Anma Module 1 - Intro To Amatsu ATSI PDF

INDEX
Page Contents

1 Index
2 Outline syllabus for Anma course
8 Code of Ethics
10 Introduction to Amatsu and Course Outline
13 History of Amatsu
16 Anma
19 Kyushu
21 The Godai
23 Switching
30 Polarity
33 Muscle testing
39 Massage
44 Anatomy and Physiology The Skeletal System
56 Recommended reading
56 References and Acknowledgements
57 Appendix 1 Glossary of terms
59 Appendix 2 Code of Ethics of the AAI

Amatsu Association Ireland & Amatsu Therapy Association England
for Amatsu Training School of Ireland Ltd
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Amatsu Therapy Practitioner Course - Year 1

Outline Syllabus for Anma

Course Tutors: Jenny McGann & Derek Plunkett

Teaching Assistants: John Nolan

Classroom Tuition: 120 hours

Home Study: Modules and Case Studies 160 hours

Module 1: Introduction to Amatsu

Course outline, expectations, and goals
History of Amatsu
Introduction to Anma
Introduction to Switching and Muscle Testing
Diagnosing and post checking of
Strong Indicator Muscle
Arm Mentor test
Muscles of the lower back including:
o Psoas (K)
o Iliacus (K)
o Latissimus Dorsi (Sp)
o Quadratus Lumborum (LI)
o Sacrospinalis (B)

Introduction to Therapy Localisation and Challenging
Introduction to Anma Massage and Taijutsu; massage of the five main
lower back muscles
Anatomy:
Orientation of the body
Basic skeletal bones
The five main lower back muscles
The joints
Anatomical terminology
Module 2: Foot

Introduction to Meridians
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Diagnosis and assessment of the foot with emphasis on Functional Hallux
Limitalus
Walking Patterns, (to include Pitch, Roll and Yaw)
Diagnosis of patterns of torsion through muscle testing and palpation.
Muscle testing:
Therapy Localisation
Introduction to Gait Testing
Muscles of the foot and lower leg including:
o Peroneus (B)
o Anterior and Posterior Tibialis (Bl)
o Soleus (TW)
o Gastrocnemius (TW)

Anma approaches to the foot with emphasis on the muscles that act on
the Metatarso-phalangeal J oints (M.P.J ), the Talus and Gait Reflex Points
Key Ningu (hand holds) for Anma approaches
Key Kyusho (fulcrums for intervention) in soft tissue of lower limb
Study of the Taijutsu (natural body movement) in all techniques employed
Anatomy:
Bones and muscles with origin and insertion at the foot
Muscle structure, classification and function
Skin

Module 3: Knee

Diagnosis and assessment of the knee with emphasis on popliteal
drainage
Diagnosis of patterns of torsion through muscle testing and palpation
Anma approaches to the knee with emphasis on the muscle groups
involved in the action of the knee
Quadriceps (SI)
Hamstrings (LI)
Adductors (CX)
Popliteus (GB)
Tensor Fascia Lata (LI)
Gastrocnemius (TW)
Sartorius (TW)
Gracilis (TW)

Key Ningu for Anma approaches
Key Kyusho in soft tissue of lower limb
Study of the Taijutsu in all techniques employed
Anatomy:
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Bones and muscles with origin and insertion at the knee
Review of joints, and actions of joints and levers

Module 4: Femoral Heads and Pelvis

Diagnosis and assessment of the femoral heads with emphasis on toe-in
test
Diagnosis of patterns of torsion using muscle testing and palpation
through all the lower extremity and the pelvis (ascending and descending
faults)
Diagnosis and assessment of the pelvis with emphasis on psoas function
and fascia
Anma approaches to the pelvis with emphasis on the muscle groups
involved in the action of the pelvis and relationships to the sciatic nerve
(i.e. piriformis)
Pitch, roll and yaw testing
Anma approaches to the femoral heads with emphasis on the muscle
groups involved in the action of the hip joint
Psoas (K)
Iliacus (K)
Tensor fascia lata (LI)
Piriformis (CX)
Quadriceps (SI)
Sartorius (TW)
Gluteus medius (CX)
Adductors (CX)
Gluteus maximus (CX)
Gracilis (TW)
Hamstrings (LI)

Key Kyusho in soft tissue of adductors, femoral head and psoas

Anatomy:
The leg
Nervous system
Urinary system

Module 5: Pelvis and Sacrum

Diagnosis and assessment of:
Sacro-iliac joint
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Pelvis
Inguinal ligament and other pelvic ligaments
Fossa test

Introduction to cloacals and neck righting reflex
Review of gait testing
Introduction to the Ileo-caecal valve
Key Kyusho in soft tissue of the pelvis
Anatomy:
Pelvic structure and function
Digestive system
Reproductive system
Lymphatics

Module 6: Spine and Ribs

Diagnosis and assessment of the sterno-clavicular junction and the
drainage of the thoracic inlet
Diagnosis of patterns of torsion through the sterno-clavicular and first rib
area
Anma approaches to the sterno-clavicular area emphasis on the muscle
groups involved in particular the subclavius and S.C.M.
Key Kyusho in soft tissue, around first rib and coraco-clavicular fulcrum
Diagnosis and assessment of the spine with emphasis on triangulation pulls
between the twelfth rib, femoral head and ischium
Diagnosis of patterns of torsion through muscle testing and palpation
through the spine (ascending or descending faults)
Muscle testing of
Psoas (K)
Latissimus dorsi (Sp)
Middle and Lower Trapezius (Sp)
Abdominals (SI)
Sacrospinalis (B)
Pectoralis minor (St)
Anterior serratus (L)
Diaphragm (L)
Quadratus lumborum (LI)
Retrograde lymphatics

Anma approaches to the spine with emphasis on the muscle groups
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involved in the action of the spine and relationships to the rotary muscles
and influence on vertebrae
Key Kyusho in soft tissue of psoas and paravertebral muscle groups
Anatomy: Spine and thorax
Respiratory system
Circulatory system

Module 7: Upper Extremity (hand, wrist, elbow and shoulder)

Diagnosis and assessment of the upper extremity with emphasis on the
thumb, interosseous tissue and bicipital tendon
Diagnosis of patterns of torsion using muscle testing and palpation
through the upper extremity
Muscle testing of:
Pectoralis major (St)
Latissimus dorsi (Sp)
Deltoid (L)
Subscapularis (H)
Supraspinatus (CV)
Infraspinatus
Teres major (GV)
Teres minor (TW)
Coracobrachialis (L)
Levator scapulae (St)
Triceps (Sp)
Biceps (St)
Opponens pollicis (Sp)

Anma approaches to the upper extremity
Key Kyusho in soft tissue, inter osseous tissue and muscle groups
Anatomy:
Upper extremity
Endocrine system

Module 8: Head and neck

Diagnosis and assessment of the Stomatognathic system
Diagnosis of patterns of torsion through the Platysma, T.M.J . and Cranium
Muscle tests for:
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Neck extensors
Neck flexors

Therapy localisation of the jaw
Anma approaches to the platysma, T.M.J . and cranial area with emphasis
on the muscle groups involved in particular the S.C.M., pterygoids and
temporalis
Key Kyusho in soft tissue, around pterygoids
Anatomy:
Central nervous system
Cranium

7

INTRODUCTION

TO

AMATSU

8

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES FOR MODULE ONE

Welcome to the course
Safety information
Switching theory and practical
Muscle testing theory and practical
Muscle tests of the lumbar region
Latissimus dorsi
Psoas
Iliacus
Quadratus lumborum
Sacrospinalis
Client appraisal
Building a client base
Anma to the lumbar region
Self maintenance of hands

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COURSE OUTLINE, EXPECTATIONS AND GOALS

Welcome to the training course in Amatsu. This year we will be
studying Anma the first of four aspects within Amatsu. Anma
literally means to push and pull. In China, this approach is now
called Tuina. Anma works by pushing and pulling on specific
areas of the body to release tension and tightness, therefore
restoring normal flows of blood and lymph to promote growth,
repair and restoration of normal function. Throughout the first
year of this course you will receive practical tuition in this
healing art, supported by the science behind it.

This and subsequent modules have been designed to build
over the year into a reference book on Amatsu. At the end of
each module you will be supplied with homework questions or
an assignment to assess your comprehension and learning of
the information you have received. The homework also
includes practical work. This is an essential part of the course
and the completion of nine case studies in the first year is
mandatory. Case studies during training usually become your
first paying clients on qualification, so maintain a professional
manner throughout. If you have any questions regarding your
homework or case studies, please do not hesitate to contact
the tutors. Completed homework should be posted to the
office by the assignment deadline for marking. If you have any
problems please write down your questions and send them in
for our appraisal.

A glossary is included to allow you to become familiar with
some J apanese Amatsu terms. As you study, you will become
familiar with many scientific and medical terms. It is
recommended that you purchase a good medical dictionary
to increase your medical vocabulary.

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There will be two written examinations and a practical exam at
the end of each year. The final assessments will include
continuous assessment, homework and case studies. Overall,
your case studies should demonstrate that you have been able
to assess and treat clients using the range of methods and
protocols taught over the full year of study. You will receive
guidance on how to set out the case studies.

The course is designed to build your skill and knowledge in a
progressive and incremental way. The prerequisites are an
open and inquiring mind, and an enthusiastic attitude. It is our
aim to support and guide you into becoming the best Amatsu
Practitioner you can possibly be.

