Unit-II 02 Introduction To Networking - PPT Part 1

Unit-II: Introduction to Networking Part - I
Lecture slide by
Vibhav Prasad Mathur
Assistant Professor (IT)
College of Management and Economics Studies (CMES)
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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT and ECONOMIC STUDIES (CMES)
Dehradun Campus
Introduction to
Data Communications
and
Networking
College of Management and Economic Studies (CMES)
Bidholi Campus, Dehradun
MBOI 901: IT Applications In Petroleum Sector slides byVibhav Prasad Mathur
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References
A. S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 2e
Forouzen, "Data Communication And Networking, TMH
W.T. Stallings, Data And Computer Communication
Comer, "Computer Network & Internet
William A. Shay, "Understanding Data Communication & Networks
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Overview
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Phases of Data Communication
Five components of Data Communication
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Direction of Data
Simplex
Duplex
Full Duplex
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Point-to-point connection
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Multipoint Connection
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Categories of Topology
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Fully connected Mesh Topology for 5 devices
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Star Topology
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Bus Toplogy
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Ring Topology
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Categories Of Network
Network
Local Area
Network (LAN)
Metropol i tan
Area Network
(MAN)
Wi de Area
Network (WAN)
Wi rel ess
Personal Area
Network (WPAN)
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LAN Introduction
LANs are:
Privately owned. Can be up to several kilometers long;
Restricted so worst case transmission time can be contained.
Run at speeds of 10, 100, or more Mbps.
Low delay. High reliability.
Requires collision arbitration.
Ethernet:
IEEE 802.3.
Bus based broadcast network with decentralized control at 10 or 100 Mbps.
Token Ring:
IEEE 802.5
Ring based broadcast network with token arbitration at 4 or 16 Mbps
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LAN
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MAN Introduction
MANs are:
Larger version of LAN ("city" wide).
Public or private / data or voice.
Broadcast - no switches.
Can be distinguished from LANs based on
wiring mechanism.
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MAN
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WAN Introduction
WANs are:
Networks spanning large distances.
Hosts or End Systems -
Machines running user applications.
(Communication) Subnet
Connections between hosts - transmission lines +switches.
A "locality" understanding each other's addresses.
Circuits/Channels/Trunks -
Transmission lines move the bits.
Packet switching nodes/Intermediate systems/Data switching exchanges
Specialized computers moving data between several inputs to several outputs.
Router - Generic termfor switching computers.
Point-to-point/Store-and-forward/Packet-switched
Moving through a series of routers, packets are received at a router, stored there, then
forwarded to the next router.
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WAN
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Wireless Network categories
Wireless networks are many and diverse but are frequently
categorizedinto threegroups basedontheir coveragerange:
1. Wireless WideArea Networks (WWAN),
2. WLANs, and
3. Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)*.
1. WWAN includes wide coverage area technologies such as 2G cellular,
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM), and Mobitex.
2. WLAN, representing wireless local area networks, includes 802.11,
HiperLAN, and several others.
3. WPAN, represents wireless personal area network technologies such as
Bluetooth and IR.
All of these technologies are tetherlessthey receive and transmit information
usingelectromagnetic (EM) waves.
Wireless technologies use wavelengths ranging fromthe radio frequency (RF: range of
about 3 Hz and 30 GHz) bandup to andabovethe IR band.
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WPAN Introduction
WPAN is a wireless network designed for handheld and
portable devices such as PDAs, cell phones, and
Tablet/Laptop computers, and is intended for use by only
one or two persons.
Maximumdistance 10 mt. Or 33 feet.
Usually work on Bluetooth technology
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Bluetooth
Universal radio interface for ad- hoc wireless connectivity; Interconnecting computer
and peripherals, handheld devices, PDAs, cell phones replacement of IrDA.
Emulates anRS-232control anddata signals over Bluetooth Baseband.
