Python 120429093309 Phpapp02

Effective Python Programming OSCON 2005
Effective Python Programming

Effective Programming
Get the job done
Better, more maintainabe code
!"e the ang#age$" "trength"
Python i" not%

C&&

'ava

Per

(((
)a*ine""
+n deveo,ment, a*ine"" can be good
-o thing" right the fir"t time
-on$t re.invent every /hee
-eath to N+0
Effective 12 Efficient
Effective doe" not nece""ariy mean

efficient
O,timi"e for deveo,ment time
3hen /orry abo#t ,erformance
4e$ to#ch on efficient code, ater

3arget
Python 2(5
CPython
Python 6#ndamenta"
)earning by tin7ering
Everything$" an object
Name",ace"
E86P
-#c7 3y,ing
Short 8ttention S,an 3heatre
9ey thing" to remember
Even if yo# "ee, thro#gh the re"t,

yo#$ "ti get "omething
S(8(S( 3heatre
:#e ;<% -ictionarie"
:#e ;2% See :#e ;<

Programming /ith the hood #,
+ntro",ection
E=,erimentation
+nteractive Python

bonanza% python

Python 2.4.1 (#2, Mar 30 2005, 21:51:10)

[GCC 3.3.5 (Deban 1:3.3.5!"#b#nt#2)$ on %n#&2

'ype (he%p(, ()opyr*ht(, ()re+t,( or (%)en,e( ...

---

he, and dir
he,>obj? format" doc"tring"
dir>obj? "ho/" attrib#te"

he,

--- .port o,

--- he%p(o,.popen)

/e%p on b#%t!n 0#n)ton popen n .o+#%e po,&:

popen(...)

popen()o..an+ [, .o+e12r2 [, b#0,ze$$) !- ppe

3pen a ppe to40ro. a )o..an+ ret#rnn* a 0%e
ob5e)t.

he,(((

--- he%p(")

/e%p on nt ob5e)t:

)%a,, nt(ob5e)t)

6 nt(&[, ba,e$) !- nte*er

6

6 Con7ert a ,trn* or n#.ber to an nte*er, 0

6 po,,b%e. 8 0%oatn* pont ar*#.ent 9%% be

6 tr#n)ate+ to9ar+, zero (th, +oe, not n)%#+e a

6 ,trn* repre,entaton o0 a 0%oatn* pont

6 n#.ber:) ;hen )on7ertn* a ,trn*, #,e

6 the optona% ba,e. <t , an error to ,#pp%y a
dir

--- .port popen2

--- +r(popen2)

[2M8=>D2, 2Popen32, 2Popen42, 2??a%%??2,
2??b#%tn,??2, 2??+o)??2, 2??0%e??2, 2??na.e??2,
2?a)t7e2, 2?)%ean#p2, 2?te,t2, 2o,2, 2popen22,
2popen32, 2popen42, 2,y,2$

Everything i" an object
int", "tring", fie"
f#nction", mod#e", ca""e"
@ariabe" are j#"t abe"

Object" v" Name"
@ariabe" are reference"
'#"t a name referring to an object
Stored in a name",ace

>defa#t" to the oca name",ace?
Name",ace"(((
Name",ace" are dictionarie"1

--- .port ,y,

--- +e0 0oo(a11, b12):

... ) 1 (he%%o(

... prnt ,y,.?*et0ra.e().0?%o)a%,

...

---

--- 0oo(a14)

@2a2: 4, 2)2: 2he%%o2, 2b2: 2A

Name",ace oo7#, Ca""ic
oca"
mod#e goba"
b#it.in"
8""ignment
8""ignment goe" to oca name",ace
!ne"" $goba$ "tatement

goba
goba ony for a""ignment
not needed for getting a va#e
goba" are "o/er1

Name",ace" ne"ted "co,e"
"taticay ne"ted "co,e"

>ne"ted f#nction definition"?
#"ef# for ambda%

+e0 )reateBp+ater(,e%0):

ret#rn %a.b+a 0oo, bar: ,e%0.#p+ate(0oo,bar)
ne"ted f#nction ca"

e=am,e ater of thi"
E86P
Ea"ier to 8"7 6orgivene"" than

Permi""ion
@ery ba"ic Python conce,t

Permi""ion(((
Permi""ion%

0 ha,attr(ob5, 27a%#e2):

7a%#e 1 ob5.7a%#e

e%,e:

7a%#e 1 Cone
6orgivene""%

try:

rea+ 1 ob5.7a%#e

e&)ept 8ttrb#teDrror:

7a%#e 1 Cone
E86P
E=ce,tion" are e=,en"ive
Chec7" can a"o be e=,en"ive
Ca"e.by.ca"e ho/ often i" it e=,ected

to faiA
Python 3y,ing
4ea7 v" Strong
Static v" -ynamic
C&&B'ava% "trong "tatic ty,ing
Python% "trong dynamic ty,ing

-#c7.3y,ing
4a7" i7e a d#c7
((( C#ac7" i7e a d#c7
((( it$" a d#c7

-#c7.3y,ing
6ie.i7e object"
Dight ony need $read>?$

-#c7.3y,ing 6ie object"

+e0 *etData(ob5):

+ata 1 ob5.rea+()

prnt +ata

0 1 open(20%e.t&t2)

*etData(0)

8ct#ay, that data fie /a" g*i,,ed%

.port *zp

0 1 *zp.Gzp>%e(20%e.t&t.*z2)