Breakdown for final assessment

Anatomy and physiology written examination

Pass mark 65%
Amatsu Theory written examination

Pass mark 65%
Practical examination

Pass mark 65%
Homework and assignments

Pass mark 65%
Attendance

Minimum of 90%
9 individual case studies, treated a minimum of 3 times each

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HISTORY OF AMATSU

Amatsu is a blend of modern research and
ancient J apanese physical therapy modalities
dating back some three thousand years. The
principles that form Amatsu were an integral
part of J apanese culture. Anma for instance,
would be passed down through the families
and even taught to children in kindergarten.
It was common practice for family members to treat each
other with these methods. The Amatsu principles taught today
are from the Ancient School of Hi Chi Bu Ku Goshin J utsu. This is
a school of breathing techniques and physical modalities of
well-being and translates as The Secret School of the Opening
Flower.

The Amatsu Tatara are scrolls which record the basis of the
Amatsu we are learning today. They are in our belief J apans
best kept secret. Until very recently, this knowledge and skill
was shared with only a handful of people in each generation.
This knowledge and skill has been passed down in an unbroken
chain. The present day head of this tradition is Dr Masaaki
Hatsumi of Noda City, J apan. In addition to being the
guardian of The Amatsu Tatara, Dr Hatsumi is the Grand Master
of nine martial traditions that stretch back over 1,000 years. His
teacher, the late Takamatsu Sensei (teacher/ doctor) passed
these skills and knowledge on to him during a 15 year period.

Dr Hatsumi is an accomplished artist, President of
J apans Foreign Writers Guild, an excellent singer
and dancer, movie star, adviser to the film
industry and Nice Guy. Visitors to his house are
welcomed with green tea and fresh fruit, which
he prepares for them. Until recently he operated
a clinic from his house, but now heads the
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Bujinkan association, with thousands of world wide members
in many countries practicing his Taijutsu (integrated body
movement) which he considers to be the highest level of
Amatsu. He says By re-learning how to move our body in a
natural and integrated manner, we enhance more than just
body movement capabilities. We return to natural human
beings. The essence of these movements is to be natural like a
cat or other animal. This does not mean that we become a
cat, it means that we move and act as natural human beings.

Amatsu is a therapeutic approach that enhances these natural
movements thus correcting any imbalances that prevent a
natural and integrated movement. Therefore, in essence,
Amatsu medicine works at enhancing and facilitating
integrated movement in all directions or paralaterally. Once
this is obtained, Amatsu is utilised to balance or maintain
balance of the body and therefore prevents further disease.
The major benefit of Amatsu is to aid in the restoration of health
by focussing on the core principles of self-regulation of the
body.

In 1986, Dr Hatsumi invited three osteopaths from the British Isles
to learn the art of Amatsu. Dennis Bartram from Hartlepool,
Chris Roworth from Hillingdon and William Doolan from Dublin
trained with Dr Hatsumi over a prolonged period. During this
time, they used Western methods to evaluate the effects of
Amatsu and formulate a therapy that was true to Dr Hatsumis
teachings yet scientific enough for the Western world. They
returned to their home towns, and set up training schools to
fulfil Dr Hatsumis wishes: that the world should know about
Amatsu. This has allowed Amatsu to grow in Europe with the
formation of new Amatsu schools in Dublin, Hartlepool (NE
England), Doncaster (England), St Albans (North London),
Croxley Green (North West London) and Germany.

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Jenny McGann:

J enny set up the Amatsu Training School of Ireland
with her teaching partner, Derek Plunkett in February
2004. She was originally taught by Tomas Ronan in
2001, William Doolan and Christine Duffy in 2002. She
was approached, by William and Christine after
completing her Shinden J itsu post graduate course in
2003, to teach Amatsu in Ireland. J ennys
background as a qualified Primary School Teacher
has provided her with a firm foundation in teaching.
She was recognised by the Institute of
Complementary Medicine as a Trainer of Amatsu and as an external
examiner for Amatsu in 2004 after completing a refresher course in
Training and Continuing Education with the National University of Ireland,
Maynooth in 2004. She has also taught with Dennis Bartram of Amatsu UK
Ltd, in Hartlepool, where she attends regular sessions of Continuing
Professional Development (CPD), and has taught with J ane Langston of
Amatsu Training School - England.

In the past J enny has studied different forms and levels of Yoga,
Callanetics, Tai Chi, Qi Gong and Nin J itsu. She started her
study into Muscle Testing and Kinesiology by doing a basic
course in 1988. She then completed a Touch for Health Course
in 2001 and went on to do a more advanced Kinesiology
course in Quantum Cellular Healing. She has also completed
courses in Chinese Cupping and Moxibustion.

J enny was the Chairperson of the Amatsu Association of
Ireland between 2004-2007, and is currently Assistant
Chairperson and Teacher Representative of the AAI. She also
takes an active role in the Amatsu Therapy Association
Teachers Committee and runs a busy clinic in Lucan, Co
Dublin.

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Derek Plunkett:

Derek founded the Amatsu Training School of Ireland with
J enny McGann in February 2004. Derek was taught by Dennis
and Billy in 1991, having previously completed an ITEC course in
Massage. He has also studied Cranio-Sacral Therapy and
Kinesiology. He has trained extensively in the Martial Arts and
this gives him an excellent combination of knowledge in Body
Movement, Tai J utsu and Body Work. Derek has been involved
in Transformational Healing since 1999 which complements his
Amatsu work.

He was recognised by the Institute of Complementary
Medicine as a Trainer of Amatsu and as an external examiner
for Amatsu in 2004 after completing a course in Training and
Continuing Education with the National University of Ireland,
Maynooth in 2004. He assists Dennis Bartram of Amatsu UK Ltd,
in Hartlepool, where he attends regular sessions of Continuing
Professional Development (CPD). Derek is currently a member
of the Amatsu Association of Ireland in the role of Teacher
Representative and takes an active role in the Amatsu Therapy
Association Teachers Committee.

Derek runs a busy clinic in Clondalkin, West Dublin, Ireland.

It can be seen that although Amatsu has been in existence for
thousands of years, its history in Europe is very short. J oining
Amatsu at the beginning of its history in Europe is a uniquely
exciting place to be!

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ANMA

Anma is believed to have come into J apan from China about
1,500-2,000 years ago. However some people speculate that
Anma could have originated in India as long ago as 10,000
years. Whatever the route, Anma entered J apan and was
refined into the J apanese methods.

In J apan there are numerous styles of Anma, depending on
which family line they originate from. The methods taught on
this course are the methods utilised by Dr Masaaki Hatsumi. He
says There is an old text called the I Shin Bo detailing
traditional J apanese medicine. In this text it records that only
high ranking people were permitted to undertake Anma. True
Anma is very different to modern Anma. Modern Anma is more
a massage therapy that makes the person feel good. This is
important, but Anma is used like other methods of Amatsu Ryho
(Amatsu medicine) to bring out the wellness that already exists
inside the person. If you just push with your fingers or hands like
this (demonstrating) this is just a finger pressure. The important
thing is the feeling.

Anma can be interpreted as the massage level of Amatsu, but
it encompasses the application of natural movement principles
on soft tissue structures. Anma means to push and pull and its
application on the body influences many structures and
systems depending on the practitioners skill level. The stroking,
stretching and kneading of the tissue is an ancient art, not only
in man, but in all animal species. One only has to see and
understand the need for a mother cat to nurture her new
kittens by repeatedly licking and washing her young.

This short extract from the book Touching by Ashley
Montague, explains the skins global intelligence: Continuous
16
stimulation of the skin by external environment serves to
maintain both sensory and motor tonus. The brain must receive
sensory feedback from the skin in order to make such
adjustments as may be called for, in reference to the
information it receives. The feedback from the skin to the brain
even in sleep is continuous.

Hatsumi Sensei explained that in the beginning, ancient man
had no real knowledge of pathology or deep anatomical
structure. The kneading or stroking would be applied to injuries
or pain according to instinctual feel. He explained that by
coming from their hearts through their thumbs, ancient man
would bring out the wellness in other people. Ancient men
were more in touch with nature and certainly more instinctual
than logical in their approach.

Dr. George Goodheart, Chiropractor made this quote on the
Applied Kinesiology research papers in 1976: Man, as you
know, is a structural-chemical-psychological equilateral
triangle, and he possesses the potential for recovery through
the innate intelligence of the human structure. This recovery
potential with which he is endowed merely waits for your hand
and your heart and your mind to bring to potential being and
allow the recovery to take place which is mans natural
heritage. This benefits man, and it benefits you, and it benefits
our profession. This suggests that the Chiropractic profession
has evolved from the same views of innate natural principles.

The dexterity of the tools we make using our limbs to perform
Anma is known as Ningu. In fact it is much more than just
dexterity, it is a totally integrated body feeling. The natural
movement that is used to turn simple techniques into a
feeling is known as Taijutsu. In this movement the principles
we employ were born in nature and utilise natures flow
methods and simplicity. Hatsumi taught us to understand
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nature and perceive energy thus developing a strong spirit and
a superior Taijutsu. There is a saying: Simple things are simply
seen but rarely understood. Hatsumi would tell us to observe
nature and living creatures in order to understand and adopt
the techniques of Amatsu.

