Introduction to Criminology

Definition of Terms

Abrahamsen - In his crime and human mind, 1945, explained the causes
of crime by his formula "Criminal Behavior equals criminalistic
tendencies plus crime inducing situation divided by the persons
mental or emotional resistance to temptation.

Adolphe Quetelet (17961874) - was a Belgian mathematician, astronomer
and statistician, he helped to establish the cartographic school and
positivist schools of criminology which made extensive use of statistical
techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into
the relationships between crime and other social factors. Among his
findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well
as gender and crime.

Alienist - a doctor specializing in the treatment of mental illness.
An expert witness in a sanity trial.

Andrew Von Hirsch - developed the notion of just desert.

Just desert - has five guidelines; 1. treat legal
punishment as a desert; 2. avoid doing harm; 3. sentence
delinquency, not the delinquent; 4. interfere parsimoniously;
5. restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern day
utilitarianism.

Anger - is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or
something you feel has deliberately done you wrong.

Anomie - is a condition in which society provides little moral
guidance to individuals.

Anthropology - is the study of humans, past and present.

Atavism - The return of a trait or recurrence of previous behavior
after a period of absence.

Atavistic Anomaly - physically their throwbacks on the evolutionary
scale to more primitive times, where people were savages.

August Aichhorn - is considered to be one of the founders of psychoanalytic
education. He is remembered for his work with juvenile delinquent and
disadvantaged youth. He believed that imposed discipline and suppression
which were practiced in traditional reformatories yielded few
positive results.

Autophobia - is the specific phobia of isolation; a morbid fear of
being egotistical, or a dread of being alone or isolated.

Monophobia - is an acute fear of being alone and having to
cope without a specific person, or perhaps any person, in
close proximity.

Biometrics - is a technique for identification of people that uses
body characteristics or behavioural traits and is increasingly being
used instead of or in conjunction with other forms of identification
based on something you have (e.g. ID card) or something you know
(e.g. password or PIN).

Bromberg - (crime and mind 1948) criminality is the result of
emotional immaturity. A person is emotionally matured when he has
learned to control his emotion effectively and who live at peace
with himself and in harmony with the standard of conduct which are
acceptable to society. Am emotionally immature person rebels against
rules and regulations, tends to engage in unusual activities and
experience a feeling of guilt due to inferkiority complex.

Brotherhood - an association, society, or community of people linked
by a common interest, religion, or trade.

Cesare Beccaria - founders of the classical school of thought within
criminology.

Cesare Lombroso - an Italian criminologist, founder of the Italian
school of criminology, formulated the theory of anthropological
criminology, essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and
that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects,
which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

Charles Darwin - wrote Origin of Species in 1859, kicked off the
scientific revolution, father of evolution.

Charles Goring - author of the influential work The English convict:
a statistical study.

The English convict: a statistical study - It was first
published in 1913, and set out to establish whether there
were any significant physical or mental abormalities among
the criminal classes that set them apart from ordinary men,
as suggested by Cesare Lombroso. He ultimately concluded
that "the physical and mental constitution of both criminal
and law-abiding persons, of the same age, stature, class,
and intelligence, are identical. There is no such thing as
an anthropological criminal type."

Classical School - based on free will; able to make decisions in a
logical way; assumes people are hedonistic.


Conflict Of Culture Theory - by Thorstein Sellin. It was emphasized
in this theory that the multiplicity of conflicting cultures is the
principal source of social disorganization. The high crime and
delinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial group is explained by
their exposure to diverse and incongruent standards and codes of
larger society.

Containment Theory - criminality is brought about by the inability of
the group to contain behavior of its member and that of effective
containment of the individual into the value system and structure of
society will minimize crime.

Copycat Crime - A copycat crime is a criminal act that is modelled or
inspired by a previous crime that has been reported in the media or
described in fiction.

Criminaloid - (from the word "criminal" and suffix -oid, meaning
criminal-like) is a person who projects a respectable, upright facade,
in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality. This type, first
defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions of his 1876 work
"the Criminal man".

