As Built Train Up A Child Structural Intergrity - Report

K.C.C.
A Structural integrity
MACRO TECHNICS LIMITED
AS BUILT
TRAIN UP A CHILD PRIMARY SCHOOL ON PLOT NO.
33, LUTHULI DRIVE
M.T.L
AUGUST
2013
Prepared by
karija Paul.
Analysis and design calculations for key structural elements pertaining to the
development of this project are presented with in this report.
[M.T.L]
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K.C.C.A Structural integrity
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
1.0
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................
.....................................5
1.1Basic details of Structure, Materials, and Loading
............................................................................... 6
1.2 Structural summary
............................................................................................................................. 7
2.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR SLABS
.........................................................................8
2.1Design of maxspan/ribbed slabs
.......................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Maxspan slab case 2
...................................................................................................................... 9
General
Analysis...................................................................................................................
................. 9
3.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR BEAMS
..................................................................... 13
3.1Critical floor beams
............................................................................................................................ 13
3.1.1 FBM
112..........................................................................................................................
........... 13
4.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
COLUMNS............................................................................. 21
4.1 Briefing
...................................................................................................................................
........... 21
4.2 Column
C1...............................................................................................................................
......... 21
4.3Column
C2...............................................................................................................................
.......... 25
4.4Column
C3...............................................................................................................................
.......... 29
5.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS.
................................................................... 33
5.1 Briefing
...................................................................................................................................
........... 33
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5.2 Footing
F1...............................................................................................................................
.......... 33
5.3 Footing
F2...............................................................................................................................
.......... 39
6.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
........................................................................... 46
6.1 Staircase type
1.................................................................................................................................
. 46
7.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RETAINING
WALL................................................................ 50
Indicative retaining wall reinforcement diagram
.................................................................................... 59
8.0 APPENDIX
...................................................................................................
....................... 60
8.1 RING BEAM 01
................................................................................................................................
60
8.2 RING BEAM 02
................................................................................................................................
62
8.3 Maxspan slab case
1........................................................................................................................... 64
8.4 FBM 103
...................................................................................................................................
........ 66
8.5 FBM 110
...................................................................................................................................
........ 68
8.6 FBM 114
...................................................................................................................................
........ 70
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9.0 CHECKS FOR ADDITIONAL SECOND FLOOR.
................................................................. 74
9.1 COLUMN CHECKS
........................................................................................................................ 74
9.1.1 Column C1
................................................................................................................................
. 74
9.1.2 Column C2
................................................................................................................................
. 86
9.1.3 Column C3
................................................................................................................................
. 92
9.2 FOUNDATION
CHECKS............................................................................................................... 96
9.2.1 Footing F1
................................................................................................................................
.. 96
9.2.2 Footing F2
................................................................................................................................
103
9.3 SYNOPSIS
...................................................................................................................................
... 109
END... ..........................................................................................
........................................... 109
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Design calculations for the main structural elements are provided in this report
with reference to Reinforced concrete design codes Euro code 2 and BS8110.
Computer aided analysis and design by PROKON, CSC Tedds, and LIN PRO
is also used as detailed and incorporated in this report.
The design calculations have concentrated on structural members which are of
critical structural integrity to the development. These include:
Ribbed SlabsCritical maxspan slab
case 2. Critical Floor
beams
FBM103, FBM112, FBM 106 and FBM110
Columns C1, C2 & C3.
Foundation Footings F1
& F2.
Design for the means of access and egress (R.C) Stair case
Critical stair case type 1
Retaining wall.
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1.1Basic details of Structure, Materials, and Loading

Design information
Client
Peter Mutebi & Rebecca Mutebi.
Architect
Arch. Geoffrey Muhanguzi
Eng. Responsible
Eng. Mubiru Frederick.
Building Regulations Authority
K.C.C.A
Relevant Building Regulations

and
Design codes
1.0 BS8110- Structural use of concrete Part 1& Part 2

2.0 Euro code 2- Design of concrete structures
3.0 BS6399- Loading for buildings
Part1Code of practice for dead and
imposed loads, Part 2 Code of
practice for wind loads, and
Part 3 Code of practice for imposed wind loads
Intended use of structure
Primary school (Educational institution)
Fire resistance required
1 hour for all elements
General loading conditions
Exposure conditions
Subsoil conditions
Foundation type
Materials data
Other relevant information
Roof imposed loading (pitch <=10deg with access)--0.5Kn/m2

Floors imposed loading
---3.0Kn/m2
Stairs imposed
---3.0Kn/m2
Mild(internal) and Moderate (external) BS8110 table
3.2
Reddish brown soils
Allowable safe bearing capacity of the soil-250 Kn/m2
R.C footing to columns and strip foundation for the
walls
Concrete grade 25 i.e. C25/30 with 20mm max
aggregate
Concrete self weight- 24 Kn/m3
Characteristic strength, Main bars -460N/mm2 ,linksSelf weights of other materials
Slates or tiles with boarded felt-----1.1 Kn/m2
Concrete block work (solid stone aggregate)
230mmthick--5 Kn/m2
(Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook Table 4)
Timber used in truss system (Using pitch pine)----- 6.6
Kn/m2
All dimension in millimeters
Partial factors of safety for the loads used are provided
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1.2 Structural summary

Notes
Slabs; 350mm thick double maxspan slab & 250mm thick solid slab.
Beams; 500 X 230mm
Columns; 400X 230mm & 230 X 230mm
Column bases; F1& f2 pad footing distributing loading from column C1 & C2
respectively. Check structural drawings for other varying pad sizes.
Wind resistance- Provided by 350mm thick slab acting as a horizontal beam,
lateral bracing by masonry infill of the blocks and concrete staircase.
Figure showing the typical 1st floor slab layout showing the critical elements whose
analysis and design are to be presented in this structural integrity report.
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2.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR SLABS

The design of the slabs was based on the ultimate limit states. The analysis of the
slabs are done and shown in the proceeding pages. The bending moment, shear
force diagrams and the deflection diagrams were plotted by the use of PROKON, a
computer aided program. Reference was made to the BS8110
&Euro code in the design and analysis.
2.1Design of maxspan/ribbed slabs

Design Data:
Steel Reinforcement bars (fy)
- 460 N/mm2
Concrete grade (fcu)
- 25 N/mm2
Concrete
- 25 mm
cover
Loading Data:
= 350mm
Slab thickness
= 300mm
Max-pan
= 50mm
depth
Concrete
Topping
Finishes (under-plaster & screed) = 50mm
Mass of max= 9.0 kg/unit
pan
Unit weight of conc ete
= 24 Kn/m3
Unit weight of finishes
= 24Kn/m3
Single max-pan dimensions = (380x300x150)mm
Figure showing design rib and the facing dimensions of a maxspan unit
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2.1.1 Maxspan slab case 2

General Analysis
Loading per rib/ 0.45m length
Permanent loading, Gk
Concrete
[(24 x0.45x0.05) + (24x0.15x0.3)]
=
1.62 Kn/m Maxspan
[9x9.81/
(1000x0.3)] x2
= 0.59 Kn/m Finishes
2[20 x
0.05x0.45]
= 0.9 Kn/m Total dead weight, Gk
[1.62 + 0.594 +0.9]
= 3.11
Kn/m
Variable load (Qk), for classroom loading = 3.0Kn/m2
Qk = 3.0x0.45
W
= 1.35 Kn/m
(1.35 Gk + 1.5Qk)
W = (1.35 x 3.115) + (1.5 x 1.35) =
6.23 KN/0.45m strip
Using Prokon design program to analyze the rib, the dead and live loads, moments
and shear reactions to be taken up by the beams determined.
SPAN 3
2.230
7.780
450
1.35
300
Live
D e
O w
ad
n
W
+
2 SPAN 2 3
50
SPAN 1
3.21
6.950
150
SECTION
1
Figure .showing longitudinal and cross section through rib.
.5
Results from Prokon,
Long term deflection drawing (Max 27.32mm)<L/D250=31.12mm
.0
.5
.0
.5
41
41
.5
.5
1
.0
.0
1
.5
1
61
.0
1
11
11.0
1 .0
9. 5
.5
Def max = 27.32mm @ 13.3m
6.05
6.00
5.05
5.00
4. 5
4.00
3.05
3.00
2.05
1. 5
2. 0
1. 0
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
Long-term Deflections (All spans loaded - using entered reinforcement)
00
-4.00
-2.00
SHEAR: X-X
V max = 29.49kN @ 9.18m
30.0
25.0
20.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
10.0
5.00
.500
15.0
-5.00
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
-25.0
Max shear force, vED= 29.49Kn
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
11 .0
9. 50
50
6.
10 .5
M max = -37.03kNm @ 9.18m
.0
MOMENTS: X-X
-35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.00
5.00
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Maximum span moment = 32.13Knm, Maximum support moment = 37.03Knm,

Reactions on the beams
Support
Dead Load(kN) Live Load(kN) Ultimate(kN)
9.29
3.91
18.43
14.41
6.06
38.31
20.56
8.64
48.20
10.19
4.29
20.22
(onto beam FBM 24)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCE
HOLLOW SLAB
OUTPUT
a)Longitudinal
Reinforcement, Span
Reinforcement,
Maximum span moment ,Med=32.13Knm
EC2
2.5.3.5.5(2)
[M.T.L]
Effective depth d= h-cover-0.5

d= 185
-20- 6 d =
319 mm
Reinforcement
per rib k= M/
(bd2fck)
Page
k = 0.028 <
0.167
Therefore section is singly reinforced
z = d (0.5+ (0.25-k/1.134))
z = 319 (0.5+ (0.25-0.028 /
1.134))
z=
310.89mm
As = M/
(0.87fyz)
As =32.13x106 /
(0.87x460x310.89)
Asreq =258.23 mm2,
Provide 2Y16
Provide 2Y16As =
402.1 mm2
Support reinforcement,
Maximum support moment =
37.03Knm,
k= M/
(bd2fck)
k = 37.03x106 /
(150x3192x25)
k = 0.097 < 0.167
Therefore section is singly reinforced
z = d (0.5+ (0.25k/1.134))
z = 319 (0.5+ (0.25-0.097 /1.134))
z = 288.9mm
As = M/(0.87fyz)
As =37.03x106 / (0.87x460x288.9)
Asreq =320.3mm2
Provide 2Y16As = 402.1 mm2
Provide 2Y16
b)Shear check
VRd1 = [Rd k (1.2+40)
bwd] From table 4.8
Rd = 0.3 for grade 25 concrete
EC2
4.3.2.3
Eqn
4.18
Table 4.8
k= 1.6 -0.319= 1.6

0.319= 1.281 = As/bwd
= 402.1/ (150x319)
= 0.0084
-3
VRd1 = [0.3x1.281 (1.2+40x0.0084) x450x319] x10

4.4.3.2(5)
NAD table
7
= 84.73kN
VRd1 = 84.73kN >
VED= 29.49kN
Therefore shear reinforcement is not required.

c) Deflection check
For an end span of continuous beam or one-way
continuous slab or two-way spanning slab
continuous over one long side
member
100As/bwd
Basic span/d
highly stressed
1.5
20
considered
0.84
25.2
lightly stressed
0.5
27.83
100As/bwd = 100x0.0084= 0.84

Basic span/d ratio from table 7 = 32 for lightly
stressed member with fy= 400N/mm2
for grade 460 steel,
Basic span/d ratio = 32x400/460 = 27.83 for
lightly stressed members
Basic span/d ratio from table 7 = 23 for highly
Basic span/d ratio = 23x400/460 = 20 for
highly stressed members.
Allowable basic span/d = 25.2mm
Actual span/d ratio = 7780/319= 24.4< 25.2
Actual < Allowable
deflection.
d)Check for cracking
Bar spacing 3d or 500mm
3d=3 x319= 957mm>rib thickness
e)Check Anchorage & lap length
From the table of lapping lengths in the
appendix, KA = KL
For apr. 25% bars lapped at section, KA=40
Bar lapping length
L= KA x bar dai = 40 x16 =640mm
Therefore take lapping length of 650mm.
Check appendix for maxspan slab case 1 design results.
Deflections
are
acceptable
Safe
against
cracking
3.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR BEAMS

Beams are structural elements spanning between supports to carry vertical loads
from floors, walls and the any other superimposed loading.
The design of beams was based on the ultimate limit states. The run down
analysis and design of the beams is shown in the proceeding pages. The bending
moment, shear force diagrams and the deflection diagrams were plotted by the
use of PROKON, a computer aided program. Reference was made to the BS8110
&Euro code in the design and analysis.
3.1Critical foor beams

General Design data for beams,
Concrete cover=30mm, Assumed diameter of bars=16 mm, Concrete
density=24kN/m3, Wall density=5kN/m2 for a 230mm thick wall, Concrete
grade=25N/mm2, Steel grade=450N/mm2, Weight of finishes is negligible, Beam =
500X230mm, Maxspan slab loading, Gk= [3.11 /0.45] = 6.911Kn/m2
3.1.1 FBM 112
Beam 24 designed as a rectangular beam
From critical maxspan slab
From walling
[5kN/m2 (3-0.5)]
Beam self weight [24kN/m3x 0.23 x0.5]
[20.56/0.45] = 45.69 Kn/m

= 12.5
= 2.76
Kn/m
= 60.95
Kn/m
Total dead weight, [34.59 +12.5+2.76]

Gk
Variable load
(Qk),
= 19.2
Kn/m
Qk = [8.64/0.45]
W
(1.35 Gk + 1.5Qk)
W = (1.35 x 60.95) + (1.5 x 19.2) =
111.083Kn/m,
111.083Kn
/m
Using Prokon to analyze and design the beam, span and support
reinforcements are designed for and other limit states are checked as shown
below.
Results
Def max = 11.83mm @ 18.6m

20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
5.50
6.00
5.00
4.00
4.50
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.0
11.0
.500
-1.00
Long term deflection drawing (Max 11.83mm)<L/D250=20 mm
20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
V max = 339.5kN @ 15.9m
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
SHEAR: X-X
350
300
250
200
150
100
50.0
-50.0
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
Max shear force, vED= 339.5Kn

MOMENTS: X-X
M max = -308.7kNm @ 15.9m
-300
-250
-200
-150
50.0
100
150
200
Maximum span moment, Med= 226.6Knm, Maximum support moment, Med= 308.7Knm,
Column reactions
Support
Dead Load (kN) Live Load (kN)
Ultimate(kN)
75.41
23.75
142.34
184.51
58.11
365.53
248.95
78.41
483.53
301.23
94.87
577.52
344.23
108.42
642.26
119.74
37.71
224.42
---------------------------------------------------------------------
20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
-100
-50.0
Column moments (Ultimate limit state)

Columns below
Support Bending Moment(kNm)
Shear
Force (kN) No.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.98
3.98
0.49
1.99
-7.60 -2.61
-3.80
-1.30
-2.12
-1.06
3.13
-10.27 -0.72
-5.13
-0.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.27
0.00
Columns above
Shear
Force (kN) No.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.98
3.98
0.49
1.99
-7.60
-2.61
-3.80
-1.30
-2.12
6.27
-1.06
3.13
-10.27
-0.72
-5.13
-0.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REFERENCE
FLOOR
BEAMS
OUTPUT
a)Longitudinal
Reinforcement, Span
Reinforcement,
Maximum span moment, Med= 226.6Knm
Effective depth d= h-cover-link d= 500 -30- 10- 16/2

EC2 2.5.3.5.5(2)
d = 452
mm Reinforcement
per rib k= M/
main bar
k = 226.6x106 /
(230x4522x25)
k = 0.193 > 0.167
Table 15.5 of
the
concise
EC2
Therefore section is doubly reinforced
Area of compression steel
'
f bd 2
K
bal
As
ck
0.87 f yk d
d ' cov
er
d ' 30 1 x16
2
where
K bal
K
d'
1 xdiameter of bar
2
22.0mm
0.167
0.193
f yk
450 N / mm
f ck
25N / mm2
230mm
452mm
As ' area of compression steel

A's
0.193 0.167 x25x230 x452

22.0
0.87 x450 x
452
As ' 181.4 mm 2
Therefore provide3 Y16 having a total area
of 603.2mm2
Area of tension steel

