A.M.Yaglom and lM.Yaglom CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS WITH ELEMENTARY SOLUTIONS Volume Il: Problems from Various Branches of MathematicsA. M. Yaglom and I. M. Yaglom CHALLENGING MarHEMATICAL FROBLEMS WITH ELEMENT TARY SOLUTIONS Volume II Problems From Various Branches of Mathematics Translated by James McCawley, Jr. Revised and edited by Basil Gordon DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. NEW YORKCopyright © 1967 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions. Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd., 30 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Com- , Lid , 10 Orange Strect, London WC2H TEG pa This Dover edition, first published in 1987, is an un- abridged and unaltered republication of the edition pub- lished by Holden-Day, Inc , San Francisco, in 1967. It was published then as part of the Survey of Recent East European Mathematical Literature, a project conducted by Alfred L. Putnam and Izaak Wirszup, Dept. of Mathematics, The University of Chicago, under a grant from The National Science Foundation. It 1s reprinted by spectal arrangement with Holden-Day, Inc, 4432 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, California 94609 Originally published as Neelementarnve Zadachi v Ele- mentarnom fziozhenti by the Government Printing House for Technical-Theoretical Literature, Moscow, 1954. Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications. Inc.. 31 East 2nd Street. Mineola, N.Y. 11501 Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Yagiom, A.M [Neclementarnye zadachi v elementarnom izlozhenii. English] Challenging mathematical problems with elementary sviuiions | A.M Yagiom and 1M. Yagiom ; iranslaicd by James McCawley, Jr. : revised and edited by Basil Gordon . om Translation of: Neelementarnye zadachi v elementar- nom izlozhenii. Reprint. Originally: San Francisco Holden-Day, 1964-1967. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. Contents v. 1 Combinatorial analysis and probability theory—v. 2. Problems from various branches of math- ematics, ISBN 0-486-65536-9 (pbk. . v. 1) ISBN 0-486-65537-7 (pbk. v 2) 1. Combinatorial analysis —Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Probabilities—Problems, exercises, etc 3. Math ematics—Problems, exercises, etc. 1. Yaglom, 1. (Isaac Moiseevich), 1921- IL, Gordon, Rasil IIL. Title. QA164.11613 1987 SIN.6—del9 87-27298 cIP