*etData(0)

Dore -#c7.3y,ing
3he ma,,ing interface >dictionary?
Start /ith a dictionary
Sot in a different im,ementation
e(g( net/or7, databa"e, (((

+nterface"
*o,e(interface
PyProtoco"
8""ert that an object im,ement" an

interface
-oc#mentation
8da,tation
6#t#re Python
Str#ct#red Programming
Contro 6o/
+terator"
Generator"
forBe"e
tryBfinay
tryBe=ce,tBe"e
"/itch "tatement
S(8(S( 3heatre1
en#merate

0or n n ran*e(%en(,eE#en)e)):

e%e.ent 1 ,eE#en)e[n$
in"tead%

0or n, e%e.ent n en#.erate(,eE#en)e):
en#merate ret#rn" an iterator

--- prnt en#.erate([$)

Fen#.erate ob5e)t at 0&bG+041")-

Ba"ic contro fo/
/hie
for
tryBe=ce,t
+terator"
:et#rn" the ne=t item each time
No need to have a item" in memory
Dore fe=ibe
6ie" are iterator"
:et#rn" a ine

--- 0or %ne n open(24et)4re,o%7.)on02):

... prnt (*ot %ne 2%,2(%(%ne.,trp())

...

*ot %ne 2na.e,er7er 210.15.254.2402

*ot %ne 2na.e,er7er 210.15.254.2412

*ot %ne 2na.e,er7er 203.10.110.1012

*ot %ne 2na.e,er7er 203.1G.103.12

Creating iterator"
iter>? b#it.in
t#rn" a "eC#ence into an iterator
ca""e" can have an EEiterEE method

that ret#rn" an iterator
Dore fe=ibe for oo,"
Ca (ne=t>? to get the ne=t item

terob5 1 ter(,eE#en)e)

0or te. n terob5:

0 te. 11 2e&ten+e+2:

te. 1 te. H terob5.ne&t()

3o7en "tream"

toIen,1[2te&t:he%%o2,2,ty%e:bo%+2,2te&t:9or%+2,
2te&t:*oo+bye2,2,ty%e:ta%)2,2te&t:9or%+2$

toIen, 1 ter(toIen,)

0or toI n toIen,:

9hat,7a%#e 1 toI.,p%t(2:2,1)

0 9hat 11 2te&t2:

han+%eP%an'oIen(7a%#e)

e%0 9hat 11 2,ty%e2:

9hat, 7a%#e 1 toI.ne&t().,p%t(2:2, 1)

0 ,ty%e 11 2bo%+2:

han+%eJo%+'oIen(7a%#e)

e%0 ,ty%e 11 2ta%)2:

han+%e<ta%)'oIen(7a%#e)
P#"h +terator
Sometime" yo# /ant to chec7 the ne=t

item, b#t not a/ay" con"#me it
P#"h it bac7 onto the iterator1
)i7e "tdio$" getc>?B#ngetc>?

P#"h +terator

)%a,, P#,h<terator:

+e0 ??nt??(,e%0, ter):

,e%0.ter 1 ter

,e%0.p#,he+ 1 [$

+e0 p#,h(,e%0, 7a%#e):

,e%0.p#,he+.appen+(7a%#e)

+e0 ne&t(,e%0):

0 ,e%0.p#,he+:

ret#rn ,e%0.p#,he+.pop()

e%,e:

ret#rn ,e%0.ter.ne&t()

+e0 ??ter??(,e%0):

ret#rn ,e%0
Pee7 +terator
Sibing to P#"h+terator
Pee7 at the ne=t re"#t >/itho#t

con"#ming it?
itertoo"
high ,erformance iterator mani,#ation
f#nctiona ,rogramming
Generator"
FGood arti"t" co,y, great arti"t" "teaG

. Pica""o
Stoen from +con
f#nction" containing $yied$ are a

generator
4hen caed, ret#rn" a generator object
((( /hich i" an iterator

Generator"
$yied$ ,a""e" a re"#t to the caer
e=ec#tion i" "#",ended
/hen ne=t>? i" caed again, re"#me"

/here it eft off
Generator"

--- +e0 ,E#are,(,tart11):

... 9h%e 'r#e:

... ye%+ ,tart K ,tart

... ,tart H1 1
...

--- ,E 1 ,E#are,(4)

--- ,E

F*enerator ob5e)t at 0&bG+0440)-

--- ,E.ne&t()

1L

--- ,E.ne&t()

25

Generator"
fini"h /hen they fa off the end
or $ret#rn$
Generator" can$t $ret#rn$ a va#e
Generator" can be caed m#ti,e time"

D#ti,e Generator Ca"

--- ,1 1 ,E#are,(5)

--- ,2 1 ,E#are,(15)

--- prnt ,1.ne&t(), ,2.ne&t(), ,1.ne&t(), ,2.ne&t()

25 225 3L 25L
Generator E=am,e
-B.8P+
c#r"or(fetchone>? . get one ro/

+nefficient1
c#r"or(fetcha>? . get a ro/"

Co#d con"#me a ot of memory
c#r"or(fetchmany>N? get N ro/"

Sighty fiddy
Po""ibe So#tion"

0or ro9 n )#r,or.0et)ha%%():

pro)e,,Me,#%t(ro9)

ro9 1 )#r,or.0et)hone()