Current specification: Bluetooth 1.2
Bluetooth technology
Short-range (theoretically 10 100m), Wireless (ISM frequency band
2.4GHz), Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint, Voice and data transfer (up to
1Mb/s)
Key features: Robustness, Lowcomplexity of use, Lowpower, Lowcost
Bluetooth enabled devices: Laptops, Cellular phones, Personal Digital Assistants,
Headsets, Printers, Keyboards/mice, GPS, etc Up to 7 slaves can be connected
to 1master
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): Provides a means for a Bluetooth device to
discover what services of another device are available and determine the
characteristics of those availableservices, includingCachingof discoveredservices
Topology: Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet (Linking of
multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common master or slave
devices)
Harald Bl uetooth; 10th century Danish King, managed to unite Denmark and Norway
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Piconet (Physical Channel shared among several devices)
Collection of devices connected in an ad-hoc
fashion
One unit acts as master and the others as
slaves for the lifetime of the piconet
Master determines hopping pattern, slaves
have to synchronize
Eachpiconet has a unique hopping pattern
Participation in a piconet =synchronization to
hopping sequence
Each piconet has one master and up to 7
simultaneous slaves (>200 could be parked)
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Wireless LAN benefits
WLANs offer four primarybenefits:
User Mobility Users can access files, network resources, and the Internet
without having to physically connect to the network with wires. Users can be
mobileyet retainhigh-speed, real-timeaccess to the enterpriseLAN.
Rapid Installation The time required for installation is reduced because
network connections can be made without moving or adding wires, or pulling
themthroughwalls or ceilings, or making modifications to the infrastructure cable
plant. For example, WLANs are often cited as making LAN installations possible
inbuildings that are subject to historic preservationrules.
Flexibility Enterprises can also enjoy the flexibility of installing and taking
downWLANs in locations as necessary. Users can quickly install a small WLAN
for temporaryneeds suchas a conference, trade show, or standards meeting.
Scalability WLAN network topologies can easily be configured to meet
specific application and installation needs and to scale from small peer-to-peer
networks to very large enterprise networks that enable roaming over a broad
area.
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RF and IR Wavelength Spectrum
RF
IR The C-band is the dominant
band for long-distance
telecommunicationnetworks.
The S and L bands are based
on less well established
technology, and are not as
widelydeployed.
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Why Wireless?
(+) No wires. Convenience, flexible. But
(-) Relatively slow speeds, typically 5 Mbps with
802.11b. Nowhere near the 100 Mbps of typical
wired connection.
(-) Wireless access points are hubs, not switches.
Bandwidth is shared among wireless users. Think of
it as phone party lines.
(-) Data is freely available in the air.
Traffic is easilysniffed.
Data is not encrypted unless the protocol is encrypted (e.g.,
SSL etc.).
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Wireless Terms
Access Point (or AP): device that sends and receives wireless signals.
Usually directly connected to the wired net.
The hub of a wireless network. Wireless clients connect to the access point, and traffic
between two clients must travel through the access point. Access points are also referred to
as "wireless routers," "wireless gateways," and "base stations." The true access points don't
alsoshare Internet connections or bridge between wired and wireless networks.
SSID: the network name that Access Points broadcast.
Departments and homeusers maywant to use other names.
Users can roambetween access points withthe same SSID.
Channel: radio frequency used by APs.
APs near one another shoulduse different channels to minimizenoise.
A specific portion of the radio spectrum; for example, the channels allotted to one of the
wireless networking protocols.
802.11b and 802.11g use 14 channels in the 2.4 GHz band, only 3 of which don't overlap (1,
6, and 11). Inthe 5 GHz band,
802.11a uses 8 channels for indoor use and 4 others for outdoor use, and none of them
overlap.
Hot spot: A place where you can connect to a public wireless network.
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Difference between Wired and Wireless
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Wifi What it stands for?
Wi-fi / Wireless-Fidelity, Otherwise known as 802.11 Wireless
Network, is an open-standard, open spectrum, open-source, open-
hardware, mode of wireless inter-connectivity for participating
devices.
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Components of Wireless Network
Base stations, Access points, or Gateways
Wireless Network cards
Radios which send and receive signals from other radios
or access points, usually PCMCIA* cards which fit into
Laptop expansion slots, or PCI Bus in case of Desktop
computers. (There are other, simpler options using USB).
PDAs like PALM, and Pocket PC having a compact flash slot
canalso connect.
* PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card Internati onal Associ ati on.
The base station sends and receives radio signals to and
from the Wi-Fi radio in your laptop or PC, enabling you to
share your Internet connection with other users on the network.
Access points and gateways have a wide range of
features and performance capabilities, but they all provide this
basic networkconnection service.
