#e!# Ma!a)e, o!e !ee's #o i!s#all Micoso,# 5isual -66 a!' IBM
DB; .!ivesal Da#a*ase a!' co!,i)ue i# (o(el&+ >e ,ace' so"e (o*le"s i! I!s#alli!)
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e a!' #ie' so"e #i"es *e,oe )ivi!) u(+ >e ,ou!' i# #o *e i!co"(a#i*le
wi#h DB; vesio! F+1 so we #ie' DB; 5esio! 6+1+ /,#e #ha# so"e a''i#io!al co!,i)ua#io!
is e4uie' i! #he >i!'ows NT e)a'i!) so"e s&s#e" (ivile)es+ -o!#e!# Ma!a)e uses
#he $er*ices ,ea#ues o, >i!'ows NT a!' s#a#s i#s "o'ules as 8evices+ 0!ce &ou i!s#all
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e, &ou !ee' #o s#a# #hese sevices #o "ake -o!#e!# Ma!a)e ,u!c#io!al
o! #he "achi!e ,o #ha# (a#icula sessio!+
3
3.3.2 4nderstanding /ontent anager
D+D+;+1 >ha# is -o!#e!# Ma!a)e G
8i"(l& (u#, -o!#e!# Ma!a)e is a 'ocu"e!# "a!a)e"e!# a((lica#io!, (ovi'i!) "a!&
so(his#ica#e' ,ea#ues a!' easil& a'a(#a*le #o a !e#wok solu#io! ,o 'a#a access+
I# ca! hel( &ou "a7i"ize #he value o, &ou i!,o"a#io! a!' "ul#i"e'ia asse#s+ Re)a'less
o, #he #&(e o, 'a#a :#e7# 'ocu"e!#s, sca!!e' i"a)es, au'io, vi'eo, ,o"s a!& *i!a&
o*%ec#<, i# le#s &ou s#oe 'a#a o! 'is#i*u#e' seves a!' access i# #hou)h a si!)le (oi!#
wi#hou# k!owi!) a*ou# #he wheea*ou#s o, #he 'a#a o! #he !e#wok+
This is i'eal, whee la)e a"ou!#s o, 'a#a o, he#eo)e!eous !a#ue is e4uie' #o *e
accesse' #hou)h a si!)le clie!# a((lica#io! whee #he 'a#a coul' ac#uall& *e loca#e'
acoss vaious seves+
-"r e)a#ple a li*a& wi#h vaious *a!ches acoss #he cou!#& "a& (lace i#s *ooks i!
(o(ula ,o"a#s e+)+ pdf ,o"a# a!' o#he "e'ia such as i"a)es, vi'eos e#c+ acoss
vaious seves which ca! *e accesse' #hou)h a ce!#al seve usi!) #he -o!#e!#
Ma!a)e solu#io!+ /!& use ca! #he! have a si!)le view o, #he e!#ie li*a& usi!) a we*-
,o!# e!'+
3.3.3 Overview o$ the Architecture o$ /ontent anager
5
1ibrar,
*er#er
Multi2le "b:ect *er#ers
Client
The co!#e!# "a!a)e co!sis#s o, a clie!#, li*a& seve a!' "ul#i(le o*%ec# seves+ The
a*ove ,i)ue shows #he achi#ec#ue ,o a #&(ical -o!#e!# Ma!a)e i"(le"e!#a#io!+ I#
co!sis#s o,3
D+D+D+1 -lie!#
This is #he e!' use who will *e accessi!) #he 'a#a s#oe' i! #he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e
i"(le"e!#a#io! usi!) Li*a& 8eves a!' 0*%ec# 8eves+ No#e #ha# #he clie!#
co""u!ica#es wi#h *o#h Li*a& 8eve as well as #he 0*%ec# 8eves+
The co!!ec#io! *e#wee! #he clie!# a!' #he o*%ec# seves has hi)h *a!'wi'#h as
co"(ae' #o #he co!!ec#io! *e#wee! #he clie!# a!' #he Li*a& 8eve+ This will *eco"e
clea i! #he ,ollowi!) sec#io!s+
D+D+D+; Li*a& 8eve
Li*a& seve, "a!a)es #he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e ca#alo) i!,o"a#io!, loca#es s#oe' o*%ec#s
usi!) a vaie#& o, seach #ech!olo)ies, (ovi'es secue access #o #he o*%ec#s i! #he
collec#io!, a!' co""u!ica#es wi#h #he o*%ec# seves+ / -o!#e!# Ma!a)e s&s#e" e4uies
o!e li*a& seve, which ca! u! o! >i!'ows NT
:R<
, >i!'ows ;000, /IH, o 08?DI0
:R<
+
The li*a& seve uses a ela#io!al 'a#a*ase #o "a!a)e 'i)i#al o*%ec#s a!' (ovi'e 'a#a
i!#e)i#& *& "ai!#ai!i!) i!'e7 i!,o"a#io! a!' co!#olli!) access #o o*%ec#s #ha# ae s#oe'
o! #he o*%ec# seves+ This ela#io!al 'a#a*ase ca! *e IBM DB; .!ivesal Da#a*ase
:TM<
:DB; .DB< o 0acle+
-ue!#l&, #hee is o!e Li*a& 8eve (e i"(le"e!#a#io!+ B& a! i"(le"e!#a#io!, we "ea!
a! i!'e(e!'e!# i"(le"e!#a#io! o, a -o!#e!# Ma!a)e solu#io!+
D+D+D+D 0*%ec# seve
The o*%ec# seve is #he e(osi#o& ,o o*%ec#s #ha# ae s#oe' i! #he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e
s&s#e"+ .ses s#oe a!' e#ieve o*%ec#s ,o" #he o*%ec# seve, #hou)h e4ues#s #ha# ae
ou#e' *& #he li*a& seve+ + Thee ca! *e "ul#i(le 0*%ec# 8eves i! a! i"(le"e!#a#io!+
The o*%ec# seve e,,icie!#l& a!' au#o"a#icall& "a!a)es s#oa)e esouces, *ase' o! #he
s#oa)e "a!a)e"e!# e!#i#ies :such as volu"es< #ha# ae 'e,i!e' usi!) #he -o!#e!#
Ma!a)e s&s#e" a'"i!is#a#io! (o)a" / -o!#e!# Ma!a)e s&s#e" ca! have "a!&
o*%ec# seves 'is#i*u#e' acoss !e#woks #o (ovi'e co!ve!ie!# use access+ 0*%ec#
seves u! o! /IH, >i!'ows NT, >i!'ows ;000, o 08?DI0+
/ 'a#a*ase o! #he o*%ec# seve co!#ai!s 'a#a a*ou# #he e7ac# loca#io! o, each o*%ec#+ The
'a#a*ase ca! *e ei#he DB;
:R<
.DB o 0acle+
D+D+D+E /'va!#a)es o, #he a*ove /chi#ec#ue
The a*ove achi#ec#ue (ovi'es #he ,ollowi!) a'va!#a)es3
8u((o# ,o "ul#i(le, 'is#i*u#e' o*%ec# seves allows &ou #o s#oe 'i)i#al o*%ec#s close #o
#he uses who !ee' #o access #he" ,e4ue!#l&+ This su((o# is es(eciall& i"(o#a!# ,o
'elive& o, la)e "ul#i"e'ia o*%ec#s+
8u((o# ,o he#eo)e!eous seves allows &ou #o use #he s&s#e" ,o all ki!'s o, 'a#a
:i!clu'i!) s#ea"e' 'a#a<, while o(#i"izi!) #he (ocessi!) o, i!'ivi'ual 'a#a #&(es+
-lie!# co""u!ica#io! #hou)h #he li*a& seve e!sues #he i!#e)i#& o, 'a#a o*%ec#s+ /
clie!# ca! access o*%ec#s o!l& *& e4ues#i!) #he" #hou)h #he li*a& seve+ The li*a&
seve 'a#a*ase co!#ai!s i!,o"a#io! such as o*%ec# #&(es, i!'e7es o, all s#oe' o*%ec#s,
au#hoize' uses o, #he s&s#e", a!' access co!#ol lis#s ,o each o*%ec#+
16
8e(aa#io! o, clie!# a((lica#io!s, i!'e7es, a!' 'a#a "akes a((lica#io!s i!'e(e!'e!# o, #he
'a#aJs loca#io! o! #he seves+
The o(e! achi#ec#ue allows #he i!#e"i7i!) o, a''i#io!al o*%ec# seves o! #he sa"e o
'i,,ee!# o(ea#i!) s&s#e"s a!' su((o#s scali!) ,o" o!e o(ea#i!) e!vio!"e!# #o
a!o#he, as )ow#h e4uies a,#e i"(le"e!#a#io!+
3.3.4 7eatures o$ /ontent anager # Brie$ Summar8
Le#s &ou s#oe co!#e!# e)a'less o, ,o"a#+
: .!s#uc#ue' 'a#a <E+)+ #e7# 'ocu"e!#s, sca!!e' i"a)es, au'io, vi'eo, ,o"s a!& *i!a& o*%ec#
8#oes 'a#a o! 'is#i*u#e' seves a!' (ovi'es si!)le (oi!# access+
$ovi'es "a!& so(his#ica#e' ,ea#ues like
/ccess co!#ol
8#oa)e "a!a)e"e!# K /chivi!) , $u)i!) , Mi)a#io!
.se "a!a)e"e!#
/u#o"a#e' >ok,low
E!#e(ise wi'e seach ,o" I!#e!e# o i!#a!e# clie!#s+
8#ea"i!) au'io a!' vi'eo+
3.3.' 0he Beginners "uide to /ontent anager
/,#e )oi!) #hou)h #he vaious "a!uals o, -o!#e!# Ma!a)e a!' ,il#ei!) ou# #he esse!#ial
(oi!#s, I wo#e a 'ocu"e!# calle' Be(i%%ers Gui&e t" !"%te%t Ma%a(er which coves
#he esse!#ial co!ce(#s o, -o!#e!# Ma!a)e i!clu'i!) a((lica#io! 'evelo("e!# a!'
i!clu'es a((e!'ices wi#h use,ul e,ee!ce i!,o"a#io! e)a'i!) -o!#e!# Ma!a)e+ This
)ui'e seves as a use,ul i!#o'uc#io! #o a!& (eso! s#ivi!) #o u!'es#a!' -o!#e!#
Ma!a)e+
3.3.( 0he %ew /ontent anager A,I
/s #he "a%o ou#co"e o, #he ,is# (o%ec#, a! /$I was 'evelo(e' ove #he e7is#i!) /$Is o,
-o!#e!# "a!a)e, kee(i!) i! "i!' #he ,ollowi!) *e!e,i#s3
The /$I
Makes i# ve& eas& #o (e,o" o(ea#io!s o! #he -M Da#a*ase
The -o!#e!# Ma!a)e /$I is 'i,,icul# #o lea! a!' use #o "ake ac#ual a((lica#io!s a!'
hu!'e's o, li!es "a& *e e4uie' ,o si"(le o(ea#io!s such as i!se# , 'ele#e a!'
seach e#c+ The !ew /$I "akes i# ve& eas& #o wi#e !ew a((lica#io!s o! #o( o, -M
a!' o!e ca! 'o i!se# , 'ele#e e#c+ i! %us# o!e li!e+
E!ca(sula#es #he co"(le7i#& o, -M /$I
The co"(le7i#& o, -M e"ai!s hi''e! ,o" #he use+ Ma!& (aa"e#es which #ake
'e,aul# values ,o !o"al 'a#a access sce!aios ae ha!'le' *& ou /$I a!' #he
'evelo(e 'oes!L# !ee' #o 'elve i!#o #he 'e#ails o, #he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e (o)a""i!)
i!#e,ace+
0*%ec# 0ie!#e' /((oach allows eas& i!#e)a#io! i!#o !ew a((s
The !ew /$I has *ee! i"(le"e!#e' ,ollowi!) a! 0*%ec# 0ie!#e' /((oach , #hus