2
As
As
As
K bal f ckbd
0.87 f yk Z bal
As '
0.1672 x25x230
x452
0.87 x450 x0.82
x452
1533.43mm2
Where;
181.43
Provide 3Y16
K bal
0.167
f ck
25
b d 230mm
Z bal 452mm
As '
0.82d
area of compression steel
Provide
8Y16
Provide 8Y16As =
1608.5mm2
Support reinforcement,
Maximum support moment, Med=
308.2Knm
k= M/
(bd2fck)
k = 308.2x106 / (230x4522x25)
k = 0.262 >
0.167
Therefore section is doubly reinforced
Area of compression steel
'
As
bal
0.87 f yk
f bd 2
ck
d d'
1 xdiameter of bar
2
d ' cov
er
d ' 30 1 x16
2
where
K bal
K
22.0mm
0.167
0.262
f yk
450 N / mm
f ck
25N / mm2
230mm
452mm
As ' area of compression steel

A's
As '
0.262 0.167 x25x230 x452

22.0
0.87 x450 x
452
662.93mm
Therefore provide4 Y16 having a total
are
a of 804.2mm2
Area of tension steel
Provide
4Y16
As
As
As
K bal f ckbd
0.87 f yk Z bal
As '
0.167 x25x230x452
0.87 x450
x0.82x452
2014.93mm2
662.93
Where;
K bal
f ck
0.167
25
b d 230mm
Z bal 452mm
As '
0.82d
area of compression steel
Provide 12Y16As = 2412.74mm2

m
Check
for minimum tension
reinforcement; Asmin> 0.0015bd
, b = 230mm, d = 452mm. Asmin >
0.0015x300x457
Asmin > 155.94mm2
Asmin = 206 mm2< As prov = 2412.74 mm2
ok
Check for maximum reinforcement.
As not greater than 0.04bd
0.04bd = 0.04x230x452 = 6000mm2
As = 2412.74 mm2< 4158.4mm2
ok
b) Design for
shear. Maximum
shear = 339.5kN,
links = 10mm
Relating to shear force diagram, Shear at face of
support, Vsd =
324.5KN
Using the standard
et
h
o
d.
VRd
2
=
(
fc
d
.9
d)
= 0.7-25/200 = 0.575 > 0.5
Provide
12Y16
ok
VRd2 = 1/2x0.575x25/1.5x230x0.9x452
=
448.33kN
VRd2 = 448.33kN > Vsd = 324.5KN
ok
Section is
Concrete shear resistance, VRd1
adequate
VRd1 = (Rdk(1.2+401)+0.15cp)bwd
For fck = 25, Rd=0.3
EC2
4.3.2.3
Eqn 4.18
Table 4.8
K = 1.6-d > 1
= 1.6 0.452
= 1.148>1
1 = Asprov/(bwd)
At section , Asprov= 14Y16
bars= 2814.86 1 =2814.86/(230x452)
=
0.0213
VRd1 = (0.3x1.148(1.2+40x0.0282))x230x452
ok
=
94669.3N
=
94.66kN
VRd1 = 94.66kN > Vsd
=324.5KN VRd3 = Vsd = VRd1
+Vwd
Vwd = Vsd-VRd1
= 324.594.66
= 229.85
kN
Vwd = Asw/s(0.9dfywd) =
229.85 fywd = 0.87fyk
EC2
Table 5.5
Provide R10 @
50mm for
Main shear
Asw/s = 229.85 x103/

(0.9x452x.87x250) Asw/s = 2.59,
Asw= 2(102 /4)=157.1
s = 157/(2.59) = 60.62 mm, s = 50 mm
Table NA5 of
the national
annex to
EC2.
Provide R10 @ 50mm

Check minimum reinforcement
w = Asw/
(sbw) As /s=
w bw
Assume S220 = 250 N/mm2
w = 0.0024
s= As/(bww) = 157/(0.0024x230)
= 284.4 mm
Provide R10 @100 mm at low shear zones
100As/bwd
member
Basic span/d
considered
2.13
highly stressed
1.5
23
lightly stressed
0.5
32
Provide R10 @
100mm
for
nominal
shear
11Y16 provided at midspan for tension reinforcement.

100As/bwd =
100x1211.68/(230x452)= 2.13>1.5
Hence highly stressed
Basic span/d ratio from table 7 = 23 for highly

Basic span/d ratio = 23x400/250 = 36.8 for
highly stressed members.
Allowable basic span/d = 36.8mm
Table A.6 of
the
Mosley
Actual span/d ratio = 5000/452= 11.06

< 36.8
Actual < Allowable deflection.
d)Check lap length
From the table of lapping lengths in the
appendix, For apr. 25% bars lapped at
section, KA=40
Bar lapping length
L= KA x bar dai = 40 x16 =640mm
Therefore take lapping length of
650mm.
Safe
against
deflectio
n
LL=650mm
Check appendix for other critical floor beam design results. The critical beams
include; FBM 103, 114,
110.
[M.T.L]
Page
4.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS

4.1 Briefing
Columns are vertical compression structural members that carry loads
from beams and slabs to foundations. Columns may be classified as;
Short columns
Slender columns
The analysis & design of the example in this report was done based on BS8110
Note; The columns C1, C2 & C3 analysis and design is provided in this chapter.
4.2 Column C1
From analysis, Column C1 was found to be the critical (most loaded column).
Loading onto column from beams and slabs obtained from analysis of FBM 112 &
103 as shown in the table below;
Loading,
Floor to floor height = 3m
Column self weight = 0.4x 0.23x24x3 Gk = 6.63KN
Gk
Qk
1st floor slab &

beams
Column self weight
433.75KN
6.63KN
0KN
Ring beams
100.26KN
11.34KN
108.42KN
My
6.4 Knm
Mx
10.27
Knm
3.82knm
3.23knm
i) At Ground level
Gk = 547.27KN
Qk=119.76KN
Ultimate load =1.4Gk+ 1.6Qk =957.8KN

TEDDS calculation version 2.0.01
RC COLUMN DESIGN (BS8110:P ART1:1997)

Column definition
Column depth (larger column dim);
h = 400 mm
Nominal cover to all reinforcement (longer dim);
ch = 30 mm
Depth to tension steel;
h' = h - ch Ldia Dcol/2 = 354 mm
Column width (smaller column dim);
b = 250 mm
Nominal cover to all reinforcement (shorter dim);
cb = 30 mm
b' = b - cb - Ldia Dcol/2 = 204 mm
Characteristic strength of reinforcement;
fy = 450 N/mm
Characteristic strength of concrete;
fcu = 25 N/mm
Braced Column Design to cl 3.8.4

Check on overall column dimensions
Column OK - h < 4b
Braced column slenderness check
Column clear height;
lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit;
llimit = 60
b = 15000 mm
Column slenderness limit OK
Short column check for braced columns

Effect. height factor for braced columns - maj axis;
lo = 2500 mm
x
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
Effective height major axis;
lex =
Slenderness check;
lex/h = 4.69
lo = 1.875 m;
The braced column is short (major axis)
Effect height factor for braced columns - minor axis;
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
Effective height minor axis;
ley =
Slenderness check;
ley/b = 7.50
lo = 1.875 m
The braced column is short (minor axis)
Short column - bi-axial bending

Define column reinforcement
Main reinforcement in column
Assumed diameter of main reinforcement;
Dcol = 16 mm
Assumed no. of bars in one face (assumed sym);
Lncol = 3
Area of "tension" steel;
Ast = Lncol
Area of compression steel;
Asc
Total area of steel;
Ascol = Ast + Asc = 1206.4 mm
Percentage of steel;
(Ast + Asc) / (b
Dco l / 4 = 603 mm2

2
= Ast = 603 mm
2
h) = 1.2 %

Design ultimate loading
Design ultimate axial load;
Design ultimate moment (major axis);
N = 958 kN
Mx = 6 kNm
Design ultimate moment (minor axis);
My = 10 kNm
Minimum design moments

Min design moment (major axis);
Mxmin = min(0.05
h, 20 mm)
N = 19.2 kNm
Min design moment (minor axis);
Mymin = min(0.05
b, 20 mm)
N = 12.0 kNm
Design moments
Design moment (major axis);
Mxdes = max (abs(Mx), Mxmin) = 19.2 kNm
Design moment (minor axis);
Mydes = max (abs(My) , Mymin) = 12.0 kNm
Simplified method for dealing with bi-axial bending:h' = 354 mm; b' = 204 mm
Approx uniaxial design moment (Cl 3.8.4.5)
= 1 - 1.165
min(0.6, N/(b h fcu)) = 0.55
Design moment;
Mdesign = if(Mxdes/h' < Mydes/b' , Mydes +
b'/h'
Mxdes , Mxdes +
h'/b'
Mydes ) = 18.1 kNm
Set up section dimensions for design:Section depth;
D = if(Mxdes/h' < Mydes/b' , b, h) = 250.0 mm
Depth to "tension" steel;
d = if(Mxdes/h' < Mydes/b' , b', h') = 204.0 mm
Section width;
B = if(Mxdes/h' < Mydes/b' , h, b) = 400.0 mm
Check of design forces - symmetrically reinforced section

NOTE
Note:- the section dimensions used in the following calculation are:Section width (parallel to axis of bending);
B = 400 mm
Section depth perpendicular to axis of bending);
D = 250 mm
Depth to "tension" steel (symmetrical);
d = 204 mm
Compression steel yields (0.9x<D)
Determine correct moment of resistance

NR =ceiling(if(xcalc<D/0.9, NR1 , NR2 ),0.001kN) = 957.9 kN
MR = ceiling(if(xcalc<D/0.9, MR1 , MR2 ) ,0.001kNm) = 51.9 kNm
Applied axial load;
N = 957.9 kN
Check for moment;
Mdesign = 18.1 kNm

Moment check satisfied
Check min and max areas of steel

Total area of concrete;
Area of steel (symmetrical);
Aconc = b
h = 100000 mm
2
Ascol = 1206 mm
Minimum percentage of compression reinforcement; kc = 0.40 %

Minimum steel area;
Asc_min = kc
Maximum steel area;
As_max = 6 %
Aconc = 400 mm
2
2
Aconc = 6000 mm
Area of compression steel provided OK

Major axis Shear Resistance of Concrete Columns - (cl 3.8.4.6)
Column width;
b = 250 mm

Column depth;
h = 400 mm
Effective depth to steel;
h' = 354 mm
Area of concrete;
Design ultimate shear force (major axis);
Aconc = b h = 100000 mm
Vx = 340 kN
fcu = 25 N/mm
Is a check required? (3.8.4.6)

Axial load;
N = 957.9 kN
Major axis moment;
Mx = 6.4 kNm
Eccentricity;
e = Mx / N = 6.7 mm
Limit to eccentricity;
elimit = 0.6
Actual shear stress;
vx = Vx / (b
Allowable stress;
vallowable = min ((0.8 N /mm)
h = 240.0 mm
2
h') = 3.8 N/mm

1/2
(fcu ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
No shear check required

Define Containment Links Provided
Link spacing; sv = 150 mm; Link diameter; Ldia = 8 mm; No of links in each group; Ln = 1
Minimum Containment Steel (Cl 3.12.7)
Shear steel
Link spacing;
sv = 150 mm
Link diameter;
Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter;
Dcol = 16 mm
Min diameter;
Llimit = max( (6 mm), Dcol/4) = 6.0 mm

Link diameter OK
Max spacing;
slimit = 12
Dcol = 192.0 mm
Link spacing OK
Reinforcement Summary;
Ascrequired = 408 mmX
PROVIDED 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mmX) & Links, provide R8
bars @150 c/c
At the First floor level
PROVIDED - 8Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 1608.5 mmX) & Links, provide R8 bars @150
c/c
4.3Column C2
Loading onto column from beams and slabs obtained from analysis of FBM 1110
as shown in the table below;
Loading,
Gk
Qk
My
Mx
0 Knm
6.4 Knm
3.82knm
3.23knm
1st floor slab &

beams
Column self weight
381.08KN
99.0KN
6.63KN
0KN
Ring beams
100.26KN
11.34KN
i) At Ground level
Gk = 495KN
Qk=110.34KN

Column definition
h = 250 mm
ch = 30 mm
b = 400 mm
cb = 30 mm
fy = 450 N/mm
fcu = 25 N/mm

Column OK - h < 4b
lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit;
llimit = 60
b = 24000 mm

lo = 2500 mm
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
lex =
Slenderness check;
lex/h = 7.50
lo = 1.875 m;
y = 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
ley =
Slenderness check;
ley/b = 4.69
lo = 1.875 m

Dcol = 16 mm
Lncol = 3
Ast = Lncol
Asc = Ast = 603 mm
(Ast + Asc) / (b
Dcol 2 / 4 = 603 mm2

2
2
h) = 1.2 %

N = 870 kN
Mx = 0 kNm
My = 6 kNm

Mxmin = min(0.05
h, 20 mm)
N = 10.9 kNm
Mymin = min(0.05
b, 20 mm)
N = 17.4 kNm
Design moments
= 1 - 1.165
min(0.6, N/(b h fcu)) = 0.59
Design moment;
b'/h'
Mxdes , Mxdes +
h'/b'
Mydes ) = 16.8 kNm

Section width;

NOTE
B = 400 mm
D = 250 mm
d = 204 mm

Applied axial load;
N = 869.5 kN
Check for moment;
Mdesign = 16.8 kNm


2
Aconc = b
h = 100000 mm
Ascol = 1206 mm

Minimum steel area;
Asc_min = kc
Maximum steel area;
As_max = 6 %
Aconc = 400 mm
2
2
Aconc = 6000 mm

Column width;
b = 400 mm
Column depth;
h = 250 mm
h' = 204 mm
Area of concrete;
Aconc = b h = 100000 mm
Vx = 308 kN
fcu = 25 N/mm

Axial load;
N = 869.5 kN
Major axis moment;
Mx = 0.0 kNm
Eccentricity;
e = Mx / N = 0.0 mm
elimit = 0.6
vx = Vx / (b
Allowable stress;
h = 150.0 mm
2
h') = 3.8 N/mm

1/2
(fcu ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm


Shear steel
Link spacing;
sv = 150 mm
Link diameter;
Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter;
Dcol = 16 mm
Min diameter;

Link diameter OK
Max spacing;
slimit = 12
Dcol = 192.0 mm
Link spacing OK
Reinforcement summary;
PROVIDED 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mmX) & Links, provide R8
bars @150 c/c
c/c
4.4Column C3
Loading,
1st floor slab &

beams
Column self weight
Ring beams
Gk
Qk
245KN
34.94KN
6.63KN
0KN
100.26KN
11.34KN
My
Mx
13.98 Knm
2.03 Knm
3.82knm
3.23knm
i) At Ground level
Gk = 358.52KN
Qk=46.3KN
Ultimate load =1.4Gk+ 1.6Qk =576KN

Column definition
h = 230 mm
ch = 30 mm
b = 400 mm
cb = 30 mm
fy = 450 N/mm
fcu = 25 N/mm
230
184
30

Column OK - h < 4b
lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit;
llimit = 60
b = 24000 mm

lo = 2500 mm
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
lex =
Slenderness check;
lex/h = 8.15
lo = 1.875 m;
y = 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
ley =
Slenderness check;
ley/b = 4.69
lo = 1.875 m

Dcol = 16 mm
Lncol = 2
Ast = Lncol
Asc = Ast = 402 mm
(Ast + Asc) / (b
Dcol 2 / 4 = 402 mm2

2
2
h) = 0.9 %

N = 576 kN
Mx = 2 kNm
My = 14 kNm

Mxmin = min(0.05
h, 20 mm)
N = 6.6 kNm
Mymin = min(0.05
b, 20 mm)
N = 11.5 kNm
Design moments
= 1 - 1.165
min(0.6, N/(b h fcu)) = 0.71
Design moment;
[M.T.L]
b'/h'
Mxdes , Mxdes +
h'/b'
Mydes ) = 23.0 kNm
Page

Section width;

NOTE
B = 230 mm
D = 400 mm
d = 354 mm

Applied axial load;
N = 576.0 kN
Check for moment;
Mdesign = 23.0 kNm


2
Aconc = b
h = 92000 mm
Ascol = 804 mm

Minimum steel area;
Asc_min = kc
Maximum steel area;
As_max = 6 %
Aconc = 368 mm
2
2
Aconc = 5520 mm

Column width;
b = 400 mm
Column depth;
h = 230 mm
h' = 184 mm
Area of concrete;
Aconc = b h = 92000 mm
Vx = 170 kN
fcu = 25 N/mm

Axial load;
N = 576.0 kN
Major axis moment;
Mx = 2.0 kNm
Eccentricity;
e = Mx / N = 3.5 mm
elimit = 0.6
vx = Vx / (b
Allowable stress;
h = 138.0 mm
2
h') = 2.3 N/mm

1/2
(fcu ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm


Shear steel
Link spacing;
sv = 150 mm
Link diameter;
Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter;
Dcol = 16 mm
Min diameter;

Link diameter OK
Max spacing;
slimit = 12
Dcol = 192.0 mm
Link spacing OK
PROVIDED 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 804.2 mmX) & Links, provide R8 bars @150 c/c

c/c
5.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS.