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Satellite Communication
Satellites Access Schemes
Frequency Division Multiple
access
TimeDivisionMultiple access
Satellite Organizations
IntelSat
Inmarsat
Intersputik
Regional Satellite Systems
Separate international satellite
systems
METERBURST COMMUNICATION
Relies on the phenomenon of reflecting radio
waves off the ionized trails left by micro meters
as they enter the atmosphere and disintegrate.
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VSAT
VerySmall ApertureTransmission
Requires Small 1 2 Meter Dish
Antenna
Uses DAMA (Demand Assigned
Multiple Access ) System for Full
mesh point to point or point to
multipointconnectivity
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Mobile Technology
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32 Watt Solar Panel
GPRS Enabled Cell Phone
(HUTCH or Airtel @ Rs. 499/- pm)
GPRS / CDMA
Cellular Phone based service
Cell tower
(Bluetooth Enabled)
Covers 30% of Indias LandMass
Using GSM/CDMA cellular providers
Reliable, Always-On Internet Connection
for a fixed package
Rural Internet Kiosk
(Bluetooth Enabled)
Rural Internet Kiosk
(Bluetooth Enabled)
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1G /Analog
First generation of mobile technology using non-standardized
analogradio systems which carriedonlyvoicetraffic
Less secureandproneto interferencewhensignal is weak
AMPS (AdvancedMobile PhoneSystem)
Original standard for analog cellular phone service
Used primarily in North America, Latin America, Australia, and parts of Russia
andAsia
ETACS (ExtendedTotal Access CommunicationSystem)
Developedinthe UK and availableinEurope andAsia
TACS (Total Access CommunicationSystem)
UsedinBritainfor the 900 MHz frequencyband
Based on the US AMPS system and later adopted in other countries including
HongKong andJ apan
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2G
2nd generation of mobile telephony systems using digital radio technology
and supporting high bit rate voice, limited data communications and
improved quality
GSM(Global Systemfor Mobile communications)
Uses 900 MHz and1800 MHz inEuropeand 1900 MHz inAmerica
WidelyadoptedinEuropeand Asia and weaklysupportedinNorthAmerica
CDMA One (Code Division Multiple Access)
Uses a spread spectrumtechnique to scatter a radio signal across a wide range
of frequencies
Widelydeployedinthe UnitedStates, South Americaand parts of Asia
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Divides each cellular channel into time slots in order to increase the amount of
data that canbe carried
Operatedinthe Americas, NewZealand, parts of Russiaand Asia
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2.5 G
2.5G is a bridge from the voice-centric 2G networks to the data-
centric
3G networks and incorporates higher speeds to support data
transport
GPRS (General PacketRadio Service)
An upgrade to GSM and TDMA networks which introduces packet data
transmissionandto be deployedinall regions
EDGE (EnhancedData for GSMEvolution)
Technology upgrade for GSM and TDMA networks beyond GPRS to allow
greater data rate per timeslot Deployedmainlyinthe UnitedStates and Europe
CDMA 20001x(CodeDivisionMultiple Access 1X)
Technologyupgradefor CDMAone networks
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3G
3G offers enhancements to current applications including greater
data speeds, increased capacity for voice and data and a broader
rangeof services
CDMA20001xEV-DO(CDMA 1xEvolutionary-DataOnly)
Evolution of the CDMA2000 air-interface standard for greater spectral efficiency
andoptimizedfor data traffic alone
CDMA20001xEV-DV (CDMA 1xEvolutionary-DataandVoice)
Evolution of the CDMA2000 air-interface standard for greater spectral efficiency
andoptimizedfor data and voicetraffic
WCDMA(WideCodeDivision Multiple Access )
Evolution path by the GSM world and optimized to support high-speed mobile
multimedia
TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous CDMA)-
Developed by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT)
and Siemens, combines TDMA with a synchronous CDMA component and very
well suitedfor data and voicetransmission
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2G & 3G CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
Spread spectrummodulation
Originally developedfor the military
Resists jammingandmanykinds of interference
Codedmodulationhiddenfromthosew/o thecode
All users share same (large) block of spectrum
Onefor onefrequencyreuse
Softhandoffs possible
Almost all accepted 3G radio standards are based on
CDMA
CDMA2000, W-CDMAandTD-SCDMA
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Multi-Access Radio Techniques
Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World
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Multiplexing (1)
The cost of a wire is pretty much constant, independent of the bandwidth of
that wire - costs come from installation and maintenance of the physical
space (digging, etc.), not fromthe media or the electrical support structure.