Criminal Personality - 1. the roots of criminality lie in the way in
which people think and make decisions; 2. criminals think and act
differently from others, even at a very young age; 3. criminals are
irresponsible, 4. deterministic explanations of crime result from
believing the criminal who is seeking sympathy.

Anti-Social Personality - characterized by patterns of
irresponsible and antisocial behavior, as well as
aggressive tendencies.

Cyril Burt - gave the theory of general emotionality. An excess of the
submissive instinct account for tendency of many criminals to be
weak-willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may be due to the
impulse of fear.

Determinism - belief that individual behavior is beyond the control
of the individual; opposite of free will.

Differential Association Theory - Criminal behavior is learnable and
learned in interaction with other deviant persons. Through this
association, they learn not only techniques of certain crimes, but
also specific rationale, motives and so on.

Edwin Sutherland - Differential association theory was
Sutherland's major sociological contribution to criminology;
similar in importance to strain theory and social control
theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the
individual's social relationships.

Imitation-Suggestion Theory - by Gabriel Tarde, Delinquency
and crime pattern are learned and adopted. The learning
process either be conscious type copying or unconscious
copying of confronting pattern of behavior.

Differential-Social Disorganization Theory - This is sometimes called
Social Disorganization. There is social disorganization when there is
breakdown, changes, conflict of values between the new and the old,
when there is reduced influence of the social institution over behavior
and when there is declining influence of the solid moral and ethical
front.

Electroencephalogram - recording of electrical activity of the brain;
measures it.

Emile Durkheim - father of sociology. He is a Frenchman, Chief among
his claims is that society is a sui generis reality, or a reality
unique to itself and irreducible to its composing parts. It is
created when individual consciences interact and fuse together to
create a synthetic reality that is completely new and greater than
the sum of its parts.

E. O. Wilson - put forth a theory that differed from earlier theories,
believed that biological factors affect the perception and learning
of social behaviors.

Etiology of Crime - causes of crime.

Eugenics - the science of improving a human population by controlled
breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race.

Free Will - the idea that human beings are free to choose one behavior
or action over another.

Frustration - the feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially because
of inability to change or achieve something.

General Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment on
those persons who have not suffered.

Specific Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment
on those who have suffered it.

Genetics - the branch in biology that deals with heredity.

Healy - (individual delinquency) crime is the expression of the mental
content of the individual. Frustration of the individual causes
emotional discomfort, personality demands removal of pain and the
pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is the start of the
crime delinquency of an individual.

Gianelt Index of Criminality - this crimino-synthesis explains the
reason why a person may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so.

Hedonism - pleasure or the absence of pain is the soul good in life.

Henry Maudsley - mental illness and criminal behavior went hand in
hand, crime prone traits were inherited.

Incapacitation - when they are locked up behind bars, they can't commit
anymore crimes.

Italian School Of Criminology - Founded in the end of the 19th century
by Cesare lombroso and 2 of his disciples, Enrico Ferri and Rafael
Garofalo.

Enrico Ferri - an italian criminologist, student of Lombroso,
His work served as the basis for Argentinas penal code of 1921.
His research led to him postulating theories calling for crime
prevention methods to be the mainstay of law enforcement, as
opposed to punishment of criminals after their crimes had
taken place.

Rafael Garofalo - often regarded as the father of Criminology.
He is a student of Cesare Lombroso.

James Q. Wilson - advocate for special deterrence; ultilitarian.

Jeremy Bentham - founders of the classical school of thought within
criminology. He is a lawyer.

Jukes Family - family of criminals. Descendants are criminally minded
and committed crimes.

Jonathan Edwards Family - opposite of jukes Family,
descendants are good people and attained prominence in
various fields.

Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness was a
1912 book by the American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Goddard.
The work was an extended case study of Goddard's for the inheritance of
"feeble-mindedness," a general category referring to a variety of mental
disabilities including mental retardation, learning disabilities, and
mental illness. Goddard concluded that a variety of mental traits were
hereditary and society should limit reproduction by people possessing
these traits.