These fundamentals of nature are at the heart of Amatsus
heritage. The natural movement Hatsumi talks about is the way
in which animals, mammals and birds utilise the motion created
by air/water as propellants, thus conserving energy by using
inertia, minimal body movement, natural flow and total
integrated body motion.

Anma Techniques

J unetsu Kneading movements, which include grasping and
twisting
Kyokute Percussion, to listen, feel and treat
Shinsen Vibrational movements, with and without physical
movement
Haaku Pulling the tissue and squeezing it
Ten Chi Holding the top of the head and the tailbone
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Anpuka Abdomen and visceral squeeze/tonification
Ashi Use of the feet, and methods applied on the feet
Tekyo Special hand treatments, squeezing the fingers

KYUSHU

In all lesion patterns, there are critical points which serve as catalysts to
unwind and release the lesion pattern. In Anma these points are known
as Kyushu. They can also be described as chinks in ones armour.
Acupressure and Shiatsu philosophies classically follow the Tsubo points on
the acupuncture meridian lines. Dr. Hatsumi explained to us that the
Kyushu can be anywhere in the tissue but co-incidentally may be over a
Tsubo point. The area around a Tsubo is affected by the strain in the tissue
and creates imbalance in the meridian link up. As you affect the factors
of the strain with your touch this also changes the effect on the Tsubo and
meridian. Many of the Kyushu we will study are vulnerable points in the
bodys anatomical make up. They provide windows were we can assess
tensions, pulls, physiological and pathological changes in the tissue.

In J apanese military history, an in-depth study of
these vulnerable sites was undertaken. To allow
movement in armour there had to be minimal
protection around the joints so shoulders, neck,
elbows etc would need to be left exposed. These
are the vulnerable sites or windows that we refer
to as Kyushu. From the anatomy of these sites,
techniques were developed to injure, maim and
kill.

This anatomical accuracy also, paradoxically, led
to the development of many techniques for
correction and maintenance of health. This
information and research is highly valuable in
therapy. It is used to reverse the effects of trauma
and forms part of Amatsus medical and self-help
treatments.

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Predators hunting prey instinctively know a victims weak spots. A
cheetah has the body control to trip his prey whilst running at 50 mph and
suffocate its victim without breaking its skin. This is all achieved on the
move in the rough and tumble of the fall.

The natural movement skills of the Budo Warrior would allow him to reach
vulnerable places in his victims. They would be attacked in a variety of
ways including striking, cutting, locking their joints. By understanding the
physiological adaptation from the success of these attacks, techniques of
anatomical significance developed. Amatsu utilises this skill of ancient
knowledge to correct conditions with natural physical modalities, handed
down and evolved through the ages.

Anma, the basis of Amatsu, involves soft tissue releases at critical
anatomical points, affecting the ancient limbic brain and its balancing
influence on the upright walking body. These Anma principles use skills
and tools designed to enable you to palpate, diagnose and correct with
safety and competence.

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THE GODAI

According to the Amatsu Tatara, our well-being is maintained
by five factors, which are termed The Godai, which literally
translates as the Big Five. The Godai are completely
interdependent: a small change in one will have an impact on
any or all of the others.

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The physical part of the Godai includes our bones, ligaments;
the structural elements of our bodies. The chemical part
includes the food and drink that is ingested, the digestive
process itself, the delicate biochemical balance of minerals,
vitamins, proteins, hormones etc within the body. The
emotional part is the way that we think and our moods. The
electrical or energy part is more nebulous. It includes the
electro-chemical mechanisms that govern nerve impulses,
brain activity and heart beat regulation, and in a more esoteric
way, also includes acupuncture meridians, chakras and the
spark of life or Chi. The environmental part is the way we live
our lives, and how we interact with others. It includes our
habitat, occupation and family set-up. It therefore follows that
health is reliant on a perfect balance of all these forces. Ill-
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health results from an imbalance of the Godai.

STRUCTURAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

ELECTRICAL

CHEMICAL

EMOTIONAL

Example of the Godai

A frail and malnourished 80 year old lady falls over a crooked
paving stone in the street (ENVIRONMENTAL), and breaks her
leg (PHYSICAL). She is in shock and severe pain (ELECTRICAL),
so is given pain relief and a saline drip in hospital (CHEMICAL).
She is extremely angry at herself for not noticing the paving
stone, and also at the local council for not maintaining the
pavement (EMOTIONAL). In hospital she receives excellent
care, and her leg begins to heal (PHYSICAL). She eats well and
manages to gain some weight (CHEMICAL). As her bones knit
together (PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL) she needs less pain relief
medication (CHEMICAL) as she is in less pain (ELECTRICAL). She
enjoys the company of the other folk on the ward
(EMOTIONAL), but longs for her independence which she
achieves when she is discharged from hospital when her
broken leg appears to be completely healed
(ENVIRONMENTAL).

The principle of the Godai will be applied throughout the
course. Can you apply it to yourself? Look at others; can you
apply it to them? As a qualified practitioner, this principle is
central to understanding the underlying cause of a problem.
Educating the client about the Godai helps them to take
responsibility for the maintenance of their own good health.

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SWITCHING

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SWITCHING

Switching is the term given to describe neurological
disorganisation or confusion of the electrical circuits of the
body. This disturbance relates in one way or another with the
nervous system or the electrical circuiting of the body. We can
therefore assume that our bodies are either unswitched
(neurologically organised) or switched (neurologically
disorganised). Compare our bodies to the electrical circuits in
our houses; if the fuse blows in our houses, the electricity
switches off. Similarly if "fuses" blow in our bodies, then parts of
the neurological system in our bodies will switch off, causing
recognisable symptoms.

If a client is assessed without checking the bodys electrical
circuiting and the body is neurologically switched, the
responses to the tests will not be accurate. We must therefore
make sure that the body is unswitched before we start
assessment. This is done to fine tune the body so that we get
the correct responses when testing. If a body is switched, not
only does it mean results of tests may be inaccurate, but it also
negatively affects the persons energy and health.

Implications of being switched

Tiredness, lack of concentration, lack of co-ordination, thirst,
and pain are some of the main implications of being switched.
This is because the neural messaging is not going to the right
places and therefore placing stresses on the body.

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Causes of neurological disorganisation

Structural The most common cause is dysfunction of the
cranial-sacral primary respiratory mechanism.
The second most common cause is foot
dysfunction.

Chemical Chemical causes usually relate to some form of
nutritional sensitivity which will affect
neurotransmitters.

Environmental

These may be intrinsic to the patients physiology
or extrinsic to his environment and interaction wit
people.

Emotional Attitude and state of mind will influence the
neurotransmitters.

Electrical These may be due to acupuncture meridian
imbalance or a problem with the chakras.

Common areas of neurological disorganisation

There are certain areas in the body that, if not working properly, will switch
the body electrics off, therefore these areas need to be checked before
proceeding to muscle test. There are many such areas but the following
are the important checking points and form the first step in a protocol of
an Amatsu treatment. The points should be stimulated on yourself each
day, and before you treat every client.

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1. Up/down the body: (pitch)

These points are on the Governing Vessel (GV27) at the upper lip and
Central Vessel (CV24) lower lip. This test tell us if the top of the body is
communicating with the bottom of the body. Hold points and test a
previously strong indicator muscle.
Correction: Hold points GV27, CV24 and the navel and rub.

2. Left side/right side of the body: (roll)

These are the found on the kidney meridian (K27), just below the clavicle
and either side of the manubrium. They tell us if the body is
communicating on both sides. Hold points and test a previously strong
indicator muscle.
Correction: Hold K27's and the navel and rub.

3. Front/back of the body: (yaw)

This is the navel (CV8) and coccyx (GV1). This tells us if the body is
communicating front and back.
Correction: Hold Navel and Coccyx and rub.

4. Blood chemistry energy test:

This relates to the pancreas (SP21) and sugar levels in the body. It gives an
indication if sugar is handled well by the body.
Correction: Hold K27 and SP21 on both sides and rub.

5. Hydration:

Relates to water integration in the body. Has the body enough water at
the moment? Inadequate hydration causes spurious results when muscle
testing. To test for adequate hydration, hold a strand of the clients hair
and muscle test the indicator muscle. A weak indicator muscle means
that the client is switching because they are dehydrated.
Correction: Have the client drink a large glass of water, and then retest all
of the above points.

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Switching points on the body

To unswitch yourself and your client, the following sets of points should be
rubbed, using your tai jutsu for 10-20 seconds.

Central Vessel CV24 / Governing Vessel GV27 and Navel CV8

Kidney Meridian - K27s and Navel CV8

K27s and Spleen Meridian - Sp21

Coccyx GV1 and Navel CV8

Heel Tap on both Heels, directing the vortex to the opposite shoulder.

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Module One

Practical One Switching

Rub the following points firmly for 10-20 seconds, firstly on
yourself, then on your partner.

Yourself Your partner
CV24/ GV27 and CV8

K27 and CV8

CV8 and GV1

K27 and SP21

Difficulties/ Discoveries:

29
POLARITY

What is Polarity?

Polarity: In electro-magnetics, it is the term used to describe
the quality of having two oppositely charged poles, one
positive one negative.

Body Polarity: is to do with the Electrical Circuits in our Body
having a positive or negative charge. It is the pairing of
complimentary capabilities. In all organisms, physiological
polarity connects the individual's sensory and motor
capabilities.

