Network Fundamentals

Chapter 2
Network Fundamentals

Topics Covered
2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

Weightage
6.66%
Prof. Pritesh Upadhyaya, PIET - MCA
Programme
Prerequisites of a Network
Several Definition of Networks are:
1. Collection of Interconnected Computers.
2. The Inter connected computers which are not
working under any other devices.
3. Two or more devices are connected with each
other to share the resources is known as network.
4. In a Computer Network, the nodes are connected
with each other with wire or wireless.
5. The Protocol which are used in a computer
network will control the communication of a
network.

Programme
Definition
Computer network defined as a collection of nodes
which are interconnected wired or wireless with the
help of protocols.

OR

Computer networks is a network where two or more
computers are connected with each other to share
the resources
Programme
Network Categories
Division Based on Scope
1. PAN Personal Area Network
2. LAN Local Area Network
3. MAN Metropolitan Area Network
4. WAN Wide Area Network
Programme
PAN - Personal Area Network
The network which is restricted within the range of
10 meters.
Differet deies like priter, saer, PDAs, Moile
Phones etc are connected here with the help of wire
or wireless like Bluetooth (also like Ultra Wide
Bandwidth or Zigbee)
Zigbee is a protocol which is used to make communication
etee sall deies
This type of PAN also connected with or without wires
to the Internet.
Programme
LAN Local Area Network
-Network which resides within an organization is a
LAN.
-LAN is always privately owned network. (Network
which has Private owner).
-In LAN, proper restrictions can be implemented by
the private owner.
-Gateway will make the LAN secure from the Internet.
(Gateway stops unauthenticated access to the LAN)
-The way the members of LAN are connected are
ko as topology. The Faous topology of LAN
are Star, Bus, Ring etc..
Programme
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
-Two different cities or states are connected with each
other under one network.
-Here, people can connect with each other with the
help of mail, audio conferencing, video conferencing.
-We can book air and train tickets in advance.
-IEEE has provided a standard for those who would
like to build such networks. That is IEEE 802.6
-Unfortunately, the improvement in Internet has
decrease the demand of MAN so it will not demanded
properly.
Programme
WAN Wide Area Network
-It connects multiple countries
-Big Geographical area are covered.
-Not Privately owned.
-Once user connects to this, he/she can download or
upload the files, send and receive the mails, chat with
other user of WAN is possible
-WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of
networks together, so that users and computers in one
location can communicate with users and computers in
other locations.
-Many wide area networks span long distances via
telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, or satellite links
Programme
Internetworks
-Internetwork is a connection that joins two or more
networks.
-There is minor difference between WAN and
Internetworks.
-Most of the WANs are iteroeted y the
Internet.
-Member of WAN can also access the Internet.7
-We cannot say that WWW is an Internet, rather we
a say that its a series proided o the top of the
Internet through which we can access the documents.
Programme
Division Based on Connection
Two types of connections are there:
Wired Connection &
Wireless Connection
Wired Connection:
* Nodes are connected with the help of Wires
* These cables may be UTP (Unshielded Twisted
Pair) or Fiber Optic Cables.
Wireless Connection: Wireless Network do not use
any type of Cables.
Programme
Cotiue
In both the connections, the network uses
Electromagnetic Waves. In wired connection, the
waves travel through wires while in case of wireless
connection it travels through air.
Wired Connection will have minimum two nodes
(sender and receiver) which is known as P to P (Point
to Point) connection.
In Wireless Connection, one machine will broadcast
the message in a network and the proper receiver will
accept the message other will ignore them.
Programme
Cotiue
In Wireless Connection, the problem only arise when
we have multiple senders who sends a message in a
network using same frequency bands.
In such case, the signal will collide (Crash) at receiver
side.
* In wireless connection when multiple sender sends
a message the sender will keep the track of every
transmitted message until it reaches to the receiver in
an intact manner.
Once it receives by receiver the sender will not keep
the track ON.

Programme
Cotiue
Here in wireless connection, if the message will not
be deliver in the same format in which it was send
then sender understands that the COLLISION has
occurred and retransmit the message.

(In older wired connection like Ethernet, the message
has been broadcasted by the sender and the
technology work on let collision occur: if there is
collision, sender will retransmit
Programme
Wired Networks
-Most famous wiring today is copper based UTP Cat 5
cables.

-Nowadays, the way the price of Fiber Optic cables
are reduced, the first preference of the customer are
Fiber optic cable (which gives more bandwidth)
compare to Copper based cables.

-Most popular wired connection is Ethernet network,
which is now de facto (the method in practice but not
approved by standards) standard for all LANs.
Programme
Cotiue
Modern networks uses either Fast Ethernet (of 100
MB/sec speed) or Gigabit Ethernet (of 1 Gigabit/sec
speed) or 10G Ethernet (of 10 Gigabit/sec speed).

The copper is used in cables as it is a good conductor
to pass the electromagnetic waves.

