Django Reinhardt

Django Reinhardt
Django Reinhardt (1946)

Background information
Birth name Jean Reinhardt
Born 23 January 1910,
Liberchies, Pont--Celles, Belgium
Died 16 May 1953 (aged 43)
Fontainebleau, France
Genres Jazz, Gypsy jazz, bebop, Romani
music
Occupations composer
Instruments Guitar
Years active 192853
Associated
acts
Stphane Grappelli, Quintette du
Hot Club de France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jean-Baptiste
[1]
"Django" Reinhardt
[2]
(French: [do
jnat] or [d
o ent]; 23 January 1910 16 May 1953)

was a French
[3][4]
guitarist and composer of Romani heritage.
[5][6]
Reinhardt is often regarded as one of the greatest guitar
players of all time and was the first important European jazz
musician who made major contributions to the development
of the genre. After his third and fourth fingers were paralyzed
when he suffered burns in a fire, Reinhardt used only the
index and middle fingers of his left hand on his solos and
invented an entirely new style of jazz guitar technique
(sometimes called 'hot' jazz guitar) that has since become a
living musical tradition within French Gypsy culture. With
violinist Stphane Grappelli, he co-founded the Quintette du
Hot Club de France, described by critic Thom Jurek as "one
of the most original bands in the history of recorded jazz."
[7]
Reinhardt's most popular compositions have become jazz
standards, including "Minor Swing", "Daphne", "Belleville",
"Djangology", "Swing '42", and "Nuages".
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 The injury
1.3 Discovery of jazz
1.4 Formation of the quintet
1.5 World War II
1.6 United States tour
1.7 After the quintet
1.8 Final years
2 Family
3 Legacy
4 Reinhardt in popular culture
5 Influence
6 Discography
7 See also
Django Reinhardt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt
1 of 11 8/9/2014 4:21 PM
8 References
9 External links
Early life
Jean "Django" Reinhardt
[2]
was born 23 January 1910 in Liberchies, Pont--Celles, Belgium, into a family of
Manouche Romani descent. His father's name was Jean Eugene Weiss, but he used the alias "Jean-Baptiste
Reinhard" on the birth certificate to hide from French military conscription.
[8]
His mother, Laurence Reinhardt,
was a dancer.
[8]
The birth certificate mentions: Jean Reinhart, son of Jean Baptiste Reinhart, artist, and
Laurence Reinhart, housewife, domiciled in Paris .
[9]
Reinhardt's nickname "Django", in the Romani
language, means "I awake."
[10]
Reinhardt spent most of his youth in Romani encampments close to Paris,
playing banjo, guitar and violin from an early age. His family made cane furniture for a living, but included
several keen amateur musicians.
[11]
Reinhardt was attracted to music at an early age, playing the violin at first. At the age of 12, he received a
banjo-guitar as a gift. He quickly learned to play, mimicking the fingerings of musicians he watched. His first
known recordings, made in 1928, were of him playing the banjo. During this period he was influenced by two
older gypsy musicians, banjoist Gusti Mahla and guitarist Jean "Poulette" Castro. By age 13, Reinhardt was
able to make a living playing music. As a result, he received little formal education and acquired the rudiments
of literacy only in adult life.
[12]
The injury
At age 18 in Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis, Reinhardt was injured in a fire which ravaged the caravan he
shared with Florine "Bella" Mayer, his first wife.
[13]
They were very poor, and to supplement their income Bella
made imitation flowers out of celluloid and paper. Consequently, their home was rich in highly flammable
material. Returning from a performance late one night, Reinhardt apparently knocked over a candle on his way
to bed. While his family and neighbours were quick to pull him to safety, he received first- and second-degree
burns over half his body. His right leg was paralysed and the fourth and fifth fingers of his left hand were badly
burned. Doctors believed that he would never play guitar again and intended to amputate one of his legs.
[14]
Reinhardt refused to have the surgery and left the hospital after a short time; he was able to walk within a year
with the aid of a cane.