allowi!) eas& i!#e)a#io! i!#o !ew a((lica#io!s+ 0!e si"(l& !ee's #o 'eclae a !ew
o*%ec# ,o each sessio! wi#h -o!#e!# Ma!)e, lo) i! a!' s#a# (e,o"i!) #he 'a#a
access+
11
e+)+
CSimpleCMAPI newsession; // declare a new object
Newsession.login(login_id,login_password); // login
start performing operations
8(ee's u( /((lica#io! Develo("e!# Ti"e
8i!ce, #he !ew /$I e4uies "uch less #i"e #o lea! a!' co'i!) , !ew a((lica#io!s
ca! *e 'evelo(e' ve& 4uickl&+
E+)+ The ,is# a((lica#io! i!clu'i!) wi#i!) #he /$I #ook us E-A 'a&s #o ,i!ish+/,#e
wi#i!) #he /$I , we 'evelo(e' a!o#he a((lica#io! o, si"ila !a#ue i! %us# E-A hs
which is a si)!i,ica!# i"(ove"e!#+
E7#e!si*ili#&3 /c#s like a !ew la&e o! #o( o, -M
8i!ce #he !ew /$I is wi##e! o! #he #o( o, -o!#e!# Ma!a)e /$I, a''i#io!al
,u!c#io!ali#& ca! *e easil& a''e' #o #he /$I #o (ovi'e !ew ,ea#ues+
New la&es like -us#o" /ccess -o!#ol, /u'i# La&e ca! *e a''e'
8o"e e4uie"e!#s o, a((lica#io!s like #hose i! eGov "a& !o# *e co"(le#el& o
(a#iall& ,ul,ille' *& -o!#e!# Ma!a)e+ To #ake cae o, #hese e4uie"e!#s, o!e ca!
si"(l& i"(le"e!# #he ,u!c#io!ali#& e4uie' i! a !ew la&e o! #o( o, ou /$I esul#i!) i!
a''i#io!al ,u!c#io!ali#&+ : 8ee #he ,i)ue *elow <
E+)+ I! ou (o#o#&(e a((lica#io! #o *e 'iscusse' i! #he !e7# sec#io! , we i"(le"e!#e'
!ew la&es ,o au'i# #ail a!' a''i#io!al secui#& e4uie"e!#s , 'e"o!s#a#i!) #he
a*ove co!ce(# a!' how #o )o a*ou# i"(le"e!#i!) !ew ,u!c#io!ali#& o! #o( o, #he !ew
/$I+
12
Content Manager API
'older Manager API
1ibrar, Client API
*i+2leCMAPI
A22lication
*ecurit, 1a,er
Audit 1a,er
The a*ove ,i)ue shows #he ole o, #he !ew /$I i! 'evelo(i!) a((lica#io!s+ The a((lica#io!
#alks 'iec#l& ou /$I a!' all i#s #a!sca#io!s (ass #hou)h vaious la&es like au'i# #ail
la&e a!' secui#& la&e which ca! 'e"a!' o i"(le"e!# #he e4uie' ,u!c#io!ali#& ,o #he
a((lica#io!+
3.3.+ 0he Inner *ine ,ermit Application
/! a((lica#io! was 'evelo(e' usi!) #he /$Is 'esci*e' a*ove+ I! o'e #o 'evelo( a!
a((lica#io! a eal li,e sce!aio o, 1i!!e li!e (e"i# 1 was #ake! a!' a (o#o#&(e solu#io!
a((lica#io! was 'evelo(e' ove co!#e!# "a!a)e+
Descripti"% "; i%%er li%e per#it
/ll !o!-esi'e!# visi#os wa!#i!) #o visi# /u!achal $a'esh !ee' a! I!!e Li!e $e"i# #o
coss #he *o'e as a secui#& e4uie"e!#, which ca! *e o*#ai!e' ,o" #he Resi'e!#
-o""issio!e a!' Liaiso! 0,,ices, Gov#+ o, /u!achal $a'esh+ Howeve, #he ci#ize!s o,
/u!achal $a'esh 'o!L# !ee' a! I!!e Li!e $e"i# #o e!#e #he s#a#e+ This (oses a
(o*le" a# #he e!#& check(oi!#s, as i# "a& *e 'i,,icul# #o "ake a 'is#i!c#io! *e#wee! a
ci#ize! o, /u!achal $a'esh ,o" a !o!-esi'e!# visi#o+
I!!e li!e (e"i# e4ues# is "a'e #o au#hoize' o,,ice o, #he s#a#e )ove!"e!#
The e4ues# is e!#ee' i! #he s&s#e" alo!)wi#h #he sca!s o, e4uie' 'ocu"e!#s
I!!e li!e (e"i# is issue' *& au#hoize' o,,ices a)ai!s# #he e4uie' 'ocu"e!#s
/# #he e!#& check (oi!#s #he secui#& (eso!!el vei,ies whe#he a (eso! e!#ei!) #he
s#a#e is a esi'e!# o a !o!-esi'e!# usi!) #he i!,o"a#io! s&s#e"
Co !o!-esi'e!#s, vali'i#& o, #he i!!e-li!e (e"i# is checke' usi!) #he s&s#e"
The (eso! e!#ei!) #he s#a#e :*o#h esi'e!# a!' !o!-esi'e!#< ae i'e!#i,ie' usi!)
i'e!#i,ica#io! "aks e!#ee' i! #he s&s#e" as well as #he (ho#o)a(hs e!#ee' i! #he
s&s#e" 'ui!) #he issua!ce o, i!!e-li!e (e"i#? esi'e!#shi(+
Thus, a co!ve!ie!# s&s#e", which (e"i#s #he s#a#e )ove!"e!# #o access #he
esi'e!#shi( 'a#a*ase o, #he s#a#e wi#h i'e!#i,ica#io! i!,o"a#io! woul' )ea#l& assis# i!
"a!a)i!) #he ,low o, (eo(le i!#o #he se!si#ive s#a#e+
13
La+ere& Architecture ;"r applicati"% &e*el"p#e%t
E7(la!a#io! o, #he 8olu#io! (ovi'e' *& #he a((lica#io!3
The a((lica#io! co!sis#s o, ; 'a#a*ases, which ae3
ci#ize! 'a#a*se a!'
i!!e li!e (e"i# 'a#a*ase+
The a((lica#io!, as show! i! #he scee! sho#s, (ovi'es #he !ecessa& ,u!ci#o!ali#& as e4ues#e' *& #he
si#ua#io!+ /! e,,icie!# usa)e o, #he a*ove "e!#io!e' /$Is has also *ee! show! *& (ovi'i!) e7#a
secui#& a!' au'i#i!) ,acili#ies i! #he a((lica#io!+
14
I!!e Li!e $e"i# ,o 5I8IT0R
RE8IDENT8HI$
Re4uie"e!#s ,o e!#ei!) /u!achal $a'esh
0R
/u!achal $a'esh
1'
$"#e scree% sh"ts "; the i%%er li%e per#it applicati"%
1(
The o(e!i!) scee! o, #he I!!e Li!e $e"i# Da#a*ase a((lica#io!
De"o!s#a#io! o, #he secui#& la&e a*ove *esi'es #he -o!#e!#
Ma!a)e secui#&
3.3.3 7uture 9ork
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e ,ul,ills so"e o, #he e4uie"e!#s o, eGove"e!#+ Howeve, i# is !o# #he
co"(le#e solu#io! ,o eGov Da#a Ma!a)e"e!# !ee's *u# i! ca! seve as #he (a# o, #he
solu#io!+ Moe e7#e!sive 'a#a*ase a((lica#io!s !ee' #o *e e7(loe' which ca! #alk wi#h
'a#a*ases o, "ul#i(le #&(e : ,e'ea#e' 'a#a*ases <+ Thee ae so"e o#he o(#io!s *ei!)
e7(loe' !a"el&3
Data J"i%er
/ (o'uc# ,o" IBM, i# (ovi'es a si!)le (oi!# access?view #o vaious 'a#a*ases
:he#ee)e!ous<+ This ca! *e co!si'ee' as o!e o, #he solu#io! ,o 'a#a "a!a)e"e!# i!
eG05+
'I4 : '%terprise I%;"r#ati"% 4"rtal
The IBM E!#e(ise I!,o"a#io! $o#al :EI$< is a co"(ehe!sive (o#al e!vio!"e!# #ha#
ca! *i!) all #he e!#e(ise esouces #o a woks#a#io! desktop. EIP can help maximize
the value of information and multimedia assets by connecting disparate content
servers through a single client. The EIP client provides search capabilities that
enable users to quickly and concurrently access all connected servers. EIP also
allows one to customize applications specifcally tailored for the enterprise. With the
EIP toolkit, application programmers can quickly deploy custom-made desktop and
Web-based applications.
EIP supports the concept of data connectors by which it can connect to databases
from various sources including DB2, Oracle, and Content Manager and is capable of
performing a federated search over the various databases.
1+
De"o!s#a#io! o, >ok,low ca(a*ili#ies i! #he a((lica#io!
I# also (ovi'es ease o, 'evelo(i!) >e* *ase' #hi! clie!#s ,o i!,o"a#io! e#ieval i!
eGov+ This ca! also *e co!si'ee' a solu#io! ,o eGov a!' si!ce i# ca! also i!#e)a#e wi#h
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e , *o#h ca! (a#ici(a#e i! #he ,i!al Da#a Ma!a)e"e!# solu#io!+
3.3.5 Summar8
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e is a )oo' solu#io! ,o "a!a)i!) u!s#uc#e' 'a#a aisi!) ,o" vaious
a((lica#io!s u!!i!) i! eGov+ I# has a 'is#i*u#e' achi#ec#ue a!' (ovi'es "a!& ,ea#ues
co!'ucive #o a! eGov i"(le"e!#a#io!+
I! #he a*ove (o%ec#, a !ew /$I was 'evelo(e' ove #he -o!#e!# Ma!a)e /$I #o (ovi'e
si"(lici#& a!' e7#e!si*ili#& ca#ei!) #o so"e eGov e4uie"e!#s which ae a*se!# i!
-o!#e!# Ma!a)e+ .si!) #he a*ove /$I, a! a((lica#io! was also 'evelo(e' calle' I!!e
Li!e $e"i# which (ovi'e' a (o#o#&(e solu#io! ,o a eal li,e (o*le"+
13
4 ,ro-ect # II. Audit 0rail on )istri1ute )ata1ases
4.1 ,ro-ect Background and Scope
/s #he e4uie"e!#s ,o havi!) o!li!e access #o e!#e(ise 'a#a ae escala#i!), so ae #he
ela#e' secui#& a!' (ivac& issues+ Moeove, all o(ea#io!s (e,o"e' o! such i!,o"a#io! "a&
!ee' #o *e #acke' a!' 'ocu"e!#e' i! #he s&s#e" ,o ,u#ue e,ee!ce a!' secui#& easo!s+ E-
)ove!"e!# is o!e such a((lica#io!, which woul' e4uie secui#& a!' au'i# #ails+
4.1.1 e"overnment $rom audit trail:s perspective
Ge!eall&, cue!# e-)ove!"e!# s&s#e" 'esi)!s ai" #o (ovi'e o!e o, ,ou sevice levels3