Karyotype Studies - examination and comparison of chromosomes.

Kleptomania - a recurrent urge to steal, typically without regard
for need or profit.

Lawrence Kohlberg - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions, and
the bearing of grudges.

Limbic System - a set of areas in the human brain that integrate a
wide variety of messages from the senses and control goal-oriented
response to environmental and internal stimuli.

Megalomania - is a psychopathological condition characterized by
delusional fantasies of power, relevance, omnipotence, and by inflated
self-esteem.

Mens Rea - The state of mind indicating culpability which is required
by statute as an element of a crime.(Latin) guilty mind.

Miller Lower-Class Culture Conflict Theory - citizens who obey the
street rules of lower class life find themselves in conflict with
the dominant culture.

Moral/Intellectual Stages - deals with how adults morally represent a
reason about the world that they live in.

Morphology - deals with the form and structure of an organism or any
of its parts; measuring different parts of the human head; there is
a meaningful relationship between certain types of physical features
and personality.

Neo-Classical Perspective - stressed that the legal system should
focus exclusively on doing justice; respond to the crime; the
criminal made the rational decision.

Neurosis - condition characterized by anxiety, impulses may
breakthrough and take control.

Amnesia - a partial or total loss of memory. Origin late 18th
century: from Greek amnsia forgetfulness.

Delusion - a belief that is not true : a false idea. : a
false idea or belief that is caused by mental illness.

Dementia praecox (a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness")
refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder
characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually
beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. It is a term
first used in 1891 in this Latin form by Arnold Pick (18511924),
a professor of psychiatry at the German branch of Charles
University in Prague.

Psychosis - severe form of mental disturbance, behavior
impairs or gets in the way of everyday focus, Id takes
control.

Schizophrenia - often linked to criminal behavior,
incoherent thought process, thinking is scrambled and may
have split personalities.

Paranoia - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions,
and the bearing of grudges.

Penal Couple - is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and
victim of a crime. That is, both are involved in the event.

Penitentiary - repent of wrongdoing and the will to atone for it.

Phobia - an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Phrenology - study of the shape of the skull and bumps of
facial features. The study of facial features.

Craniology - the scientific study of the shape and size of
the skulls of different human races. Another term for
Phrenology.

Psychopatic Personality This is the most important cause of
criminality among youthful offenders and habitual criminals. It is
characterized by infantile level or rescind, lack of conscience,
deficient feeling of affection to others and aggression to environment
and other people.

Physiognomy - to judge, interpret, or assess a person's character or
personality from his or her outer appearance, especially the face.
This study and science was used by Beccaria (1764) and lavater (1175)
to discover the character of a person.

Positivist School - based on determinism; human behavior is controlled
by science.

Positivism - the belief that the classical school of
thought is wrong in explaining what causes crime because
they failed to explain adequately the why portion.

Cesare Lombroso - father of positivism; medical doctor who
wanted to see whether criminals were physically different,
believed in atavistic anomaly.

Psychiatry - the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional
disturbance, and abnormal behavior.

Psychoanalytic - the analysis of human behavior. First laid out by
Sigmund Freud in the 19th century.

Recidivism - elapse into criminal behavior; where you return back into
the criminal system.

Regression - a return to an earlier stage of life or a supposed previous
life, especially through hypnosis or mental illness, or as a means of
escaping present anxieties.

Samuel Yochelson - convinced that there is such thing as a criminal
personality.

Schools of Thought - devices for organizing fundamentally differing
views of human nature and relating them to issues surrounding crime
and its control.

Sexual Deviation - a type of mental disorder characterized by a
preference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices.

Exhibitionism - a mental condition characterized by the
compulsion to display one's genitals in public.

Fetishism - is sexual attraction to objects, situations, or
body parts not traditionally viewed as sexual.