5.1 Briefing
Foundations transfer and spread loads from columns and walls onto the ground. In
order to achieve this, the safe bearing capacity of the soil must not be exceeded.
In this particular
design,
Pad foundations and combined footings are provided for columns.
Combined footings are provided were columns are close together in
that their individual pads have to be joined so that they do a combined
action of transferring load.
Unreinforced strip foundations are provided for
the strip walls. Footings F1 & F 2 are the critical pads to be
designed in this report.
5.2 Footing F1
Pad footing F1 carries loading from column C1;
Total column loading at Ground level
Gk = 547.3KN, Qk=119. 8Kn
Ultimate loading =1.4Gk+1.6Qk
957.8Kn
Design information;
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 250kN/m2
Strength of concrete = 24kN/m2
Column 400x230mm
Grade 25 concrete
500mm overall depth
40mm
cover
16mm
bars
a) Determining of pad size
Service load (Ns)
Ns = Gk + Qk + Wb where;
Gk = characteristic permanent load from column
Qk = characteristic variable load from column
Wb = weight of base
Wb= 10% of (Gk + Qk)
Gk + Qk= 667.1KN each column C1
Ns= 733.81 each column C1

Safe bearing pressure= 250kN/m2
Area of footing = service load/

Bearing pressure
= 733.81 /250
= 2.94m2 required
Considering a square footing of 1.8m x 1.8m. (3.24 m2)
P AD FOOTING AN ALYSIS AND DESIGN (BS8110-1:1997)

TEDDS calculation version 2.0.03.00
Pad footing details

Length of pad footing;
L = 1800 mm
Width of pad footing;
B = 1800 mm
Area of pad footing;
A=L
Depth of pad footing;
h = 350 mm Depth
of soil over pad footing;
hsoil = 200 mm
Density of concrete;
B = 3.240 m
conc
= 24.0 kN/m
Column details
Column base length;
lA = 250 mm
Column base width;
bA = 400 mm
Column eccentricity in x;
ePxA = 0 mm
Column eccentricity in y;
ePyA = 0 mm
Soil details
3
Density of soil;
soil
Design shear strength;
= 25.0 deg
Design base friction;
= 19.3 deg
Allowable bearing pressure;
= 20.0 kN/m
Pbearing = 250 kN/m
Axial loading on column

Dead axial load on column;
PGA = 547.3 kN
Imposed axial load on column;
PQA = 119.8 kN
Wind axial load on column;
PWA = 0.0 kN
Total axial load on column;
PA = 667.1 kN
Foundation loads
2
Dead surcharge load;
FGsur = 0.000 kN/m
Imposed surcharge load;
FQsur = 0.000 kN/m
Pad footing self weight;
Fswt = h
Soil self weight;
Fsoil = hsoil
Total foundation load;
F=A
2
2
conc
= 8.400 kN/m
soil
= 4.000 kN/m
(FGsur + FQsur + Fswt + Fsoil) = 40.2 kN
Calculate pad base reaction

Total base reaction;
T = F + PA = 707.3 kN
Eccentricity of base reaction in x;
eTx = (PA
ePxA + MxA + HxA
h) / T = 0 mm
Eccentricity of base reaction in y;
eTy = (PA
ePyA + MyA + HyA
h) / T = 0 mm
Check pad base reaction eccentricity

abs(eTx) / L + abs(eTy) / B = 0.000
Base reaction acts within middle third of base
Calculate pad base pressures
218.295 kN/m
218.295 kN/m
218.295 kN/m
218.295 kN/m
q1 = T / A - 6
eTx / (L
A) - 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q2 = T / A - 6
eTx / (L
A) + 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q3 = T / A + 6
eTx / (L
A) - 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q4 = T / A + 6
eTx / (L
A) + 6
eTy / (B
A) =
Minimum base pressure;
qmin = min(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 218.295 kN/m
Maximum base pressure;
qmax = max(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 218.295 kN/m
PASS - Maximum base pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure
Partial safety factors for loads

Partial safety factor for dead loads;
fG
= 1.40
Partial safety factor for imposed loads;
fQ
= 1.60
Partial safety factor for wind loads;
fW
= 0.00
Ultimate axial loading on column

Ultimate axial load on column;
PuA = PGA
+ PQA
fG
fQ
+ PWA
fW
= 957.9 kN
Ultimate foundation loads

Ultimate foundation load;
Fu = A
[(FGsur + Fswt + Fsoil)
fG
+ FQsur
fQ]
= 56.2 kN
Ultimate horizontal loading on column

Ultimate horizontal load in x direction;
HxuA = HGxA
Ultimate horizontal load in y direction;
HyuA = HGyA
fG
+ HQxA
fG
+ HQyA
fQ
+ HWxA
fW
= 0.0 kN
fQ
+ HWyA
fW
= 0.0 kN
Ultimate moment on column

Ultimate moment on column in x direction;
MxuA = MGxA
fG
+ MQxA
fQ
+ MWxA
fW
= 0.000 kNm
Ultimate moment on column in y direction;
MyuA = MGyA
fG
+ MQyA
fQ
+ MWyA
fW
= 0.000 kNm
Calculate ultimate pad base reaction

Ultimate base reaction;
Tu = Fu + PuA = 1014.1 kN
Eccentricity of ultimate base reaction in x;
eTxu = (PuA
ePxA + MxuA + HxuA
h) / Tu = 0 mm
Eccentricity of ultimate base reaction in y;
eTyu = (PuA
ePyA + MyuA + HyuA
h) / Tu = 0 mm
Calculate ultimate pad base pressures

q1u = Tu/A - 6 Tu eTxu/(L A) - 6 Tu eTyu/(B A) = 313.008
2
kN/m
q2u = Tu/A - 6 Tu eTxu/(L A) + 6 Tu eTyu/(B A) = 313.008
kN/m
kN/m
q3u = Tu/A + 6 Tu eTxu/(L A) - 6 Tu eTyu/(B A) = 313.008

q4u = Tu/A + 6 Tu eTxu/(L A) + 6 Tu eTyu/(B A) = 313.008
kN/m
Minimum ultimate base pressure;
qminu = min(q1u, q2u, q3u, q4u) = 313.008 kN/m
Maximum ultimate base pressure;
qmaxu = max(q1u, q2u, q3u, q4u) = 313.008 kN/m
Calculate rate of change of base pressure in x direction

Left hand base reaction;
fuL = (q1u + q2u)
B / 2 = 563.415 kN/m
Right hand base reaction;
fuR = (q3u + q4u)
B / 2 = 563.415 kN/m
Length of base reaction;
Lx = L = 1800 mm
Rate of change of base pressure;
Cx = (fuR - fuL) / Lx = 0.000 kN/m/m
Calculate pad lengths in x direction

Left hand length;
LL = L / 2 + ePxA = 900 mm
Right hand length;
LR = L / 2 - ePxA = 900 mm
Calculate ultimate moments in x direction

Ultimate moment in x direction;
Mx = fuL L L /2+Cx L L3/6-Fu L L2/(2 L) = 215.528 kNm
Calculate rate of change of base pressure in y direction

Top edge base reaction;
fuT = (q2u + q4u)
L / 2 = 563.415 kN/m
Bottom edge base reaction;
fuB = (q1u + q3u)
L / 2 = 563.415 kN/m
Ly = B = 1800 mm
Cy = (fuB - fuT) / Ly = 0.000 kN/m/m
Calculate pad lengths in y direction

Top length;
LT = B / 2 - ePyA = 900 mm
Bottom length;
LB = B / 2 + ePyA = 900 mm
Calculate ultimate moments in y direction

Ultimate moment in y direction;
My = fuT LT 2/2+Cy LT3 /6-Fu LT2/(2 B) = 215.528 kNm
Material details
2
fcu = 25 N/mm
fy = 500 N/mm
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement;
fyv = 250 N/mm
Nominal cover to reinforcement;
cnom = 30 mm
2
2
Moment design in x direction

Diameter of tension reinforcement;
Depth of tension reinforcement;
xB
= 12 mm
dx = h - cnom -
/ 2 = 314 mm
xB
Design formula for rectangular beams (cl 3.4.4.4)

Kx = Mx / (B
dx
fcu) = 0.049
Kx = 0.156
Kx < Kx' compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm;
zx = d x
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kx / 0.9)], 0.95) = 296 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required;
As_x_req = Mx / (0.87
Minimum area of tension reinforcement;
As_x_min = 0.0013
Tension reinforcement provided;
17 No. 12 dia. bars bottom (100 centres)
Area of tension reinforcement provided;
As_xB_prov = NxB
fy
zx) = 1674 mm
2
h = 819 mm
2
xB
/ 4 = 1923 mm
PASS - Tension reinforcement provided exceeds tension reinforcement required

Moment design in y direction
yB
= 12 mm
dy = h - cnom -
xB
yB
/ 2 = 302 mm

Ky = My / (L
dy2
fcu ) = 0.053
Ky = 0.156
Ky < Ky' compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm;
zy = d y
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Ky / 0.9)], 0.95) = 283 mm
As_y_req = My / (0.87
As_y_min = 0.0013
As_yB_prov = NyB
fy
L
zy) = 1749 mm
h = 819 mm
2
yB
/ 4 = 1923 mm

Calculate ultimate shear force at d from right face of column
Ultimate pressure for shear;
qsu = (q1u + Cx
(L / 2 + ePxA + lA / 2 + dx) / B + q4u) / 2

2
qsu = 313.008 kN/m

Area loaded for shear;
As = B
min(3
(L / 2 - eTx), L / 2 - ePxA - lA / 2 - dx) = 0.830
Ultimate shear force;
Vsu = As
(qsu - Fu / A) = 245.329 kN
Shear stresses at d from right face of column (cl 3.5.5.2)

Design shear stress;
vsu = Vsu / (B
dx) = 0.434 N/mm
From BS 8110:Part 1:1997 - Table 3.8

2
Design concrete shear stress;
vc = 0.469 N/mm
Allowable design shear stress;
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
PASS - vsu < vc - No shear reinforcement required

Calculate ultimate punching shear force at face of column
Ultimate pressure for punching shear;
qpuA = q1u+[(L/2+ePxA-lA/2)+(lA)/2] Cx/B-[(B/2+ePyA-
bA/2)+(bA)/2] Cy/L
2
qpuA = 313.008 kN/m

Average effective depth of reinforcement;
d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 308 mm
Area loaded for punching shear at column;
ApA = (lA) (bA) = 0.100 m
Length of punching shear perimeter;
upA = 2 (lA)+2 (bA) = 1300 mm
Ultimate shear force at shear perimeter;
VpuA = PuA + (Fu / A - qpuA)
Effective shear force at shear perimeter;
VpuAeff = VpuA = 928.335 kN
ApA = 928.335 kN
Punching shear stresses at face of column (cl 3.7.7.2)

vpuA = VpuAeff / (upA
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
d) = 2.319 N/mm
2
2
2
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
PASS - Design shear stress is less than allowable design shear stress
Calculate ultimate punching shear force at perimeter of 1.5 d from face of column
qpuA1.5d = q1u+[(L/2+ePxA-lA/2-1.5 d)+(lA+2 1.5 d)/2] Cx/B-
[B/2] Cy/L
qpuA1.5d = 313.008 kN/m
d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 308 mm
ApA1.5d = (lA+2 1.5 d) B = 2.113 m
upA1.5d = 2 B = 3600 mm
VpuA1.5d = PuA + (Fu / A - qpuA1.5d)
VpuA1.5deff = VpuA1.5d
ApA1.5d = 333.136 kN
1.25 = 416.420 kN
Punching shear stresses at perimeter of 1.5 d from face of column (cl 3.7.7.2)
vpuA1.5d = VpuA1.5deff / (upA1.5d
d) = 0.376 N/mm

2
vc = 0.474 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
PASS - vpuA1.5d < vc - No shear reinforcement required
REQUIRED
- Square footing of 1.8m X 1.8m, depth 350mm
PROVIDED
- Combined footing of 4.5m X 2.5m, depth 500mm
5.3 Footing F2
Pad footing F2 carries loading from column C2;
,
Qk=110.34Kn
Gk = 495KN,
869.6Kn
Design information;
Column 400x230mm
Grade 25 concrete
500mm overall depth
40mm
cover
16mm
bars
Service load (Ns)
Wb = weight of
base Wb= 10% of
(Gk + Qk) Gk +
Qk= 665.8KN
Ns= 665.87Kn
Area of footing = service load/ Bearing pressure
==
665.87/250
= 2.66m2
required
Considering a square footing of 1.8m x 1.8m. (3.24 m2)
P AD FOOTING AN ALYSIS AND DESIGN (BS8110-1:1997)
700
1800
700
Pad footing details

L = 1800 mm
B = 1800 mm
A=L

of soil over pad footing;
h = 350 mm Depth
hsoil = 200 mm
B = 3.240 m
conc
= 24.0 kN/m
Column details
Column base length;
lA = 250 mm
Column base width;
bA = 400 mm
ePxA = 0 mm
ePyA = 0 mm
Soil details
[M.T.L]
Page
Density of soil;
soil
= 25.0 deg
[M.T.L]
= 20.0 kN/m
Page
= 19.3 deg
2
Pbearing = 250 kN/m

PGA = 495.0 kN
PQA = 110.3 kN
PWA = 0.0 kN
PA = 605.3 kN
Foundation loads
2
FGsur = 0.000 kN/m
FQsur = 0.000 kN/m
Fswt = h
Soil self weight;
Fsoil = hsoil
F=A
2
2
conc
= 8.400 kN/m
soil
= 4.000 kN/m

T = F + PA = 645.5 kN
eTx = (PA
ePxA + MxA + HxA
h) / T = 0 mm
eTy = (PA
ePyA + MyA + HyA
h) / T = 0 mm

199.233 kN/m
199.233 kN/m
199.233 kN/m
199.233 kN/m
q1 = T / A - 6
eTx / (L
A) - 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q2 = T / A - 6
eTx / (L
A) + 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q3 = T / A + 6
eTx / (L
A) - 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q4 = T / A + 6
eTx / (L
A) + 6
eTy / (B
A) =
qmin = min(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 199.233 kN/m
qmax = max(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 199.233 kN/m

fG
= 1.40
fQ
= 1.60
fW
= 0.00

PuA = PGA
+ PQA
fG
fQ
+ PWA
fW
= 869.5 kN

Fu = A
fG
+ FQsur
fQ]
= 56.2 kN

HxuA = HGxA
fG
+ HQxA
fQ
+ HWxA
fW
= 0.0 kN
HyuA = HGyA
fG
+ HQyA
fQ
+ HWyA
fW
= 0.0 kN

MxuA = MGxA
fG
+ MQxA
fQ
+ MWxA
fW
= 0.000 kNm
MyuA = MGyA
fG
+ MQyA
fQ
+ MWyA
fW
= 0.000 kNm

Tu = Fu + PuA = 925.8 kN
eTxu = (PuA
ePxA + MxuA + HxuA
h) / Tu = 0 mm
eTyu = (PuA
ePyA + MyuA + HyuA
h) / Tu = 0 mm

2
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m

kN/m

fuL = (q1u + q2u)
B / 2 = 514.328 kN/m
fuR = (q3u + q4u)
B / 2 = 514.328 kN/m
Lx = L = 1800 mm
Cx = (fuR - fuL) / Lx = 0.000 kN/m/m

Left hand length;
LL = L / 2 + ePxA = 900 mm
Right hand length;
LR = L / 2 - ePxA = 900 mm