9h%e ro9:

pro)e,,Me,#%t(ro9)

ro9 1 )#r,or.0et)hone()

9h%e 'r#e:

ro9, 1 )#r,or.0et)h.any(100)

0 not ro9,:

breaI

0or ro9 n ro9,:

pro)e,,Me,#%t(ro9)
Generator @er"ion

+e0 Me,#%t<ter()#r,or, array,ze11000):

9h%e 'r#e:

re,#%t, 1 )#r,or.0et)h.any(array,ze)

0 not re,#%t,:

breaI

0or re,#%t n re,#%t,:

ye%+ re,#%t

!"ing thi"%

0or re, n Me,#%t<ter()#r,or):

pro)e,,Mo9(re,)

forBe"e
for "tatement" can have an e"e% ca#"e
e=ec#ted /hen the for oo, e=ha#"t"

it$" oo, >no $brea7$, ret#rn or
e=ce,tion?
forBe"e e=am,e

0or e%e.ent n ,eE#en)e:

0 e%e.entMat)he+(e%e.ent):

)orre)t 1 e%e.ent

breaI

e%,e:

prnt (no e%e.ent, .at)he+(

)orre)t 1 Cone

tryBfinay
finay% ca#"e i" a/ay" e=ec#ted
re"o#rce cean#,

%o)I 1 a)E#reNo)I()

try:

7a% 1 +oOo.eOt#00()

0 7a% , Cone:

ra,e Pa%#eDrror(2*ot Cone2)

e%0 7a% F 0:

ret#rn

0na%%y:

%o)I.re%ea,e()
tryBfinay
Great for ,reventing tho"e nightmare

b#g"
F3hi" "ho#d never ha,,enG
Chance" are it /i
Program -efen"ivey

3he !niver"e 0ate" Ho#(
4oef#y #nder#"ed
tryBe=ce,tBe"e
tryBe=ce,t can have an e"e% "tatement
e=ec#ted /hen no e=ce,tion occ#rred

tryBe=ce,tBe"e
P#t ony the im,ortant bit" in the try%

boc7

try:

.port *tI

e&)ept:

My;n+o9 1 Cone

e%,e:

My;n+o9 1 *tI.;n+o9()
minimi"ing code in a try% boc7
3hi" code ha" a ,robem%

try:

+ata 1 ob5.rea+()

e&)ept 8ttrb#teDrror:

+ata 1 22
3hi" ma"7" any 8ttrib#teError" in the

read>? method
So#rce of hard.to.find b#g"

"/itch "tatement
,ython ha" no "/itchBca"e
ifBeifBeifBeifBe"e
#"e a dictionary
-i",atch via dict

0 n+ata 11 2>3QQ<D2:

,ho9>ozze()

e%0 n+ata 11 2RDMM<'2:

,ho9Rer.t()

...

e%,e:

,ho9BnIno9nM#ppet()
become"%

)a%%D)t 1 @ 2>3QQ<D2: ,ho9>ozze,

2RDMM<'2: ,ho9Rer.t,

... A

0#n) 1 )a%%D)t.*et(n+ata, ,ho9BnIno9nM#ppet)

0#n)()
Object Oriented Programming
!"ing Ca""e" Pythonicay
Ne/."tye v" Od."tye
Dore -#c7"1
i"in"tance
inheritance, mi=in"
acce"" contro
Sim,ifying yo#r 8P+"

S(8(S( 3heatre
EEdeEE i" not yo#r friend

EEdeEE often con"idered harmf#
C&&B'ava.i"m
EEdeEE brea7" garbage coector
non.determini"tic
doe"n$t a/ay" get caed #"ef#y /hen

Python i" e=iting
#"e a /ea7ref in "ome ca"e"

Ne/."tye v" Od."tye
Python ha" t/o ty,e" of ca""
Od."tye ca""e" are the origina one"
Ne/."tye >in 2(2? fi= i""#e" /ith the"e

-ifference bet/een C ty,e" and Python
ca""e"

Can inherit from b#it.in ty,e" >e(g( dict?

Some "hiny ne/ feat#re"
Ne/."tye v" Od."tye
Ne/ "tye derive from $object$
Ne/ "tye ca""e" in 2(2
6i= for im,ementation i""#e" in origina

ca""e"
Dany ne/ feat#re"

,ro,ertie"

de"cri,tor"

EEne/EE

(((((
!"e Ne/ Stye Ca""e"
Do"t ne/ code "ho#d #"e them
4i become the defa#t in Python I(0

Dore -#c7"1
Object" "#,,orting the ma,,ing

interface%

dictionarie"

Jdbm databa"e fie"

"heve"

dbEro/ in"tance"
Sometime" yo# care
3here are time" /hen yo# care /hat

thing" are ,a""ed
Chec7 for the method" yo# need

0 ha,attr(ob5, 2rea+2):

ob5.rea+()

e%,e:

ra,e Pa%#eDrror
Or #"e an +nterface
+nterface"
-oc#mentation
8""ertion"

+e0 *et8#+o>ro.Oo#r)e(ob5):

0 not <8#+o(ob5):

ra,e Pa%#eDrror(2e&pe)te+ a#+o, *ot %r2%
ob5)

ret#rn a#+o.rea+()
8da,tation

8#tomaticay ada,t an +6oo to an +Bar
+nterface E=am,e

)%a,, <8#+o(<nter0a)e):

222No9%e7e% nter0a)e to a#+o ,o#r)e4,nI.222

+e0 )%o,e():

222C%o,e the #n+er%yn* a#+o +e7)e222

+e0 reopen():

222Meopen a )%o,e+ a#+o +e7)e222

+e0 ,3pen():

222Met#rn 'r#e 0 #n+er%yn* a#+o open222

+e0 rea+():

222Met#rn a pa)Iet o0 a#+o 0ro. +e7)e.222

+e0 9rte(+ata):

222;rte a#+o to +e7)e.222
!"ing an +nterface

)%a,, 8NO88#+o(ob5e)t):

.p%e.ent,(<8#+o)

+e0 reopen(,e%0):

....