Dis(la&i!) i!,o"a#io! a*ou# a)e!cies o as(ec# o, #he )ove!"e!#+
8eco!'-level sevices (ovi'e si"(le #wo-wa& co""u!ica#io! ca(a*ili#ies, usuall& ,o
u!co"(lica#e' #&(es o, 'a#a collec#io! such as e)is#ei!) co""e!#s+
Thi'-level sevices ,acili#a#e co"(le7 #a!sac#io!s #ha# "a& i!volve i!#a-
)ove!"e!#al wok-,lows a!' le)all& *i!'i!) (oce'ues+ E7a"(les o, such sevices
i!clu'e vo#e a!' "o#o vehicle e)is#a#io!+
Cou#h-level sevices seek #o i!#e)a#e a wi'e a!)e o, sevices acoss a whole
)ove!"e!# a'"i!is#a#io!, as chaac#eize' *& #he "a!& e"e)i!) )ove!"e!#
(o#als+ The e-i#ize! (o#al, 'evelo(e' *& #he )ove!"e!# o, 8i!)a(oe, o,,es a
(i"e e7a"(le o, #his s&s#e" #&(e+
I! o'e #o (ovi'e #he a*ove-"e!#io!e' sevice levels, )ove!"e!#s ae ,aci!) a #hee (o!)e'
(o*le"3 1< ou# o, "a!& co"(e#i#os i! #he "ake#, who" #o e!#us# ,o (ovi'i!) a co"(le#e
solu#io!M !o!e o, #he" have a! e7(eie!ce+ ;< I!#eo(ea*ili#& o, vaious solu#io!s ,o
i!#echa!)e o, i!,o"a#io! a!' 'a#a+ D< -o!#ai!"e!# o, cos# *& 'evelo(i!) a (o#a*le?e(lica*le
solu#io!+ 0!e o, #he ,easi*le o(#io!s ,o all #he a*ove (o*le"s is #o (ovi'e a "i''lewae a!'
le# #he #o#al solu#io! (ovi'es *uil' a((lica#io!s o! #o( o, i#, which woul' ca#e #o #he !ee's o,
#he s(eci,ic 'e(a#"e!#s o, )ove!"e!#+ 0!e o, #he i"(o#a!# e4uie"e!#s, o, #his ki!' o,
solu#io!, will *e a o*us# au'i# #ail "echa!is", which will au'i# 'i,,ee!# eve!#s 'e(e!'i!) o! #he
(olic& 'eci'e' *& #he )ove!"e!# o so"e o#he (olic& "ake+
4.1.2 9hat is audit trail ;
/! elec#o!ic au'i# #ail is a ,o" o, evi'e!ce #ha# ca! *e use' #o #ace #a!sac#io!s #o vei,& #hei
vali'i#& a!' accuac&+ I# )a#hes 'a#a a*ou# ac#ivi#& i! #he s&s#e" a!' a!al&zes ,o #he (u(ose o,
au'i#i!) #he eve!#s *& #he a((lica#io! o! #he 'a#a+ He!ce au'i# #ail ca! *e 'e,i!e' as a seies o,
eco's o, #he co"(u#e eve!#s ela#i!) #o #he o(ea#i!) s&s#e", a((lica#io! o #o use+ I# ca! *e
use' ,o a!& o, #he ,ollowi!) (u(oses3
Individual Accountability3 .ses ac#io!s ae eco'e' allowi!) uses #o *e accou!#a*le #o #hei
ac#io!s+
Reconstruction Events3 /u'i# #ails ca! *e use' #o eco!s#uc# #he eve!#s i! case #he !ee'
aises+
Problem Monitoring3 /u'i# #ails ca! *e use' #o "o!i#o a!' coec# #he (o*le"s, a# #he 08,
s&s#e", o a((lica#io! level, as a!' whe! #he& ae e!cou!#ee'+
Intrusion Detection3 I"(o#a!# secui#& issues like *eaki!) i!#o #he s&s#e", u!au#hoize'
access, a!'?o a!& o#he secui#& viola#io! ca! *e 'e#ec#e' *& "ai!#ai!i!) (o(e au'i# lo)s o,
#he (ocesses which !ee' #o *e "o!i#oe'+
15
/!& au'i#i!) s&s#e" co!s#i#u#es o, #wo (a#s 1< Audit Data Collector a!' ;< Audit Data
/!al&ze+ The o(ea#io!s o, /u'i# Da#a -ollec#o ca! *e classi,ie' i!#o a!& o, #he ,ollowi!)
#hee classes, as show! i! #he ,i)ue a*ove, !a"el& 1< s#oa)e o, au'i# #ail ;< au'i# o, 'a#a
access a!' cha!)es D< au'i# o, s&s#e", a((lica#io!, o use eve!#s+
I! #his ou)h 'a,# we will *e a''essi!) #he issues i!volve' i! /u'i# Da#a -ollec#io!, which is
co"(ose' o, #hee a*ove-"e!#io!e' su*-issues+
4.2 ,ro-ect2s Rationale and "oals
/ s"all *lock 'ia)a"a#ic view o, #he eGov "ei''lewae is as show! *elow+
26
Da#a*ase Da#a*ase
A22lication
Data
Audit Trail 1ocation
Data ;irtuali9er
Transaction
Co++ands
<uer, 2rocessor
and o2ti+i9er
Da#a*ase Da#a*ase
M
I
D
D
1
=
3
A
8
=
A22lication
Da#a vi#ualize is a! i"(o#a!# ele"e!# i! #he eGov "i''lewae+ I 'oes #he #ask o,
a*s#ac#i!) #he (h&sical loca#io! o, 'a#a a!' (ovi'es a si!)le lo)ical view o, #he *acke!'
'a#a*ases+
8i!ce secui#& a!' au'i#i!) is a "a!'a#o& ,ea#ue o, a!& )ove!"e!# o(ea#io! a!' #hus
while (ovi'i!) a solu#io! #o )ove!"e!# o!e has #o )ive seious co!si'ea#io! #o *o#h
au'i#i!) a!' secui#&+ I! #his (a# o, "& (o%ec# ILve co!ce!#a#e' o! #he au'i#i!) s&s#e"
which coul' (ossi*l& *e a (a# o, #he eGov "i''lewae+ The au'i#i!) s&s#e" which was
s#u'ie' 'ui!) #his su""e #ai!i!) kee(s i! "i!' #he 'is#i*u#e' !a#ue o, #he eGov
solu#io!+
I! #he cue!# wok we have s#u'ie' #he (o*le" o, au'i#i!) #he e!#ie eGov solu#io!
'is#i*u#e' acoss #he !e#wok a!' #o "ai!#ai!), e,,icie!#l& a!' e,,ec#ivel&, a co"(le#e au'i#
o, all #he o(ea#io!s caie' ou# *& #he "i''lewae a!' (ovi'i!) ole *ase' access
co!#ol ,ea#ues #o #he au'i# 'a#a*ase as well+
4.3 0echnical )etails and Applica1le Issues
4r"ble# Descripti"%
>hee shoul' we (lace #he /u'i# Tail -o"(o!e!# i! #he e-)ove!"e!# achi#ec#ue : as
show! a*ove < is a! i"(o#a!# 4ues#io! *ecause au'i# #ail will *e a! i"(o#a!#
e4uie"e!# i! e-)ove!"e!# a!' will *e use' ,o vaious sevices i!clu'i!) secui#&
sevices e#c+
4.3.1 Architectural choices
$ossi*le o(#io!s ae
1. Application
0!e ca! (lace #he au'i# #ail co"(o!e!# i! #he a((lica#io! i#sel,+ This "ea!s #he
a((lica#io! 'evelo(e will *e es(o!si*le ,o ,i)ui!) ou# #he au'i# #ail lo)ic as (e #he
e4uie"e!#s a!' i"(le"e!#i!) i# i! #hei a((lica#io!s+ 0 he "a& use /u'i# Tail "o'ules
#o i"(le"e!# #he /u'i# Tail ,u!c#io!ali#& i! his a((lica#io!+
2. In the Middleware, above Data Abstraction Unit (DAU)
I! #his sce!aio, #he au'i# #ail co"(o!e!# will i!#ece(# all #he #a!sac#io!s #aki!) (lace
*e#wee! #he a((lica#io!s a!' #he D/.+ I# will #he! #ake cae o, #he au'i# #ail e4uie"e!#s
i!'e(e!'e!#l& o, #he a((lica#io! a!' s#oe #he" acco'i!) #o #he
. In the Co!ponent Databases
>e ca! also (lace #he au'i# #ail co"(o!e!#s i! each o, #he 'a#a*ases i! #he s&s#e"+ Thus
each local 'a#a*ase will *e es(o!si*le ,o kee(i!) #he au'i# #ails o, all #he o(ea#io!s
(e,o"e' o! #he 'a#a+ This is a (o(ula (ac#ice a!' ca! *e i"(le"e!#e' usi!) 'a#a*ase
#i))es+
Be,oe 'esi)!i!) #he a*ove "e!#io!e' e-)ove!"e!# s&s#e", o!e !ee's #o k!ow how #he
au'i# #ail achi#ec#ue will look like #o #ake cae o, e4uie' issues i! #he "i''lewae+
He!ce we !ee' #o evalua#e #hese o(#io!s wi#h e,ee!ce #o a*ove-"e!#io!e' 'is#i*u#e'
s&s#e" a!' choose #he *es# (ossi*le achi#ec#ue+
21
Le# us look a# #he issues, which hel( us #o evalua#e #hese o(#io!s+
4.4 Re<uirements $or Audit 0rail
I! a "assive (o%ec# as e-)ove!"e!#, #he e4uie"e!#s o, /u'i# Tails ae i"(o#a!# #o *e
lai' ou#+ The ,i!al au'i# #ail i"(le"e!#a#io! "us# ,ollow #hese e4uie"e!#s+
8o"e i"(o#a!# issues ae3
8ecui#& Issues
o Riski!) secui#& a# #he ha!'s o, a((lica#io!s
I! #he ,is# o(#io!, i, we (lace #he au'i# #ail co"(o!e!# i! #he a((lica#io! i#sel,, #he! au'i#
#ail *eco"es a((lica#io! 'e(e!'e!#+ This i!volves isk #o #he e-)ove!"e!# s&s#e", as
#he a((lica#io! 'evelo(es "a& !o# a'hee #o #he e4uie"e!#s o, au'i# #ail+
o Ta"(e (oo,i!) o, /u'i# Tail
/u'i# Tail e(ese!#s se!si#ive 'a#a, a!' #he au'i#o "us# *e e!sue' #ha# #he au'i# #ail
'a#a has !o# *ee! #a"(ee'+
o /ccess -o!#ol #o /u'i# Tail
>e "a& !ee' #o (ovi'e access #o au'i# #ail i! hieachical "a!!e+
I"(le"e!#a#io! Issues
o /((lica#io! -o"(le7i#&
>i#h e)a's #o i"(le"e!#a#io! o, /u'i# Tail co"(o!e!#, we also wa!# si"(lici#& i!
a((lica#io! 'evelo("e!#+
o Da#a*ase 'esi)! -o"(le7i#&
I! a 'is#i*u#e' 'a#a*ase e!vio!"e!#, si"(lici#& i! 'a#a*ase 'esi)! will *e (e,ee'+
/u'i# Tail Ta!s(ae!c& #o #he a((lica#io! 'evelo(es+
I# is (e,ee' #ha# #he au'i# #ail "echa!is" is ke(# #a!s(ae!# ,o #he a((lica#io! 'evelo(es,
as i# will )ea#l& si"(li,& #he #ask o, a((lica#io! 'evelo("e!#+
-o!sis#e!c& o, /u'i# Tail acoss #he e!#ie s&s#e"