Mx = fuL LL /2+Cx LL /6-Fu LL /(2 L) = 195.647 kNm

fuT = (q2u + q4u)
L / 2 = 514.328 kN/m
fuB = (q1u + q3u)
L / 2 = 514.328 kN/m
Ly = B = 1800 mm
Cy = (fuB - fuT) / Ly = 0.000 kN/m/m

Top length;
LT = B / 2 - ePyA = 900 mm
Bottom length;
LB = B / 2 + ePyA = 900 mm

My = fuT L T /2+Cy LT3/6-Fu LT2/(2 B) = 195.647 kNm
Material details
2
fcu = 25 N/mm
fy = 500 N/mm
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement;
fyv = 250 N/mm
cnom = 30 mm
2
2

xB
= 16 mm
dx = h - cnom -
/ 2 = 312 mm
xB

Kx = Mx / (B
dx
fcu) = 0.045
Kx = 0.156
Lever arm;
zx = d x
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kx / 0.9)], 0.95) = 296 mm
As_x_req = Mx / (0.87
As_x_min = 0.0013
As_xB_prov = NxB
fy
zx) = 1521 mm
2
h = 819 mm
2
xB
/ 4 = 2011 mm

yB
= 16 mm
dy = h - cnom -
xB
yB
/ 2 = 296 mm

Ky = My / (L
dy2
fcu ) = 0.050
Ky = 0.156
Lever arm;
zy = d y
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Ky / 0.9)], 0.95) = 279 mm
As_y_req = My / (0.87
As_y_min = 0.0013
As_yB_prov = NyB
fy
L
zy) = 1614 mm
h = 819 mm
2
yB
/ 4 = 2011 mm

qsu = (q1u + Cx
(L / 2 + ePxA + lA / 2 + dx) / B + q4u) / 2

2
qsu = 285.738 kN/m

As = B
min(3
(L / 2 - eTx), L / 2 - ePxA - lA / 2 - dx) = 0.833
Vsu = As
(qsu - Fu / A) = 223.666 kN

vsu = Vsu / (B
dx) = 0.398 N/mm

2
vc = 0.478 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm

bA/2)+(bA)/2] Cy/L
2
qpuA = 285.738 kN/m

d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 304 mm
ApA = (lA) (bA) = 0.100 m
upA = 2 (lA)+2 (bA) = 1300 mm
ApA = 842.706 kN

vmax = min(0.8N/mm
d) = 2.132 N/mm
2
2
2
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
[B/2] Cy/L
qpuA1.5d = 285.738 kN/m
d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 304 mm
ApA1.5d = (lA+2 1.5 d) B = 2.092 m
upA1.5d = 2 B = 3600 mm
ApA1.5d = 308.205 kN
1.25 = 385.256 kN
d) = 0.352 N/mm

2
vc = 0.485 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
10 No. 16 dia. bars btm (200 c/c)

Shear at d from column face
Punching shear perimeter at 1.5 d from column face
REQUIRED

Shear at d from column face
Punching shear perimeter at 1.5 d from column face
PROVIDED
6.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Design done here is for the staircase type 1.
The staircase is longitudinally spanned (spans in the direction of the flight) and is
supported by beams that are also supported by columns.
6.1 Staircase type 1.

Design information
QK= 3kN/m2
Risers= 150mm
Goings = 250mm
50mm granolithic finish on treads and landings
50mm plaster finish on underside of stair flight
and landing fCK= 20 N/mm
175mm waist thickness
12mm bars with 30 mm cover
Unit weight of finishes and concrete = 24kN/m3
RC STAIR DESIGN (BS8110-1:1997)
Stair geometry
Number of steps;
Nsteps = 10
Waist depth for stair flight;
hspan = 175 mm
Going of each step;
Going = 250 mm
Rise of each step;
Rise = 150 mm
Angle of stairs;
Rake = atan(Rise / Going) = 30.96 deg
Upper landing geometry

Support condition;
Continuous interior support
Landing length;
Lupper = 250 mm
Depth of landing;
hupper = 250 mm
Lower landing geometry

Support condition;
Continuous first interior support
Landing length;
Llower = 1215 mm
Depth of landing;
hlower = 175 mm
Material details
2
fcu = 20 N/mm
fy = 500 N/mm
cnom = 30 mm
conc
= 24.0 kN/m
Partial safety factors

Partial safety factor for imposed loading;
fq
= 1.60
Partial safety factor for dead loading;
fg
= 1.40
Loading details
2
Characteristic imposed loading;
qk = 3.000 kN/m
Characteristic loading from finishes;
gk_fin = 1.200 kN/m
Average stair self weight;
gk_swt = (hspan / Cos(Rake) + Rise / 2)
Design load;
F = (gk_swt + gk_fin)
fg
+ qk
fq
conc
= 6.698 kN/m
2
= 15.857 kN/m
Mid span design

Midspan moment per metre width;
Depth of reinforcement;
Mspan = 0.063
span
L = 13.787 kNm/m
= 12 mm
dspan = hspan - cnom -
span
/ 2 = 139 mm

Moment redistribution ratio;
= 1.25
Kspan = Mspan / (dspan

Kspan = 0.402
fcu ) = 0.036
- 0.4) - 0.18
- 0.4) = 0.212
Kspan < K'span compression reinforcement is not required

Lever arm;
zspan = dspan
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kspan / 0.9)], 0.95) = 132
mm
As_span_req = Mspan / (0.87
fy
As_span_min = 0.13
12 dia.bars @ 200 centres
As_span_prov = 565 mm /m
zspan) = 240 mm /m
2
hspan / 100 = 228 mm /m

2

Basic span/effective depth ratio (cl 3.4.6.3)
From BS8110 : Part 1 : 1997 Table 3.9
Basic span/effective depth ratio;
ratiobasic = 26.0

Modification of span/effective depth ratio for staircases without stringer beams (cl 3.10.2.2)
Modification factor for stairs without stringers;
factorflight = 1.15
Modification of span/effective depth ratio for tension reinforcement (cl 3.4.6.5)

From BS8110 : Part 1 : 1997 Table 3.10
Design service stress;
fs = 2
fy
As_span_req / (3
As_span_prov
b)
= 113.189
N/mm
Modification factor for tension reinforcement;
factortens = 0.55 + (477 N/mm - fs)/(120
(0.9 N/mm + (Mspan
/ dspa n )))
factortens = 2.429
Check span/effective depth ratio (cl 3.4.6.1)
Allowable span/effective depth ratio;
ratioadm = ratiobasic
factorflight
Actual span/effective depth ratio;
ratioact = L / dspan = 26.727
factortens = 72.623
PASS - Span/effective depth ratio is adequate

Upper landing support design
Upper support moment per metre width;
Mupper = 0.063
upper
L = 13.787 kNm/m
= 12 mm
dupper = hupper - cnom -
upper
/ 2 = 214 mm

= 0.80
Kupper = Mupper / (dupper

Kupper = 0.402
fcu) = 0.015
- 0.4) - 0.18
- 0.4) = 0.132
Kupper < K'upper compression reinforcement is not required

Lever arm;
zupper = dupper
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kupper / 0.9)], 0.95) = 203
mm
As_upper_req = Mupper / (0.87
As_upper_min = 0.13
As_upper_prov = 565 mm /m
fy
zupper) = 156 mm /m
2
hupper / 100 = 325 mm /m

2

Shear stress in beam (cl 3.4.5.2)
Design shear force;
Vupper = 0.500
L = 29.455 kN/m
vupper = Vupper / dupper = 0.138 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 3.578
N/mm
PASS - Design shear stress does not exceed allowable shear stress
vc_upper = 0.440 N/mm
PASS - Design shear stress does not exceed design concrete shear stress
Lower landing support design
Lower support moment per metre width;
Mlower = 0.086
lower
L = 18.821 kNm/m
= 12 mm
dlower = hlower - cnom - getvar(
lower,
12 mm) / 2 = 139 mm

= 0.80
2
Klower = Mlower / (dlower

Klower = 0.402
fcu) = 0.049
- 0.4) - 0.18
- 0.4) = 0.132
Klower < K'lower compression reinforcement is not required

Lever arm;
zlower = dlower
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Klower / 0.9)], 0.95) = 131
mm
As_lower_req = Mlower / (0.87
fy
As_lower_min = 0.13
As_lower_prov = 565 mm /m
zlower) = 330 mm /m
2
hlower / 100 = 228 mm /m

2

Shear stress in beam (cl 3.4.5.2)
Design shear force;
Vlower = 0.600
L = 35.346 kN/m
vlower = Vlower / dlower = 0.254 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 3.578
N/mm
PASS - Design shear stress does not exceed allowable shear stress
vc_lower = 0.566 N/mm
PASS - Design shear stress does not exceed design concrete shear stress
Distribution steel;
Greater of 20%Main steel or nominal steel;
20%Main steel =20%Asprovided
=20%565=113mm2
OR
0.13%Ac =0.13%1000X175=227.5mm2
AS PROVIDED
8.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL.

Briefing;
Retaining wall provided for the need to retain earth. Loading on wall is due to self
weight, wall on the floor above and the retained earth.
Self weight
From walling
[0.2x24x1.0]
[5kN/m2 (3-0.5)]
= 7.2
= 13 Kn/m
Total dead weight,

Gk
= 20.2
Kn/m
RETAINING W ALL AN ALYSIS (BS 8002:1994)

Wall details
Retaining wall type;
Unpropped cantilever
Height of retaining wall stem;
hstem = 3000 mm
Thickness of wall stem;
twall = 300 mm
Length of toe;
ltoe = 900 mm
Length of heel;
lheel = 1100 mm
Overall length of base;
lbase = ltoe + lheel + twall = 2300 mm
Thickness of base;
tbase = 350 mm
Depth of downstand;
dds = 0 mm
Position of downstand;
lds = 1550 mm
Thickness of downstand;
tds = 350 mm
[M.T.L]
Page
Height of retaining wall;
hwall = hstem + tbase + dds = 3350 mm
Depth of cover in front of wall;
dcover = 0 mm
Depth of unplanned excavation;
dexc = 0 mm
Height of ground water behind wall;
hwater = 0 mm
Height of saturated fill above base;
hsat = max(hwater - tbase - dds, 0 mm) = 0 mm

3
Density of wall construction;
wall
= 24.0 kN/m
Density of base construction;
base
= 24.0 kN/m
Angle of rear face of wall;
= 90.0 deg
Angle of soil surface behind wall;
= 0.0 deg
Effective height at virtual back of wall;
heff = hwall + lheel
tan( ) = 3350 mm
Retained material details

Mobilisation factor;
M = 1.5
3
Moist density of retained material;
= 18.0 kN/m
Saturated density of retained material;
' = 24.2 deg
Angle of wall friction;
= 18.6 deg
= 21.0 kN/m
Base material details

Moist density;
mb
= 18.0 kN/m
'b = 24.2 deg
= 18.6 deg
2
Pbearing = 100 kN/m
Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient for retained material
2
Ka = sin( + ') / (sin( )
sin( - )
[1 + (sin( ' + )
sin( ' - ) / (sin( - )
sin( + )))] ) = 0.369
Passive pressure coefficient for base material

2
Kp = sin(90 - 'b) / (sin(90 -
b)
[1 - (sin( 'b +
b)
At-rest pressure
At-rest pressure for retained material;
K0 = 1 sin( ) = 0.590
Loading details
2
Surcharge load on plan;
Surcharge = 10.0 kN/m
Applied vertical dead load on wall;
W dead = 20.2 kN/m
Applied vertical live load on wall;
W live = 0.0 kN/m
Position of applied vertical load on wall;
lload = 1050 mm
Applied horizontal dead load on wall;
Fdead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied horizontal live load on wall;
Flive = 0.0 kN/m
Height of applied horizontal load on wall;
hload = 0 mm
sin( 'b) / (sin(90 +
b)))]
) = 4.187
Loads shown in kN/m, pressures shown in kN/m
Vertical forces on wall

Wall stem;
wwall = hstem
twall
Wall base;
wbase = lbase
tbase
Surcharge;
wsur = Surcharge
Moist backfill to top of wall;
wm_w = lheel
Applied vertical load;
Wv = W dead + W live = 20.2 kN/m
Total vertical load;
W total = wwall + wbase + wsur + wm_w + W v = 131.5 kN/m
wall
= 21.6 kN/m
= 19.3 kN/m
base
lheel = 11 kN/m
(hstem - hsat)
= 59.4 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall

Surcharge;
Fsur = Ka
Moist backfill above water table;
Fm_a = 0.5
cos(90 Ka
+ )
cos(90 -
Surcharge
+ )
heff = 11.7 kN/m

2
(heff - hwater) = 35.3
kN/m
Total horizontal load;
Ftotal = Fsur + Fm_a = 47.1 kN/m
Calculate stability against sliding

Passive resistance of soil in front of wall;
Fp = 0.5
Kp
cos( b)
(dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)
2
mb
4.4 kN/m
Resistance to sliding;
Fres = Fp + W total
tan( b) = 48.6 kN/m
PASS - Resistance force is greater than sliding force

Overturning moments
Surcharge;
Msur = Fsur
(heff - 2
Mm_a = Fm_a
Total overturning moment;
Mot = Msur + Mm_a = 59.1 kNm/m
(heff + 2
dds) / 2 = 19.6 kNm/m

hwater - 3
dds) / 3 = 39.5 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem;
Mwall = wwall
Wall base;
Mbase = wbase
Surcharge;
Msur_r = wsur
(ltoe + twall / 2) = 22.7 kNm/m

lbase / 2 = 22.2 kNm/m
(lbase - lheel / 2) = 19.2 kNm/m
Moist backfill;
Mm_r = (wm_w
(lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s
(lbase - lheel / 3)) = 104
kNm/m
Design vertical load;
Mv = W v
lload = 21.2 kNm/m
Total restoring moment;
Mrest = Mwall + Mbase + Msur_r + Mm_r + Mv = 189.3 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning

Mot = 59.1 kNm/m
Mrest = 189.3 kNm/m

PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Check bearing pressure

Total moment for bearing;
Mtotal = Mrest - Mot = 130.2 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction;
R = W total = 131.5 kN/m Distance
to reaction;
xbar = Mtotal / R = 990 mm
Eccentricity of reaction;
e = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar) = 160 mm
Bearing pressure at toe;
ptoe = (R / lbase) + (6
Reaction acts within middle third of base

Bearing pressure at heel;
pheel = (R / lbase) - (6
R
R
e / lbas e ) = 81 kN/m
2
e / lbase ) = 33.3 kN/m
PASS - Maximum bearing pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure
RETAINING W ALL DESIGN (BS 8002:1994)

Ultimate limit state load factors

Dead load factor;
f_d
Live load factor;
f_l
Earth and water pressure factor;
f_e
= 1.4
= 1.6
= 1.4
Factored vertical forces on wall

Wall stem;
wwall_f =
Wall base;
wbase_f =
Surcharge;
wsur_f =
Moist backfill to top of wall;
wm_w_f =
Applied vertical load;
Wv_f =
Total vertical load;
W total_f = wwall_f + wbase_f + wsur_f + wm_w_f + W v_f = 186.3 kN/m
f_d
hstem
twall
lbase
tbase
f_d
Surcharge
f_l
lheel
f_d
f_d
= 30.2 kN/m
wall
base
= 27 kN/m
lheel = 17.6 kN/m
(hstem - hsat)
W dead +
f_l
= 83.2 kN/m
W live = 28.3 kN/m
Factored horizontal at-rest forces on wall

Surcharge;
Fsur_f =
Fm_a_f =
Total horizontal load;
Ftotal_f = Fsur_f + Fm_a_f = 115.1 kN/m
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall;
Fp_f =
mb
f_l
K0
0.5
f_e
f_e
Surcharge
0.5
K0
Kp
heff = 31.6 kN/m

(heff - hwater) = 83.4 kN/m
cos( b)
(dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)
= 6.1 kN/m
Factored overturning moments