+e0 )%o,e(,e%0):

....

+e0 ,3pen(,e%0):

....

a%,a 1 8NO88#+o()

<8#+o..p%e.ente+Jy(a%,a)

<8#+o(a%,a)
+nterface" are dynamic
+nterface" can be changed at r#ntime
8""ert that a I
rd
,arty object
im,ement" an interface
:egi"ter an ada,ter from one +nterface

to another
i"in"tance
Chec7ing obj(EEca""EE i" evi
Brea7" "#bca""ing
ty,e>foo? i" ancient, and c#n7y
!"e i"in"tance%

0 ,n,tan)e(n#., ba,e,trn*):

n#. 1 nt(n#.)

0 not ,n,tan)e(thn*, (nt, 0%oat)):

ra,e Pa%#eDrror(2e&pe)te+ a n#.ber2)
inheritance, mi=in"
D#ti,e inheritance i" #"ef#
Di=in ca""e" a""embe com,onent"

into a ca""
Seect from m#ti,e im,ementation"

+nheritance
F6at i" better than ne"tedG
E=ce""ive inheritance tree" are ,ainf#
!"e inheritance /hen yo# need it

-e"ign for "#bca""ing
!"e "ef(EEca""EE in"tead of hardcoded

ca"" name"

)%a,, <te.:

+e0 ??nt??(,e%0, 7a%#e):

,e%0.7a%#e 1 7a%#e

+e0 *etCe&t<te.(,e%0):

ne9<te. 1 ,e%0.??)%a,,??()

ne9<te..7a%#e 1 ,e%0.7a%#e H 1
Ba"e ca"" method"
Ca ba"e ca"" method" from

"#bca""ed method"1
Protect" yo# if ,arent ca"" change"
Partic#ary im,ortant for ??nt??

)%a,, MonIey(O.an):

+e0 ??nt??(,e%0, banana,12, Kar*,, KKI9ar*,):

,e%0.banana, 1 banana,

O.an.??nt??(,e%0, Kar*,, KKI9ar*,)
-on$t 8""#me Ho# 9no/ Be"t
Ho# don$t 7no/ ho/ ,eo,e /i need to

#"e yo#r code
3hin7 abo#t ho/ "omeone co#d e=tend

yo#r ca""e"
-e"ign ca""e" accordingy
-oc#ment the method"
6actor o#t the #"ef# bit"

acce"" contro
8nother C&&B'ava.i"m

friend, ,#bic, ,rivate, (((
Python% FEveryone$" a con"enting

ad#tG
Convention% eading #nder"core "igna"

Fim,ementation detaiG
Better yet% doc#ment the 8P+ of the

ca""
??,rivate name"
eading do#be #nder"core mange"

name"
+n theory #"ef# to "to, ,eo,e "te,,ing

on im,ementation detai"
+n ,ractice, annoying

Per"ona goa for 2(5 i" to remove a #"e
from the "tdib
Sim,ifying yo#r 8P+"
-amien Con/ay$" FS#fficienty

8dvanced DagicG
B#t not C#ite that advanced(((

Container object
Get the object" in a container
6ir"t attem,t%

0or )h%+ n )ontaner.*etCh%+ren():

+oOo.ethn*;th3b5e)t()h%+)
!nnece""ary 8P+
Python aready ha" a good /ay to ",e

thi"%

0or )h%+ n )ontaner:

+oOo.ethn*;th3b5e)t()h%+)
Container e=am,e
!"ing the iterator ,rotoco

)%a,, Contaner(ob5e)t):

+e0 ??nt??(,e%0, K)h%+ren):

,e%0.)h%+ren 1 )h%+ren

+e0 ??ter??(,e%0):

ret#rn ter(,e%0.)h%+ren)

)ont 1 Contaner(1,2,3,4,5)

0or ) n )ont:

prnt )
??,pe)a%?? method"
!"ed to im,ement o,erator"
E=am,e"%

??,tr?? ! ,trn* repre,entaton

??,ette.?? !

ob5[Iey$ 1 7a% 22K ob5.??,ette.??(Iey,7a%)

??a++?? ! a++ ,o.ethn* to th, ob5e)t

??*etattr?? ! *et an attrb#te o0 th, ob5e)t

??eE?? ! ob5e)t , ben* )o.pare+ to another
",ecia method", e=am,e"
8 & B

6ir"t trie" 8(EEaddEE>B?

3hen B(EEraddEE>8?