This is a ve& i"(o#a!# e4uie"e!#, as #he e-)ove!"e!# s&s#e" will *e "o!oli#hic i! !a#ue,
he!ce au'i# #ails "us# *e s#oe' i! a u!i,o" ,ashio! i! #e"s o, ,o"a#, achi#ec#ue, access
e#c+
Ease o, /u'i# $olic& Ma!a)e"e!#+
-o!ce(# o, /u'i# $olic& "a!a)e"e!# is !ovel i! e-)ove!"e!# a!' will (ovi'e lo# o, si"(lici#&
i! "a!a)i!) #he /u'i# Tail ,u!c#io!ali#& o, e-)ove!"e!#+ >i#h #he hel( o, /u'i# $olic&
Ma!a)e, !o!-#ech!ical s#a,, will *e a*le #o e'i# #he se##i!)s o, #he au'i# #ail co"(o!e!# a!'
he!ce "o'i,& i#s ,u!c#io!ali#& acco'i!) #o #he e4uie"e!#s+
Mo'ulai#& o, /u'i# Tail -o"(o!e!#
This is 'esia*le *ecause i# (e"i#s us #o easil& cha!)e a!' "a!a)e au'i# #ail "echa!is" i! #he
s&s#e"+ I, a cha!)e is e4uie' i! #he /u'i# Tail "echa!is" a# a la#e s#a)e, o!e si"(l& has #o
"o'i,& #he /u'i# Tail Mo'ule w?o cha!)i!) o#he co"(o!e!#s i! #he s&s#e"+
The ,ollowi!) #a*le evalua#es #he issue o, (lace"e!# o, au'i# #ail+
Issues /T- i! /((lica#io! /T- a*ove D/. /T- i! 'a#a*ases
8ecui#& issues
Riski!) secui#& a# #he ha!'s o,
a((lica#io!s
The a((lica#io! (ovi'e
"a& !o# ,ul,ill #he
e4uie"e!#s o, /u'i#
Tail as e4uie' *& #he e-
8uch a (o*le" will !o#
*e e!cou!#ee'
*ecause i# is
ce!#alize'+
8uch a (o*le" will
!o# e7is#, howeve,
#hee ca! *e isk o,
i"(le"e!#a#io! o, #he
22
)ove!"e!# s&s#e"+ au'i# #ail a# #he
'a#a*ase level ,o #his
a)ai! is
'ece!#alize'+
Ta"(e (oo,i!) o, /u'i# Tail I, le,# a# #he ha!'s o,
a((lica#io! 'evelo(e
#he! a)ai! #he si#ua#io! is
si"ila *ecause #he
!a#ue o, )e!ea#io! o,
au'i# 'a#a a!' i#s
"ai!#e!a!ce is
'ece!#alize'+
Because #his is
ce!#alize', he!ce #he
)e!ea#io! a!'
"ai!#e!a!ce o, #he
au'i# 'a#a is !o# a!
issue as #hese ae #he
*o'ies, which "ai!#ai!
all #he (olicies+
Ta"(e (oo,i!) is
iske' a# #he ha!'s o,
#he 'a#a*ase
'esi)!es a!'
"ai!#ai!es+
/ccess -o!#ol #o /u'i# Tail 8i!ce #his is le,# a# #he
ha!'s a((lica#io!
'evelo(es #his is also a#
#he isk o, !o# )e##i!)
i"(le"e!#i!) #o #he level
o, e7(ec#e'
e4uie"e!#s+
No such issue is #hee,
as #his will *e
i"(le"e!#e' ! shi((e'
*& a es(o!si*le
o)a!iza#io!+
8i"ila #o #ha# i! #he
case o, a((lica#io!
'evelo(e+
/((lica#io! -o"(le7i#& I!ceases a!' #hus !o#
(e,ea*le+
Is 'ecease', as #he&
ae elieve' o, i#+
Is 'ecease', as #he&
ae elieve' o, i#+
Da#a*ase 'esi)! co"(le7i#& .!a,,ec#e' Da#a*ase 'esi)! is
si"(li,ie', as #he
'esi)!e is elieve' o,
#he es(o!si*ili#& o, i#+
Is i!cease' as #he&
have #o #ake cae o,
#he !ecessi#& o,
"ee#i!) #he
e4uie"e!#s lai'
'ow! *& #he
)ove!"e!#+
/u'i# Tail Ta!s(ae!c& #o #he
a((lica#io! 'evelo(es
No# (ese!# $ese!# $ese!#
-o!sis#e!c& o, /u'i# Tail acoss #he
e!#ie s&s#e"
Di,,icul# #o "ai!#ai! a!'
#hus !o# (e,ea*le
0!e o, #he si"(le
,ea#ues o, #he
"i''lewae 'esi)!+
Di,,icul# #o "ai!#ai!
a!' #hus !o#
(e,ea*le
Ease o, /u'i# $olic& Ma!a)e"e!# Di,,icul# Eas& Di,,icul#
4.' Solution
I! #he (evious su*sec#io!, we 'iscusse' #he vaious (os a!' co!s o, 'i,,ee!# o(#io!s o,
kee(i!) #he au'i# #ail co"(o!e!#+ Co" #he 'iscussio!, we ca! co!clu'e #ha# (laci!) #he
au'i# #ail co"(o!e!# i! #he Mi''lewae, as show! i! #he ,i)ue *elow, is #he *es# o(#io!+
/s show!, #he au'i# #ail a)e!# :/T/< has *ee! (lace' i! #he "i''lewae a*ove #he D/.+
The i'ea is #o o(ea#e #he /T/ a# #he "i''lewae level a!' "oe i!'e(e!'e!# o, #he o#he
co"(o!e!#s o, #he achi#ec#ue !a"el& #he a((lica#io!s a!' #he 'a#a*ases+
This a((oach o,,es "a!& !ew (es(ec#ives o, looki!) a# #he 'esi)! o, /u'i# Tail+
I# "akes se!se #o (ull ou# #he au'i# #ail co"(o!e!# a!' co!ve# i# i!#o a! i!'e(e!'e!#
"o'ule calle' #he /u'i# Tail /)e!#, which will *e es(o!si*le ,o #he /u'i# Tail Mecha!is"
i! #he e-)ove!"e!# s&s#e"+ I! #he achi#ec#ue show! *elow, /u'i# Tail /)e!# lies
*e#wee! #he a((lica#io!s a!' #he D/. a!' i!#ece(#s all #he #a!sac#io!s a!' o#he
co""u!ica#io!s, which #he a((lica#io! is issui!) #o #he Mi''lewae+ Thus /u'i# Tail a)e!#
is ac#uall& i!#ees#e' i! o*sevi!) #he 1ac#io!s2 o, #he a((lica#io! a!' eco's #he" ,o la#e
a!al&sis+ I# is i"(o#a!# #o !o#e hee #ha# i! #he a*ove achi#ec#ue, #he au'i# #ail
"echa!is" is !o# *ou!' #o #he 'a#a s#oa)e?e#ieval "echa!is" *u# e7is#s i!'e(e!'e!#
23
,o" i#+ This is i"(o#a!#, as #he /u'i# Tail is a se(aa#e a((lica#io! wi#h !o# "uch easo!
#o *i!' i# #o #he 'a#a*ases+
In the ne>t section $e $ill discuss the architecture o% ATA and the co++unication o%
its co+2onents $ith the other co+2onents o% Middle$are.
24
Data Abstractor
<uer, 2rocessor
and o2ti+i9er
Database Database Database Database
Audit
Polic,
Database
M
I
D
D
L
E
>
/
R
E
Transaction
Co++ands
Audit Trail Agent
A22lication
*
=
C
!
8
I
T
?
4.'.1 Re$erence Architecture o$ A0A
2'
T&(e o, 'a#a
e4ues#
Data Abstraction !nit @DA!A
<uer, Processing !nit
=#ent Identi%ier
*ecurit, and Access control
Agent
Audit
Polic,
Database
Audit Trail Central 1ogical
!nit
Messaging
*,ste+
1ocal Database
Costing and +etering unit
!ser
Middle$are IB" !nit
A22lications
"2eration T,2e
Anal,9er
Audit Polic, Database
Inter2reter
Audit
*torageB8etrie#a
l Agent @Ta+2er-
2roo%ingA
/u'i# (olic&
cha!)e
?u('a#e
o(ea#io!
4.( 7uture 9ork
>e (la! #o i"(le"e!# #he co"(le#e /T/ i! a woki!), 'is#i*u#e' s&s#e", which coul' *e
EI$ o -o!#e!# Ma!a)e a!' so# ou# ,u#he #ech!ical issues i!volve' wi#h i# which
i!clu'e3
8#oa)e o, /u'i# Tails
8ecui#& Mecha!is"s
4.+ Summar8
/ 'e#aile' eview o, #he e7is#i!) s#a#e o, a# has *ee! caie' ou# ,o au'i# #ail s&s#e"s i!
vaious e!#e(ise a!' !o!-e!#e(ise solu#io!s+ / i!#u#ive achi#ec#ue a!' lo)ical
(lace"e!# o, #he /T/ has *ee! (o(ose' which o(#i"izes acoss "a7i"u" !u"*e o,
e!ch"ak issues+
' *earning 7rom the Internship ,rogram
The I!#e!shi( (o)a" was 4ui#e *e!e,icial ,o "e+ I# hel(e' "e i! i"(ovi!) "& vaious
#ech!ical skills a!' e!ha!ce' "& k!owle')e i! !ew aeas+
I )ai!e' !ew k!owle')e i! #he aea o, Da#a*ases a!' Dis#i*u#e' Da#a*ases, #he
vaious issues i!volve' a!' "echa!is"s i! #hese s&s#e"s e#c+
B& s#u'&i!) -o!#e!# Ma!a)e, I also lea!# #ha# how 'a#a*ase (o'uc#s ,u!c#io! a!'
wha# ae #he vaious issues o!e !ee' #o *e awae o, while looki!) ,o Da#a
Ma!a)e"e!# solu#io!s+
E-Gov is a! e"e)i!) ,iel' a!' I )o# so"e i!si)h# i!#o a how a !ew ,iel' looks like
whe! i! #he i!i#ial s#a)e a!' wha# ae #he vaious #hi!)s which !ee' #o *e 'o!e i!i#iall&
like e4uie"e!# a!al&sis, suve& o, e7is#i!) solu#io!s e#c+
I was woki!) o! a eseach #o(ic ,o #he ,is# #i"e a!' I )o# i!#o'uce' #o #his
i"(o#a!# aea o, eseach a!' "e#ho's e"(lo&e' i! co!'uc#i!) eseach+
I *ushe' u( "& k!owle')e o, 5isual -66 a!' MC- :Micoso,# Cou!'a#io! -lasses<,
as i# was e4uie' #o 'evelo( a((lica#io!s o! #o( o, -o!#e!# Ma!a)e
0"r= ')perie%ce
M& i!#e!shi( was 4ui#e sa#is,ac#o& i! #e"s o, wok e!vio!"e!#+ The #ea" I woke' wi#h
was ve& ,ie!'l& a!' hel(e' "e a lo# i! all "& (o*le"s+ New e7(eie!ces i!clu'e
Tea"wok
I! #hese (o%ec#s E-A (eo(le woke' #o)e#he #hus (ovi'i!) e!ou)h o((o#u!i#& ,o (o(e
#ea"wok a!' coo'i!a#io!+ This was a )oo' e7(eie!ce ,o "e as #he #ea" was ve&
coo(ea#ive a!' u!'es#a!'i!)+
Res(o!si*ili#& a!' kee(i!) co""i#"e!#s
The i"(o#a!ce o, ho!oi!) co""i#"e!#s a!' #i"e o, o#hes was a! i"(o#a!# #hi!),
which I lea!# as a su""e I!#e!+ Es(eciall&, while woki!) as a #ea" i# is ve& i"(o#a!#
#o kee( #hese (oi!#s i! "i!'+