Surcharge;
Msur_f = Fsur_f
Mm_a_f = Fm_a_f
(heff - 2
dds) / 2 = 53 kNm/m
Mot_f = Msur_f + Mm_a_f = 146.2 kNm/m
(heff + 2
hwater - 3
dds) / 3 = 93.2 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem;
Mwall_f = wwall_f
Wall base;
Mbase_f = wbase_f
Surcharge;
Msur_r_f = wsur_f
Moist backfill;
Mm_r_f = (wm_w_f
(ltoe + twall / 2) = 31.8 kNm/m

lbase / 2 = 31.1 kNm/m
(lbase - lheel / 2) = 30.8 kNm/m
(lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s_f
(lbase - lheel / 3)) =
145.5 kNm/m
Design vertical load;
Mv_f = Wv_f
lload = 29.7 kNm/m
Mrest_f = Mwall_f + Mbase_f + Msur_r_f + Mm_r_f + Mv_f = 268.9
kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Mot = 59.1 kNm/m
Mrest = 189.3 kNm/m

PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Factored bearing pressure

Total moment for bearing;
Mtotal_f = Mrest_f - Mot_f = 122.7 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction;
Rf = W total_f = 186.3 kN/m Distance
to reaction;
xbar_f = Mtotal_f / Rf = 659 mm
Eccentricity of reaction;
ef = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar_f) = 491 mm
Bearing pressure at toe;
ptoe_f = Rf / (1.5
Bearing pressure at heel;
pheel_f = 0 kN/m = 0 kN/m
Reaction acts outside middle third of base

2
xbar_f) = 188.6 kN/m

2
Rate of change of base reaction;
rate = ptoe_f / (3
xbar_f) = 95.44 kN/m /m
Bearing pressure at stem / toe;
pstem_toe_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate
ltoe), 0 kN/m ) = 102.7 kN/m
Bearing pressure at mid stem;
pstem_mid_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate
(ltoe + twall / 2)), 0 kN/m ) =
pstem_heel_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate
(ltoe + twall)), 0 kN/m ) = 74.1
88.4 kN/m
Bearing pressure at stem / heel;
kN/m
Design of reinforced concrete retaining w all toe (BS 8002:1994)

Material properties
2
fcu = 25 N/mm
fy = 450 N/mm
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement;
k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in toe;
ctoe = 30 mm
Calculate shear for toe design

Shear from bearing pressure;
Vtoe_bear = (ptoe_f + pstem_toe_f)
ltoe / 2 = 131.1 kN/m
Shear from weight of base;
Vtoe_wt_base =
tbase = 10.6 kN/m
Total shear for toe design;
Vtoe = Vtoe_bear - Vtoe_wt_base = 120.5 kN/m
f_d
ltoe
base
Calculate moment for toe design

Moment from bearing pressure;
Mtoe_bear = (2
ptoe_f + pstem_mid_f)
Mtoe_wt_base = (
f_d
(ltoe + twall / 2) / 6 = 85.5
kNm/m
Moment from weight of base;
tbase
base
(ltoe + twall / 2) / 2) = 6.5
kNm/m
Total moment for toe design;
Mtoe = Mtoe_bear - Mtoe_wt_base = 79.1 kNm/m
Check toe in bending

Width of toe;
b = 1000 mm/m
dtoe = tbase ctoe (
Constant;
Ktoe = Mtoe / (b
toe
2
dto e
/ 2) = 314.0 mm
f cu) = 0.032
Compression reinforcement is not required

Lever arm;
ztoe = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Ktoe, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)
dtoe
ztoe = 298 mm
As_toe_des = Mtoe / (0.87
As_toe_min = k
As_toe_req = Max(As_toe_des, As_toe_min) = 677 mm /m
Reinforcement provided;
12 mm dia.bars @ 100 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided;
As_toe_prov = 1131 mm /m
fy
ztoe) = 677 mm /m
2
tbase = 455 mm /m
2
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall toe is adequate
Check shear resistance at toe

Allowable shear stress;
vtoe = Vtoe / (b
dtoe) = 0.384 N/mm

2
vadm = min(0.8
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5)
1 N/mm = 4.000
N/mm
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress

From BS8110:Part 1:1997 Table 3.8
vc_toe = 0.478 N/mm
vtoe < vc_toe - No shear reinforcement required

Design of reinforced concrete retaining w all heel (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
2
fcu = 25 N/mm
fy = 450 N/mm
Base details
k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in heel;
cheel = 30 mm
Calculate shear for heel design

Shear from bearing pressure;
Vheel_bear = pstem_heel_f
Shear from weight of base;
Vheel_wt_base =
Shear from weight of moist backfill;
Vheel_wt_m = wm_w_f = 83.2 kN/m
Shear from surcharge;
Vheel_sur = wsur_f = 17.6 kN/m
Total shear for heel design;
Vheel = - Vheel_bear + Vheel_wt_base + Vheel_wt_m + Vheel_sur = 85
f_d
((3
xbar_f) - ltoe - twall) / 2 = 28.7 kN/m

lheel
base
tbase = 12.9 kN/m
kN/m
Calculate moment for heel design
Moment from bearing pressure;
Mheel_bear = pstem_mid_f
((3
xbar_f) - ltoe - twall / 2) / 6 = 12.6
kNm/m
Moment from weight of base;
Mheel_wt_base = (
f_d
base
tbase
(lheel + twall / 2) / 2) = 9.2
kNm/m
Moment from weight of moist backfill;
Mheel_wt_m = wm_w_f
(lheel + twall) / 2 = 58.2 kNm/m
Moment from surcharge;
Mheel_sur = wsur_f
Total moment for heel design;
Mheel = - Mheel_bear + Mheel_wt_base + Mheel_wt_m + Mheel_sur =
(lheel + twall) / 2 = 12.3 kNm/m
67.1 kNm/m
Check heel in bending

Width of heel;
b = 1000 mm/m
dheel = tbase cheel (
Constant;
Kheel = Mheel / (b
heel
dheel
/ 2) = 314.0 mm
fcu) = 0.027
Lever arm;
zheel = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kheel, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)
dheel
zheel = 298 mm
fy
As_heel_des = Mheel / (0.87
zheel) = 574 mm /m
As_heel_min = k
As_heel_req = Max(As_heel_des, As_heel_min) = 574 mm /m
As_heel_prov = 1131 mm /m
tbase = 455 mm /m
2
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall heel is adequate

Check shear resistance at heel
2
vheel = Vheel / (b
dheel) = 0.271 N/mm
vadm = min(0.8
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5)
1 N/mm = 4.000
N/mm

vc_heel = 0.478 N/mm
vheel < vc_heel - No shear reinforcement required

Design of reinforced concrete retaining w all stem (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
2
fcu = 25 N/mm
fy = 450 N/mm
Wall details
k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in stem;
cstem = 30 mm
Cover to reinforcement in wall;
cwall = 30 mm
Factored horizontal at-rest forces on stem

Surcharge;
Fs_sur_f =
Fs_m_a_f = 0.5
f_l
K0
Surcharge
K0
f_e
(heff - tbase - dds) = 28.3 kN/m

2
(heff - tbase - dds - hsat) = 66.9
kN/m
Calculate shear for stem design
Shear at base of stem;
Vstem = Fs_sur_f + Fs_m_a_f = 95.2 kN/m
Calculate moment for stem design

Surcharge;
Ms_sur = Fs_sur_f
Ms_m_a = Fs_m_a_f
(hstem + tbase) / 2 = 47.4 kNm/m

(2
hsat + heff - dds + tbase / 2) / 3 = 78.6
kNm/m
Total moment for stem design;
Check wall stem in bending
Mstem = Ms_sur + Ms_m_a = 126.1 kNm/m
Width of wall stem;
b = 1000 mm/m
dstem = twall cstem (
Constant;
Kstem = Mstem / (b
stem
dstem
/ 2) = 260.0 mm
fcu ) = 0.075

Lever arm;
zstem = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kstem, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)
dstem
zstem = 236 mm
As_stem_des = Mstem / (0.87
As_stem_min = k
As_stem_req = Max(As_stem_des, As_stem_min) = 1363 mm /m
As_stem_prov = 1571 mm /m
fy
zstem) = 1363 mm /m
2
twall = 390 mm /m
2
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall stem is adequate

Check shear resistance at wall stem
vstem = Vstem / (b
dstem) = 0.366 N/mm
vadm = min(0.8
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5)
2
2
1 N/mm = 4.000
N/mm

vc_stem = 0.595 N/mm
vstem < vc_stem - No shear reinforcement required
Indicative retaining w all reinforcement diagram
Toe bars - 12 mm dia.@ 100 mm centres - (1131 mm /m)

2
Heel bars - 12 mm dia.@ 100 mm centres - (1131 mm /m)

2
Stem bars - 20 mm dia.@ 200 mm centres - (1571 mm /m)
- AS PROVIDED.
8.0 APPENDIX
8.1 RING BEAM 01
SPAN 1
1
SPAN 2
SPAN 3
SPAN 4
Live
1.46
Dead+
Own
9.63
35
0
230
3.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
Gk= 9.63Kn/m, Qk = 1.64 Kn/m

Results;
1 7.5
1 8.0
1 6.5
1 7.0
1 6.0
1 5.5
1 4.5
1 5.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
1 4.0
2.0
1
1.0
1 1.5
0.5
1 0.0
.00
.50
.50
9
.00
8
.50
7
7 .00
6 .50
5 .50
6 .00
5 .00
4 .50
.50
4 .00
Def max = 8.885mm @ 15.8m
.00
3
.00
.50
.50
2
500
2.00
1.00
.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
50.0
SHEAR: X-X
V max = 46.63kN @ 13.0m
40.0
30.0
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
10.0
.500
20.0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
-40.0
[M.T.L]
Page
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.5
12 .0
.0
00
50
4.
2.
.0
M max = -43.24kNm @ 13.0m
.5
MOMENTS: X-X
-45.0
-40.0
-35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.00
5.00
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
SPAN 1 - 3.000
SPAN 2 - 5.000
SPAN 3 - 5.000
SPAN 4 - 5.000
2Y16-B
2Y16-C
2Y16-A
2Y16-D
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
As max = 402.1mm2 @ .750m
-400
-300
-200
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
100
.500
-100
200
300
SPAN 1 - 3.000
SPAN 2 - 5.000
10-SA-300
SPAN 3 - 5.000
16-SA-300
SPAN 4 - 5.000
16-SA-300
16 -SA-30 0
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Asv max = .3680mm/mm @ 0.00m
.350
.300
.250
.200
.150
Reinforcement diagrams
COLUMN REACTIONS
Support
Dead Load(kN) Live Load(kN) Dead + Live(kN) Ultimate(kN)
10.11
1.53
11.65
16.96
42.23
6.40
48.63
67.96
47.95
7.27
55.22
78.19
54.40
8.25
62.65
87.09
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.050
.500
.100
18.68
2.83
21.52
29.80
-------------------------------------------------------------------- COLUMN MOMENTS (Ultimate

limit state) Columns below
No.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Shear Force (kN)
Max.
-2.76
-1.44
-1.38
-0.72
-5.33
-3.00
-2.66
-1.50
-0.30
3.55
-0.15
1.78
-7.21
-2.81
-3.60
-1.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------
8.2 RING BEAM 02

SPAN 1
1
SPAN 2
SPAN 3
Li ve
0.50
Dead+
Own W
6.57
35
0
230
6.960
2.230
7.780
Gk= 6.57Kn/m, Qk = 0.5 Kn/m

Results;
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.0
11.5
10.5
10.0
8.50
7.50
8.00
7.00
6.00
6.50
5.50
4.50
5.00
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
9.00
Def max = 33.12mm @ 13.3m

9.50

-4.00
-2.00
.50 0
.050
Reinforcement diagrams.
.100
16.
16. 0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
MOMENTS: X-X
14.5
.50
0
1.0
0
1.5
0
2.0
0
2.5
0
3.0
0
3.5
0
4.0
0
4.5
0
5.0
0
5.5
0
6.0
0
6.5
0
7.0
0
7.5
0
8.0
0
8.5
0
9.0
0
9.5
0
10 .
0
10 .
5
11 .
0
11 .
5
12 .
0
12 .
5
13 .
0
13 .
5
14 .
0
14 .
5
15 .
0
15 .
5
16 .
0
16 .
5
SHEAR: X-X
15.
14.0
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
15.
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
14.
13.5
2Y16-A
14. 0
6-SA-300
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
SPAN 2 - 2.230
13. 5
SPAN 2 - 2.230
13. 0
12.
12.
11.
11. 5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
-200
10. 5
0
10. 0
9.5
9.0
23-SA-300
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
SPAN 1 - 6.960
8.5
SPAN 1 - 6.960
8.0 0
7.5 0
6.5 0
7.0 0
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5 0
4.0 0
3.5 0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5 0
.5 0
0
1 .0
0
1 .5
0
2 .0
0
2 .5
0
3 .0
0
3 .5
0
4 .0
0
4 .5
0
5 .0
0
5 .5
0
6 .0
0
6 .5
0
7 .0
0
7 .5
0
8 .0
0
8 .5
0
9 .0
0
9 .5
0
10.
0
10.
5
11.
0
11.
5
12.
0
12.
5
13.
0
13.
5
14.
0
14.
5
15.
0
15.
5
16.
0
16.
5
-10.0
1.00
.500
10.0
1.0 0
40.0
V max = 41.73kN @ 9.19m
30.0
20.0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
-50.0
M max = -50.82kNm @ 9.19m
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
2Y16-B
SPAN 3 - 7.780
2Y16-D
2Y16-C
As max = -564.1mm2 @ 9.44m
-400
200
SPAN 3 - 7.780
25-SA-300
.350
Asv max = .3680mm/mm @ 0.00m
.300
.250
.200
.150
COLUMN REACTIONS
Support
20.54
1.56
22.10
30.09
29.03
2.21
31.24
50.34
39.20
2.98
42.19
63.51
22.75
1.73
24.48
33.33

No.
1
Min.
Max.
-13.53 -12.44
Min.
Max.
-6.76
-6.22
6.76
7.42
3.38
3.71
-8.37
-7.63
-4.18
-3.82
16.19
17.60
8.10
8.80
Shear Force (kN)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
8.3 Maxspan slab case 1

SPAN 1
SPAN 2
SPAN 3
SPAN 4
Live
3.21
6.610
450
30
0
50
1.35
Dead+
Own W
150
5.160
5.000
5.000
SECTION
1
Gk= 14.78 Kn/m, Qk = 0 Kn/m

Results;
-100
Support
8.57
3.60
12.17
17.35
22.62
9.51
32.14
45.55
100
200
Reinforcement diagram
SUPPORT REACTIONS

2Y12-D
-200
21.5
21.0
20.5
20.0
19.5
MOMENTS: X-X
19.0
21.5
21.0
20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
SHEAR: X-X
21.0
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
21.5
21.0
20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
Elastic Deflections (Alternate spans loaded)
20.0
SPAN 3 - 5.000
19.0
18.0
2Y12-B
17.0
16.0
15.0
SPAN 2 - 5.160
14.0
13.0
1Y125--C
12.0
11.0
10.0
SPAN 1 - 6.610
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
-300
2.00
-5.00
1.00
-5.00
.500
.500
1.00
-.500
Def max = 3.299mm @ 3.00m
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
20.0
V max = -25.15kN @ 6.61m
15.0
10.0
5.00
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
-25.0
-25.0
M max = -27.31kNm @ 6.61m
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
5.00
10.0
15.0
20.0
2Y12-E
SPAN 4 - 5.000
2Y12-A
2Y12-F
As max = -289.8mm2 @ 5.55m
13.80
5.8
19.60
32.2
0
1
4
18.63
7.8
26.47
37.4
4
9
5
6.2
2.6
8.8
12.9
6
3
9
8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
8.4 FBM 103

SPAN 1
SPAN 2
SPAN 3
Li ve
230
Dead+
14.76
500
Own W
6.960
2.230
SECTION 1
7.780
Gk= 14.78 Kn/m, Qk = 0 Kn/m

