5.

3 THEORY OF COLUMNS

The load on column is calculated by exact method. This method is used when the beam end
shears are known prior to column design. The load on column at each floor level is given by.
Pu = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
+ V
4 +
P
a
+P
self

Where, V
1
, V
2
, V
3
, V
4
are the shears of beams meeting at the column at
The floor under consideration from all the four directions 1,2,3,4.

P
a
= axial load coming from above floors
S
elf =
Self-weight of the column at the floor level under consideration
IS-CODE PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN OF COLUMNS:


1. When the ratio of effective length to least lateral dimension does not exceed 12 i.e.,
Le/D<12, the column is said to be short column. If Le/D>12, the column is a long
column. Loan on long column = Cr x load on short column
Where Cr = (1.25 (Le/48b))
2. All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity subjected to a minimum of
20 mm (by clause 25.4)
3. The percentage of longitudinal steel should not be less than 0.8% and not more than
6% of gross cross-sectional area of the column. With very title steel, shrinkage
effects will cause high stress in steel. With large amount of steel, there will be
congestion, which will prevent proper placement of concrete, since usually lapping
of all column bars is done at the base of each column height so that the percentage of
steel at the lapping point will be double the percentage at the center of the column.
Hence, even though a maximum of 6% is allowed, normally the percentage of the
steel in the column should not exceed 6%.
4. In columns of cross sections of larger than those required to carry the load, these
minimum area of steel are based on the concrete area required to resist the direct
stress, and not on the actual area of concrete in the column.
5. The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangular column 6 in circular column.
6. The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
7. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.
8. The pitch of the transverse reinforcement shall not be more
a. The least lateral dimension of the member.
b. 16 times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar.
c. 300 mm- Diameter of the tie shall not be less than 1/4
th
of the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 5mm.
9. Unsupported length of the column is taken as per clause 25.1.3 (b) and effective `
10. Columns are to be checked in limit state method using chart given in SP 16 of IS
456:2000 under clause 38.5 for considered axial load and un-axial bending.
11. The cover to longitudinal reinforcement bar in a column not less than 40mm or than
diameter of such bar in case of minimum dimension of 200 mm or under where
reinforcing bar do not exceed 12 mm a cover of 25 mm may be used.

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR COLUMN: 2017
Column size = 230 x 450
M
20
grade of concrete
Fe 415 grade of steel
Reinforcement is distributed equally on all four sides
Factored axial load, P
u
= 719.84 kN. (from staad)
Factored moment about X-axis, M
ux
= 65.55 kN-m. (from staad)
Factored moment about Y-axis, M
uy
= 0.77 kN-m. (from staad)

Effective length:
Assuming effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end ,
and at the other restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Unsupported length of column (L) = 3000 mm
D = 450mm

450 . 0
3000
= 6.7
Slenderness ratio, L
e
/b = < 12
Therefore, it is designed as short column

Eccentricity:
E =Mu/Pu = 65.55x10
6
/ 719.84x10
6


= 91 mm

Check for minimum eccentricity:

Hence design it as short column subject to axial load & uniaxial moment






Mu / f
ck
bd
2
= 65.55x10
6
/ 20x230x450
2


=0.07

d/b = 50/450 = 0.11

a) Reinforcement on two faces only

From chart 33 of SP: 16


P / f
ck
= 0.073

A
sc
= 1.46 x230x450 /100 = 1511.1 mm
2

Provide 4 no.of 25 mm bars 2 on each face

21 > 20
30
450
500
3000
E
30
Least lateral dimenssion
500
Unsupported lengh
E

min
min




34
7
. 0
450 230 20
10 719.
84
f
P
3
ck
u




bD

A
sc
= 1963.49 mm
2



Design of lateral ties:
Selecting 8 mm bars,
Maximum Spacing 16 = 16X25 =300
Least lateral dimension 300 mm
Hence provide 8mm dia lateral tie at 300 mm c/c.
b) Reinforcement on all four sides


P / f
ck
bd

= 0.347

Mu / f
ck
bd
2
=0.07

From chart 45 of SP: 16

P / f
ck
= 0.042

P =0.84

A
sc
= 0.84 x230x450 /100 = 869.4 mm
2

Provide 8 no.of 16 mm bars

A
sc
= 1608.49 mm
2


In this case also laterals ties required will be 8 mm at a spacing of 300 mm