His brother Joseph Reinhardt, an accomplished guitarist himself, bought Django a new guitar. With
rehabilitation and practice he relearned his craft in a completely new way, even as his fourth and fifth fingers
remained partially paralysed. He played all of his guitar solos with only two fingers, and used the two injured
digits only for chord work.
[15]
In 1929, Reinhardt's estranged wife Florine gave birth to a son named Henri "Lousson" Reinhardt.
[16]
Discovery of jazz
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Reinhardt and Grappelli
The years between 1929 and 1933 were formative for Reinhardt. One development was his abandonment of the
banjo-guitar in favour of the guitar. He also first heard American jazz during this period, when a man called
Emile Savitry played him a number of records from his collection: he was particularly impressed with Louis
Armstrong, whom he called "my brother".
[17]
Shortly afterwards he made the acquaintance of a young violinist
with very similar musical interestsStphane Grappelli. In the absence of paid work in their radical new music,
the two would jam together, along with a loose circle of other musicians.
[18]
Finally, Reinhardt would acquire
his first Selmer guitar in the mid-1930s. The volume and expressiveness of the instrument were to become an
integral part of his style.
Formation of the quintet
In 1934, Hot Club de France secretary Pierre Nourry invited Reinhardt
and Parisian violinist Stphane Grappelli to form the "Quintette du Hot
Club de France" with Reinhardt's brother Joseph and Roger Chaput on
guitar, and Louis Vola on bass.
[19]
Occasionally Chaput was replaced by
Reinhardt's best friend and fellow Gypsy Pierre "Baro" Ferret. Vocalist
Freddy Taylor participated in a few songs, such as "Georgia on My
Mind" and "Nagasaki". Jean Sablon was the first singer to record with
Django, the pair recording more than 30 songs from 1933. They also
used their guitars for percussive sounds, as they had no true percussion
section. The Quintette du Hot Club de France (in some of its versions at
least) was one of the few well-known jazz ensembles composed only of
stringed instruments.
[20]
In Paris on 14 March 1933, Reinhardt recorded two takes each of
"Parce-que je vous aime" and "Si, j'aime Suzy", vocal numbers with lots
of guitar fills and guitar support, using three guitarists along with an accordion lead, violin, and bass. In August
of the following year recordings were also made with more than one guitar (Joseph Reinhardt, Roger Chaput,
and Django), including the first recording by the Quintette. In both years, it should be noted, the great majority
of their recordings featured a wide variety of horns, often in multiples, piano, and other instruments.
[21]
Nonetheless, the all-string format is the one most often adopted by emulators of the Hot Club sound.
Reinhardt also played and recorded with many American jazz musicians such as Adelaide Hall, Coleman
Hawkins, Benny Carter, Rex Stewart (who later stayed in Paris), and participated in a jam-session and radio
performance with Louis Armstrong. Later in his career he played with Dizzy Gillespie in France. Reinhardt and
the Hot Club of France used the Selmer Maccaferri, the first commercially available guitars with a cutaway and
later with an aluminium-reinforced neck. In 1937, American jazz singer Adelaide Hall opened a nightclub in
Montmartre with her husband Bert Hicks, naming it 'La Grosse Pomme.' She entertained there nightly and hired
the Quintette du Hot Club de France as one of the house bands at the club.
[22][23]
Also in the neighborhood was
the artistic salon R-26, at which Reinhardt and Grappelli performed regularly as they further developed their
unique musical style.
[24]
World War II
When World War II broke out, the original quintet was on tour in the United Kingdom. Reinhardt returned to
Paris at once,
[25]
leaving his wife behind. Grappelli remained in the United Kingdom for the duration of the
war. Reinhardt reformed the quintet, with Hubert Rostaing on clarinet replacing Grappelli's violin. In 1943,
Reinhardt married Sophie "Naguine" Ziegler in Salbris, with whom he had a son, Babik Reinhardt, who became
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Reinhardt and Duke Ellington at the
Aquarium in New York, c. November
1946
a respected guitarist in his own right.