>4e$re ignoring EEcoerceEE?
8 22 B

+n order% 8(EEeCEE>B?, B(EEeCEE>8?,
8(EEcm,EE>B?, and then B(EEcm,EE>8?
Da7e the 8P+ +nt#itive
Every ne/ method name i" "omething

that ha" to be

remembered

doc#mented
6inite amo#nt of brain ",ace
!"e int#itive o,erator"
B#t don$t get too cever

C&&."tye co#t
8 bit too magica to be recommended%

)%a,, Cpp>%e:

+e0 ??nt??(,e%0, 0p):

,e%0.0p 1 0p

+e0 ??%,h0t??(,e%0, ,o.eob5):

,e%0.0p.9rte(,tr(,o.eob5))

ret#rn ,e%0

.port ,y,

)o#t 1 Cpp>%e(,y,.,t+o#t)

)o#t FF (he%%oS FF T9or%+Un(
-emon"trating ",ecia method"

)%a,, )hatty:

+e0 ??nt??(,e%0, na.e):

,e%0.na.e 1 na.e

+e0 ??*etattr??(,e%0, 9hat):

prnt ,e%0.na.e, (a,Ie+ 0or(, 9hat

ra,e 8ttrb#teDrror(9hat)

demon"tration(((

--- 8 1 )hatty(282)

--- J 1 )hatty(2J2)

--- 8 H J

8 a,Ie+ 0or ??)oer)e??

8 a,Ie+ 0or ??a++??

J a,Ie+ 0or ??)oer)e??

J a,Ie+ 0or ??ra++??

'ra)eba)I (.o,t re)ent )a%% %a,t):

>%e (F,t+n-(, %ne 1, n V

'ypeDrror: #n,#pporte+ operan+ type(,) 0or H:
2n,tan)e2 an+ 2n,tan)e2

--- prnt 8

8 a,Ie+ 0or ??,tr??

8 a,Ie+ 0or ??repr??

F??.an??.)hatty n,tan)e at 0&bG+04G))-

??*etattr?? /arning
S,ecia.ca"e ??,pe)a%?? name"
Pain, other/i"e
Python #"e" ot" of ",ecia method"
e(g( ??repr?? to ,rint

+e0 ??*etattr??(,e%0, na.e):

0 na.e.,tart,9th(2??2) an+ na.e.en+,9th(2??2):

ra,e 8ttrb#teDrror(na.e)

ret#rn ,e%0.re.ote3b5e)t.%ooI#pCa.e(na.e)
GetBSet method"
in"tead of%

prnt ,o.eob5e)t.*etPa%#e()

,o.eob5e)t.,etPa%#e(5)
#"e%

prnt ,o.eob5e)t.7a%#e

,o.eob5e)t.7a%#e 1 5
GetBSet method"
Sometime", attrib#te" need to be

com,#ted
!"e a ,ro,erty1

)%a,, Ma*):

+e0 ?*etMa*)C#.(,e%0):

ret#rn 0n+'heMa*)C#.ber()

+e0 ?,etMa*)C#.(,e%0, 7a%#e)

,et'heMa*)C#.ber(7a%#e)

.a*)C#.ber 1 property(?*etMa*)C#.,

?,etMa*)C#.)
Pro,ertie"
Pro,erty ta7e" <.5 arg#ment"%

attrb#te 1 property(*et.eth, ,et.eth, +e%.eth,

+o)122)
"et method and de method o,tiona
doc "et" a doc"tring #"e it

.onIeyCo#nt 1 property(*etMonIey,,

+o)12'he )o#nt o0 .onIey, n th, barre%2)
Ony #"e ,ro,erty /hen needed

8ttrib#te" are a ot fa"ter
-e"cri,tor"
,ro,erty ret#rn" an object caed a

de"cri,tor
e=tremey ,o/erf#, b#t yo#$ have to

read #, on them yo#r"ef
de"cri,tor" are ho/ $"ef$ get" in"erted

a" the fir"t arg#ment of a method
ca""method and "taticmethod are a"o

de"cri,tor"
"taticmethod
@ery imited #"e
Neary a/ay" better to #"e a f#nction

ca""method
8ternate con"tr#ctor"

)%a,, '.eOta.p(ob5e)t):

+e0 ??nt??(,e%0, h, ., ,):

,e%0.h, ,e%0.., ,e%0., 1 h, ., ,

W)%a,,.etho+

+e0 0ro.Otrn*()%,, ,trn*):

h,.,, 1 [nt(&) 0or & n ,trn*.,p%t(2:2)$

ret#rn )%,(h, ., ,)
8ternate con"tr#ctor" ma7e nicer 8P+
Not many other #"e"

Lca""method 1A
-ecorator"
:e,ace" thi"%

+e0 a%ternateCtor()%,, ar*#.entN,t):

...

a%ternateCtor 1 )%a,,.etho+(a%ternateCtor)

4ith thi"%

W)%a,,.etho+

+e0 a%ternateCtor()%,, ar*#.entN,t):

...
-ecorator"
-ecorator" are ,a""ed the f#nction

object, ret#rn a ne/ f#nction object
:emember to co,y f#ncEname and

EEdocEE if yo# create a ne/ f#nction
object1
)a*ine""
Python ma7e" thing" ea"y
B#t ony if yo# et it
8nytime yo# fee i7e yo#$re doing too

m#ch, ta7e a "te, bac7
S(8(S( 3heatre
dict("etdefa#t>7ey, defa#tva?
"et" a va#e >if not aready "et?, ret#rn"

va#e
"etdefa#t
3#rn" thi"%

0 Iey n +)tob5:

+)tob5[Iey$.appen+(7a%)

e%,e:

+)tob5[Iey$ 1 [7a%$

+nto thi"%

+)tob5.,et+e0a#%t(Iey, [$).appen+(7a%)

SeC#ence !n,ac7ing
Do"t thing" '#"t 4or7%

a, b, ) 1 threet#p%e
S/a, t/o va#e"%

a, b 1 b, a
Get and cear a va#e%

7a%, ,e%0.7a% 1 ,e%0.7a%, Cone
Stam,ing )icen"e Pate"
8ny time yo# find yo#r"ef /riting the

"ameB"imiar code re,eatedy, yo#$re
/or7ing too hard
!"e a tem,ate f#nction >a co"#re?