Electric charge of the body is caused by piezo electric current.
This current is produced when pressure is applied to cells of the
body ie movement/walking. Every movement of the body,
every pressure and every tension everywhere, generates a
variety of oscillating bio-electric signals or micro-currents.
Because of the continuity of the connective tissue, these signals
spread through the tissues and cells. The signals are essentially
biological communications that inform neighbouring cells and
tissues of the movements, loads, compressions and tensions
arising in different parts of the body. The fully integrated body is
a body that is entirely free of restrictions to the flow of signals.

Which side of an electrical circuit is the positive? Which is the
negative? Polarity is the term describing which is which.

The property of having two opposite poles, sides or ends (for
example, humans have left-right polarity, also front-back
polarity and head-tailward polarity).

To have correct polarity we need to have a Positive (+) Energy
Reading on one side of the body and a Negative (-) Energy
Reading on the other side of the body. The Positive/ Negative
energy can be on either side, the important thing is that there is
30
+/- on the front and -/+ on the back.

Therefore:
If the Left side of the Body has a Positive energy reading on the
front, it will have a Negative energy reading on the back of
the body and the Right Side of body should have a Negative
energy reading on the front and a Positive energy reading on
the back of the Body. And the reverse is correct if the Left side
of the Body has a Negative Energy Reading.

Why do we Check our Polarity?

We should always check Polarity before we Balance a person
as Polarity can become reversed or unstable due to
mechanisms in the Electrical Fields of our body and our
environment (which will act on the body) and we can end up
with 2 Negatives or 2 positives on the front of the body. This
disturbance will switch the body and you will not get correct
Muscle Test Responses and any changes made to the body
during a treatment will not hold, due to the electrical
imbalance.

How do we Check?

The balancing of the body's electromagnetic energy is done
by placing hands on the body's energy centres and poles to
redirect the flow. In Amatsu we use a simple technique of:
1. Contact two points on one side of the body Lung 1 and
Spleen 13 and pressing gently, then test a PIM. You will
get either a strong or a weak muscle test.
2. Contact L1 and Sp13 on the other side of the body and
test a PIM. You should get the opposite response to the
first side, ie if side one tested weak (negative), then side
two should test strong (positive).

How do we Correct Unstable Polarity?

31
Contact L1 and Sp13 on the same side (for instance Left Side).
Press both points together. Take hand from L1 point and bring it
over to right side L1 whilst still holding Sp13. Once you are
tension coupled with L1 on right side, then bring your other
hand from Sp13 (left side) to tension couple with Sp13 on right
side. Press. Now repeat the process by walking back across
the body with your hands and pressing again, now check your
PIM. This should be repeated until one side tests Negative and
the other side tests Positive.

What effects does unstable Polarity have on our systems?

Reversed polarity: An electrical receptacle outlet with a
reversed polarity condition is an outlet with an improper wiring
condition and such conditions may be hazardous and repair is
required.

Unstable Polarity causes Neural Disorganisation and therefore it
Switches the body and our balances will not consolidate.

32

MUSCLE
TESTING

33
MUSCLE TESTING

Muscle testing is an art and like all art needs practice to
perfect. That means working with many people because every
individual responds differently. In order to use Amatsu
effectively, we must have an accurate muscle test. It is through
accurate feedback from the body that we find energy and
muscular imbalances. In muscle testing we are checking the
communication or message coming from the brain, which tells
the muscle to contract, we are not testing muscle strength.

80% of the muscle test is in the mind only 20% is actually
physical.

The brains computer gives the read-out on whether a muscle
will lock or not lock. This is the key to muscle testing assessing
the lock or unlock only not for the full range of motion of the
muscle. The most common mistake is OVER-POWERING; that is,
applying more pressure than necessary to check the lock.

For example: testing a strong muscle like the quadriceps. If
you use a lot of pressure, it will test stronger because the
persons system recruits other muscle groups to hold the leg up.
Only when you use just enough pressure to test the lock will
you get an accurate result.

J ust enough pressure means an inch to an inch and a half;
thats all. No more is needed. Test with the same attitude that
you would adopt if you were climbing a tree. When you test
the branch to see if it can take your weight, you instinctively
know without putting your full weight on the branch. Another
analogy is walking on wobbly stepping stones. You know when
a stone wont take your weight without actually transferring all
your weight onto it. By testing with this attitude you will feel
instinctively that the muscle test is weak or strong.
34

Your basic attitude is important when you muscle test.

For a variety of reasons on the part of both tester and client,
too often a muscle test turns into a contest of strength. A good
muscle test is one in which both people are interested in
discovering imbalances, not a game of I win / you lose.

Remember you are looking for the lock, not for the full range
of motion. Explain this and demonstrate exactly what you are
going to do with each new client. What you want is co-
operation, not competition.

Since the body will recruit other muscle groups to maintain
strength in the muscle being tested, watch out for elbows
bending, torsos twisting, hands clenching, breath holding etc.
When this happens, tell the client what you observe and
reposition the limb being tested.

You can over-power almost any muscle in almost anyone but
this risks doing actual damage to the muscle and tendons.
After all, you want your clients leaving you in better shape than
when they arrived! With this in mind, use a testing strength
appropriate for the person youre working with. If a person is
basically weak in constitution or of frail build, monitor the
pressure you apply by using only one or two fingers. If your
client is extremely strong and you doubt the accuracy of the
result you are getting, feather the neuro-lymphatic points for
that muscle (as quoted in the Touch for Health book) to
weaken it and test again. Now shaky or a slight weakness
will be noticed. This will be your benchmark for the rest of the
muscle tests.

When you apply pressure, remember your pressure should be
no more than an inch to an inch and a half. Hold for not more
than two seconds and release. THEN determine whether the
muscle is weak or strong. If you continue to add pressure to the
muscle while deciding, you may fatigue it, causing your
reading to be invalid. You are in effect overpowering it.
35
Range of motion when muscle testing

The range of motion of the muscle test is in the opposite
direction from the muscles normal function. When muscle
testing, we bring origin and insertion of the muscle together
and then test the function of the muscle. For example
quadriceps brings the leg up. The range of motion we test
brings the leg down.

Positioning

The objective in positioning is to bring the origin and insertion of
the muscle as close together as possible before testing. This
puts the muscle in a contracted state. Remember, positioning
should be exact so isolating only the muscle to be tested.

Bilateral imbalance

Remember to note an imbalance in muscle testing results on
either side of the body. The right may be strong and the left
weak, when a given muscle is tested. The same muscle may be
weak on both sides. This is important information as we will see
in later modules.

Counter motion by the person being tested

During the testing process, the client often makes a counter-
motion, or over-resistance for instance, pushing up while you
are testing a muscle which needs a downward action. Dont
counter resist. J ust let your hand go with that persons
movement. Then re-position; explaining you want him or her to
just hold it there.

Use the word hold instead of resist

Resist keys in all kinds of negative mental and emotional
factors. It puts the person in an automatic fight or flight
mode. The word hold puts the persons attention on
maintaining a specific localised function or position.
36

Your mind may be influencing your testing procedures

For example you may think the same muscle tests weak in
almost everyone; your experience has convinced you. Check
it out; your mind-set may have a lot to do with it. If you suspect
this is happening, the next time you test: repeat the alphabet to
yourself mentally while you test that muscle. If you think the
other person may be invalidating the test by willing that a given
muscle be strong, have that person recite the alphabet aloud
while you retest. This works because it literally and figuratively
clears the mind.

The Testing Procedure

1. Before testing protect yourself and the other person. Briefly
explain what muscle testing is and what it involves. Then
ask if there is any reason we should not muscle test you.
Find out if there has been recent surgery, whiplash, or if
there is any existing intense pain. This protects you both
from any inadvertent damage being done, or
unnecessary stress put on their system.

2. Show range of motion previous to making each test. Notice if
there is any tension in the clients body while you do the
demonstration such as clenched hands, ankles crossed,
or the entire body thrown into resistance. If you see this
happen, tell them to unclench, uncross and relax. Be sure
their hands are not placed on their body as this
constitutes therapy localisation, which will be covered
later.

3. Tell the person to hold then make the test, moving in slowly
to give the brain time to respond through the muscle
being tested. (Remember the rule: no more than an inch
to an inch and a half pressure held no longer than 2
seconds at the most!)
37

Muscle testing is such an important tool. You will be given
plenty of opportunity to practise muscle testing
throughout the course.

FACTORS AFFECTING A GOOD MUSCLE TEST

recruitment of other muscles
breath holding
chewing gum
therapy localisation
unpleasant smells in the room
poor positioning of limb
poor posture (taijutsu) of practitioner
dehydration
inadequate unswitching
attitude of practitioner
attitude of client
counter-motion on testing
trance-like state of client
proximity of mobile telephones
harmonisers
usage of magnets
eye contact

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE MUSCLE
TEST?