Results;
Def max = 25.59mm @ 13.3m
SHEAR: X-X
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.0
0
9.5
0
8.0
0
8.5
0
7.5
0
7.0
0
6.5
0
6.0
0
5.5
0
5.0
0
4.5
0
4.0
0
3.5
0
3.0
0
2.5
0
2.0
0
1.5
0
1.0
0
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
.
500
-2.00
V max = 87.67kN @ 9.19m
80.0
60.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.5
0
9.0
0
8.5
0
8.0
0
7.5
0
7.0
0
6.5
0
6.0
0
5.5
0
5.0
0
4.5
0
4.0
0
3.5
0
3.0
0
2.5
0
2.0
0
1.5
0
1.0
0
20.0
.500
40.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
MOMENTS: X-X
M max = -106.7kNm @ 9.19m
-100
-80.0
-60.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.5
0
9.0
0
8.5
0
8.0
0
7.5
0
7.0
0
6.5
0
6.0
0
5.5
0
5.0
0
4.5
0
4.0
0
3.5
0
3.0
0
2.5
0
2.0
0
1.5
0
1.0
0
-20.0
.
500
-40.0
SPAN 1 - 6.960
SPAN 2 - 2.230
SPAN 3 - 7.780
2Y16-D
2Y16-F
2Y16-B
2Y16-A
1Y16-C
2Y16-E
1Y16-G
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
As max = -804.2mm2 @ 7.46m
-800
-600
200
400
Reinforcement diagram.
COLUMN REACTIONS
Support
45.35
0.00
45.35
61.22
65.48
0.00
65.48
102.38
89.52
0.00
89.52
131.70
50.13
0.00
50.13
67.67

No.
1
Min.
Max.
-10.70 -10.70
Shear Force (kN)
Min.
Max.
-5.35
-5.35
5.68
5.68
2.84
2.84
-6.40
-6.40
-3.20
-3.20
13.98
13.98
6.99
6.99
Columns above
Support
Bending Moment(kNm)
Shear Force (kN) No.
Min.
Max.
-5.35
-5.35
Max.
1
-10.70 -10.70
Min.
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
11.5
12.0
10.5
11.0
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
-200
.500
-400
5.68
5.68
2.84
2.84
-6.40
-6.40
-3.20
3.20
4
13.98 13.98 6.99
6.9
9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------
8.5 FBM 110

SPAN 1
SPAN 2
Live
17.70
Dead+
Own W
55.93
93.74
500
230
3.670
5.330
SECTION 1
Gk= 53.17 Kn/m, Qk = 17.7 Kn/m. Point load =93.74Kn

Results;
.00
9
8.60
.80
.40
7.60
.80
7
.00
8
.20
8
.40
8
.20
80
.
.00
6
.40
6.60
.20
6
5.60
80
.
.00
5
.40
.20
.00
4.60
.80
.80
3.00
4
.20
4
.40
4
.40
.60
Def max = 11.46mm @ 6.58m
.00
.20
.40
2.60
.80
.00
.20
1.60
.80
.20
.40
1
00
.00
.8
00
.600
00
.4
2.00
.2

1.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.0
11.0
9.00
8.80
8.60
8.40
8.20
8.00
7.80
7.60
7.40
7.20
7.00
6.80
6.60
6.40
6.20
5.80
6.00
5.40
5.20
5.00
4.80
4.60
4.40
4.20
4.00
3.80
3.60
3.40
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
5.60
V max = -341.5kN @ 3.67m
.800
.600
.400
-50.0
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
SHEAR: X-X
.200
350
300
250
200
150
100
50.0
MOMENTS: X-X
M max = -308.2kNm @ 3.67m
-300
-250
-200
9.00
8.80
8.60
8.40
8.20
7.80
7.60
7.40
7.20
7.00
6.80
6.60
6.40
6.20
6.00
5.80
5.60
5.40
5.20
5.00
4.80
4.60
4.20
4.40
4.00
3.80
3.60
3.40
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
.800
.600
.400
.200
-100
8.00
-150
-50.0
50.0
100
150
200
SPAN 1 - 3.670
SPAN 2 - 5.330
9Y16-D
3Y16-F
3Y16-B
2Y16-C
6Y16-G
1Y16-C
-2500
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
As max = -2413mm2 @ 2.73m
-2000
-1500
500
1000
1500
Reinforcement diagram.
COLUMN REACTIONS
Support
95.38
20.55
115.93
173.50
381.08
99.00
480.08
662.96
120.66
39.75
160.41
225.82

No.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
-9.68
-5.08
-4.84
-2.54
-6.40
-0.09
-3.20
-0.05
15.16
23.10
7.58
Shear Force (kN)
11.55
9.00
8.80
8.60
8.40
8.20
8.00
7.80
7.60
7.40
7.20
7.00
6.80
6.60
6.40
6.20
6.00
5.80
5.60
5.40
5.20
5.00
4.80
4.60
4.40
4.20
4.00
3.80
3.60
3.40
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
.800
.600
.400
-500
.200
-1000
Columns above
Support
Bending Moment(kNm)
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
1
-9.68
-5.08
-4.84
-2.54
-6.40
-0.09
-3.20
-0.05
15.16
23.10
7.58
11.55
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------
8.6 FBM 114

SPAN 1
SPAN 2
SPAN 3
SPAN 4
SPAN 5
Live
6.40
Dead+
Own
35.66
230
500
2.960
3.000
4.900
4.900
4.900
SECTION 1
[M.T.L]
18.5
18.0
20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
17.5
17.0
16.0
15.5
14.5
14.0
13.0
13.5
12.5
11.5
12.0
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
Def max = 6.565mm @ 18.5m
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
.500
-.500
15.0
Results;
16.5
Gk= 22.27 Kn/m, Qk = 6.4 Kn/m.
Page
20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
V max = 169.8kN @ 15.8m
1.50
1.00
SHEAR: X-X
.500
180
160
140
120
100
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
-80.0
-100
-120
-140
20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
M max = -148.9kNm @ 15.8m
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.500
MOMENTS: X-X
-140
-120
-100
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100
SPAN 1 - 2.960
SPAN 2 - 3.000
SPAN 3 - 4.900
SPAN 4 - 4.900
SPAN 5 - 4.900
2Y16-C
2Y16E
2Y16-B
3Y16-H
2Y16-A
2Y16-F
1Y16-D
2Y16-I
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
As max = -1005mm2 @ 15.8m
-1000
-800
-600
200
400
600
SPAN 1 - 2.960
18-SA-150
100
SPAN 2 - 3.000
18-SA-150
SPAN 3 - 4.900
SPAN 4 - 4.900
4-SA-
SPAN 5 - 4.900
7-SA-100
23-SA-150
9-SA-100
21-SA-150
5-SA-100
23-SA-150
5-SA-100
2-SA-150
18.
5
18.
0
17.
5
17.
0
16.
5
16.
0
15.
5
15.
0
14.
5
14.
0
13.
5
13.
0
12.
5
12.
0
11.
5
11.
0
10.
5
10.
0
9 .5 0
9 .0 0
8 .5 0
8 .0 0
7 .5 0
7 .0 0
6 .5 0
6 .0 0
5 .5 0
5 .0 0
4 .5 0
4 .0 0
3 .5 0
3 .0 0
2 .5 0
2 .0 0
1 .5 0
1 .0 0
-200
.5 0
0
-400
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Asv max = 1.050mm/mm @ 16.8m
1.00
.800
.600
Reinforcement diagrams.
COLUMN REACTIONS
Support
43.78
7.86
106.08
19.04
125.12
185.40
146.57
26.31
172.88
250.57
174.99
31.41
206.39
295.92
194.66
34.94
229.59
322.45
70.62
12.67
51.64
72.67
83.29
116.69

Support Bending Moment (kNm) Shear Force (kN)
No.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.88
0.20
0.44
-1.76
-0.95
-0.88
-0.48
-0.03
1.30
-0.01
0.65
-2.03
-0.57
-1.01
-0.29
4.07
5.50
2.04
2.75
Columns above
Support
Bending Moment(kNm)

Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
20.5
19.5
20.0
19.0
18.0
18.5
17.5
17.0
16.5
15.5
16.0
14.5
15.0
14.0
13.5
12.5
13.0
12.0
11.5
10.5
11.0
10.0
9.50
8.50
9.00
7.50
8.00
7.00
6.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
1.50
.500
.200
1.00
.400
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.88
0.20
0.44
-1.76
-0.95
-0.88
-0.03
1.30
-0.01
-2.03
-0.57
-1.01
4.07
5.50
2.04
0.48
0.6
5
0.29
2.75
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------
9.0 CHECKS FOR ADDITIONAL SECOND FLOOR.

The structure was initially designed to carry an additional (second). Therefore this
chapter is concerned with checking the adequacy of the structural members that
were provided in the first phase of construction.
Note; the first and second floors are typical hence same loading onto the structural
members columns and foundations.
9.1 COLUMN CHECKS

9.1.1 Column C1
From analysis, Column C1 was found to be the critical (most loaded column).
Loading,
Gk
My
Qk
1st floor slab &

beams
2nd floor slab &
beams *
Column self weight
433.75KN
108.42KN
6.4 Knm
433.75KN
108.42KN
6.4 Knm
6.63KN
0KN
Ring beams
100.26KN
11.34KN
3.82knm
* Future Additional (second) floor.

Assumptions:
(1) The general conditions of clause 3.8.1 are
applicable. (2) The section is symmetrically
reinforced.
(3) The specified design axial loads include the self-weight
of the column. (4) The design axial loads are taken constant
over the height of the column. Design approach:
The column is designed using the following procedure:
Mx
10.27
Knm
10.27
Knm
3.23knm
(1) The column design charts are constructed.

(2) The design axis and design ultimate moment is determined.
(3) The steel required for the design axial force and moment is read from the
relevant design chart. (4) The area steel perpendicular to the design axis is
read from the relevant design chart. Rectangular column design for
C1 by PROKON
Design code: BS8110 1997
i) At Ground level
Gk = 987.65KN
Qk=228.18KN
General design parameters and loads:

h
(mm)
400
(mm)
230
d'x (mm)
40
d'y (mm)
40
Lo
(m)
f
cu(MPa)
f y (MPa)
25
Load
case
450
Description
1
D+L
Ultimate Limit State Design Loads

P (kN) Mx top (kNm) My top (kNm) Mx bot (kNm) My bot (kNm)
1747.77
6.4
Moments about X-X axis(

kNm)
10.24
Mx=35.0 kNm
Mxmin=35.0 kNm
Mxtop=6.4 kNm
Initial
Additional
Design
Moments about Y-Y axis(

kNm)
My=20.1 kNm
Mymin=20.1 kNm
Mytop=10.2 kNm
Initial
Additional
Design
General design parameters:

Given: h = 400 mm, b = 230 mm, d'x = 40 mm, d'y = 40 mm, Lo = 3.000 m, fcu =
25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa
Therefor
e:
h' = h - d'x
Ac = b . h
= .23 .4
b' = b - d'y
= .4 - .04
= 0.0920 m
= 0.3600 m
= .23 - .04
,
= 0.1900 m .
Check column slenderness:

End fixity and bracing for bending about
the X-X axis: At the top end: Condition 2
(partially fixed).
At the bottom end: Condition 3
(pinned). The column is braced.
x = 0.95 Table 3.21
End fixity and bracing for bending about
the Y-Y axis: At the top end: Condition 2
(partially fixed).
At the bottom end: Condition 3
(pinned). The column is braced.
y = 0.95Table 3.21
Effective column height:

lex = x. Lo
ley = y. Lo
= 1.3 3
= .8 3
= 3.900 m ,
= 2.400 m
Column slenderness about both axes:
= lex
h
2.85
=
.4
= 7.125
= ley
b
2.85
=
.23
= 12.391

Check if the column is slender:

lx = 7.125 < 15, ly = 12.391 < 15
Therefore, the column is short.
Design ultimate load and

moment: Design axial load:
Pu = 1747.8 KN Initial
moments:
The initial end moments about the
X-X axis: M1 = Smaller initial end
moment = 0.0 Knm
M2 = Larger initial end moment = 6.4 Knm
Mi = - 0.4 . M1 + 0.6 .
M2
= - 0.4 0 + 0.6 6.4
= 3.840 kNm
Mi2 = 0.4 . M2
= 0.4 6.4
= 2.560 kNm
. Mi ^ 0.4M2 = 6.4 Knm
The initial end moments about the YY axis: M1 = Smaller initial end
moment = 0.0 Knm M2 = Larger
initial end moment = 10.2 Knm
The initial moment near mid-height of the column:
3.8.3.2
Mi = - 0.4 . M1 + 0.6 .
M2
= - 0.4 0 + 0.6
10.24
Mi2 = 0.4 . M2
= 0.4 10.24
,
= 4.096 kNm
, Therefore Mi ^ 0.4M2 = 10.2 Knm
= 6.144 kNm
Design ultimate load and moment:
Design axial
load: Pu =
1747.8 KN
Check for minimum eccentricity:
3.8.2.4
For bi-axial bending, it is only necessary to ensure that the eccentricity exceeds
the minimum about one axis at a time.

For the worst effect, apply the minimum eccentricity about
the minor axis: Therefore Mmin = 20.1 about the Y-Y axis.
Design of column section for ULS:
Through inspection:
The critical section lies at the top end of the column.
The column is bi-axially bent. The moments are added vectorially to obtain
the design moment: Mx/h = 97.1 < My/b = 105.8
The effective uniaxial design moment about the Y-Y axis:
7
. N
6
= 1 b. h . f
M'y = My +
cu
7
1748103
6
= 1 -
.23 .4 250010
.3 (. 23 - .04
= 20099 + )
34955
.4 - .04
= 25.6310 kNm
= 0.1133
. (b - dcy).
Mx
h - dcx
For bending about the design axis:
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
-1400
-1600
-1800
-2000
210
Moment max=191
.3kNm@483kN
19
0
20
0
18
0
17
0
6%
16
0
15
0
5%
14
0
12
0
4%
11
0
10
0
80.
0
3%
90.
0
70.
0
2%
60.
0
50.
0
1%
40.
0
30.
0
20.
0
10.
0
Axial
load(kN)
0%
13
0
Column design chart (Y-Y)

3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Bending moment (kNm)
Minimum reinforcement required for bending about the Y-Y axis only: From
the design chart, Asc = 2589 mmX = 2.81%
Summary of design calculations:
Load case
1
Axis
N (kN)
X-X
Y-Y
1747.8
M1 (kNm) M2 (kNm) Mi (kNm) Madd (kNm) Design

0.0
0.0
6.4
10.2
6.4
10.2
0.0
0.0
Y-Y
Top
M (kNm) M' (kNm)

35.0
20.1
25.6
Asc (mm)
2589 (2.81%)
2690 (2.92%)
Ascrequired = 2690 mmX = 2.92%

Provided 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars
(Ascprovided) = 2768 mmK) Links,
Diameter > bar dai/4 =25/4=7mm & Spacing, S<minimum bar Dai X 12 = 16x 12 =
192mm
R8 bars @150 c/c
AS
PROVIDED Conclusion; - Column section adequate to carry

additional second floor
CHECK USING CSC TEDDS
i) At Ground level
Gk = 987.65KN
Qk=228.18KN

Column definition
h = 400 mm
ch = 30 mm
b = 250 mm
cb = 30 mm
fy = 450 N/mm
fcu = 25 N/mm
Moments about X-X axis( kNm)

Mx=35.0 kNm
Mxtop=6.4 kNm
Mxmin=35.0 kNm
Initial
Additional
Design
Moments about Y-Y axis( kNm)

My=20.1 kNm
Mytop=10.2 kNm
Mymin=20.1 kNm
Initial
Additional
Design

Column OK - h < 4b
lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit;
llimit = 60
b = 15000 mm

lo = 2500 mm
x
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
lex =
Slenderness check;
lex/h = 4.69
lo = 1.875 m;
y = 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
ley =
Slenderness check;
ley/b = 7.50
lo = 1.875 m

Dcol = 25 mm
Lncol = 3
Ast = Lncol
Asc = Ast = 1473 mm
(Ast + Asc) / (b
Dcol 2 / 4 = 1473 mm2

2
2
h) = 2.9 %

N = 1748 kN
Mx = 6 kNm
My = 10 kNm
[M.T.L]
Page

Mxmin = min(0.05
h, 20 mm)
N = 35.0 kNm
Mymin = min(0.05
b, 20 mm)
N = 21.8 kNm
Design moments
= 1 - 1.165
min(0.6, N/(b h fcu)) = 0.30
Design moment;
b'/h'
Mxdes , Mxdes +
h'/b'
Mydes ) = 27.9 kNm
Section width;

