A.M.Yaglom and LMYaglom CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS WITH ELEMENTARY SOLUTIONS Volume |: Combinatorial Analysis and Probability TheoryA. M. Yaglom and I. M. Yaglom CHALLENGING MaTHEMATICAL Prosiems with ELEMENTARY SOLUTIONS Volume I Combinatorial Analysis and Probability Theory Translated by James McCawley, Jr. Revised and edited by Basil Gordon DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. NEW YORKCopyright © 1964 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions. Published in Canada hy General Publishing Company, Ltd., 30 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario, Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Com- pany, Ltd., 10 Orange Street, London WC2H 7EG. This Dover edition, first published in 1987, is an un- abridged and unaltered republication of the edition pub- lished by Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco, in 1964. It was published then as part of the Survey of Recent East European Mathematical Literature, a project conducted by Alfred L. Putnam and Izaak Wirszup, Dept. of Mathematics, The University of Chicago, under a grant from The National Science Foundation. It is reprinted by special arrangement with Holden-Day, Inc., 4432 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, California 94609. Originally published as Neelementarnye Zadachi v Ele- mentarnom Izlozhenii by the Government Printing House for Technical-Thcoretical Literature, Moscow, 1954. Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yaglom, A. M. [Neelementarnye zadachi v elementarnom izlozhenii. English] Challenging mathematical problems with elementary solutions / A. M. Yaglom and I. M. Yaglom: translated by Tames MeCawley, Ir_- revised and edited by Rasil Gordon. p. om, Translation of: Neelementarnye zadachi v elementar- nom izlozhenii, Reprint. Originally: San Francisco : Holden-Day, 1964-1967. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. Contents: v. 1. Combinatorial analysis and probability theory—v. 2, Problems from various branches of math- ematics. ISBN 0-486-65536-9 (pbk. : v. 1). ISBN 0-486-65537-7 (pbk. : v. 2) 1. Combinatorial analysis—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Probabilities—Problems, exercises, etc. 3, Math- ematics—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Yaglom, I, M. (Isaac Moiseevich), 1921- 1, Gordon, Basil. IL. Title. QA 164.1613 1987 S11'.6—del9 87-27298 cIP