MUSCLE TESTING A MUSCLE OR A PREVIOUS
INTACT MUSCLE (PIM)

38
STRONG MUSCLE / PIM WEAK MUSCLE / PIM
MUSCLE DOES NOT CHANGE

MUSCLE CHANGES

MUSCLE DOES NOT INDICATE

MUSCLE INDICATES

NOTHING MOVES THEREFORE IS
NOT A PRIORITY

MUSCLE MOVES THEREFORE
IS A PRIORITY

NO PROBLEM IN MUSCLE/ENERGY
SYSTEM

ACTIVE PROBLEM IN
MUSCLE/ENERGY SYSTEM

HAVE CONGRUENCY WITH OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS

THERE IS INCONGRUENCY
WITH OTHER BODY SYSTEMS
POSITIVE BODY POLARITY

NEGATIVE BODY POLARITY
CIRCUIT IS WORKING

BROKEN CIRCUIT
CORRECT ENERGY (CHI) IN
SYSTEM

INCORRECT ENERGY (CHI) IN
SYSTEM
NO ACTION OR REMEDY NEEDED

YES ACTION IS NEEDED TO
REMEDY
It is best not to use a YES / NO Question
when Muscle Testing, but if you must
use these terms, then this would be a
YES it is a neurological circuit that is
maintaining body homeostasis.
And this would be a No as it is
not maintaining body
homeostasis.

Practical Two

Factors that affect muscles testing

Find a strong indicator muscle test, for instance, the anterior
deltoid or arm mentor test. Using this strong indicator, think the
emotions, or commands as detailed below. Record the results
in the table provided, i.e. strong or weak.

Did these results surprise you?

Muscle test
result
Think yes

Think no

Think sad
thoughts

Think happy
thoughts

Clench your teeth

Hunch your
shoulders

Difficulties/discoveries:

39

Psoas

Iliacus

40
Latisimus Dorsi

Quadratus Lumborum

41
Sacrospinalis layers of:

42
43
Practical Three

The effect of switching on muscle tests

Perform and record the muscle tests for the lumbar area as
detailed below. Then switch your client using
GV27/ CV24 and CV8
K27 and CV8
CV8 and GV1
SP21 and K27

Repeat the muscles tests and record the results. Are the post-
switching muscle tests different from the pre-switching tests?

Pre
switching
Post
switching
Psoas

Iliacus

Quadratus
lumborum

Latissimus dorsi

Sacrospinalis


44
Practical Four
Appraisal of client using observational skills and muscle
testing, pre and post Anma to lumbar area

Appraise the client by observing asymmetry, range and texture. Record
your observations in the table below. Some landmarks etc have been
added to the table already. Can you think or see any other landmarks
that you might use?

Switch your client then perform the muscle tests of the lumbar area.
Record them below.

Perform Anma to the lumbar region, then reappraise and record your
results. Did Anma make a difference?

Pre Anma Post Anma
Asymmetry Eyes
Ears
Shoulders
Hips
Knees
Legs

Range Arms
Legs
Neck

Texture Hot spots
Skin drag

Muscle
tests
Psoas
Iliacus
Quad
Lumborum

Lat dorsi
45
Sacrospinalis


Protocol for first year case studies

In the next three time blocks, between courses you need to do
case studies on three different people, three separate times,
i.e:

April J uly Three clients, three times each = nine
balances
J uly September Three clients, three times each = nine
balances
September Exams Three clients, three times each = nine
balances

This gives a total of 27 balances on nine different people.

Section One

Please make up your own client questionnaire. For each new
case study you will have to complete a health history
questionnaire only once. The questionnaire should include the
following:
Name
Date of balance
Date of birth
Occupation
46
Relevant hobbies and pastimes
Medication, including over the counter and
prescribed
Diet, including allergies / sensitivities
Injuries/operations
Previous medical history
Information about consultations with other
healthcare professionals
Exercise regimes
History of : heartburn, irritable bowel syndrome,
headaches, migraine, breathing problems, diabetes,
epilepsy, cancer, deep vein thrombosis, high or low
blood pressure, cardiac problems, pregnancy

Section Two

Please record the following:

Initial observations: walking, standing, general
demeanour, asymmetry, range, texture

Presenting symptoms

Pre balance evidence of weaknesses in:
Switching
Gait tests
Pitch, roll and yaw
Fossa tests
Muscle testing (please include ALL muscle tests
learnt from module one to the present!)
Therapy localisations
Challenges

Summary of action taken, including what Anma you
performed and reasons why you took this action

47
Post treatment muscle testing
All previously weak muscles
All major back stabilising muscles
Psoas
Latissimus dorsi
Quadratus lumborum
Gaits
Pitch, roll and yaw
Fossa tests

Learning outcomes what you have learnt from this
case study, and any difficulties you had.

Any problems please email J enny on
mcgannj@eircom.net or telephone me on 087
7993868.

Glossary

Anma Push - pull, J apanese massage principles
Anpuka
Abdominal and visceral squeezing and
tonification
Ashi
Use of the feet, and methods applied on the
feet
Bilateral Two sides of the body
Budo The warrior way, or martial art
Chakra
Energy vortices on the energy body that
comprise part of the energy system
Chi Energy, life force
Contralateral On opposite sides
Gairon
The interconnectedness of all things, sensing
the bigger picture
Godai
The "Big 5"; physical, emotional, chemical,
electrical and environmental
Haaku Pulling the tissue and squeezing it
Hara
Centre of the body, located just in front of the
sacrum
Hi Chi Bu Ku Goshin
Jutsu Ryu
Preservation of the self through the hidden
secrets of the opening flower
Homolateral One side of the body
Ipsilateral Same side of the body
Junetsu Kneading movements, which include grasping
48
and twisting
Kenku jutsu
Amatsu approach to balancing the cranial
mechanism of the head, spine
and pelvis
Kihon Basics, fundamentals, curiosity
Kinesiology Study of muscles and movement
Kyokute Percussion; to listen, feel and treat
Kyushu
Points on the body that are critical for change
to occur. They may be
described as "chinks" in the body's armour.
Meridian
The pathways and networks of the
acupuncture system that supply the
physical and subtle body with vital energy
Nagare The interplay of natural principles in a flow
Ningu
The dexterity of the tools we make with our
limbs
Paralateral In all directions
San shin

A trilogy, e.g. heaven, earth and man;
beginning, middle and end

Seitai
Body alignment adjustments to coax the
strained musculo-skeletal

system back into position and promote body
tone and co-ordination
Shinden jutsu
Working on the ligament and fluid mechanisms,
in a heartfelt way, to

maintain the position of vital organs and the
stability of the skeleton
Shinsen
Vibrational movements, with and without
physical movement
Tai jutsu Natural integrated body movement
Tatara A stacked lesion pattern in the body
Tekyo Special hand treatments, squeezing the fingers
Ten chi Holding the top of the head and the tailbone
Tsubo Energy points of the body

49

ANMA MASSAGE

50
BENEFITS OF MASSAGE

Massage dilates the blood vessels, improving the
circulation and relieving congestion throughout the body
acts as a mechanical cleanser, stimulating lymph
circulation and hastening the elimination of wastes and
toxic debris
relaxes muscle spasm and relieves tension
increases blood supply and nutrition to muscles without
adding to their load of toxic lactic acid, produced by
voluntary muscle contraction. Massage, therefore, helps
to prevent the build up of harmful fatigue products
resulting from strenuous exercise or injury
improves muscle tone and helps prevent or delay muscular
atrophy caused by forced inactivity
can partly compensate for the effects of forced inactivity
from injury, illness or age, by helping the return of venous
blood to the heart
may have a sedative or stimulating effect on the nervous
system depending on the type and length of massage
treatment given
by improving the general circulation, increases nutrition of
the tissues. It is accompanied or followed by an
increased interchange of substances between the blood
and tissue cells, heightening tissue metabolism
increases the excretion (via the kidneys) of fluids and
waste products of protein metabolism, inorganic
phosphates and salt in normal individuals
stretches connective tissue, improves its circulation and
nutrition and so breaks down or prevents the formation of
adhesions and reduces the danger of fibrosis
improves the circulation and nutrition of the joints and
hastens the elimination of harmful deposits. It helps lessen
inflammation and swelling in joints and so alleviates pain
disperses the oedema following injury to tendons and
ligaments, lessens pain and facilitates movement
makes you feel good a natural mood enhancer

51
CONTRA-INDICATIONS OF MASSAGE

Recent trauma fractured bone, whiplash, sprains
Any acute inflammatory condition
Fever
Any condition where pus is present
Recent damage to ligaments , tendons or muscle
Open skin problems burns, sores etc
Lymphangitis
Infectious skin disease
o Viral e.g. cold sores
o Bacterial
o Fungal e.g. ringworm, athletes foot
Thrombosis or a previous history of thrombosis
Tumours or cancer
Recent surgery
Recent bleeding from brain, lungs, bladder or
gastrointestinal tract
Bleeding disorders
Stones in kidney, ureter or bladder
Low blood pressure although massage can still be
performed if sensible
High blood pressure or heart condition
Osteoporosis or brittle bones
Varicose veins
Loose joints/joint displacement
Multiple sclerosis
Diabetes
Pregnancy no abdominal massage in first trimester
Myositis ossificans

IF IN DOUBT LEAVE IT OUT!

52
MASSAGE TECHNIQUES

1. Effleurage

This technique is the principal diagnostic and treatment tool
used in massage and can be performed in a variety of ways. It
is used in a general way to apply oil to the body; long smooth
strokes spread the oil and give comfort and warmth. The
strokes should be performed with the palms of both hands
covering a large area. When treating a limb, more pressure is
applied with a long upward stroke towards the heart and a
lighter pressure on the return stroke. It establishes rapport with
the client, allowing them to relax. The function of effleurage is
to increase blood flow to the area, thus warming it.