2(
( Appl8ing 8 4niversit8 Skills
M& e'uca#io! a# IIT was ve& hel(,ul i! "& I!#e!shi(+ The (o)a""i!) skills which I
'evelo(e' i! IIT wee ve& hel(,ul i! 'evelo(i!) #he /$I a!' #he I!!e Li!e $e"i#
a((lica#io!+ The couses -81;0 : -o"(u#e $o)a""i!)< a!' -81D0 :Da#a s#uc#ues
a!' /l)oi#h"s< wee es(eciall& hel(,ul i! #his e)a'+
-ouse o! Cile 8&s#e"s : -8D11 < was also ve& hel(,ul as i# covee' so"e 'a#a*ase
co!ce(#s which wee e4uie' i! u!'es#a!'i!) -o!#e!# Ma!a)e a!' #he 'a#a*ase
co!ce(#s i! #he seco!' (o%ec# as well+
H.D;0 : Tech!ical co""u!ica#io!s < (ove' #o *e ve& hel(,ul i! "& ,i!al (ese!#a#io! a!'
#he vaious 'ocu"e!#s which I ha' #o wi#e 'ui!) "& I!#e!shi(+ I a((lie' #he (i!ci(les
lea!# i! #he couse i! "& ,i!al (ese!#a#io! which was well a((ecia#e' *& collea)ues+
2+
+ Appendices
+.1 Appendi= A . Re<uirements $or e"ov data management
8 No+ Re4uie"e!# -o!#e!# Ma!a)e 8olu#io!
1+ /u'i# Tail3 /u'i# #ail e4uie"e!#s shoul' *e
(aa"e#eiza*le *& a((lica#io!+ This shoul' i!clu'e
lis# o, colu"!s ,o which au'i# #ails !ee's #o *e
"ai!#ai!e'
Ti"e o, cha!)e
>ho "a'e #he cha!)e
Reaso! o, cha!)e
8ho# 'esci(#io! o, cha!)e
!u"*e o, "o'i,ica#io!s #ha# !ee' #o *e #acke'
'ua#io! ,o which #he au'i# #ail !ee's #o *e
"ai!#ai!e'
#ack cha!)es *& e"(lo&ee
#ack 'e#ails o, eco's viewe' *& use
/u'i# #ail shoul' *e "ai!#ai!e' ,o *o#h 0*%ec# 8eve
a!' #he "e#a'a#a s#oe' i! #he li*a& seve
-M 'oes (ovi'e a ,ea#ue calle' his#o&+
-hecki!) i! (o)ess+
;+ /ccess co!#ol *& a((lica#io!
/ccess #o all 'a#a ow!e' *& a! a((lica#io! !ee's #o
*e li"i#e' #o #he ow!e a((lica#io! i#sel, a!' #o a!&
o#he a((lica#io! #o which #he a'"i!is#a#o o, #he
ow!e a((lica#io! has )ive! #he (e"issio!+ This
co!#ol is #o *e )ive! a# a #a*le level, colu"! level a!'
ow level+
Eve! a((lica#io! 'evelo(es shoul' !o# *e a*le #o
access 'a#a o, #a*les ,o which # 'oes !o# have
e7(lici# i)h#s
-M has well 'e,i!e' secui#& "echa!is"s+
/ccess ca! *e es#ic#e' ,o each i#e"+ .ses
ca! also *e es#ic#e' #o 'o o!l& ce#ai!
o(ea#io!s o! #he 'a#a+
D+ 8ecui#& 3
/u#he!#ica#io! N /ccess co!#ol i!clu'i!) (o#ec#io!
a)ai!s# e7#e!al a##acks o! #he s&s#e"
No!-e(u'ia#io!
I!#e)a#io! wi#h ce#i,ica#io! au#hoi#ies
I!#e)a#io! (a&"e!# )a#ewa&s
E+ 8cala*ili#& 3 La)e a"ou!#s o, 'a#a !ee's #o *e
ha!'le' ,o s#oa)e
Oue& su((o#
Res(o!se #i"e as size o, 'a#a*ase i!ceases
8u((o# ,o 'is#i*u#e' s#oa)e seves will *e e4uie'
Dis#i*u#e' I!'e7i!) seves ,o 4ue& !ee's "a& also
*e !ee'e'
-M allows ,o o!e Li*a& 8eve i! o!e
i"(le"e!#a#io!, which ca#alo)s all #he 'a#a
availa*le o! "ul#i(le o*%ec# seves+ This "a&
*e a *i) li"i#a#io!+
8ee *elow+
: Nee's #o *e clai,ie' ,o" -M 'evelo(es <
A+ Reco' Ma!a)e"e!# ,ea#ues 3 -M has well 'e,i!e' "echa!is"s ,o "i)a#io!
23
$u)i!)
Backu(?/chivi!)
$o#ec#io! a)ai!s# 'a#a cou(#io! K kee(i!) "ul#i(le
vesio!
a!' *acku( o! o#he s#oa)e s&s#e"s+
6+ $ovi'i!) a >e* *ase' ,o!#-e!' #o #he ci#ize!s+ This
will ac# as a! i!#e,ace *e#wee! #he ci#ize!s a!' #he
)ove!"e!# a!' will (ovi'e )ove!"e!# sevices
ove #he we*+
EI$ ca! *e use' alo!) wi#h -o!#e!# Ma!a)e
(o'uc# #o (ovi'e we* clie!#s+
F+ Reco' "a!a)e"e!# (olic& se##i!) *& class o, eco's
whee each class is ow!e' *& a si!)le a((lica#io! a!'
"a& s(a! ove "ul#i(le 'is#i*u#e' 'a#a*ases
@+ Da#a (ivac& su((o# K '&!a"ic access i)h#s *&
colu"! a!' #u(les
I+ Le)ac& s&s#e" su((o#G I!#e)a#io! o, e7is#i!) 'a#a
10+ I!#e)a#e' >ok,low solu#io!
# Ma+or Issue 9 Inde8ing and storing data
A +a:or issue regarding e-/o# a22lications is the $a, the huge a+ount o% data $ill be
stored and a#ailable %or Cuer,.
The $a, Content Manager i+2le+ents it is through a 1ibrar, *er#er and +ulti2le "b:ect
*er#ers.
The docu+ents @ or ite+s A are stored in the "b:ect ser#ers and their searchable attributes
@ 4e, %ield #alues A are stored on the 1ibrar, *er#er $hich acts as a catalog to all the
ite+s $hich are stored no #arious ob:ect ser#ers connected to it. Dence $hat it +eans is
that all the %ields on $hich search +a, need to be carried out need to be stored on the
1ibrar, *er#er so that it can be searched u2on.
25
=ssential,E the ite+ acts as an anchor %or the attributes $hich +a, be a 2hotogra2h E
scanned i+age E or and other ob:ect. A +a:or concern $hich s2rings u2 %ro+ this is that i%
an a22lication reCuires all or +ost its %ields to be searchable then all that data $ill be
stored on the 1ibrar, *er#er itsel%. *ince $e ha#e a central 1ibrar, *er#er E the data +a,
beco+e #er, large and un+anageable %or a single librar, ser#er. And in that case nothing
or #er, little $ill be stored on the "b:ect *er#er $hich is +eant %or storing the actual
data. This issue holds inde2endent o% i+2le+entation o% the +iddle$are and it needs to
be decided $hat 4ind o% data +odel $e need to 2ursue to acco+2lish our data Cuer,
needs in a hea#, a22lication as e-/o#.
3e +a, need to loo4 into other a22licationsE $hich %ace si+ilar 2roble+s %or e>a+2leE
/oogle *earch =ngine and the =IP $hich connects to #arious re2ositories o% data and
gathers Cuer, results %ro+ the+.
/oogle also needs to inde> a #ast a+ount o% in%or+ation and 2ro#ides Cuic4 results.
It +a, ha#e a distributed librar, ser#er solution in $hich the Cuer, is sent to +ulti2le
search ser#ersE $hich all search in 2arallel and re2ort to the Cuer, ser#er $hate#er the,
%ind.
36
Ite+ consisting o% +ulti2le
ob:ects
8eacha*le /##i*u#es s#oe' o! Li*a& 8eve
I#e" s#oe' o! #he 0*%ec# 8eve
31
Mul#i(le Li*a& : 8each < seves
Oue& 8eve
+.2 Appendi= B . Some <uestions regarding /ontent anager
8 No+ Oues#io!s Resolu#io!s
1+ 0hat is #a)i#u# %u#ber "; r">s all">e& i% a !"%te%t Ma%a(er table ;"r
a% i%&e) class?
;+ -a! a Li*a& 8eve *e e(lica#e'G Dis#i*u#e' Li*a& 8evesG
De,i!e' ; li*a& seves L1 a!' L;, ; 0*%ec# seves 01 N 0;+ 01 N 0; was
li!ke' #o *o#h L1 N L;+ The clie!# coul' !o# lo) #o L; K eo was #how!
-a! ; li*a& seves shae a! 0*%ec# seve
-M su((o#s "ul#i(le L8
*u# a si!)le clie!# ca!!o#
access "ul#i(le L8 B.T
'oes i# su((o# 'is#i*u#e'
L8 i! a si!)le
i"(le"e!#a#io!G
D+ How ca! we s(a! si"ila class o, 'a#a acoss "ul#i(le o*%ec# seves :#he
ow!e a((lica#io!, access co!#ol, (olicies a!' secui#& o, #he class o, 'a#a is
sa"e<
:.si!) #he co!ce(# o, -ollec#io!s<
Re,3 LD5 e7a"(le i! 8&s /'"i! "a!ual
E+ -a! we es#ic# #he view o, i!'e7 classes 'e(e!'i!) u(o! #he use ?
a((lica#io!G
This ca! *e 'o!e usi!)
#he co!ce(# o, access
lis#s+
A+ -a! we have 4ueies ove %oi!s o! "e#a'a#a :Li*a& seve 'a#a<
6+ >h& 'o we !ee' #o wi#e a cus#o" a((lica#io! ,o sa& a lice!se a((lica#io!G I!
o#he wo's, wh& wo!L# #he clie!# (ovi'e' wi#h -M seve #he (u(oseG
F+ To wha# 'e#ail is #he au'i# #ail "ai!#ai!e' :his#o&< K ca! #he au'i# #ail *e
au#o"a#icall& achive'?(u)e' o! #he *asis o, (olicies
@+ Da#a (ivac& su((o# K '&!a"ic access i)h#s *& colu"! a!' #u(les
I+ Reco' "a!a)e"e!# su((o# K achivi!), (u)i!) su((o# e#c+
10+ Di)i#al ce#i,ica#e "a!a)e"e!# a!' au#he!#ica#io!
11+ Le)ac& s&s#e" su((o#G I!#e)a#io! o, e7is#i!) 'a#a
1;+ How ae eco' "a!a)e"e!# (o(e#ies se#u( G
1D+ How well is MO >ok,low i!#e)a#e' wi#h -M
32
+.3 Appendi= / . Securit8 using Smart /ards
$#art !ar& Tech%"l"(+
$i#ilar t" a cre&it car&, a s#art car& st"res i%;"r#ati"% "% a% i%te(rate& #icr"pr"cess"r chip
l"cate& >ithi% it.
8"a# ca's ae secue, co"(ac# a!' i!#elli)e!# 'a#a caies+
Thou)h #he& lack scee!s a!' ke&*oa's, s"a# ca's shoul'
*e e)a'e' as s(ecialize' co"(u#es ca(a*le o, (ocessi!),
s#oi!) a!' sa,e)ua'i!) #housa!'s o, *&#es o, 'a#a+ 8i"ila i!
size a!' sha(e #o (las#ic ce'i# ca's, s"a# ca's wi#h
elec#ical co!#ac#s have a #hi! "e#allic (la#e %us# a*ove ce!#e
li!e o! o!e si'e o, #he ca'+ Be!ea#h #his 'i"e-size' (la#e is
a! i!#e)a#e' cicui# :I-< chi( co!#ai!i!) a ce!#al (ocessi!)
u!i# :-$.<, a!'o" access "e"o& :R/M< a!' !o!-vola#ile
'a#a s#oa)e+ Data st"re& i% the s#art car&@s #icr"chip ca%
be accesse& "%l+ thr"u(h the chip "perati%( s+ste#
A!,$B, pr"*i&i%( a hi(h le*el "; &ata securit+. This secui#&
#akes #he ,o" o, (asswo's #ha# allow a use #o access (a#s
o, #he I- chi(Js "e"o& o e!c&(#io!?'ec&(#io! "easues,
which #a!sla#e #he *&#es s#oe' i! "e"o& i!#o i!,o"a#io!+
Thee ae #wo *asic ki!'s o, s"a# ca's+ /! =i!#elli)e!#= s"a# ca' co!#ai!s a ce!#al
(ocessi!) u!i# -- a -$.-- #ha# ac#uall& has #he a*ili#& #o s#oe a!' secue i!,o"a#io!, a!' ="ake
'ecisio!s,= as e4uie' *& #he ca' issueLs s(eci,ic a((lica#io!s !ee's+ Because i!#elli)e!# ca's
o,,e a =ea'?wi#e= ca(a*ili#&, !ew i!,o"a#io! ca! *e a''e' a!' (ocesse'+ Co e7a"(le,
"o!e#a& value ca! *e a''e' a!' 'ece"e!#e' as a (a#icula a((lica#io! "i)h# e4uie+
The seco!' #&(e o, ca' is o,#e! calle' a "e"o& ca'+ Me"o& ca's ae (i"ail&
i!,o"a#io! s#oa)e ca's #ha# co!#ai! s#oe' value, which #he use ca! =s(e!'= i! a (a& (ho!e,
e#ail, a!' ve!'i!) o ela#e' #a!sac#io!+
The i!#elli)e!ce o, #he i!#e)a#e' cicui# chi( i! *o#h #&(es o, ca's allows #he" #o (o#ec# #he
i!,o"a#io! *ei!) s#oe' ,o" 'a"a)e o #he,#+ Co #his easo!, s"a# ca's ae "uch "oe
secue #ha! "a)!e#ic s#i(e ca's, which ca& i!,o"a#io! o! #he ou#si'e o, #he ca' a!' ca! *e
easil& co(ie'. $#art car&s are a% e;;ecti*e >a+ "; e%suri%( secure access t" "pe%
i%teracti*e s+ste#s, such as e%cr+pti"% =e+ #"bilit+, secure si%(le si(%5"%s a%&
electr"%ic &i(ital si(%atures.
The !e#wok co+2uting and cellular tele2hone industries use s+art cards to authenticate
users in ne$ s,ste+s that 'e"a!' #he u#"os# i! secui#&+
9"> is a chip car& &i;;ere%t ;r"# the #a(%etic stripe car& that I carr+ i% #+ >allet?
E7is#i!) "a)!e#ic s#i(e ca's have li"i#e' ca(aci#ies #o ca& i!,o"a#io!+ / s"a# ca' caies
"oe i!,o"a#io! #ha! ca! *e acco""o'a#e' o! a "a)!e#ic s#i(e ca'+ I# ca! "ake a 'ecisio!,
as i# has ela#ivel& (owe,ul (ocessi!) ca(a*ili#ies #ha# allow i# #o 'o "oe #ha! a "a)!e#ic s#i(e
ca' :e+)+, 'a#a e!c&(#io!<+
0hat is the c"st "; a% a*era(e chip car&?
T&i!) #o es(o!' #o #his 4ues#io! is like aski!) #he cos# o, a ca wi#hou# 'e,i!i!) whe#he i# is a
use' 5> o a !ews Rolls Ro&ce+ -hi( ca's a!)e ,o" P+@0 #o P1A 'e(e!'i!) u(o! #hei
ca(aci#& a!' 4ua!#i#ies+
33
9"> secure a%& c"%;i&e%tial are s#art car&s?
8"a# ca's ac#uall& o,,e "oe secui#& a!' co!,i'e!#iali#& #ha! o#he ,i!a!cial i!,o"a#io! o
#a!sac#io! s#oa)e vehicles+ / s"a# ca' is a sa,e (lace #o s#oe valua*le i!,o"a#io! such as
(iva#e ke&s, accou!# !u"*es, (asswo's, o valua*le (eso!al i!,o"a#io!+ ItCs als" a secure
place t" per;"r# pr"cesses that "%e &"es%Ct >a%t e)p"se& t" the >"rl&, ;"r e)a#ple,
per;"r#i%( a public =e+ "r pri*ate =e+ e%cr+pti"%+
-hi( ca's have co"(u#a#io!al (owe #o (ovi'e )ea#e secui#&, allowi!) vei,ica#io! o, #he
ca'hol'e+ E!#ei!) a $IN is o!e "e#ho' o, vei,ica#io!+ The *e!e,i# o, #he s"a# ca' is #ha# &ou
ca! vei,& #he $IN secuel&, o,,-li!e+
# possi0e appication for smart cards
8u((ose &ou 'ive lice!se wee caie' o! a s"a# ca'+ The ,o!# a!' *ack woul' look as #he&
'o !owQ(ho#o a!' 'e"o)a(hic i!,o"a#io! o! o!e si'e, !o#a#io!s a!' co'es i! e7cucia#i!)l&
#i!& (i!# o! #he o#he+ 0u#wa'l&, !o 'i,,ee!ce+ I!si'eG /!o#he "a##e e!#iel&+
The "icochi( i!si'e &ou s"a# ca' woul' ca& !a"e, a''ess a!' (h&sical 'esci(#io!M i#
coul' hol' &ou (ho#o)a(hic like!essQco"(esse' a!' 'i)i#ize'Qa!', (eha(s, a ,i!)e(i!# o
o#he *io"e#ic "easue"e!# #ha# is u!i4uel& &ous+ Moeove, a! e!c&(#io! al)oi#h" a!'
sece# ke& *uil# i!#o #he "icochi( woul' (o#ec# all #ha# 'a#a+
Bu# 'o!J# s#o( #hee+ Thi!k o, #he (a(e-la'e! (ocess o, selli!) #he ,a"il& ca o #he co"(le7
'ocu"e!#a#io! co""ecial vehicles e4uie+ Now, i"a)i!e all #ha# (a(e #a!s,o"e' i!#o
elec#o!ic *&#es s#oe' i! a vehicle s"a# ca'+
8o"e 4ues#io!s
1+ Is i# (ossi*le #o s#oe a (ho#o)a(h o, #he (eso! i!si'e #he s"a# ca', which "a& *e e4uie'
i! #he I!!e Li!e $e"i# /((lica#io!G
Li!ks
h##(3??ho"e+hks#a+co"?Rala!cha!?(a(es?s"a#-a'8ecui#&?
/ )oo' a#icle e)a'i!) secui#& issues i! 8"a#-a' #ech!olo)&+ /lso looks a#
as&""e#ic c&(#o)a(hic al)oi#h"s ,o (eso!al au#he!#ica#io! *& )ove!"e!# au#hoi#ies+
h##(3??!#)+cs+#c'+ie?"e(eice?$o%ec#?-hau"?ca'co"+h#"l
Looks a# vaious #&(es o, ca's a!' #hei co"(aiso!s+
34
+.4 Appendi= ) . Re$erence "uide $or the new A,I
I%sertIte# AI%sert)
-"r#at
I%sertIte# AInde"Class, #o$fAttrib, Attrib%ist, Attrib&alue%ist, #o$f'arts, 'art%ist,
Ite!ID)
4urp"se
The I%sertIte# /$I cea#es a! i#e" i! #he i!'e7 class &ou s(eci,&+ Sou "us# s(eci,& a!&
e4uie' a##i*u#es ,o #ha# i!'e7 class+ Sou "us# also s(eci,& #he (a#s:o*%ec#s< o, #he i#e",
which &ou wa!# #o cea#e+
4ara#eters
Inde"Class
chaT - i!(u#
I!'e7class !a"e i! which &ou wa!# #o cea#e a! i#e"+
#o$fAttrib
i!# K i!(u#
The !u"*e o, a##i*u#es i! #he Attrib%ist+
Attrib%ist
chaTT K i!(u#
The !a"e o, #he a##i*u#es o, #he i!'e7class+ >he! &ou cea#e a! i#e" &ou "us# s(eci,&
#he a##i*u#es o, i!'e7class i! Attrib%ist+
Attrib&alue%ist
chaTT - i!(u#
The value o, #he a##i*u#es+ >he! &ou cea#e a! i#e" &ou "us# s(eci,& #he value o, #he
a##i*u#es i! Attrib&alue%ist+
#o$f'arts
i!# K i!(u#
The !u"*e o, (a#s i! #he 'art%ist.
'art%ist
chaTT - i!(u#
This lis# co!#ai!s #he vaious (a#s o, #he i#e"s+ Each e!#& i! #he 'art%ist is a ,ile!a"e+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo a!' value o, cea#e' i#e" i' is
e#u!e' i! Ite!ID.
3'
$earchIte#s :$earch<
-"r#at
$earchIte#s :Inde"Class, #o$fAttrib, Attrib%ist, Attrib&alue%ist, Ite!ID%ist, #o$f(its<
4urp"se
.se #he $earchIte# /$I #o loca#e a! i#e" i! #he i!'e7 class &ou s(eci,&+ Sou "us#
s(eci,& #he a##i*u#es a!' #hei values #o 'e,i!e #he seach ci#eia+
4ara#eters
Inde"Class
chaT - i!(u#
I!'e7class !a"e i! which &ou wa!# #o loca#e a! i#e"+
#o$fAttrib
i!# K i!(u#
The !u"*e o, a##i*u#es i! #he Attrib%ist+
Attrib%ist
chaTT K i!(u#
>he! &ou seach ,o a! i#e" &ou "us# s(eci,& #he !a"e o, #he a##i*u#es i! Attrib%ist o! which
&ou wa!# #o "ake a seach+
Attrib&alue%ist
chaTT - i!(u#
The value o, #he a##i*u#es+ >he! &ou seach ,o a! i#e" &ou "us# s(eci,& #he value o, #he
a##i*u#es i! Attrib&alue%ist+
Ite!ID%ist
$ITEMIDN - ou#(u#
The (oi!#e #o #he i#e" ID lis#+ This lis# co!#ai!s #he 'ocu"e!#s i#e" IDs #ha# "a#ches
#he seach ci#eia+
#o$f(its
i!#N K ou#(u#
-o!#ai!s #he !u"*e o, i#e"s #ha# "a#ch #he ci#eia+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+ The #o$f(its co!#ai!s #he
!u"*e o, i#e"s a!' Ite!ID%ist co!#ai!s #he lis# o, i#e" IDs+
3(
Ge#I#e" :Ge# #he i!,o"a#io! o, a! i#e"<
-"r#at
GetIte#:Ite!ID, #o$fAttrib, Attrib%ist, Attrib&alue%ist, #o$f'arts, 'art%ist,
'art(andle%ist, readwrite<
4urp"se
.se #he GetIte# /$I #o )e# #he a##i*u#es a!' (a#s i!,o"a#io! o, a! i#e"+