NOTE
B = 400 mm
D = 250 mm
d = 199 mm

Applied axial load;
N = 1747.8 kN
Check for moment;
Mdesign = 27.9 kNm


2
Aconc = b
h = 100000 mm
Ascol = 2945 mm

Minimum steel area;
Asc_min = kc
Aconc = 400 mm
Maximum steel area;
As_max = 6 %
2
2
Aconc = 6000 mm

Column width;
b = 250 mm
Column depth;
h = 400 mm
h' = 349 mm
Area of concrete;
Aconc = b
Vx = 340 kN
h = 100000 mm
fcu = 25 N/mm

Axial load;
Major axis moment;
N = 1747.8 kN
Mx = 6.4 kNm
Eccentricity;
e = Mx / N = 3.7 mm
elimit = 0.6
vx = Vx / (b
Allowable stress;
h = 240.0 mm
2
h') = 3.9 N/mm

1/2
(fcu ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm

Shear steel
Link spacing;
sv = 150 mm
Link diameter;
Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter;
Dcol = 25 mm
Min diameter;

Link diameter OK
Max spacing;
slimit = 12
Dcol = 300.0 mm
Link spacing OK
Reinforcement Summary;
Provided 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mmX) & Links, provide R8 bars
@150 c/c
Conclusion; Column section adequate to carry additional second floor
ii) At First floor level

Gk = 547.3KN Qk=119.8KN
Column definition
h = 400 mm
ch = 30 mm
b = 250 mm
cb = 30 mm
fy = 450 N/mm
fcu = 25 N/mm
Moments about X-X axis(

kNm)
Mx=19.2 kNm
Mxmin=19.2 kNm
Mxtop=6.4 kNm
Mxbot=6.4 kNm
Initial
Additional
Design
Moments about Y-Y axis(

kNm)
My=12.0 kNm
Mymin=12.0 kNm
Mytop=10.2 kNm
Mybot=10.2 kNm
Initial
Additional
Design

Column OK - h < 4b
lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit;
llimit = 60
b = 15000 mm

lo = 2500 mm
x
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
lex =
Slenderness check;
lex/h = 4.69
lo = 1.875 m;
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
ley =
Slenderness check;
ley/b = 7.50
lo = 1.875 m

Dcol = 16 mm
Lncol = 3
Ast = Lncol
Asc = Ast = 603 mm
(Ast + Asc) / (b
Dcol 2 / 4 = 603 mm2

2
2
h) = 1.2 %

N = 958 kN
Mx = 6 kNm
My = 10 kNm

Mxmin = min(0.05
h, 20 mm)
N = 19.2 kNm
Mymin = min(0.05
b, 20 mm)
N = 12.0 kNm
Design moments
= 1 - 1.165
min(0.6, N/(b h fcu)) = 0.55
Design moment;
b'/h'
Mxdes , Mxdes +
h'/b'
Mydes ) = 18.1 kNm
Section width;

NOTE
B = 400 mm
D = 250 mm
d = 204 mm

Applied axial load;
N = 957.9 kN
Check for moment;
Mdesign = 18.1 kNm


2
Aconc = b
h = 100000 mm
Ascol = 1206 mm

Minimum steel area;
Asc_min = kc
Aconc = 400 mm
Maximum steel area;
As_max = 6 %
2
2
Aconc = 6000 mm

Column width;
b = 250 mm
Column depth;
h = 400 mm
h' = 354 mm
Area of concrete;
Aconc = b h = 100000 mm
Vx = 340 kN
fcu = 25 N/mm

Axial load;
N = 957.9 kN
Major axis moment;
Mx = 6.4 kNm
Eccentricity;
e = Mx / N = 6.7 mm
elimit = 0.6
vx = Vx / (b
Allowable stress;
h = 240.0 mm
2
h') = 3.8 N/mm

1/2
(fcu ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm

Shear steel
Link spacing;
sv = 150 mm
Link diameter;
Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter;
Dcol = 16 mm
Min diameter;
Max spacing;
slimit = 12
Dcol = 192.0 mm
Provided 8Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 1608.5 mmX) & Links, provide R8
bars @150 c/c
Conclusion;
Column
section
more than
adequate
to carry
additional
second
floor
Link diameter OK Link spacing OK
9.1.2 Column C2
Loading onto column from beams and slabs obtained from analysis of FBM 1110
as shown in the table below;
Loading,
Gk
Qk
My
Mx
1st floor slab &

beams
2nd floor slab &
beams*
Column self weight
381.08KN
99.0KN
0 Knm
6.4 Knm
381.08KN
99.0KN
0 Knm
6.4 Knm
6.63KN
0KN
Ring beams
100.26KN
11.34KN
3.82knm
3.23knm
* Additional suspended floor.
i) At Ground level
Gk = 495KN
Qk=110.34KN

Column definition
h = 250 mm
ch = 30 mm
b = 400 mm
cb = 30 mm
fy = 450 N/mm
fcu = 25 N/mm

Column OK - h < 4b
lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit;
llimit = 60
b = 24000 mm

lo = 2500 mm
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
lex =
Slenderness check;
lex/h = 7.50
lo = 1.875 m;
y = 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
ley =
Slenderness check;
ley/b = 4.69
lo = 1.875 m

Dcol = 25 mm
Lncol = 3
Ast = Lncol
Asc = Ast = 1473 mm
(Ast + Asc) / (b
Dcol 2 / 4 = 1473 mm2

2
2
h) = 2.9 %

N = 1570 kN
Mx = 0 kNm
My = 6 kNm

Mxmin = min(0.05
h, 20 mm)
N = 19.6 kNm
Mymin = min(0.05
b, 20 mm)
N = 31.4 kNm
Design moments
= 1 - 1.165
min(0.6, N/(b h fcu)) = 0.30
Design moment;
b'/h'
Mxdes , Mxdes +
h'/b'
Mydes ) = 25.0 kNm
Section width;

NOTE
B = 400 mm
D = 250 mm
d = 199 mm

Applied axial load;
N = 1570.2 kN
Check for moment;
Mdesign = 25.0 kNm


2
Aconc = b
h = 100000 mm
Ascol = 2945 mm

Minimum steel area;
Asc_min = kc
Maximum steel area;
As_max = 6 %
Aconc = 400 mm
2
2
Aconc = 6000 mm

Column width;
b = 400 mm
Column depth;
h = 250 mm
h' = 199 mm
Area of concrete;
Aconc = b h = 100000 mm
Vx = 308 kN
fcu = 25 N/mm

Axial load;
N = 1570.2 kN
Major axis moment;
Mx = 0.0 kNm
Eccentricity;
e = Mx / N = 0.0 mm
elimit = 0.6
vx = Vx / (b
Allowable stress;
h = 150.0 mm
2
h') = 3.9 N/mm

1/2
(fcu ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm


Shear steel
Link spacing;
sv = 150 mm
Link diameter;
Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter;
Dcol = 25 mm
Min diameter;

Link diameter OK
Max spacing;
slimit = 12
Dcol = 300.0 mm
Link spacing OK
Provided 4Y25mm + 4Y16mm bars (Ascprovided) = 2768 mmX) & Links, provide R8 bars
@150 c/c
Conclusion; Column section adequate to carry additional second floor
i) At First Floor level

Gk = 610.15KN
Qk=81.22KN

Column definition
h = 250 mm
ch = 30 mm
b = 400 mm
cb = 30 mm
fy = 450 N/mm
fcu = 25 N/mm

Column OK - h < 4b
lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit;
llimit = 60
b = 24000 mm

lo = 2500 mm
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
lex =
Slenderness check;
lex/h = 7.50
lo = 1.875 m;
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
ley =
Slenderness check;
ley/b = 4.69
lo = 1.875 m

Dcol = 16 mm
Lncol = 3
Ast = Lncol
Asc = Ast = 603 mm
(Ast + Asc) / (b
Dcol 2 / 4 = 603 mm2

2
2
h) = 1.2 %

N = 870 kN
Mx = 0 kNm
My = 6 kNm

Mxmin = min(0.05
h, 20 mm)
N = 10.9 kNm
Mymin = min(0.05
b, 20 mm)
N = 17.4 kNm
Design moments
= 1 - 1.165
min(0.6, N/(b h fcu)) = 0.59
Design moment;
[M.T.L]
b'/h'
Mxdes , Mxdes +
h'/b'
Mydes ) = 16.8 kNm
Page

Section width;

NOTE
B = 400 mm
D = 250 mm
d = 204 mm

Applied axial load;
N = 869.5 kN
Check for moment;
Mdesign = 16.8 kNm


2
Aconc = b
h = 100000 mm
Ascol = 1206 mm

Minimum steel area;
Asc_min = kc
Maximum steel area;
As_max = 6 %
Aconc = 400 mm
2
2
Aconc = 6000 mm

Column width;
b = 400 mm
Column depth;
h = 250 mm
h' = 204 mm
Area of concrete;
Aconc = b h = 100000 mm
Vx = 308 kN
fcu = 25 N/mm

Axial load;
N = 869.5 kN
Major axis moment;
Mx = 0.0 kNm
Eccentricity;
e = Mx / N = 0.0 mm
elimit = 0.6
vx = Vx / (b
Allowable stress;
h = 150.0 mm
2
h') = 3.8 N/mm

1/2
(fcu ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm


Shear steel
Link spacing;
sv = 150 mm
Link diameter;
Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter;
Dcol = 16 mm
Min diameter;

Link diameter OK
Max spacing;
slimit = 12
Dcol = 192.0 mm
Link spacing OK
bars @150 c/c
Conclusion; Column section more than adequate to carry
additional second floor
9.1.3 Column C3
Loading,
1st floor slab &

beams
2nd floor slab &
beams *
Column self weight
Ring beams
Gk
Qk
245KN
34.94KN
13.98 Knm
2.03 Knm
245KN
34.94KN
13.98 Knm
2.03 Knm
6.63KN
0KN
100.26KN
11.34KN
3.82knm
3.23knm
* Additional suspended floor.
i) At Ground level
Gk = 610.15KN
Qk=81.22KN
My
Mx

Column definition
h = 230 mm
ch = 30 mm
b = 400 mm
cb = 30 mm
fy = 450 N/mm
fcu = 25 N/mm
Minor axis (y)

Links - 8 dia links in 1s @ 150 centres
Reinforcement (each face) -2No. 16 dia bar(s)
Characteristic concrete strength - 25.0 N/mm
Major axis (x)
30
400

Column OK - h < 4b
lo = 2500 mm
Slenderness limit;
llimit = 60
b = 24000 mm

lo = 2500 mm
x
= 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
lex =
Slenderness check;
lex/h = 8.15
lo = 1.875 m;
y = 0.75
BS8110:Table 3.19
ley =
Slenderness check;
ley/b = 4.69
lo = 1.875 m

Dcol = 16 mm
Lncol = 2
Ast = Lncol
Asc = Ast = 402 mm
(Ast + Asc) / (b
Dcol 2 / 4 = 402 mm2

2
2
h) = 0.9 %

N = 984 kN
Mx = 2 kNm
My = 14 kNm

Mxmin = min(0.05
h, 20 mm)
N = 11.3 kNm
Mymin = min(0.05
b, 20 mm)
N = 19.7 kNm
Design moments
= 1 - 1.165
min(0.6, N/(b h fcu)) = 0.50
Design moment;
b'/h'
Mxdes , Mxdes +
h'/b'
Mydes ) = 16.4 kNm
Section width;

NOTE
B = 400 mm
D = 230 mm
d = 184 mm

Applied axial load;
N = 984.2 kN
Check for moment;
Mdesign = 16.4 kNm


Aconc = b
h = 92000 mm
2
Ascol = 804 mm
Minimum steel area;
Asc_min = kc
Aconc = 368 mm
Maximum steel area;
As_max = 6 %
2
2
Aconc = 5520 mm

Column width;
b = 400 mm
Column depth;
h = 230 mm
h' = 184 mm
Area of concrete;
Aconc = b h = 92000 mm
Vx = 170 kN
fcu = 25 N/mm

Axial load;
N = 984.2 kN
Major axis moment;
Mx = 2.0 kNm
Eccentricity;
e = Mx / N = 2.1 mm
elimit = 0.6
vx = Vx / (b
Allowable stress;
h = 138.0 mm
2
h') = 2.3 N/mm

1/2
(fcu ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm

Shear steel
Link spacing;
sv = 150 mm
Link diameter;
Ldia = 8 mm
Column steel
Diameter;
Dcol = 16 mm
Min diameter;

Link diameter OK
Max spacing;
slimit = 12
Dcol = 192.0 mm
bars @150 c/c
Conclusion;
Column section adequate to carry additional second
floor
Link spacing OK
9.2 FOUNDATION CHECKS

Adequacy for F1 and F2 are done
9.2.1 Footing F1
,
Qk=228.18Kn
Gk = 987.65KN,
1747.8Kn
Design information;
Column 400x230mm
Grade 25 concrete
500mm overall depth
40mm
cover
16mm
bars

Service load (Ns)
Wb = weight of base
Wb= 10% of (Gk + Qk)
Gk + Qk= 1215.83KN each column C1
Ns= 1337.4 each column C1
Total Ns= 2674.83 kN for both columns
= 2674.83 /
250
= 10.7m2
required
Provided combined footing of 4.5m x 2.5m. (11.3 m2)
P AD FOOTING AN ALYSIS AND DESIGN (BS8110 -1:1997)

Pad footing details

L = 4500 mm
B = 2500 mm
A=L
h = 400 mm
Depth of soil over pad footing;
hsoil = 200 mm
B = 11.250 m
conc
= 24.0 kN/m
Column details
Column A
Column B
Column base length;
lA = 250 mm;
lB = 250 mm
Column base width;
bA = 400 mm;
bB = 400 mm
ePxA = -1115 mm;
ePxB = 1115 mm
ePyA = 0 mm;
ePyB = 0 mm
Soil details
3
Density of soil;
soil
= 20.0 kN/m
= 25.0 deg
= 19.3 deg
2
Pbearing = 250 kN/m
Axial loading on columns
Column A
Column B
PGA = 987.7 kN;
PGB = 987.7 kN
PQA = 228.2 kN;
PQB = 228.2 kN
PWA = 0.0 kN;
PWB = 0.0 kN
PA = 1215.8 kN;
PB = 1215.8 kN
Foundation loads
2
FGsur = 0.000 kN/m
FQsur = 0.000 kN/m
Fswt = h
Soil self weight;
Fsoil = hsoil
F=A
2
2
conc
= 9.600 kN/m
soil
= 4.000 kN/m

T = F + PA + PB = 2584.7 kN
eTx = (PA ePxA + PB ePxB + MxA + MxB + (HxA + HxB) h) / T =
0 mm
eTy = (PA ePyA + PB ePyB + MyA + MyB + (HyA + HyB) h) / T =
0 mm
229.748 kN/m
229.748 kN/m
229.748 kN/m
229.748 kN/m
q1 = T / A - 6
eTx / (L
A) - 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q2 = T / A - 6
eTx / (L
A) + 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q3 = T / A + 6
eTx / (L
A) - 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q4 = T / A + 6
eTx / (L
A) + 6
eTy / (B
A) =
qmin = min(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 229.748 kN/m
qmax = max(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 229.748 kN/m

fG
= 1.40
fQ
= 1.60
fW
= 0.00
Ultimate axial loading on columns

Ultimate axial load on column A;
PuA = PGA
fG
+ PQA
fQ
+ PWA
fW
= 1747.8 kN
Ultimate axial load on column B;
PuB = PGB
fG
+ PQB
fQ
+ PWB
fW
= 1747.8 kN

Fu = A
fG
+ FQsur
fQ]
= 214.2 kN
Ultimate horizontal loading on column A

HxuA = HGxA
fG
+ HQxA
fQ
+ HWxA
fW
= 0.0 kN
HyuA = HGyA
fG
+ HQyA
fQ
+ HWyA
fW
= 0.0 kN
HxuB = HGxB
fG
+ HQxB
fQ
+ HWxB
fW
= 0.0 kN
HyuB = HGyB
fG
+ HQyB
fQ
+ HWyB
fW
= 0.0 kN
Ultimate horizontal loading on column B
Ultimate moment on column A

MxuA = MGxA
fG
+ MQxA
fQ
+ MWxA
fW
= 0.000 kNm
MyuA = MGyA
fG
+ MQyA
fQ
+ MWyA
fW
= 0.000 kNm
MxuB = MGxB
fG
+ MQxB
fQ
+ MWxB
fW
= 0.000 kNm
MyuB = MGyB
fG
+ MQyB
fQ
+ MWyB
fW
= 0.000 kNm
Ultimate moment on column B