Boring re,etitive code

)%a,, MonIey:

+e0 +,p%ayCa.e8,/'MN(,e%0):

),,C%a,, 1 ,e%0.),,C%a,,

ht.%12F+7 )%a,,1S%,S-%,F4+7-2%(),,C%a,,,

,e%0.na.e)

ret#rn ht.%

+e0 +,p%ayJanana,8,/'MN(,e%0):

),,C%a,, 1 ,e%0.),,C%a,,

ht.%12F+7 )%a,,1S%,S-%,F4+7-2%(),,C%a,,,

,e%0.banana,)

ret#rn ht.%
3em,ated Don7ey

+e0 ?+,p%ayer(9hat):

+e0 te.p%ate(,e%0):

7a% 1 *etattr(,e%0, 9hat)

),,C%a,, 1 ,e%0.),,C%a,,

ret#rn 2F+7 )%a,,1S%,S-%,F4+7-2%(),,C%a,,,

7a%)

ret#rn ht.%

ret#rn te.p%ate

)%a,, MonIey:

+,p%ayCa.e8,/'MN 1 ?+,p%ayer(2na.e2)

+,p%ayJanana,8,/'MN 1 ?+,p%ayer(2banana,2)
Da7ing 3em,ate" "aner

+e0 ?+,p%ayer(9hat):

+e0 te.p%ate(,e%0, 9hat19hat):

...

template.func_name = 'display%sAsHtml'%(

what.capitalize())

template.__doc__ = 'Returns %s as HT!'%what

ret#rn te.p%ate
!niver"a Ne/ine Dode
4indo/", Dac, !ni= have different ine

ending"
8nnoying
O,en fie" /ith $r!$, and it j#"t /or7"

0p 1 open(2,o.e0%e.t&t2, 2rB2)

codec"(o,en
codec"(o,en ,rovide" a fie.i7e object

in a ,artic#ar encoding
#"ef# for reading and /riting
more d#c7 ty,ing

Pan for !nicode
D#ch ea"ier if yo# "tart o#t ao/ing

#nicode
Even if not, it$" not too hard to retrofit

ba"e"tring
Parent ca"" for "tr and #nicode
!"ef# in i"in"tance>? chec7"

--- ,n,tan)e(2.oo,e2, ba,e,trn*)

'r#e

--- ,n,tan)e(#2.XX,e2, ba,e,trn*)

'r#e

3he +n"tant G#ide to i<Mn
i<Mn yo#r "tring"%

0ro. *ette&t .port *ette&t a, ?

?(2Dnter yo#r na.e2)
-ecode "tring" on in,#t%

byte, 1 (naY7e(

#n,tr 1 byte,.+e)o+e(2,o""5Z!12)
Encode #nicode on o#t,#t%

prnt #n,tr.en)o+e(2,o""5Z!12, 2rep%a)e2)
Batterie" +nc#ded
Python "hi," /ith a arge "td ibrary
-on$t re.invent the /hee

4hen 3hing" Go Pear.Sha,ed
-eb#gging
3e"ting
S(8(S( 3heatre
3he "inge mo"t #"ef# Python tric7 +

7no/%

.port p+b[ p+b.,et?tra)e()
4hen e=ec#ted, dro," into the Python

deb#gger
#nitte"t
Python "tandard #nitte"t mod#e
Port of '#nit
Da7e" /riting te"t" not.too.horribe
8P+ i" "ti a bit c#mber"ome

docte"t
Dore Pythonic
Perfect for the a*y ,rogrammer
C#t.n.,a"te from an interactive "e""ion
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e=am,e"
:#nning 3e"t"
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,eo,e /i act#ay r#n the te"t"
te"t(,y >in No,eI?

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Sometime", the defa#t tracebac7 i"n$t

/hat yo# /ant
tra)eba)I mod#e

try:

....

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tra)eba)I.prnt?tb(t)
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.port )*tb[ )*tb.enab%e()
-i",ay" nicey formatted tracebac7"

conte=t

variabe"

arg#ment"
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or fie"
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3hing" to avoid
:ecogni"ing refactoring target"
)earning from >bad? e=am,e"

S(8(S( 3heatre
Bare e=ce,t% ca#"e" /i neary a/ay"

bite yo# ater
Sienty eating e=ce,tion" i" bad
e=ce,t% "ho#d either og the e=ce,tion,

or re.rai"e it
'#"t $rai"e$ /i re.rai"e the c#rrent

e=ce,tion
Con"i"tent Coding Stye
Pic7 a "tye, and "tic7 to it

PEP 00M ha" one, or choo"e yo#r o/n
!"e too" /here nece""ary

emac" ,ython mode

reindent(,y
Pic7 a con"i"tent indent "tye1

from mod#e im,ort J
-on$t
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"ho#d not be ,ainf#
Circ#ar +m,ort"
Circ#ar im,ort" ead to "#bte b#g"%
Dod#e 8%