Paraphilia - a condition characterized by abnormal sexual
desires, typically involving extreme or dangerous activities.

Pedophilia - sexual feelings directed toward children.

Sadomasochism - is the giving or receiving of pleasure,
sometimes sexual, from acts involving the infliction or
reception of pain or humiliation.

Sadism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual
gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation
on others.

Transvestism (also called transvestitism) - is the practice
of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally
associated with another gender.

Masochism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially
sexual gratification, from one's own pain or humiliation.

Voyeurism - Watching others while naked or having sex,
generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophilia
or scoptophilia.

Zoophilia - is a paraphilia involving cross-species sexual
activity between human and non-human animals or a fixation
on such practice.

Shaw and Mckay's Ecological Theory - crime is a product of transitional
neighborhoods that manifest social disorganization and value conflict.

Sigmund Freud - austrian psychiatrist; his approach: crime is but
one form of deviance.

ID - contains the inner world of the individual's inborn
instincts and reflexes.

Ego - represents the real world of the individual's
conscious reason and common sense.

Superego - inner world of the individual's ideal
expectations and conscience; the conceptions of what the
individual considers to be morally good.

Social Bond Theory - relation between social factors and individual
activities; individuals become free to commit crimes when their ties
to society are broken.

Spiritual School - based on determinism; human behavior is determined
by God or demons or Satan.

Stanton Samenow - convinced that there is such thing as a
criminal personality.

Thomas Hobbes - he believed that man is egotistical and self-centered;
if he thought he could get away with it, then he would commit the crime.

Type of Physique

Ectomorph - a person with a lean and delicate body build. Are
tall and thin and less social and more intellectual.

Mesomorph - a person with a compact and muscular body build.
Have well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance. They
are active, aggressive, sometimes violent, and more likely
to become criminals.

Endomorph - a person with a soft round body build and a
high proportion of fat tissue. Have heavy builds and are
slow moving. They arte known for lethargic behavior
rendering them unlikely to commit violent crime and more
willing to engage in less strenuous criminal activities such
as fencing stolen property.


Typology of Crime - involve classifying offenses or offenders according
to some criteria of relatedness or similarity.

Utilitarianism - the belief that legal punishments serve two vital
functions: 1. deterring persons from committing the crimes and
2. protecting society from those wholes acts threaten the social order;
the greatest good for the greatest number.

William Sheldon - an American psychologist who created the field of
somatotype and constitutional psychology that tried to correlate body
types with behavior,intelligence, and social hierarchy through his
Ivy league nude posture photos.

Temperament
Viscerotonic - Coined by WH Sheldon, from viscera + -o- +
tonic. Designating a personality type characterised as
sociable, easy-going, and comfort-seeking.

Somatonic - active, dynamic; walks, talks, gestures
assertively and behaves aggressively.

Cerebrotonic - Introvert and full of functional complaints
to allergies, skin troubles, chronic fatigue, insomia,
insensitive skin, and to noise, shrinks from crowds.

XYY Syndrome - these people are very tall and disproportionate;
more inclined to commit crimes.

















Institutional Corrections

Definition Of Terms

Alcatraz - a US federal penitentiary, Often referred to as "The Rock",
the small island of alcatraz was developed with facilities for a lighthouse,
a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal prison
from 1933 until 1963.

Alexander Maconochie - was a Scottish naval officer, geographer, and
penal reformer. He is known as the Father of Parole.

His 2 Basic Principle of Penology
1. As cruelty debases both the victim and society, punishment
should not be vindictive but should aim at the reform of
the convict to observe social constraints, and
2. A convict's imprisonment should consist of task, not time
sentences, with release depending on the performance of a
measurable amount of labour.

Auburn Prison - Constructed in 1816 ,(opened 1819) it was the second
state prison in New York, the site of the first execution by electric
chair in 1890. It uses the silent or congregate system.

Banishment - a punishment originating in ancient times, that required
offenders to leave the community and live elsewhere, commonly in the
wilderness.