2. Petrissage

This is also known as kneading. It is performed with both
hands working together in a smooth, rhythmical way. Each
hand in turn is opened fully to grasp across the muscle, then
squeezes and lifts the tissues; as one hand releases its grip, the
other takes up a grip adjacent to it. It takes practice to get the
rhythm correct, but when established, this technique stimulates
the circulation, generally loosens and softens the tissues, and
has a great warming effect.

3. Friction

This is the deepest technique used in massage and is targeted
at specific areas of soft tissue damage, such as scar tissue and
adhesions. A digit, or elbow is used in a similar way as with
deep effleurage, but even greater pressure is applied. It is first
applied passively until sufficient depth is reached. Then lesions
that have been located can be treated by using friction
53
rotation or short rocking movement while maintaining the same
deep pressure. Great sensitivity is required as this technique
can be very painful. Friction is a powerful technique which can
damage the tissues or bruises if used too forcefully. It should
never be used in acute conditions and only with caution in the
early recovery stages. It is an excellent therapeutic technique
for breaking down scar tissue and adhesions; it loosens and re-
aligns tangled fibres and stimulates local circulation.

4. Percussion or Tapotement

Percussion techniques are made with alternate hands, striking
the skin in very rapid succession. A cupped hand or the ulnar
side of the hand can be used to stimulate circulation. It can be
used to wake a client up before he leaves as it is stimulating to
the nervous system.

ANATOMY

AND

PHYSIOLOGY

54
Upper

extremity
Skull
Clavicle
Sternum
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Ilium
Sacrum
Pubis
Isc
Coccy
x
hium Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Cervical
Vertebrae
Rib
Spinal column
Pelvis
Lower

extremity
55

THE SKELETON

The skeleton is regarded as having two main divisions:
The Axial Skeleton is the central part or axis of the body,
comprising the skull, spinal column, sacrum, ribs and sternum.
The Appendicular Skeleton comprises the bones of the shoulder
girdle, Pelvis (except the Sacrum) and the limbs. This is
sometimes thought of as the added-on bits.

Classification of Bones

Bones are usually grouped under six headings:

1. Long Bones - the "classic" bone shape with a long, hollow,
central shaft, like a tube, and a bulge known as the head at
each end. These are levers, capable of achieving a large
movement with a relatively small muscle action. These include
the bones of the limbs except the carpals and tarsal. Examples
include the femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius and humerus.

2. Short bones - squat bones, found where it is desirable to
have mainly strength and solidity, with a small movement
component. Small gliding movements are possible within these
groups of bones, and between them and adjacent bones of
the hand and foot. Examples include the carpals and the
tarsals.

3. Flat bones - found where there is a need for protection of
vital softer tissues, or to provide a big surface for muscle
attachments or both. Examples include the cranial bones, the
sternum and the scapula.

4. Irregular bones - fall into none of the other categories and
are named because they are irregularly shaped. Examples
56
include the vertebrae, and the bones of the inner ear.

5. Sesamoid Bones - usually very tiny bones shaped like a
sesame seed which form in a tendon, that is, not attached to
the main skeleton but found where the tendon makes an angle
around a bony surface, especially across a joint. They are most
common in the hands and feet, and are generally thought to
help brace the tendon as it crosses the joint. The patella, which
grows inside the Quadriceps tendon, is the largest one in the
body.

6. Sutural bones these are the tiny bones that are found
between the sutures of the skull.

Bone Function

Function Details
Support Structural support for the entire body.
Individual bones or groups of bones provide a
framework for the attachment of soft tissues
and organs.
Storage of
minerals
The calcium salts of bone are a valuable
mineral reserve that maintain normal
concentration of calcium and phosphate ions
in body fluids.
Blood cell
production
Red and white blood cells and other blood
elements are produced in red marrow.
Protection Many soft tissues and organs are surrounded by
skeletal elements such as the cranium
enclosing the brain, and the ribs enclosing the
heart and lungs. This offers protection to the
delicate organs.
Storage of
lipids
Energy reserves stored as lipids are found in
areas of the bone filled with yellow marrow.
57
Leverage/
locomotion
Many bones function as levers that can
change the magnitude and direction of the
forces generated by skeletal muscles. The
movements produced range from the dainty
motion of a fingertip to changes in the position
of the entire body.

Bone as Living Tissue

It is important to remember that bone is living tissue. Throughout life bones
can change shape and density in response to:

Stresses or lack of stress - exercise and heavy work will strengthen bone
tissue; lack of exercise will lead to a thinning.

Traumas and accidents - will change weight-bearing patterns, producing
responses in bones (as will putting on or taking off weight).

Life or lifestyle changes - such as changes in diet or metabolism,
pregnancy, carrying children, puberty and growth changes, menopause
and changes of work and leisure, for example, retirement.

Children need activity to help form their bones, older people need
exercise, no matter how little to help maintain their bones. Everyone
needs calcium in their diet, and the ability to digest and metabolise it to
keep their bones healthy.

Bone Structure

Most people's image of bone is formed by seeing long-dead skeletons in
museums etc. However these remains are only part of a living bone. The
salts, mainly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, give bone its
hardness and rigidity, similar in action to adding a hardener to a putty mix.
The organic or living part of the bone consists of bone cells in a fibrous
matrix. Fibres of a protein called collagen weave tough threads through a
very thick gelatinous material, in which the bone salts are deposited or
58
removed, depending on other body processes and needs. The
proportion of calcium salts in bones tends to gradually increase with age,
making them more brittle in old age.

In a cross section of bone, you can see two types of structure:

Compact Bone looks dense and solid, and makes up the outside wall of
every bone. It has a very fine network of canals containing blood vessels
which carry materials for its own maintenance and repair. The
microscopic structure imparts its rigidity and strength.

Spongy Bone which looks but doesn't feel like a sponge, is strong, but the
spaces make it light and flexible. Spongy bone is always covered by
compact bone and therefore protected by it. In the long bones, spongy
bone is found only in the heads of the bone; in all other bones it forms the
central mass of bone within a compact bone lining. This latticework of
bone is more resilient to pressure than solid bone would be. It works in a
similar way to the steel framework of a multi-storey building. It is also much
lighter. It has its own blood circulation, fed by vessels passing through the
covering of compact bone via holes called foramina. Spongy bone is
also known as cancellous bone. Both types of bone respond to the
demands of use by thickening where necessary for extra strength.

Long bones contain a long hollow space in the shaft surrounded by
compact bone, which in adulthood is filled with yellow marrow, consisting
primarily of fat cells, for fat storage. In foetal life and at birth, there is red
marrow throughout the skeleton, some of which is gradually replaced by
the yellow marrow in the shafts of long bones, beginning at about age
five. In adults, the spaces in most spongy bone are still filled with red bone
marrow, in which blood cells are manufactured.

Longitudinal cross-section through a typical long bone

59

60
Bone Coverings

A living bone is almost completely covered by periosteum, a
thick gristle wrapping like tight layers of cling-film. This
periosteum protects the bone, especially as it grows, and holds
in place the nutrient blood vessels and nerves that feed the
bone via the foramina (singular-foramen). The tendons and
ligaments normally knit into the periosteum, not directly into the
bone itself. The only bony surface not covered by periosteum is
where it articulates with or rubs against another bone at a joint.
The smooth surface here is covered by hyaline ("glassy")
cartilage - also called "articular cartilage". The function of the
cartilage is to protect the joint from excessive bone-wear due
to movement at the joint. The smooth surface of the articular
cartilage allows easy smooth movement.

Bone Growth

Most bones are formed from an initial "mould" or "template" of
cartilage, similar to the slightly more flexible cartilage that
remains in the ears and the end of the nose. Ossification is the
replacement of cartilage by bone - a process of co-operation
between firstly the bone producing cells, osteoblasts and then
the bone-removing cells, osteoclasts. Initially, the osteoblasts lay
down solid bone and then osteoclasts sculpt it by removing
unwanted bone to maintain the optimum thickness of the
compact lining in a growing bone, and create the areas of
spongy bone and the marrow cavities. This process
commences during foetal life and is normally not completed
until adolescence, and in some bones not until 20-25 years of
age. Long bones usually ossify initially at the centre and the
ends, and growth or elongation then takes place in between
these. Cartilage "plates or epiphyseal plates remain between
the growing surfaces. These plates are where new bone is
made and where the bone actually grows in length. This
continues until adolescence, when the growing surfaces meet
and the final length of the bone is attained. There will still be
further ossification of remaining cartilage areas, as well as filling
out of the width of the bone. Many bones growth radiates
from a number of areas - the scapula, for example, has eight or
more centres of ossification.

In some cranial bones, a sinus can develop - an air-filled cavity
in the bone. These can grow through out life, giving the more
prominent ridges and brows of age.

61

Diagram showing bone growth

62
Bone Repair
When a bone has been broken, and then set, it undergoes
calcification - the laying down of new bone to repair the
damage. Initially an excess of bone will be laid down to "splint"
the break, which is then gradually reduced by the osteoclasts,
so that a broken bone, properly set, will return to nearly as
good as new.

However, calcification can also be an attempt to fix bones
together to replace torn ligaments around a joint, thus stiffening
it; or occasionally a metabolic process goes wrong causing the
lining of blood vessels or muscles with calcium salts resulting in
disease.