So, howcanwe stuff more through that medium?
The answer is Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing:
The frequency spectrumis divided up
among the logical channels - each
user hangs on to a particular
frequency. The radio spectrum(and a
radio) are examples of the media and
the mechanism for extracting
information from the medium. Note
that this is analogstuff.
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Multiplexing (2)
Wavelength Division Multiplexing: The same as FDM, but applied to fibers.
There's great potential for fibers since the bandwidthis so huge (25,000GHz).
Time Division Multiplexing: In TDM, the users take turns, each one having
exclusiveuse of the mediumina round robinfashion. TDMcanbe all digital.
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Networking Software
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Networking Software
Major issues to be addressed:
1. Number of logical channels per connection (for priority purposes)
2. Error control. (garbled or missing.)
3. Preservation of message ordering.
4. Flow control.
5. Breaking up messages into a smaller chunks (and reassembly.)
6. Multiplexing messages on same connection.
7. Routing - how to get fromone host to another.
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Network Software Terms (1)
Layers
The concept that network software is organized functionally into levels. A level
onone host talks to the samelevel on another host (its peer).
Purposeof eachlayer is to provideservices to the layer aboveit.
Protocol
The protocol is the convention or standard that a layer uses to talk to the other
layer. Anagreement or standard onthe conversation.
Physical Medium
Underneath the layers is the wire or fiber or whatever.
Interface
Defines the services that one layer offers another (either up or down.)
Important to keep this simple and clean.
Important that each layer perform specific actions.
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Network Software Terms (2)
Networkarchitecture
A set of layers and protocols. It contains details on what happens in the layer and
whatthe layers says to its peer.
Functional interfaces and implementation details are not part of the spec, since
that's not visibleoutside the machine.
Protocol stack
A list of protocols used bya system, one protocol per layer.
Informationflow
"Send_to_peer"rather than "call_next_layer_down".
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Network Software Services Types
Connection oriented service
Like the phone system. The systemestablishes a connection, uses it,
andcloses it.
Acts like a tube. Data comes out the other end in the same order as it
goes in.
Connection Setup
Data Transfer
Connection Termination
Connectionless service
Like the post office. Each message has the entire address on it. Each
message may follow a different route to its destination. Ordering not
maintained.
Data Transfer
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Network Software Services Summary
Quality of service
Will the message arrive?? A reliable connection-oriented service guarantees
success.
Message sequence - message boundaries and order are maintained.
Byte streams - messages are broken up or combined; flow is bytes.
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The Relationship Of Services To Protocols
Services areprimitives that a layer provides for the layer aboveit.
Protocols are rules governing the meaning of
frames/packets/messages exchangedwith thepeer entity.
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Message/Data Transmission Techniques
(Switching Techniques)
Circuit switching there is a dedicated communicationpathbetweentwoendstations
Packet switching
Packet: Block of bytes that divides into users data field and a reserved area
calledheader
Datais transmittedinpackets
Eachpacket contains portionof data plus control information
Control informationincludes route and intended destination
Packets are handled by
Datagramapproach
Virtual circuit approach
Message switching
Completemessageis transmittedfromnode to node
Frame relay
Serviceto transfer bits at a reasonablespeedand lowcost
Reducenetworkslowness
Efficientbandwidthutilization
Decreases communicationequipmentcost
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Packet Switching
Packet Switching Reduces Trunk Line Costs
Packets from several conversations are multiplexed
on trunk lines
Conversations do not need the full capacity of the
shared trunk lines. This reduces trunk line costs.
Trunk Link
Packet fromA to B Packet fromC to D
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Packet Switching
Trailer Header Data Field
Address
Field
Message Structure
Packet
Other
Header
Field
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Switching Decision
Station
A
Station
B
Station
C
Station
D
Switch
Station A
Transmits
to Station C
Switch Sends
Signal out a
Single Port
Switch receives
a frame, sends
it back out
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Packet Switching
Original Message
Computer X
Packet
Switch
A
Packet
Switching
Decision
B
C
Computer Y
F
E D
1. Break message into
Smaller packets
(also known as frames)
2. Route packets individually;
Packet switches along the way
Make decisions about the packet
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Reference Model
There are two competing models for how
the software is layered. These are the:
OSI model and
TCP models.
To be covered in next session
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Questions and Suggestions

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