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Assignment 2
Design of Power Transmission Line
Andrew Seagar
February 10, 2014
1 Introduction
Figure 1 shows a three phase two circuit power transmission line in the centre of a right of way (ROW). For reasons
of public safety the intensity of the magnetic eld (shown by the dotted line) at the edges of the ROW must be lower
than dictated by the relevant Australian standards.
A1
B1
C1
C2
B2
A2
ROW
-
Figure 1: Three phase two circuit power transmission line.
The size of the current carrying conductors is quite small in comparison to the distance to the ground. For calculations
close to the ground it is therefore possible to assume that all current ows along the centre of each conductor. That
makes the calculations more straightforward.
In a balanced three phase system, which is how most power lines operate unless there is a major fault, the currents in
each phase of a single circuit:
I
a
(t) = I
A
cos t
I
b
(t) = I
B
cos(t
2
3
)
I
c
(t) = I
C
cos(t
4
3
)
(1)
can be represented by a phasor, separated by 120
F
a
(t) = F
A
cos t = (F
A
cos t)
F
A
= |F
a
(t)|
F
A
F
b
(t) = F
B
cos(t
2
3
) = (F
B
cos(t
2
3
))
F
B
= |F
b
(t)|
F
B
F
c
(t) = F
C
cos(t
4
3
) = (F
C
cos(t
4
3
))
F
C
= |F
c
(t)|
F
C
(2)
where
F
A
is a unit vector in the same direction as F
A
.
The magnitudes for each phase |F
a,b,c
(t)| are represented in gure 5(a) as phasors rotating in an anticlockwise direction,
and in gure 5(b) as the corresponding signals (i.e. functions of time).
The total eld at point P is the vectorial sum of the individual time-varying components:
F(t) = F
a
(t) +F
b
(t) +F
c
(t)
= F
A
cos +F
B
cos(
2
3
) +F
C
cos(
4
3
)
= F
A
cos +F
B
(cos cos
2
3
+ sin sin
2
3
) +F
C
(cos cos
4
3
+ sin sin
4
3
)
= (F
A
+F
B
cos
2
3
+F
C
cos
4
3
) cos + (F
B
sin
2
3
+F
C
sin
4
3
) sin
= F
1
cos +F
2
sin (3)
where = t and:
F
1
= F
A
1
2
(F
B
+F
C
)
F
2
=
3
2
(F
B
F
C
)
(4)
3
A
C
B
(a)
-
A B C
t
(b)
Figure 5: Magnitudes of elds as (a) phasors, (b) signals.
The (constant) elds F
1
and F
2
are shown in gure 6 as dening a parallelogram containing the (time-varying) eld
F(t). As time varies, the eld F(t) traces out an ellipse moving (as drawn) in an anti-clockwise direction from F
1
when = 0
to F
2
when = 90
, and so on.
F(t)
F
1
F
2
Figure 6: Elliptical path traced by eld vector F(t).
A.1 Peak Field
The square of the magnitude of the eld is given by the dot product:
|F(t)|
2
= F(t) F(t) = F
1
F
1
cos
2
+ 2F
1
F
2
cos sin +F
2
F
2
sin
2
= |F
1
|
2 1
2
(1 + cos 2) +F
1
F
2
sin 2 + |F
2
|
2 1
2
(1 cos 2)
=
1
2
(|F
1
|
2
+ |F
2
|
2
) +F
1
F
2
sin 2 +
1
2
(|F
1
|
2
|F
2
|
2
) cos 2 (5)
The angle (phase) for which the eld F(t) has maximum or minimum value can be found by dierentiating the square
of the magnitude and determining the value for which the derivative is zero.
d
d
|F(t)|
2
= 2|F(t)|
d
d
|F(t)| = |F
1
|
2
2 cos (sin ) +F
1
F
2
2 cos 2 + |F
2
|
2
2 sin cos
= (|F
2
|
2
|F
1
|
2
)2 cos sin +F
1
F
2
2 cos 2
= 2F
1
F
2
cos 2 (|F
1
|
2
|F
2
|
2
) sin 2 (6)
Taking
m
as the angle at which maximum and minimum values are found gives:
0 = 2F
1
F
2
cos 2
m
(|F
1
|
2
|F
2
|
2
) sin 2
m
2F
1
F
2
/(|F
1
|
2
|F
2
|
2
) = sin 2
m
/ cos 2
m
= tan2
m
(7)
so that:
m
=
1
2
tan
1
2F
1
F
2
|F
1
|
2
|F
2
|
2
(8)
=
1
2
tan
1
2F
1
F
2
|F
2
|
2
|F
1
|
2
(9)
4
Inspection of equation 5 shows that the maximum (three positive terms) is obtained if sin 2
m
= F
1
F
2
and cos 2
m
=
1
2
(|F
1
|
2
|F
2
|
2
), and that the minimum (one positive term, two negative terms) is obtained if sin2
m
= F
1
F
2
and
cos 2
m
=
1
2
(|F
2
|
2
|F
1
|
2
). The maximum eld can therefore be obtained by taking the four quadrant inverse tangent
in equation 8 and then substituting into equation 3. (Equation 9 can be used for the minimum).
A.2 RMS Field
The total eld from equation 3 is:
F(t) = F
1
cos +F
2
sin (10)
where F
1
and F
2
are given in equation 4.
The mean square (MS) value of the eld is given by the integral:
F
MS
=
1
2
2
=0
|F(t)|
2
d =
1
2
2
=0
F(t) F(t) d
=
1
2
2
=0
{
1
2
(|F
1
|
2
+ |F
2
|
2
) +F
1
F
2
sin 2 +
1
2
(|F
1
|
2
|F
2
|
2
) cos 2} d (11)
The terms involving sin 2 and cos 2 integrate to zero, leaving:
F
MS
=
1
2
(|F
1
|
2
+ |F
2
|
2
) =
1
2
(F
1
F
1
+F
2
F
2
) (12)
Substituting from equation 4 and expanding the dot products leads to:
F
MS
=
1
2
(F
A
F
A
+F
B
F
B
+F
C
F
C
F
A
F
B
F
A
F
C
F
B
F
C
) (13)
The root mean square (RMS) value of the eld is therefore:
F
RMS
=
1
2
(F
A
F
A
+F
B
F
B
+F
C
F
C
F
A
F
B
F
A
F
C
F
B
F
C
) (14)
5