Tu = Fu + PuA + PuB = 3709.8 kN
eTxu = (PuA ePxA+PuB ePxB+MxuA+MxuB+(HxuA+HxuB) h)/Tu = 0
mm
eTyu = (PuA ePyA+PuB ePyB+MyuA+MyuB+(HyuA+HyuB) h)/Tu = 0
mm
2
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m

kN/m

fuL = (q1u + q2u)
B / 2 = 824.399 kN/m
fuR = (q3u + q4u)
B / 2 = 824.399 kN/m
Lx = L = 4500 mm
Cx = (fuR - fuL) / Lx = 0.000 kN/m/m

Left hand length;
LL = L / 2 + min(ePxA, ePxB) = 1135 mm
Middle length;
LM = max(ePxA, ePxB) - min(ePxA, ePxB) = 2230 mm
Right hand length;
LR = L / 2 - max(ePxA, ePxB) = 1135 mm
Calculate shear forces in x direction

2
Shear at left hand column;
SL = fuL
LL + Cx
Shear at right hand column;
SR = fuL
(LL + LM) + Cx
/ L = 866.131 kN
LL / 2 - Fu
LL / L = 881.667 kN
2
(LL + LM) / 2 - PuA - Fu
(LL + LM)


fuT = (q2u + q4u)
L / 2 = 1483.918 kN/m
fuB = (q1u + q3u)
L / 2 = 1483.918 kN/m
Ly = B = 2500 mm
Cy = (fuB - fuT) / Ly = 0.000 kN/m/m

Top length;
LT = B / 2 - ePyA = 1250 mm
Bottom length;
LB = B / 2 + ePyA = 1250 mm

My = fuT L T /2+Cy LT3/6-Fu LT2/(2 B) = 1092.374 kNm
Material details
2
fcu = 25 N/mm
fy = 500 N/mm
2
2
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement; fyv = 250 N/mm

cnom = 30 mm

xB
= 16 mm
dx = h - cnom -
yB
xB
/ 2 = 346 mm

Kx = Mx / (B
d x2
fcu) = 0.067
Kx = 0.156
Lever arm;
zx = d x
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kx / 0.9)], 0.95) = 318 mm
As_x_req = Mx / (0.87
As_x_min = 0.0013
As_xB_prov = NxB
fy
B
zx) = 3617 mm
h = 1300 mm
2
xB
/ 4 = 4624 mm

yB
= 16 mm
dy = h - cnom -
yB
/ 2 = 362 mm

Ky = My / (L
dy
fcu) = 0.074
Ky = 0.156
Lever arm;
zy = d y
As_y_req = My / (0.87
As_y_min = 0.0013
As_yB_prov = NyB
[M.T.L]
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Ky / 0.9)], 0.95) = 329 mm

2
fy
L
zy) = 7628 mm
2
h = 2340 mm
2
yB
/ 4 = 10053 mm
Page
Calculate ultimate shear force at d from left face of column A

qsu = (q2u + Cx
(L / 2 + ePxA - lA / 2 - dx) / B + q1u) / 2

2
qsu = 329.760 kN/m

As = B
min((L / 2 + ePxA - lA / 2 - dx), 3
(L / 2 + eTx)) =
1.660 m
Vsu = As
(qsu - Fu / A) = 515.795 kN
Shear stresses at d from left face of column A (cl 3.5.5.2)

vsu = Vsu / (B
dx) = 0.596 N/mm

2
vc = 0.532 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
vc < vsu < (vc + 0.4) - Minimum links required

Shear reinforcement (cl 3.5.5.3)
Diameter of shear reinforcement;
sv
= 8 mm
Spacing perpendicular to column face;
sv_perp = 150 mm
Spacing parallel to column face;
sv_par = 150 mm
Area of shear links required;
Asv_req = 0.4 N/mm / (0.87
Area of shear links provided;
Asv_prov =
2
sv
/ (4
fyv) = 1839 mm /m
sv_perp
sv_par) = 2234 mm /m
PASS - Area of shear links provided exceeds area of shear links required
Calculate ultimate punching shear force at face of column A
bA/2)+(bA)/2] Cy/L
2
qpuA = 329.760 kN/m

d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 354 mm
ApA = (lA) (bA) = 0.100 m
upA = 2 (lA)+2 (bA) = 1300 mm
ApA = 1716.726 kN
Punching shear stresses at face of column A (cl 3.7.7.2)

vmax = min(0.8N/mm
d) = 3.730 N/mm
2
2
2
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
Calculate ultimate punching shear force at face of column B
qpuB = q1u+[(L/2+ePxB-lB/2)+(lB)/2] Cx/B-[(B/2+ePyB-
bB/2)+(bB)/2] Cy/L
2
qpuB = 329.760 kN/m

d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 354 mm
ApB = (lB) (bB) = 0.100 m
upB = 2 (lB)+2 (bB) = 1300 mm
VpuB = PuB + (Fu / A - qpuB)
VpuBeff = VpuB = 1716.726 kN
ApB = 1716.726 kN
Punching shear stresses at face of column B (cl 3.7.7.2)

vpuB = VpuBeff / (upB
d) = 3.730 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
2
2
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
Calculate ultimate punching shear force at perimeter of 1.5 d from face of column A and B
qpuC1.5d = q1u+[L/2] Cx/B-[(B/2+(LB+LC/2-B/2)-
(LC+(bA+bB)/2)/2-1.5 d)+((LC+(bA+bB)/2)+2 1.5 d)/2] Cy/L

2
qpuC1.5d = 329.760 kN/m

d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 354 mm
ApC1.5d = L ((LC+(bA+bB)/2)+2 1.5 d) = 6.579 m
upC1.5d = 2 L = 9000 mm
VpuC1.5d = PuA + PuB + (Fu / A - qpuC1.5d)
ApC1.5d = 1451.371
kN
VpuC1.5deff = VpuC1.5d
1.25 = 1814.214 kN
Punching shear stresses at perimeter of 1.5 d from face of column A and B (cl 3.7.7.2)
vpuC1.5d = VpuC1.5deff / (upC1.5d
d) = 0.569 N/mm

2
vc = 0.542 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
vc < vpuC1.5d < 2
vc - Shear reinforcement required
Punching shear reinforcement (cl 3.7.7.5)

Diameter of shear reinforcement;
pv
= 8 mm
Spacing perpendicular to column face;
spv_perp = 150 mm
Spacing parallel to column face;
spv_par = 150 mm
Area of shear links required;
Apv_req = 0.4 N/mm / (0.87
Area of shear links provided;
Apv_prov =
2
pv
/ (4
fyv) = 1839 mm /m
spv_perp
spv_par) = 2234 mm /m
PASS - Area of punching shear links provided exceeds area of punching shear links required
Reinforcement -
AS PROVIDED
Conclusion;
Existing footing F1 adequate to carry additional second floor
9.2.2 Footing F2
Pad footing measuring 2.3m x2.3m takes on loading from column C2.At Ground
level, the forces from the column C2 are;
,
Qk=209.34Kn
Gk = 882.31KN,
1570.2Kn
Design information;
Column 500x230mm
Grade 25 concrete
500mm overall depth
40mm
cover
16mm
bars
Service load (Ns)
Wb = weight of
base Wb= 10% of
(Gk + Qk) Gk +
Qk= 1091.5KN
Ns= 1200.8kn
Total Ns= 1200.8kn
=
1200.8/250
= 4.8m2 required - >2.29mx2.12m pad
Provided square pad footing of 2.3m x 2.3m. (5.29 m2)
P AD FOOTING AN ALYSIS AND DESIGN (BS8110 -1:1997)

Pad footing details

L = 2300 mm
B = 2300 mm
A=L
h = 500 mm
Depth of soil over pad footing;
hsoil = 200 mm
B = 5.290 m
conc
= 24.0 kN/m
Column details
Column base length;
lA = 250 mm
Column base width;
bA = 400 mm
ePxA = 0 mm
ePyA = 0 mm
Soil details
3
Density of soil;
soil
= 25.0 deg
= 19.3 deg
= 20.0 kN/m
Pbearing = 250 kN/m

PGA = 882.3 kN
PQA = 209.3 kN
PWA = 0.0 kN
PA = 1091.7 kN
Foundation loads
FGsur = 0.000 kN/m
FQsur = 0.000 kN/m
Fswt = h
Soil self weight;
Fsoil = hsoil
F=A
conc
= 12.000 kN/m
soil
= 4.000 kN/m

T = F + PA = 1176.3 kN
eTx = (PA
ePxA + MxA + HxA
h) / T = 0 mm
eTy = (PA
ePyA + MyA + HyA
h) / T = 0 mm

222.361 kN/m
222.361 kN/m
222.361 kN/m
222.361 kN/m
q1 = T / A - 6
eTx / (L
A) - 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q2 = T / A - 6
eTx / (L
A) + 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q3 = T / A + 6
eTx / (L
A) - 6
eTy / (B
A) =
q4 = T / A + 6
eTx / (L
A) + 6
eTy / (B
A) =
qmin = min(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 222.361 kN/m
qmax = max(q1, q2, q3, q4) = 222.361 kN/m

fG
= 1.40
fQ
= 1.60
fW
= 0.00

PuA = PGA
fG
+ PQA
fQ
+ PWA
fW
= 1570.2 kN

Fu = A
fG
+ FQsur
fQ]
= 118.5 kN

HxuA = HGxA
fG
+ HQxA
fQ
+ HWxA
fW
= 0.0 kN
HyuA = HGyA
fG
+ HQyA
fQ
+ HWyA
fW
= 0.0 kN

MxuA = MGxA
fG
+ MQxA
fQ
+ MWxA
fW
= 0.000 kNm
MyuA = MGyA
fG
+ MQyA
fQ
+ MWyA
fW
= 0.000 kNm

Tu = Fu + PuA = 1688.7 kN
eTxu = (PuA
ePxA + MxuA + HxuA
h) / Tu = 0 mm
eTyu = (PuA
ePyA + MyuA + HyuA
h) / Tu = 0 mm

2
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m

kN/m

fuL = (q1u + q2u)
B / 2 = 734.206 kN/m
fuR = (q3u + q4u)
B / 2 = 734.206 kN/m
Lx = L = 2300 mm
Cx = (fuR - fuL) / Lx = 0.000 kN/m/m

Left hand length;
LL = L / 2 + ePxA = 1150 mm
Right hand length;
LR = L / 2 - ePxA = 1150 mm


fuT = (q2u + q4u)
L / 2 = 734.206 kN/m
fuB = (q1u + q3u)
L / 2 = 734.206 kN/m
Ly = B = 2300 mm
Cy = (fuB - fuT) / Ly = 0.000 kN/m/m

Top length;
LT = B / 2 - ePyA = 1150 mm
Bottom length;
LB = B / 2 + ePyA = 1150 mm

My = fuT LT /2+Cy LT /6-Fu LT /(2 B) = 451.426 kNm
Material details
2
fcu = 25 N/mm
fy = 500 N/mm
2
2
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement; fyv = 250 N/mm

cnom = 30 mm

xB
= 16 mm
dx = h - cnom -
/ 2 = 462 mm
xB

d x2
Kx = Mx / (B
fcu) = 0.037
Kx = 0.156
Lever arm;
zx = d x
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Kx / 0.9)], 0.95) = 439 mm
As_x_req = Mx / (0.87
As_x_min = 0.0013
As_xB_prov = NxB
fy
B
zx) = 2364 mm
h = 1495 mm
2
xB
/ 4 = 2413 mm

yB
= 16 mm
dy = h - cnom -
xB
yB
/ 2 = 446 mm

Ky = My / (L
dy
fcu) = 0.039
Ky = 0.156
Lever arm;
zy = d y
min([0.5 + (0.25 - Ky / 0.9)], 0.95) = 424 mm
As_y_req = My / (0.87
As_y_min = 0.0013
As_yB_prov = NyB
fy
L
zy) = 2449 mm
2
h = 1495 mm
2
yB
/ 4 = 2614 mm

qsu = (q1u + Cx
(L / 2 + ePxA + lA / 2 + dx) / B + q4u) / 2

2
qsu = 319.220 kN/m

As = B
min(3
(L / 2 - eTx), L / 2 - ePxA - lA / 2 - dx) = 1.295
Vsu = As
(qsu - Fu / A) = 384.352 kN

vsu = Vsu / (B
dx) = 0.362 N/mm

2
vc = 0.372 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000

bA/2)+(bA)/2] Cy/L
2
qpuA = 319.220 kN/m

d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 454 mm
ApA = (lA) (bA) = 0.100 m
upA = 2 (lA)+2 (bA) = 1300 mm
ApA = 1540.496 kN

vmax = min(0.8N/mm
d) = 2.610 N/mm
2
2
2
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
[B/2] Cy/L
qpuA1.5d = 319.220 kN/m
d = (dx + dy) / 2 = 454 mm
ApA1.5d = (lA+2 1.5 d) B = 3.708 m
upA1.5d = 2 B = 4600 mm
ApA1.5d = 469.688 kN
1.25 = 587.110 kN
d) = 0.281 N/mm

2
vc = 0.381 N/mm
vmax = min(0.8N/mm
(fcu / 1 N/mm ), 5 N/mm ) = 4.000
N/mm
Reinforcement-
Conclusion;
AS PROVIDED
Existing footing F2 adequate to carry additional second floor
9.3 SYNOPSIS
In conclusion, the critical existing structural members i.e columns, and pad
foundations for the existing structure are adequate for the second( additional)
floor as proposed in the submitted extension architectural drawings.
...END
...

As Built Train Up A Child Structural Intergrity - Report

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K.C.C.

MACRO TECHNICS LIMITED

K.C.C.A Structural integrity

K.C.C.A Structural integrity

K.C.C.A Structural integrity

K.C.C.A Structural integrity

K.C.C.A Structural integrity

K.C.C.A Structural integrity

1.1Basic details of Structure, Materials, and Loading

Peter Mutebi & Rebecca Mutebi.

Arch. Geoffrey Muhanguzi

Eng. Mubiru Frederick.

Building Regulations Authority

Relevant Building Regulations

1.0 BS8110- Structural use of concrete Part 1& Part 2

Intended use of structure

Primary school (Educational institution)

Fire resistance required

1 hour for all elements

General loading conditions

Other relevant information

Roof imposed loading (pitch <=10deg with access)--0.5Kn/m2

K.C.C.A Structural integrity

1.2 Structural summary

K.C.C.A Structural integrity

2.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR SLABS

2.1Design of maxspan/ribbed slabs

2.1.1 Maxspan slab case 2

W = (1.35 x 3.115) + (1.5 x 1.35) =

6.23 KN/0.45m strip

Figure .showing longitudinal and cross section through rib.

Results from Prokon,

Long term deflection drawing (Max 27.32mm)<L/D250=31.12mm

Def max = 27.32mm @ 13.3m

Long-term Deflections (All spans loaded - using entered reinforcement)

V max = 29.49kN @ 9.18m

Max shear force, vED= 29.49Kn

M max = -37.03kNm @ 9.18m

Maximum span moment = 32.13Knm, Maximum support moment = 37.03Knm,

Dead Load(kN) Live Load(kN) Ultimate(kN)

(onto beam FBM 24)

Effective depth d= h-cover-0.5

Therefore section is singly reinforced

k= 1.6 -0.319= 1.6

VRd1 = [0.3x1.281 (1.2+40x0.0084) x450x319] x10

Therefore shear reinforcement is not required.

100As/bwd = 100x0.0084= 0.84

Check appendix for maxspan slab case 1 design results.

3.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOR BEAMS

3.1Critical foor beams

[20.56/0.45] = 45.69 Kn/m

Total dead weight, [34.59 +12.5+2.76]

W = (1.35 x 60.95) + (1.5 x 19.2) =

Def max = 11.83mm @ 18.6m

Long term deflection drawing (Max 11.83mm)<L/D250=20 mm

V max = 339.5kN @ 15.9m

Max shear force, vED= 339.5Kn

M max = -308.7kNm @ 15.9m

Dead Load (kN) Live Load (kN)

Column moments (Ultimate limit state)

Force (kN) No.

Force (kN) No.