63

RECOMMENDED READING

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Grabowski and
Tortora 10
th
edition
Pocket Atlas of the Moving Body. Mel Cash
The Human Body. J ane de Burgh 1-84013-538-7
Touch for Health. J ohn Thie 0-87516-180-4
The Sciences Good Study Guide. Andrew Northledge et
all. The Open University Press 0-7492-3411-3
Sport and Remedial Massage Therapy. Mel Cash 0-09-
180956-8
Applied Kinesiology (synopsis). David S Walther 0-929721-
00-4
64
The Muscle Book. Paul Blakey 1-873017-00-6
The Physiology of the J oints, Volumes 1, 2 and 3. I.A.
Kapandji 0-443-01209-1

REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Module One - Amatsu Training School Ireland Ltd 2004
J enny McGann
Module One Amatsu Training School England 2005 J ane
Langston
Anma J utsu - Amatsu UK Ltd. Dennis Bartram
Module One - Amatsu UK Ltd. Dennis Bartram
Touch for Health. J ohn Thie

APPENDIX 1 - Code of Ethics
Amatsu Association of Ireland (AAI)

This Code of Ethics will be adhered to by all Members of the Amatsu Association of
Ireland.

The range of treatments offered by individual Amatsu Practitioners (AP) will vary
according to their level of expertise in the profession of Amatsu therapy.
65

This can lead to a client visiting more than one practitioner in the course of a treatment
programme and the following guidelines are written with that in mind.

This Code of Ethics (Code) provides a framework within which practitioners of Amatsu
therapy are expected to work, whilst allowing the public to see the criteria used to
protect their interests.

The Amatsu Practitioner must:

Respect the clients individuality and beliefs.
Treat every client with care and consideration.
Explain treatments in a way that a client can understand.
Listen to the clients views and fully answer any questions.
Respect the clients right to be involved in their treatment.
Ensure that the practitioners own beliefs do not prejudice the needs of the client.
Respect and protect confidential information.
Be prepared to explain the chosen course of treatment to clients and colleagues.
Work with colleagues in ways that best serve the clients interests.
Avoid any act or situation that could compromise the dignity or privacy of the client.
Respect a clients right to request a second opinion.
Be trustworthy in contacts with other health professionals.
Strive to represent the profession with honesty and integrity.
Be aware of new developments and skills.
Work within the ethical criteria and ethos of the profession.
Be fully insured to protect both themselves and the client.
Recognise the limits of their own professional competence and refer on when
appropriate.

1. ENTRY TO THE AAI

1.1 The AAI is a group of professional Amatsu Practitioners (AP) offering treatment using
specific skills.

1.2 The standards, range of competences and appropriate supporting knowledge for
each of these skills are stipulated by the AAI. See Appendix 1.

1.3 An annual fee must be paid for membership. In the case of Amatsu Students the
Amatsu Training School of Ireland (ATSI) will pay each student membership in 1
st
and 2
nd

year. Once a student is a qualified practitioner he/she must pay the annual fee.

1.4 Practitioner insurance must include Professional Indemnity and Public Liability. This
insurance must be in accordance with the current ICM Approved Insurance Scheme.

1.5 Practitioners living and / or working abroad must have insurance according to the
legal requirements of that country.

2. RELATIONS WITH OTHER PRACTITIONERS

2.1 This Code provides the basis for a professional working relationship between health
care professionals in conformity with the requirements of client safety and the law.
66

2.2 It is desirable that Practitioners be aware of other complementary disciplines /
therapies / techniques to facilitate co-operation between all the professional services
that may be involved.

3. DEVELOPMENTOF SKILLS AND LIMITS OF COMPETENCE

3.1 The purpose of the Code of Ethics is to ensure that the members of the AAI maintain
the highest level of responsibility in their practice.

3.2 A minimum of four days Continuing Professional Development per annum must be
undertaken and recorded. See Appendix 2.

3.3 APs must take all reasonable steps to monitor, develop and advance their
professional competence to the highest level and to work within that competence.

4. DIAGNOSIS

4.1 Practitioners will be required to make a diagnosis within the terms of the Amatsu
therapy discipline, determine a programme of treatment where appropriate; and / or
refer a client on to another health professional.

4.2 The AP will use a number of techniques to assess the presenting symptoms of the
client, the underlying causes and the potential treatment(s) which may be appropriate.

4.3 Distinction should be made, wherever possible, between potentially life-threatening
conditions and chronic states.

4.4 In the case of 4.2 the client may bring a medical history based on a series of
allopathic diagnoses, which will serve to provide an indication of a named condition.
However, the AP will need to assess the case from different criteria and no attempt
should be made to describe a Complementary diagnosis in allopathic terms unless the
practitioner is so qualified.

4.5 Practitioners who wish to refer clients for an allopathic diagnosis or tests should
exercise care in the way in which they describe their appreciation of the presenting
symptoms. For example: The AP may find that the clients Tatara might indicate torsion
or weakness in the knee, but it may be outside their competence to put an allopathic
medical name i.e. torn cruciate ligament to the condition.

5. RELATIONS WITH CLIENTS

5.1 APs must ensure that the client understands what the treatment entails. Any risks
should be clearly described. Post treatment advice should also be given. It is not
possible to guarantee the outcome of any course of treatment, therefore the terms on
which it is offered should be clearly stated before the first session of treatment. Any
changes in the treatment should be discussed with the client and agreed in advance.

67
5.2 The charge for the initial consultation and subsequent treatments must be made
clear prior to commencement of treatment.

5.3 When AP offers treatment without payment of a fee they work under the same
professional obligation to the client as when a fee is paid.

5.4 AP must take all reasonable steps to ensure client safety and conform to health
regulations as appropriate.

5.5 Clients should be warned when a specific treatment requires the removal of clothing
where this is not immediately obvious. Practitioners must appreciate the clients need for
privacy and modesty and allow them to have another person of their choice present if
they so wish.

5.6 The AP must be aware of the comfort of the client. i.e. pain levels and warmth.

5.7 Clients will have differing opinions of intrusive touching in sensitive areas. The AP must
ask the client for and be given permission to touch on each and every occasion. The
client decides what is sensitive for their body not the AP.

5.8 The AP retains the right to refuse to treat a client.

5.9 The AP must always be prepared to justify the course of any treatments and their
actions therein to the client and if appropriate to the AAI.

5.10 The AP should be aware of the requirements of the Criminal Records Bureau and
should evaluate their own practice as to the value of undertaking this validation. It is
strongly recommended that this process be followed.

6. CONFIDENTIALITY

6.1 The AP will recognise the clients right to have confidential information kept secure
and private. An AP is personally accountable for their individual practices and of
professional accountability.

6.2 Confidential information may have been provided by the client or a colleague. It
may also be discovered by chance or during the course of normal working practices.

6.3 A client has the right to expect that information given in confidence will be used only
for the purpose for which it was given and will not be released to others without their
permission.

6.4 Clients have a right to know the standards of confidentiality maintained by those
providing their care and these standards should be made known by the AP at the first
point of contact. These standards of confidentiality can be reinforced by leaflets or
posters at the practice.

6.5 It maybe impractical to obtain the consent of the client every time there is a need to
share information with other health professionals or other staff involved in the health care
of that client. It is important that the client understands that some information may be
available to others involved in the delivery of their care. The client must know who the
68
information will be shared with.

6.6 If it is appropriate to share information with other health or social work professionals,
the information will be kept in strict professional confidence and be used only for the
purpose for which the information was given.

6.7 The AP is required to obtain the explicit consent of a client before disclosing specific
information. The client must be able to make an informed response as to whether that
information can be disclosed.

6.8 Disclosure of information occurs:
With the consent of the client
Without the consent of the client when disclosure is required by law or by order of a court
Without the consent of the client when the disclosure is considered to be necessary in
the public interest.

The public interest means the interests of an individual, or groups of individuals or of
society as a whole, and would, for example, covers matters such as serious crime, child
abuse, drug trafficking or other activities which place others at serious risk.

6.9 The death of a client does not give the AP the right to break confidentiality.

6.10 Confidentiality should only be broken in exceptional circumstances and after
careful consideration. A written record of the circumstances will be kept as justification
for the action taken. Should it become necessary, the decision can be reviewed later in
the light of future developments.

6.11 The AP should always discuss the matter fully with other professional colleagues and,
if appropriate, consult the AAI or BRCP before making a decision to release information
without a clients permission.

6.12 Access to records for teaching, research and audit.
If client records are required to help students gain knowledge and skills, the same
principles of confidentiality apply to the information. This also applies to individuals
engaged in research and audit. The AP is responsible for the security of the information,
ensuring that all others are also aware of this requirement. The client should know about
any individual having access to their records and should be able to refuse that access if
they wish.

7. CONSENT

7.1 A consent form must be signed and kept as a documentary record of the clients
agreement for assessment and treatment using Amatsu therapy techniques.

7.1.1 It does not form a legal waiver, and if a client for example receives insufficient
information on which to make a decision, then the consent form although signed may
be invalid.

7.1.2 The form will also serve as a reminder of what has been discussed, however, the
written information should not be regarded as a replacement for verbal communication
69
and discussion.

7.2 Everyone aged sixteen and over is presumed competent to give consent for
themselves, unless it can be demonstrated otherwise.

7.2.1 A child under the age of sixteen who has the intelligence and understanding of the
therapy proposed is also able to consent for themselves.

7.2.2 Children under sixteen who are legally competent and sixteen and seventeen year
olds are deemed able to sign for themselves, but a counter signature from a competent
adult is advisable.