.port .o+#%eJ
Dod#e B%

.port .o+#%e8
-efer im,ort" #nti yo# need them to

fi= thi"
more on e=ce,tion"
:ai"ing a ne/ e=ce,tion from an

e=ce,t% ca#"e often ma7e" deb#gging
harder
3he ne/ tracebac7 /i ,oint at the

e=ce,t% boc7, not the origina
e=ce,tion
8 bare $rai"e$ /i re.rai"e the c#rrent

e=ce,tion
:efactoring 3arget"
)earn to ",ot ,otentia ,robem"

)ong 8rg#ment )i"t"
Once a f#nction get" ,a"t a co#,e of

arg#ment", either%

refactor it

or #"e 7ey/ord arg#ment"

+e0 ,o.e/+eo#,>#n)ton(0r,tna.e, ,#rna.e, a++r1,

a++r2, zp)o+e, )ty, ,tate):

....

,o.e/+eo#,>#n)ton(0r,tna.e1S8nthonyS,

,#rna.e1SJa&terS, ....
6ormat String"
Simiar ,robem /ith format "tring"

#"ing O o,erator
!"e the dict form%

a++r<n0o 1 +)t(0r,tna.e128nthony2,

,#rna.e12Ja&ter2, ...)

%abe% 1 TSS%(0r,tna.e), %(,#rna.e),

%(a++r1),

%(a++r2),

%()ty),, %(,tate),

%(zp)o+e),SSS % a++r<n0o
"tring(3em,ate
Even "im,er

--- 0ro. ,trn* .port 'e.p%ate

--- , 1 'e.p%ate(2\)hee,e , 0ro. \@)o#ntryA2)

--- prnt ,.,#b,tt#te()hee,e12Go#+a2, )o#ntry12the
Cether%an+,2)

Go#+a , 0ro. the Cether%an+,

--- prnt ,.,#b,tt#te()hee,e12Go#+a2)

'ra)eba)I (.o,t re)ent )a%% %a,t):

[...$

ReyDrror: 2)o#ntry2

--- prnt ,.,a0e?,#b,tt#te()hee,e12Go#+a2)

Go#+a , 0ro. \@)o#ntryA

P 22 Per1A1
3he P "ign i" only acce,ted in the

"tring" ,a""ed to "tring(3em,ate
)ot" of other ang#age" #"e P . it$" the

obvio#" choice
7ey in "eC#ence
8ny time yo# #"e $in$, chec7 the :0S
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O>N?
!"e a dict, or a "et

3oo many goba"
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,oor code
:efactor into a ca"", "toring the goba

va#e" a" attrib#te"
)earning by >bad? e=am,e
)ot" of Python code to earn from
Some of it i" od
Peo,e ,ic7 #, bad habit" from thi"

ma,BfiterBred#ce
ma, and fiter #"ing a ambda "ho#d

be re,aced /ith i"tcom," or gene=,r"
red#ce% j#"t don$t #"e

"#m>? re,aced Q0O of #"e ca"e"

other #"e ca"e" #"#ay ead" to
head"cratching
"tring mod#e
"tring method" are better

--- .port ,trn*

--- na.e 1 2anthony2

--- prnt ,trn*.#pper(na.e)

8C'/3C]

--- prnt na.e.#pper()

8C'/3C]

:emember% "tring" are imm#tabe,

method" ret#rn a co,y
bac7"a"h ine contin#ation"
8mo"t never needed
Not needed if there$" o,en brace"
So /ra, in > ?
4or7" for im,ort, too1 >in 2(5?

0ro. pa)Ia*e.,#bpI*..o+#%e .port (8na.e, Jna.e,

Cna.e, Dna.e)
ha"E7ey>?
7ey in dict
dict(get>7ey, defa#t?
Circ#ar reference"
Not "o m#ch of a ,robem no/

>garbage coector?
:emember% ??+e%?? "to," GC1

:eg#ar E=,re""ion"
Sho#d not be the fir"t hammer in yo#r

toobo=
Sometime", a rea ,ar"er i" better
+f yo# m#"t #"e them(((

re(com,ie>?
re(com,ie>? ret#rn" a com,ied

e=,re""ion
m#ch, m#ch fa"ter than re.com,iing

each time
nicer 8P+, too

named :E gro#,"
!"e named :E gro#," rather than

n#mbered one"

r 1 re.)o.p%e(2(VPFna.e-[^ $H) (VPF,#rna.e-[^ $H)2)

.at)h 1 r..at)h(28nthony Ja&ter2)

.at)h.*ro#p(2,#rna.e2)
-efen"ive :E ,rogramming
Chec7 the "tring matche" /hat yo#

e=,ect, fir"t
-eb#gging com,e= :E fai#re" i" a

/ord of h#rt
Efficient Python Programming
Da7ing Python Go 6a"t

S(8(S( 3heatre
f#nction ca" are "o/

Da7ing yo#r Python code fa"t
dict", i"t("ort>? are highy t#ned
goba" are "o/er than oca"
i"t(,o,>0?, i"t(in"ert>0, va#e? are "o/

rever"e yo#r i"t, or #"e coection"(deC#e
move fi=ed code o#t of the critica ,ath

,rofieBhot"hot
6ig#re o#t /here the "o/ bit" are
Get the code right fir"t >/ith #nit te"t"1?