Programme
Cotiue
-Fiber optic cables uses pure glass to transfer the data.
-There are no electrons but the lights will flow thought the
fiber.
-The major advantage of using Fiber Optic cable is only its
bandwidth which is in Gigabits.
- Bandwidth: the rate at which the data are transfer in a
second. (will be in GHz)
-More the bandwidth, better the network is.
-The network having more bandwidth can travel bulky data
without congestion.
-The bandwidth is depend on the distance also. More the
distance less the bandwidth.

Programme
Cotiue
The bandwidth of fiber optic cables is nearly 5000
times more than the bandwidth of conventional
telephone cables.
Programme
Wireless Networks
Here, the nodes are connected with each other
without any intermediary which is known as ad ho
network.

If there are any intermediary than, that intermediary
known as Aess Poit

The first wireless network ALOHA was invented in 70s
and after than the wired network ETHERNET was
come into existance.
Programme
Cotiue
Ethernet was made for LAN while ALOHA is not for
LANs.
Its difficult to find multiple senders who are sending
messages in a network. While in case of Ethernet it is
very easy to find out multiple senders who are
sending the messages at a single time.
ALOHA is no more used but other networks like IEEE
802.11 for wireless LAN are used.
*We sometimes refer this networks as WiFi or WiMAX
(Wireless Fidelity and Wireless for Microwave Access)

Programme
Two famous Wireless Networks
MANets
Sensor Networks
MANets: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
-Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are subset of Ad Hoc
Networks.
-Ad Hoc network is a one where the member can join
and unjoin the network at any time.
-In MANet the members are the mobile nodes and all
this nodes are in ad hoc nodes. (laptops and PDAs)

Programme
Cotiue
In MANet, there are different ways one can have an
ad hoc network.
stationary and mobile

In mobile method, it is possible to have one desktop
system which is having wireless card which build ad
hoc network.

Important thing of ad hoc network is its mobility.
Mobility means the member can join and unjoin the
group at any time.
Programme
Cotiue
Here one device sends a message to another devices but at
the same time the other device has left the network.
-Thats why the network which was build is a temporary
network and topology get changed every time!
-There would not be any centralized server.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY MANET
Any one can access the Internet by joining the n/w.
We can get the latest details of all incoming and outgoing
data.
It can be accessible from anywhere in a range.
Exchange of data is possible at any time
Programme
Few Issues to handle that do not happen in another networks
-Topology is dynamic, so current position of machine do
not become valid after few time. Eg: - A-B-C

-The batteries of the mobile nodes must be fully charged
else the mobile nodes are not able to send the data.
Eg: - A-B-C

- As security is always a major issue here as new members
can join the network at any time and hacking of the data
is quite possible. The hackers will have this practice to
join wireless network and hack the data, this is known as
war driving
Programme
Sensor Networks
-Sensor networks are also a type of ad hoc network
where the small devices called sensors (stationary)
are used.

-Sensor network do not use large devices or mobile
computers etc, but it uses small devices which can
sense its surroundings.

-The cost of sensor are comparatively very low
because it has less memory and less processing
power.

Programme
COMPARISION: MANET AND SENSOR
NETWORK
-Both the networks have large number of nodes.
-Sensor network has less power and less memory
compare to MANET.
-Sensor are small in size compare to those mobile nodes.
-In sensor network, its almost impossible to identify the
sender who has send the message.
-Power consumption is a serious issue here, the sensor
are not required to regularly charged.
-Sensor nodes are installed under strict vigilance while
mobile nodes will join or unjoin the network anytime.

Programme
Division based on communication type
1. Broadcasting
2. Point to point Communication

Broadcasting:
- Sender sends a message and intended receiver will
receive the message and remaining will ignore it.
- It may disturb the network as the message sends
to everyone in a network.
- It has its pros and cons.
Programme
Cotiue
-Beneficial when the network has minimum number
of senders.
-It is useful to sends a message to more than one
receiver at a single time (In both wired connection as
well as wireless connection)
- Broadcasting technique is used when we do not
wants to enter in to the mechanism called routing.
- In MANET, the mobile nodes can join and unjoin the
network at anytime, so point to point communication
is not useful so broadcasting a message is a viable
solution for this.
Programme
Point to Point Networks
Its a oe to oe ouiatio.

It uses less bandwidth as there is only a single channel.

In point to point communication if there are few intermediary
nodes than different channels are used for sending a
message. That is the reason that broadcasting a message in
on Internet is not feasible solution.

In P2P connection if we have intermediate nodes in a network
which helps to forward the message further, those nodes are
ko as Routers

Programme
Cotiue
All the nodes including all routers are of point to point
connections.
Eg: Internet message send
Problems arise in P2P connection
-Sender must know the reeiers address or
intermediate router address to sends/forward the
message.
-The knowledge of topology is required every time
because we have to find out the nearest router
between two networks.
Programme
Cotiue
-When message is broadcasted the point to point
communication is not possible.
-If we have higher bandwidth we can broadcast the
message by different line in wireless communication.

Programme
Division based on Usage
Home Networks:
Home Networks are not that much implemented but
the small house hold appliances are connected with
the help of few protocols.