4ara#eters
Ite!ID
ITEMID - i!(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, a! i#e" ,o which &ou wa!# #o )e# #he i!,o"a#io!+ This i'e!#i,ie is #he
i#e" ID+
#o$fAttrib
i!#N K ou#(u#
The !u"*e o, a##i*u#es associa#e' wi#h #he s(eci,ie' i#e"+
Attrib%ist
chaTTN K ou#(u#
This lis# co!#ai!s #he !a"e o, #he a##i*u#es associa#e' wi#h s(eci,ie' i#e"+
Attrib&alue%ist
chaTT N - ou#(u#
This lis# co!#ai!s #he value o, #he a##i*u#es+
#o$f'arts
i!#N K ou#(u#
The !u"*e o, (a#s i! #he 'art%ist.
'art%ist
chaTTN - ou#(u#
This lis# co!#ai!s #he vaious (a#s:o*%ec#s< o, #he s(eci,ie' i#e"+ Each e!#& i! #he
'art%ist is a ,ile!a"e+
$a#Ha!'leLis#
3+
H0B9/--TN - ou#(u#
This lis# co!#ai!s #he ha!'les o, vaious (a#s :o*%ec#s< o, #he s(eci,ie' i#e"+ >he! #he
(a#s i!,o"a#io! ,o a! i#e" is e#u!e' #he vaious o*%ec#s ae o(e!e' #o )e# #he
i!,o"a#io!+/,#e usi!) #he (a#s:o*%ec#s< i!,o"a#io! #he& !ee' #o *e close' so
'art(andle%ist co!#ai!s #he ha!'les ,o #hose (a#s+
readwrite
B00L K i!(u#
This vaia*le s(eci,ies whe#he #he i#e" #o *e o(e!e' i! shae ea' "o'e o ea' wi#e
"o'e+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+The #o$fAttrib
co!#ai!s !u"*e o, a##i*u#es, Attrib%ist co!#ai!s !a"e o, #he a##i*u#es,
Attrib&alue%ist co!#ai!s value associa#e' wi#h #he a##i*u#es, #o$f'arts co!#ai!s
!u"*e o, (a#s i! #he i#e", 'art%ist co!#ai!s lis# o, (a#s a!' 'art(andle%ist co!#ai!s
#he lis# o, ha!'les o, (a#s o, #he i#e"+
GetIte#sI%;" AGet the &escripti"% "; a list "; ite#sB
-"r#at
GetIte#sI%;":#o$fIte!s, Ite!ID%ist, Ite!Description<
4urp"se
.se #he GetIte#sI%;" /$I #o )e# #he 'esci(#io! o, a lis# o, i#e"s+