and then o,timi"e
n#mericBn#marray
+n"aney o,timi"ed array o,eration"
+f deaing /ith n#mber", #"e them

Pyre=
Python diaect that$" com,ied to C
Start /ith "traight Python code, add

decaration" to #"e C ty,e"
Ony o,timi"e the hot ",ot"
D#ch ea"ier than trying to /rite

"traight C code e=ten"ion"
??,%ot,??
O,timi"ation tric7
Python object" "tore attrib#te" in a

dictionary
??,%ot,?? i" a fi=ed i"t
red#ce" memory con"#m,tion /hen

yo# have many "ma object"
??,%ot,??
-on$t #"e ??,%ot,?? a" "ome "ort of

ty,e.chec7ing hac7
??,%ot,?? and "#bca""ing 22 h#rt

3ying it a bac7 together
'ava -OD Node
Good e=am,e of a bad Python 8P+

Node(getChidNode">?
:et#rn" the chid node" of the c#rrent

Node(
Either%

Node(chidNode"
or

Da7e Node an iterator that iterate"
thro#gh it$" chidren
get@a#e>?B"et@a#e>?
+n"tead, j#"t #"e node(va#e
Or #"e a ,ro,erty if va#e i" com,#ted,

or need" to be chec7ed /hen "et
i"SameNode>?
+m,ement a ??eE?? method

th,Co+e 11 otherCo+e
Note that $i"$ might not be right

if yo# can have t/o Node in"tance"
,ointing at the "ame ,art of the -OD
com,are-oc#mentPo"ition>?
Com,are" Node$" doc#ment ,o"ition to

another Node(
+n"tead, im,ement a (,o"ition attrib#te

that can be com,ared%

th,Co+e.po,ton F otherCo+e.po,ton
Or even Node(EEtEE, Node(EEgtEE

Co#d be a bit too ceverBmagic
,arentBchid reference cyce
:emember, a ,arent chid reference

cyce i"n$t a ,robem

>So ong a" Node doe"n$t im,ement a
??+e%?? method1?
Sti, don$t create them #nnece""ariy

:eference" 7ee, object" aive
4ra,,ing !,
4rite Python code in Python
Dight invove #n.earning "ome habit"

from other ang#age"
Dore information in the note" for the"e

"ide"(((
Bea#tif# i" better than #gy(
E=,icit i" better than im,icit(
Sim,e i" better than com,e=(
Com,e= i" better than com,icated(
6at i" better than ne"ted(
S,ar"e i" better than den"e(
:eadabiity co#nt"(
S,ecia ca"e" aren$t ",ecia eno#gh to brea7 the r#e"(
8tho#gh ,racticaity beat" ,#rity(
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8tho#gh that /ay may not be obvio#" at fir"t #ne"" yo#$re -#tch(
No/ i" better than never(
8tho#gh never i" often better than JrightJ no/(
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Name",ace" are one hon7ing great idea .. et$" do more of tho"e1

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Effective Python Programming OSCON 2005

Effective Python Programming

Get the job done

Better, more maintainabe code

!"e the ang#age$" "trength"

Python i" not%

+n deveo,ment, a*ine"" can be good

-o thing" right the fir"t time

-on$t re.invent every /hee

Effective doe" not nece""ariy mean

O,timi"e for deveo,ment time

3hen /orry abo#t ,erformance

4e$ to#ch on efficient code, ater

9ey thing" to remember

Even if yo# "ee, thro#gh the re"t,

:#e ;<% -ictionarie"

:#e ;2% See :#e ;<

he,>obj? format" doc"tring"

dir>obj? "ho/" attrib#te"

int", "tring", fie"

f#nction", mod#e", ca""e"

@ariabe" are j#"t abe"

@ariabe" are reference"

'#"t a name referring to an object

Name",ace" are dictionarie"1

8""ignment goe" to oca name",ace

!ne"" $goba$ "tatement

goba ony for a""ignment

not needed for getting a va#e

goba" are "o/er1

"taticay ne"ted "co,e"

#"ef# for ambda%

ne"ted f#nction ca"

Ea"ier to 8"7 6orgivene"" than

@ery ba"ic Python conce,t

E=ce,tion" are e=,en"ive

Chec7" can a"o be e=,en"ive

Ca"e.by.ca"e ho/ often i" it e=,ected

4ea7 v" Strong

Static v" -ynamic

C&&B'ava% "trong "tatic ty,ing

Python% "trong dynamic ty,ing

4a7" i7e a d#c7

((( C#ac7" i7e a d#c7

((( it$" a d#c7

Dight ony need $read>?$

8ct#ay, that data fie /a" g*i,,ed%

3he ma,,ing interface >dictionary?

Start /ith a dictionary

Sot in a different im,ementation

e(g( net/or7, databa"e, (((

8""ert that an object im,ement" an

en#merate ret#rn" an iterator

:et#rn" the ne=t item each time

No need to have a item" in memory

t#rn" a "eC#ence into an iterator

ca""e" can have an EEiterEE method

Ca (ne=t>? to get the ne=t item

Sometime" yo# /ant to chec7 the ne=t

P#"h it bac7 onto the iterator1

)i7e "tdio$" getc>?B#ngetc>?

Pee7 at the ne=t re"#t >/itho#t

high ,erformance iterator mani,#ation