BJMP - (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology) government agency
mandated by law (RA 6975) to take operational and administrative control
over all city, district and municipal jails.
It takes custody of detainees accused before a court who are temporarily
confined in such jails while undergoing investigation, waiting final
judgement and those who are serving sentence promulgated by the court
3 years and below.

- created Jan. 2, 1991.
- Charles S. Mondejar - 1st BJMP chief.
- BJMP chief tour of duty, must not exceed 4 years, maybe
extended by President. Grounds:
1. In times of war
2. other national emergencies.
- Senior superintendent - the rank from which the BJMP chief
is appointed. This is the rank of the BJMP Directors of
the Directorates in the National Headquarters. This is also
the rank of the Regional Director for Jail Management
and Penology.
- Chief of the BJMP - Highest ranking BJMP officer. Appointed
by the President upon recommendation of DILG Secretary. Rank
is Director.
- BJMP Deputy Chief for Administration - the 2nd highest ranking
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation
of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
- BJMP Deputy Chief for Operations - the 3rd highest ranking
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation
of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
- BJMP Chief of the Directorial Staff - the 4th highest BJMP
officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation of
the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendents.

Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.

Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used in Great Britain for
delinquent boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated (1895) with the
Gladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young offenders. The first
institution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent, England.

Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually a symbol
or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, with
the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent as a punishment
or imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or otherwise oppressed person.

Bridewell Prison and Workhouse - was the first correctional institution
in England and was a precursor of the modern prison. Built initially as
a royal residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was given to the city of
London to serve as the foundation for as system of Houses of Correction
known as Bridewells. These institutions, eventually numbering 200 in
Britain, housed vagrants, homeless children, petty offenders,
disorderly women, prisoners of war, soldiers, and colonists sent
to Virginia.

Bridewell Prison and Hospital - was established in a former royal palace
in 1553 with two purposes: the punishment of the disorderly poor and
housing of homeless children in the City of London.

Bureau of Corrections - has for its principal task the rehabilitation
of national prisoners, or those sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment
of more than three years.

- has 7 prison facilities
- 1 prison institution for women
- 1 vocational training centre for juveniles.
- Classification Board - classifies inmates according to
their security status.
- Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC) receives, studies
and classifies inmates committed to Bureau of Corrections.
- Board of Discipline - hears complaints and grievances with
regard to violations of prison rules and regulations.
- Iwahig Penal Farm - established in 1904 upon orders of Gov.
Forbes, then the Sec. of Commerce and police.
- New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in Muntinlupa
Camp Bukang Liwayway - minimum security prison.
Camp Sampaguita - medium security prison
- Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932 (RA 3732)
- Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm - established Sept.27, 1954
(Proclamation No.72) location:Occidental Mindoro
- Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16, 1973
- Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in the Phil.
designated as insular penitentiary by Royal Decree in 1865.


Burning at Stake - a form of ancient punishment by tying the victim
in a vertical post and burning him/her.

Cesare Beccaria - an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher and
politician best known for his treaties On Crimes and Punishments (1764),
which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work
in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology

Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who analyzed law as an expression
of justice. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation
of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

Code of Justinian - formally Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law),
Justinian I the collections of laws and legal interpretations developed
under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from AD
529 to 565.

Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to prison by means of
such a warrant or order.

Correctional Administration - the study and practice of a system of
managing jails and prisons and other institutions concerned with the
custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

Corrections - describes a variety of functions typically carried out
by government agencies, and involving the punishment, treatment, and
supervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes.

Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have been sentenced to
death and are awaiting execution.

Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria, proponent of the
classical theory, that punishment is to prevent others from
committing crime.

District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly
average population of ten or less inmates, and is located in the
vicinity of the court.

Draco - was the first legislator of ancient Athens, Greece, 7th century
BC. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by a
written code to be enforced only by a court.

Ducking Stool - a chair fastened to the end of a pole, used formerly
to plunge offenders into a pond or river as a punishment.

Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where prisoners are confined.

Elmira Reformatory - located in new York, was originally a prison opened
to contain Confederate prisoners of war during the Civil War. It became
known as a death camp because of the squalid conditions and high death
rate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.

Elmira System - An American penal system named after Elmira Reformatory,
in New York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became an innovator in the
reformatory movement by establishing Elmira Reformatory for young felons.
The Elmira system classified and separated various types of prisoners,
gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training and
industrial employment, used indeterminate sentences.

Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine slaves. They were attached
to work benches and forced to do hard labor in period of imprisonment.

Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an example to others
to deter further commission of crime.

Expiation - (Atonement) execution of punishment visibly or publicly for
the purpose of appeasing a social group. Expiation is a group vengeance
as distinguished from retribution.

First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatory
model.

Four Classes of Prisoners
1. Insular or national prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term
of three years and one day to death;
2. Provincial prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term of six
months and one day to three years;
3. City prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day
to three years; and
4. Municipal Prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term of one
day to six months.

Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick as a punishment.

Fred T. Wilkinson - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

Galley - a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up to three banks
of oars, chiefly used for warfare or piracy and often manned by slaves
or criminals.

Goals of Criminal Sentencing
1. Retribution
2. Punishment
3. Deterrence
4. Incapacitation
5. Rehabilitation
6. Reintegration
7. Restoration

Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Guillotine - an ancient form of capital punishment by cutting the
head.

Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners,
psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society.

Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain both civil and criminal
law. First known codified law prior to Roman law. Better organized and
comprehensive than biblical law. One of its law is lex taliones (an eye
for an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the
satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human life.

Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently moored,
especially for use as storage or (formerly) as a prison.

Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment, is the penetration
of an organism by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, by
complete (or partial) perforation of the body, often the central body mass.
Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.

Institutional Corrections - refers to those persons housed in secure
correctional facilities.

Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation
or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences

Gaol - old name/term of jail.

Three Types of Detainees
1. Those undergoing investigation;
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and
3. those awaiting final judgment

Jails - holds
a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences
b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to prison
c. Offenders who have violated their probation or parole
d. Defendants who are awaiting trial

James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal reformer and prison
administrator who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the strongest advocates in the
movement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and replace it with
a new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963 when
it closed.

Jean Jacques Villain - pioneered classification to separate women and
children from hardened criminals.

Jeremy Bentham - a prison reformer, believed that the prisoner should
suffer a severe regime, but that it should not be detrimental to the
prisoner's health. He designed the Panopticon in 1791.

John Howard - a philanthropist and the first English prison reformer.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive
justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by the
criminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones; punishment
inflicted by throwing stones at the victim.

Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only 24 to 48 hours.
A suspect may later be transferred from the lockup to the jail.

Mamertine Prison - was a prison (carcer) located in the Comitium
in ancient Rome. It was originally created as a cistern for a spring
in the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were lowered through
an opening into the lower dungeon.

Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, whereby
credits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a certain number of
marks being required for release.

Mittimus - is a process issued by the court after conviction to carry
out the final judgment, such as commanding a prison warden to hold the
accused, in accordance with the terms of the judgment. Mittimus is
often attached on the commitment order issued by the court whenever the
convict is to be transferred to prison for service of sentence.

Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths in a defined
population during a specified interval of time.

Mutilation or maiming - an ancient form of punishment, is an act of
physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of any living
body, sometimes causing death.

National Prisons Association - was organized in Cincinnati in 1870.

Neo-Classical - children and lunatics should not be punished as they
can not calculate pleasure and pain.

Classical Theory - pain must exceed pleasure to deter crime.
All are punished regardless of age, mental condition, social
status and other circumstances.

Positivist Theory - criminal is a sick person and should be
treated and not punished.

Eclectic - it means selecting the best of various styles
or ideas.

Newgate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine of
Simsbury Connecticut. Inmates are confined underground (Black hole
of horrors).

Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be accommodated
based on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.