7.2.3 A child unable to consent for themselves may have consent given for them by
someone with parental responsibility as they are deemed to be responsible for that child.

7.3 If the client is over eighteen and is not legally competent to give consent, treatment
should NOT be provided. A client is not legally competent to consent if:

7.3.1 They are unable to comprehend and retain information material to making the
decision for treatment and / or they are unable to weigh and use this information in
making a decision.

7.3.2 It is the responsibility of the AP to assess the above. A note should be made if the
client has specifically asked the practitioner to make decisions on their behalf.

8 DATA PROTECTION ACT

8.1 The AP is responsible for the safekeeping of records in their practice.

8.2 Ownership of and access to records.
Organisations which employ staff who make records are the legal owners of those
records, but that does not give anyone in that organisation the legal right of access to
the information in those records.

8.3 The client can ask to see their records, whether written or electronic. This is a result of
the Data Protection Act 1984, Access Modification (Health) Order 1987 and the Access
to Health Records Act 1990. A fee may be charged to cover administrative costs.

8.4 The contracts of employment of all employees directly or indirectly involved with
clients but have access to or handle confidential records (written and electronic) should
contain clauses which emphasise the principles of confidentiality and state the
disciplinary action which could result if these principles are not met.

8.5 The methods used for recording electronic information must be secure. Local
procedures must include ways of checking that a record is authentic. All records must
clearly indicate the identity of the person who made the record. Ensure that all personal
access codes are secure.

8.6 The Computer Misuse Act 1990 came in force to secure computer programs and
data against unauthorised access or alteration. Authorised users have permission to use
70
certain programs and data. If those users go beyond what is permitted, this is a criminal
offence. The Act makes provision for accidentally exceeding permissions and covers
fraud, extortion and blackmail.

8.7 The AP must ensure that the storage and movement of records does not put the
confidentiality of client information at risk.

9 CLINICAL PRACTICE

9.1 The AP will document the clients medical history, take notes of individual treatments
for each client, and record findings and clinical data methodically, without distortion.

9.2 APs must be aware of those diseases which are notifiable in their country of practice
and take appropriate action to conform to the requirements of the local Health
Authorities or laws. See Appendix 3.

9.3 APs as members of the AAI must not:

9.3.1 Use the title doctor before their name unless they are registered physicians
with the Medical Association in the country of practice. APs who are not registered
physicians but are entitled to use the term doctor may state it after their name with
appropriate qualification i.e. Doctor of Acupuncture, China.

9.3.2 Refer to or address an assistant as nurse unless that assistant holds a nursing
qualification in the country in which the practice is being operated.
9.3.3 Conduct a genital examination of any client without a chaperon being present
unless written consent has been given.

9.3.4 Conduct a physical examination of a child under 16 years of age except in the
presence of a parent or guardian or other responsible adult. Written consent must also
be given.

9.3.5 Make any claim, either oral or written, for the cure of any given disease.

9.4 The AP should refer a client to another practitioner if the following considerations
apply:

9.4.1 If they consider the case is beyond their technique, capacity or skill, the client
should be consulted / advised and introduced to the new practitioner.

9.4.2 If they require advice from a more senior practitioner.

9.4.3 Full details of the medical history should be provided, with the date and details of all
treatments given.

10 PRACTITIONER PREPARATION

10.1 APs rely on touch so every care should be taken with the condition of their hands.

10.1.1 In the event of any cut, abrasion or skin condition, latex gloves should be worn.
71

10.1.2 If gloves are used they should be discarded after every treatment of a client.

10.1.3 Hands must be washed thoroughly after every client, this applies whether gloves
have been worn or not.

10.2 Any waterproof dressing must be changed after each individual treatment.

10.3 Attire should include washable or disposable clothing.

10.4 Hair should not come into contact with the client.

10.5 J ewellery should be removed or covered.

10.6 Nails should be clean and short.

11 PRACTICE PREPARATION

11.1 APs must conduct their practices at the highest professional standard in their
personal appearance, hygiene and appropriate decorum.

11.2 Overall cleanliness of the clinic must be maintained on a daily basis.

11.3 An appropriate dilution of disinfectant must be used after any suspected
contamination.

11.4 The premises must be adequately furnished, heated when appropriate and provide
hand washing facilities.

11.5 Where appropriate clean towels are to be made available for clients.

11.6 The consulting room should be fully insulated for sound from the waiting area.

11.7 Ensure the couch is clean and covered by fresh paper or other for each client.

11.8 Ensure there is an accident book to record any unusual incident.

11.9 All relevant Health and Safety at work procedures must be adhered to.

12 ADVERTISING AND ANNOUNCEMENTS

12.1 APs may advertise a practice or service, exercising care that nothing is said or
implied that would discredit Amatsu therapy.

12.2 The following guidelines must be observed:

12.2.1 Stationary and nameplates should contain the minimal information needed to be
descriptive but make no claims as to quality or effectiveness.

12.2.2 Professional announcements in the Media shall contain name, profession,
72
qualifications, practice title, times of surgeries and addresses.

12.2.3 Practitioners are advised to use their first name or other indication of their gender
with the surname/ s.

12.2.4 Only professional qualifications from accepted organisations or Degrees conferred
by established Universities should be displayed in practices. Qualifications from outside
Ireland must be accompanied by the country of origin i.e. Mr J oseph Bloggs, Doctor of
Acupuncture (Beijing), MBRCP (Osteopathy).

12.2.5 Practitioners may add the letters AAI to their name. Practitioners may print the title
in full if they wish i.e. Amatsu Association of Ireland.

13. PUBLIC STATEMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS

13.1 Practitioners are advised that they must exercise care in making any public
statement and should not present any facts or opinions purporting to represent the views
of the AAI without obtaining written consent from The Ethics Committee. The AAI
reserves the right to examine any material before giving such consent.

13.2 Practitioners may be called upon to give a demonstration of Amatsu. In these
cases, the modesty and dignity of the client must be preserved and they must not be
brought into ridicule.

14. DEATH OR RETIREMENTOF A PRACTITIONER

14.1 Practitioners should make arrangements for the correct disposal of case records in
the event of their death. Executors are advised to contact the AAI for advice.

14.2 Practitioners who sell or otherwise transfer their interest in a practice must inform all
their clients of the change and give the name of the practitioner to be responsible for
their treatment.

14.3 Client information shall not be provided to the incoming practitioner without the
permission of the client.

15. WORKING WITHIN ESTABLISHED MEDICAL PREMISES

15.1 The doctor in charge will usually retain overall charge of the clients case and will
give permission for the treatment to be DELEGATED to the AP.

15.2 Where the practitioner is a nurse, they must act within the current guidelines of the
Ethics and Standards Committee of An Bord Altranais and the Professional Code of
Conduct Committee. They must also act only under the guidance of the ward
management, observing any code of conduct that may have been devised within the
Area Health Authority.
73

15.3 Practitioners who are not nurses but work at established medical premises must, at
all times, act discreetly and considerately, taking the greatest care to consult with staff in
charge and to avoid any action or behaviour that could obstruct or conflict with the
work of other health professionals.

16 DISCIPLINE AND COMPLAINTS

16.1 The acceptance of this Code is the outward sign that practitioners wish to establish
the relationship between themselves and those to whom they have a professional
responsibility. The adoption of such a Code is designed to establish the probity and
competence of the profession in the eyes of the public and resolve any complaints in a
transparent manner. See Appendix 4.

16.2 Practitioners are required to report any complaints or criminal convictions made
against them to the BRCP and the AAI.

16.3 The Disciplinary Committee for the BRCP will be convened to investigate complaints.

16.4 The Disciplinary Committee may determine the fitness or competence of the
practitioner to continue to practice. The AP may be removed from the Register if the
Committee considers they are unfit to remain in registration. The AP may re-apply at a
later date for re-registration.

APPENDIX 1

STANDARDS, COMPETENCES AND SKILLS
All fully qualified APs must be certified at the Anma and Seitai levels by teaching schools
registered to the AAI and the ATA.

APPENDIX 2

CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTREQUIREMENTS
Requirements are 4 days CPD. There must be a minimum of two days CPD in Amatsu
training each calendar year. Requirements also include up to date First Aid training. The
full requirements for this are at present work in progress

APPENDIX 3

NOTIFIABLE DISEASES

The Department of Health from time to time issues guidelines to practitioners. This is
circulated by the ICM as and when received. Practitioners are advised to check direct
with the Department of Health to ensure that they have up to date information.

Clients should be asked if they have been in contact with or suffer from any notifiable
disease.

Categories of Infection and Infecting Agents:
74

1 Open lesions or wounds
2 Chronic skin conditions
3 Hepatitis B and C virus.
4 HIV
5 MRSA
6 CJ D

The AP should refrain from treating clients with the above conditions unless they have
been specifically trained in the relevant infection control procedure.

APPENDIX 4

DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE

The AAI will have a procedure to consider claimed infringements of this Code.
The ICM are currently determining policy.

APPENDIX 5

LEGAL STANDING OF THE AAI

In the event that the AAI becomes dormant, or ceases to exist in law. The treasurer will
provide a balance sheet of the current financial commitments. Any outstanding monies
will be transferred to an Association that succeeds the AAI.

APPENDIX 6

ELECTION PROCEDURES
Work in process.

APPENDIX 7

ELECTED PERSONS AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS ROLES
Work in process.

75

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