4ara#eters
#o$fIte!s
i!# - i!(u#
The !u"*e o, i#e"s i! #he Ite!ID%ist+
Ite!ID%ist
$ITEMID K ou#(u#
This is #he lis# o, i#e" IDs+
Ite!Description
chaTT N - ou#(u#
This co!#ai!s #he 'esci(#io! o, lis# o, i#e"s+ Desi(#io! "ea!s #he i!,o"a#io! like
whe#he i#e" is a 'ocu"e!#, ,ol'e, wok*aske# o wok,low a!' associa#e' a##i*u#es o, #he
i#e"+
33
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+ The Ite!Description co!#ai!s
'esci(#io! o, lis# o, i#e"s+
DeleteIte# ADeleteB
-"r#at
DeleteIte#:Ite!ID)
4urp"se
.se #he DeleteIte# /$I #o 'ele#e a ,ol'e o 'ocu"e!#+

4ara#eters
Ite!ID
ITEMID - i!(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, a! i#e" &ou wa!# #o 'ele#e+ This i'e!#i,ie is #he i#e" ID+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+
!l"se,bDectAcl"seB
-"r#at
!l"se,bDect:$b)ectAcc(andle)
4urp"se
.se #he !l"se,bDect /$I #o close a! o*%ec#+

4ara#eters
$b)ectAcc(andle
H0B9/-- - i!(u#
The o*%ec# access ha!'le+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+
35
Replace,bDectAReplaceB
-"r#at
Replace,bDect:$b)ectAcc(andle)
4urp"se
.se #he Replace,bDect /$I #o e(lace a! o*%ec#+ The o*%ec# is s#oe' i!#o #he seve *&
e(laci!) #he e7is#i!) o*%ec#+