Panopticon - a prison design, allowed a centrally placed observer to
survey all the inmates, as prison wings radiated out from this
central position.

Parole - refers to criminal offenders who are conditionally released
from prison to serve the remaining portion of their sentence in the
community.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - was created pursuant to
Presidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, as amended, to administer the
probation system. Under Executive Order No. 29221, the Probation
Administration was renamed as the Parole and Probation Administration,
and given the added function of supervising prisoners who, after serving
part of their sentence in jails are released on parole or granted
conditional pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and Parole are
the agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of offenders.

Penal Management - refers to the manner or practice of managing or
controlling places of confinement such as jails and prisons.

PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment of
youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination
of the case.

Under this law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor
or youth who is over nine years but under eighteen years of
age at the time of the commission of the offence.

Pennsylvania and New York - pioneered the penitentiary movement by
developing two competing systems of confinement. The Pennsylvania
system and the Auburn system.

Pennsylvania System - An early system of U.S. penology in
which inmates were kept in solitary cells so that they could
study religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and
perform handicraft work.(Solitary System).

Auburn System - An early system of penology, originating
at Auburn Penitentiary in New York, under which inmates
worked and ate together in silence during the day and were
placed in solitary cells for the evening.(Congregate System)

Penology - a branch of Criminology that deals with prison management
and reformation of criminals.

Poene (latin) - penalty
Logos (latin) - science

Pillory - a wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, in which
offenders were formerly imprisoned and exposed to public abuse.

Prison - which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed
and supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the
Department of Justice.

Prison Hulks - (1776-1857) were ships which were anchored in the Thames,
and at Portsmouth and Plymouth. Those sent to them were employed in hard
labour during the day and then loaded, in chains, onto the ship at night.

Prison Reform - is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons,
aiming at a more effective penal system.

Probation - Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over
an offender, ordered by a court instead of serving time in prison.

John Augustus - Father of Probation. Augustus was born in Woburn,
Massachusetts in 1785. By 1829, he was a permanent resident
of Boston and the owner of a successful boot-making business.

Father Cook - a chaplain of the Boston Prison visited the courts
and gained acceptance as an advisor who made enquiries into the
circumstances of both adult and juvenile offenders

Provincial Jail - under the office of the Governor. Where the imposable
penalty for the crime committed is more than six months and the same was
committed within the municipality, the offender must serve his or her
sentence in the provincial jail.

Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offender
shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of
the Bureau of Corrections.

Punishment - the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution
for an offence.

Quakers - (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are members of a
family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious
Society of Friends. Many Quakers have worked for reform of the criminal
justice systems of their day. Quakers believe that people can always
change: their focus has been on reforms that make positive change more
likely, such as increased opportunities for education, improved prison
conditions, help with facing up to violent impulses, and much else.

William Penn - founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the
English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania.was the first great Quaker prison reformer.
In his Great Experiment in Pennsylvania in the 1680s he
abolished capital punishment for all crimes except murder.
He also stated that prisons shall be workhouses, that bail
should be allowed for minor offences, and all prisons shall
be free, as to fees, food and lodgings. He provided for
rehabilitation, as he stipulated that prisoners should be
helped to learn a trade, so that they could make an honest
living when they were released.

John Bellers - (1654-1725) was the earliest British Friend to
pay serious and systematic attention to social reform. He
pleaded for the abolition of the death penalty, the first
time this plea had been made. He argued that criminals were
the creation of society itself and urged that when in prison
there should be work for prisoners so that they might return
to the world with an urge to industry.

Elizabeth Fry- (1780-1845) was the most famous of Quaker
reformers, though others were equally influential in raising
public awareness. Reforms such as the separation of women and
children from men and the development of purposeful activity
of work or education came about through pressure from
informed people.

RA 6975 - sec.60 to 65, created the BJMP.

RA 10575 - The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

Rack - a form of torture or punishment wherein pain is inflicted to
to the body through stretching.