- X10 and ZigBee are the protocols for making
communication possible between house hold
appliances and the small devices.
Programme
Cotiue
Assume that,
-If I lost my car key and some how the message came
from the key to my mobile that I am in this corner of
house.

-What if your refrigerator tells you that all the
vegetables are going to get finish, but new vegetables.

Programme
Problems arises for Home Network
-Home Networks are become more robust.
-The Cost of Home Network is very high.
-To implementing the security in this house hold
devices is resulting in increase in cost.
-Updating a software is very complex thing in house
hold appliaes. (If ayody says that o its a tie
to upgrade the operating system of refrigerator, than
for routine life it is quite difficult.
-We are expecting home devices to work for a longer
period but if the processor is required to modified
nobody is going to do so.

Programme
Cotiue
-When the home network has different wires than its difficult
for the user to shift from one home to another home.
-Protocols are different for different devices. (X10 is used for
home appliances while ZigBee protocol is used for small
house hold devices like bulb or tube light)
-The user may ask for wired or wireless communications
which may create problem.

Programme
NETWORK COMPONENTS
List of components required to establish the network.
1. NIC Network Interface Card
2. Cable for Wired Connection
3. Frequency Band for Wireless Transmission
4. Servers and the Nodes
5. Interconnecting Devices
1. HUB
2. Switch
3. Repeater
4. Bridge
5. Router Prof. Pritesh Upadhyaya, PIET - MCA
Programme
Network Interface Card NIC
-Basic Requirement of Network is to have
NIC.
-NIC is also known as LAN Card or LAN
Adapter.
-NIC / LAN Card are equipped with
Motherboard.
-The Network cable will be plugged in into
the NIC and network will be establish.
Programme
Cable for Wired Connection
The Network cable connects with the IO Box and that IO
Box is on the NIC card.
Cat 5 is most commonly used cable wire.
Cat 5 is made up of Copper and it is known as
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cat 5 Cable.
Another cable is Fiber Optic Cable which uses light
pulse to transmit the data
Programme
Comparison of CAT 5 and Fiber Optic Cable
CAT 5 cables runs for 100 meters with the bandwidth
of 100 Mbps, but the bandwidth decreases as the
distance of cable increases.
Fiber Optic Cable runs for 5 10 Kilometers, with
higher bandwidth.
Cat 5 has less interference of other cables compare
to Cat 3 Cables.
Fiber Optic Cable will have negligible interference of
any other cables.

Programme
Frequency band for Wireless Transmission
-Frequency band is a range of frequencies through
which we can transmit the data.
-THUMB RULE is: More the Frequency, More the Data
Rate.
-To use particular frequency bands we should have
rights to use it. (Rights are given by ( DoT
Department of Telecommunication) of India)
-Some of the frequencies do not require licenses.

Programme
Servers and the Nodes
-Server is a computer which have the server operating
system installed in it. Server will control all other
devices which are connected to it in a network.
-Server will respond to the requests send by the
clients which are connected to it (wired or wireless)
-While nodes are the devices which are connected in
a network. This may be computer, printer, scanner or
any other storage devices etc..
-Nodes will request to the server and server will
respond to the request of node after checking the
authenticity.
Programme
Interconnecting devices HUB
-Hubs are used to connect computers on a network so as to
communicate with each other.

-Each computer plugs into the hub with a cable, and
information sent from one computer to another passes
through the hub.

-A hub can't identify the source or destination of the
information it receives, so it sends the information to all of
the computers connected to it, including the one that sent it.
-A hub can send or receive information, but it can't do both at
the same time

Programme
Interconnecting device - Switch
- Switches functions the same way as hubs, but they
can identify the intended destination (receiver) of the
information that they receive from sender.
-So they send that information to only the computers
that is the original receiver.
-Switches can send and receive the information at the
same time with faster speed than HUB.
-Switches are best recommended for office network
where number of computers are more.
-Switches are used where the information passing is
maximum.
Programme
Interconnecting device - Repeater
-Repeater are used to retransmit the signal to the
other side.
-During transmission of signals, if the distance is
maximum the signals may not reaches to the
destination.
-So repeater are used to repeat the signal and
retransmit it to the proper destinations.
-Repeaters are sometimes known as Active Hubs.

Programme
Interconnecting device - Router
-Routers are used to connect different networks.
-Routers are used to forward the data from one
network to another network.
-Routers are connected between network with wires
or wireless.
-Router will direct the traffic of a network.
-Router makes the entry of every incoming packet and
every outgoing packet.
-Router will make the routing table in which it makes
entry of every incoming and outgoing packet.
Programme
Interconnecting Device - Bridge
-Bridge serves the same purpose. It connects two or
more local area networks (LANs) together.
-The device is similar to a router, but it does not
analyze the data being forwarded
-Because of this, bridges are typically fast at
transferring data, but not as versatile as a router
-Bridge operates at Data Link Layer of OSI Model.
-Bridges reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN by
dividing it into two segments.
Programme

Thank you
Programme

Network Fundamentals

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Network Fundamentals

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 2

S-ar putea să vă placă și