4ara#eters
$b)ecAcct(andle#
H0B9/-- - i!(u#
The o*%ec# access ha!'le+ The o*%ec# is s#oe' i!#o #he seve *& e(laci!) #he e7is#i!) o*%ec#+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+
2p&ateIte# A2p&ateB
-"r#at
2p&ateIte# AInde"Class ,Ite!ID, #o$fAttrib, Attrib%ist, Attrib&alue%ist, #o$f'arts,
'art%ist)
4urp"se
The 2p&ateIte# /$I u('a#e a! i#e" i! #he i!'e7 class &ou s(eci,&+ Sou "us# s(eci,& #he
a##i*u#es, o, #he i#e", which &ou wa!# #o cha!)e+ Sou "us# also s(eci,& #he (a#s:o*%ec#s<
o, #he i#e", which &ou wa!# #o cha!)e+
4ara#eters
Inde"Class
chaT - i!(u#
I!'e7class !a"e i! which #he s(eci,ie' i#e" *elo!)s+
Ite!ID
ITEMIDN K i!(u#?ou#(u#
>he! a! i#e" is u('a#e', #he !ew i#e" ID is issue' ,o #he u('a#e' i#e"+ The value o,
!ew i#e" ID is e#u!e' i! Ite!ID.

#o$fAttrib
i!# K i!(u#
46
The !u"*e o, a##i*u#es i! #he Attrib%ist+
Attrib%ist
chaTT K i!(u#
The !a"e o, #he a##i*u#es which !ee' #o *e u('a#e'+
Attrib&alue%ist
chaTT - i!(u#
The cha!)e' value o, #he a##i*u#es+ The !a"e o, #he a##i*u#es ae i! #he Attrib%ist.
#o$f'arts
i!# K i!(u#
The !u"*e o, (a#s i! #he 'art%ist.
'art%ist
chaTT - i!(u#
This lis# co!#ai!s #he vaious (a#s o, #he i#e"s+ Each e!#& i! #he 'art%ist is a ,ile!a"e+

Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo a!' value o, !ew i#e" i' is e#u!e' i!
Ite!ID.
L"("%AL"( "%B
-"r#at
L"("%: %o*in#a!e, 'assword)
4urp"se
.se #he L"("% /$I #o 'o #he lo)i!+

4ara#eters
%o*in#a!e
co!s# chaT - i!(u#
The !a"e o, #he use who wa!# #o 'o lo)i!+
'assword
co!s# chaT - i!(u#
The (asswo' o, #he use who wa!# #o 'o lo)i!+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+
41
L"(";;AL"( ";;B
-"r#at
L"(";;:void)
4urp"se
.se #he L"(";; /$I #o 'o lo) o,, ,o" #he s&s#e"+

4ara#eters
No!e
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+
-reeMe#"r+A-ree the #e#"r+B
-"r#at
-reeMe#"r+:void)
4urp"se
.se #he -reeMe#"r+ /$I #o ,ee #he "e"o&+

4ara#eters
No!e+
Retur% 3alues
No!e+
$tart0"r=-l">Astarts the >"r=;l">B
-"r#at
$tart0"r=-l">:+or,-low#a!e, Ite!ID)
4urp"se
42
.se #he $tart0"r=-l"> /$I #o s#a# #he wok,low "ea!s (u# #he )ive! i#e" i! #he ,is#
wok*aske# o, #he wok,low+

4ara#eters
+or,-low#a!e
chaT - i!(u#
The !a"e o, #he wok,low which &ou wa!# #o s#a#+
Ite!ID
ITEMIDN - i!(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, a! i#e" which &ou wa!# #o (u# i! #he wok,low+ This i'e!#i,ie is #he
i#e" ID+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+
R"ute0ipIte#AR"ute the ite#B
-"r#at
R"ute0ipIte#:Ite!ID, #e"t+.ID)
4urp"se
.se #he R"ute0ipIte# /$I #o "ove a! i#e" ,o" #he wok*aske# whee
i# cue!#l& esi'es #o #he wok*aske# &ou s(eci,&+ Sou ca! "ove #he i#e" #o a!&
o#he wok*aske# i! #he ou#i!) lis# ,o i#s assi)!e' wok,low, o #o a wok*aske#
#ha# is !o# i! #he wok,low+ Sou ca! also use #his ,u!c#io! #o "ove a! i#e" #ha# is
!o# i! a wok,low, a!' ca! "ove #ha# i#e" #o a!& wok*aske#+

4ara#eters
Ite!ID
ITEMIDN - i!(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, a! i#e" &ou wa!# "ove+ This i'e!#i,ie is #he i#e" ID+
+
#e"t+.ID
ITEMIDN - ou#(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, a! wok*aske# i! which &ou wa!# #o "ove #he i#e"+ This i'e!#i,ie is
#he i#e" ID+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+
43
-i%&0B-"rIte#A-i%& ,ut >hich 0"r=bas=et a% Ite# Is i%B
-"r#at
-i%&0B-"rIte#:Ite!ID, +or,.as,et#a!e)
4urp"se
.se #he -i%&0B-"rIte# /$I #o e#u! i!,o"a#io! a*ou# #he wok*aske# a! i#e" is i!+

4ara#eters
Ite!ID
ITEMID - i!(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, a! i#e" o, which &ou wa!# #o )e# #he i!,o"a#io!+ This i'e!#i,ie is #he
i#e" ID+
+
+or,.as,et#a!e
chaT N - ou#(u#
The !a"e o, #he wok*aske# i! which #he )ive i#e" esi'es+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+The wok*aske# !a"e is e#u!e'
i! +or,.as,et#a!e.
Get0B.a#eAGet the >"r=ba=set %a#eB
-"r#at
Get0B.a#e:+or,.a,setID, +or,.as,et#a!e)
4urp"se
.se #he Get0B.a#e /$I #o )e# #he !a"e o, #he wok*aske#+

4ara#eters
+or,.a,setID
ITEMID - i!(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, wok*aske# o, which &ou wa!# #o )e# #he wok*akse# !a"e+ This
i'e!#i,ie is #he wok*aske# ID+
+
+or,.as,et#a!e
44
chaT N - ou#(u#
The !a"e o, #he wok*aske#+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+The wok*aske# !a"e is e#u!e'
i! +or,.as,et#a!e.
Get.e)t0B-"rIte# AGet the %e)t >"r=ba=set i% >"r=;l">B
-"r#at
Get.e)t0B-"rIte# :Ite!ID, +or,.as,etID)
4urp"se
.se #he Get.e)t0B-"rIte# /$I #o )e# #he ID o, #he !e7# wok*aske# i! wok,low ,o a
)ive! i#e"+

4ara#eters
Ite!ID
ITEMID - i!(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, i#e" ,o which &ou wa!# #o )e# #he ID o, #he !e7# wok*akse# + This
i'e!#i,ie is #he i#e" ID+
+
+or,.as,etID
ITEMIDN - ou#(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, #he wok*aske#+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+The ID o, #he !e7# wok*aske#
!a"e is e#u!e' i! +or,.as,etID.
Get0"r=-l">ID AGet the >"r=;l"> IDB
-"r#at
Get0"r=-l">ID:+or,-low#a!e, +or,-lowID)
4urp"se
.se #he Get0"r=-l">ID /$I #o )e# #he ID o, #he wok,low+

4ara#eters
4'
+or,-low#a!e
chaT - i!(u#
The !a"e o, #he wok,low o, which &ou wa!# #o )e# #he +or,-lowID.+
+or,-lowID
ITEMIDN - ou#(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, wok,low+ This i'e!#i,ie is #he wok,low ID+
+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+The wok,low ID is e#u!e' i!
+or,-lowID.
Get0"r=Bas=etID AGet the >"r=bas=et IDB
-"r#at
Get0"r=Bas=etID:+or,.as,et#a!e, +or,.as,etID)
4urp"se
.se #he Get0"r=Bas=etID /$I #o )e# #he ID o, #he wok*aske#+

4ara#eters
+or,.as,et#a!e
chaT - i!(u#
The !a"e o, #he wok*aske# o, which &ou wa!# #o )e# #he +or,.as,etID.+
+or,.as,etID
ITEMIDN - ou#(u#
The i'e!#i,ie o, wok*aske#+ This i'e!#i,ie is #he wok*aske# ID+
+
Retur% 3alues
0! success,ul co"(le#io!, #his ,u!c#io! e#u!s zeo+The wokBaske# ID is e#u!e' i!
+or,.as,etID.
4(
4+