Rated Capacity - the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating
official to institutions within the jurisdiction.

Reformation - the object of punishment in a criminal case is to correct
and reform the offender.

Reformatory Movement - The reformatory movement was based on principles
adopted at the 1870 meeting of the National Prison Association.

The reformatory was designed:
a. for younger, less hardened offenders.
b. based on a military model of regimentation.
c. with indeterminate terms.
d. with parole or early release for favorable progress
in reformation.

Rehabilitation - to restore a criminal to a useful life, to a life in
which they contribute to themselves and to society.

Retribution - punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong
or criminal act.

Security Level - A designation applied to a facility to describe the
measures taken, both inside and outside, to preserve security and custody.

The simplest security level categorization is:
a. maximum
b. medium
c. minimum

Maximum - security facilities are characterized by very
tight internal and external security.

Common security measures include: (Maximum)
- A high wall or razor-wire fencing
- Armed-guard towers
- Electronic detectors
- External armed patrol
- A wide, open buffer zone between the outer wall or fence
and the community.
- Restrictions on inmate movement
- The capability of closing off areas to contain riots or
disruptions.

Houses the following inmates:
- Those sentenced to death
- Those sentenced with min. 20 years
- Those remanded inmates/detainees with min. 20 years sentence
- Those whose sentences is under review by SC (min.20 years)
- Those whose sentences is under appeal (min.20 years)
- Those with pending cases
- Those who are recidivist

Ultra-Maximum/Super-Maximum Security Prison - house notorious
offenders and problem inmates from other institutions.
These institutions utilize: Total isolation of inmates,
Constant lockdowns

Medium-security institutions - place fewer restrictions on
inmate movement inside the facility.

Characteristics often include:(Medium)
- Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters
- No external security wall
- Barbed wire rather than razor wire
- Fences and towers that look less forbidding

Houses the following inmates:
- Those sentenced to less than 20 years

Minimum-security prisons - are smaller and more open.

They often house inmates who:
- Have established records of good behavior
- Are nearing release

Characteristics often include:(Minimum)
- Dormitory or barracks living quarters
- No fences
- Some inmates may be permitted to leave during the day
to work or study.
- Some inmates may be granted furloughs

Sing Sing Prison - was the third prison built by New York State. It is
a maximum security prison.

Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise - was a British prison administrator and
reformer, and founder of the Borstal system.

Sir Walter Crofton - the director of Irish prisons. In his program,
known as the Irish system, prisoners progressed through three stages of
confinement before they were returned to civilian life. The first portion
of the sentence was served in isolation. After that, prisoners were
assigned to group work projects.

Stocks - instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame with
holes in which the feet and sometimes the hands of an offender can
be locked.

Three major government functionaries involved in the Philippine
correctional system:
1. DOJ
2. DILG
3. DSWD

DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the
Bureau of Corrections, administers the parole and probation
system through the Parole and Probation Administration, and
assists the President in the grant of executive clemency through
the Board of Pardons and Parole.

DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal
jails through the provincial governments and the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology, respectively.

DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation centres for
youth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.

Transportation - a punishment in which offenders were transported from
their home nation to one of that nation's colony to work.

Twelve Tables - The Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges Duodecim
Tabularum or Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stood
at the foundation of Roman law. Established basic procedural rights
for all Roman citizens as against one another

Underground Cistern - a reservoir for storing liquids, underground tank
for storing water. This was also used prison in ancient times.

Utilitarianism - a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century
English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if
it tends to produce the reverse of happinessnot just the happiness of
the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.

Voltaire - believes that fear of shame is a deterrent to crime.

Walnut Street Jail - opened in 1790 in Philadelphia. Considered the 1st
state prison. Inmates labored in solitary cells and received large
doses of religious training.

Workhouses - European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison, where
offenders were sent to learn discipline and regular work habits.

Zebulon Reed Brockway - was a penologist and is sometimes regarded as
the Father of prison reform and Father of American Parole in the
United States.