[26]
Reinhardt survived the war unscathed, unlike many Gypsies who perished in the Porajmos, the Nazi regime's
systematic murder of several hundred thousand European Gypsies. He was well aware of the dangers he and his
family faced, and made several unsuccessful attempts to escape occupied France. Part of the explanation of his
survival is that he enjoyed the protection of surreptitiously jazz-loving Germans such as Luftwaffe officer
Dietrich Schulz-Khn, nicknamed "Doktor Jazz".
[27]
Reinhardt's problems were compounded by the fact that the Nazis also officially disapproved of jazz.
[28]
Reinhardt became interested in other musical directions, attempting to write a Mass for the Gypsies and
Symphony (since he could not write music, he would perform improvisations to be notated by an assistant). His
modernist piece Rhythm Futur was intended to be acceptably unjazzlike.
United States tour
After the war, Reinhardt rejoined Grappelli in the UK, and then went on
in the autumn of 1946 to tour the United States debuting at Cleveland
Music Hall
[29]
as a special guest soloist with Duke Ellington and His
Orchestra, playing with many notable musicians and composers such as
Maury Deutsch. At the end of the tour he played two nights at Carnegie
Hall; he received a great ovation and took six curtain calls on the first
night. Despite Reinhardt's great pride in touring with Ellington (one of
his two letters to Grappelli relates this excitement), he was not really
integrated into the band, playing only a few tunes at the end of the show,
backed by Ellington, with no special arrangements written for him. After
the tour he secured an engagement at Caf Society Uptown, where he
played four solos a day, backed by the resident band. These
performances drew large audiences.
[30]
Reinhardt was reportedly given an untuned guitar to play which took
him five minutes to tune. Having failed to take along a Selmer Modle
Jazz, the guitar he made famous, he had to play on a haphazardly
borrowed electric guitar, which failed to bring out the delicacy of his style.
[31]
Django Reinhardt was among the first people in France to appreciate the music of Charlie Parker and Dizzy
Gillespie, whom he sought when he arrived in New York. They were both on tour at the time, however.
He had been promised some jobs in California but these failed to materialize and he tired of waiting. He
returned to France in February 1947.
[32]
After the quintet
After returning to France, Reinhardt spent the remainder of his days re-immersed in Gypsy life, having found it
difficult to adjust to the modern world. He would sometimes show up for concerts without a guitar or amplifier,
or wander off to the park or beach, and on a few occasions he refused even to get out of bed. Reinhardt was
known by his band, fans, and managers to be extremely unpredictable. He would often skip sold-out concerts to
simply "walk to the beach" or "smell the dew".
[33]
During this period he did, however, continue to attend the
R-26 artistic salon in Montmartre, improvising with his devoted collaborator, Stphane Grappelli.
[34][35]
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Plaque commemorating Reinhardt at
Samois-sur-Seine.
In Rome in 1949, Reinhardt recruited three Italian jazz players (on bass, piano, and snare drum) and recorded
his final (double) album, "Djangology". He was once again united with Grappelli, and returned to his acoustic
Selmer-Maccaferri. The recording was discovered and issued for the first time in the late 1950s.
[36]
Final years
In 1951, he retired to Samois-sur-Seine, near Fontainebleau, where he
lived until his death. He continued to play in Paris jazz clubs and began
playing electric guitar (often a Selmer fitted with an electric pickup),
despite his initial hesitation towards the instrument. His final recordings
made with his "Nouvelle Quintette" in the last few months of his life
show him moving in a new musical direction; he had assimilated the
vocabulary of bebop and fused it with his own melodic style.
[37]
While walking from the Avon railway station after playing in a Paris
club he collapsed outside his house from a brain hemorrhage.
[38]
It was
a Saturday and it took a full day for a doctor to arrive,
[39]
and Reinhardt
was declared dead on arrival at the hospital in Fontainebleau at the age
of 43.
Reinhardt's second son, Babik, was a guitarist in the contemporary jazz style. His first son, Lousson, was more
of a traditionalist, but followed the Romani lifestyle and rarely performed in public. Reinhardt's brother Joseph
had initially sworn to abandon music on hearing of Django's death, but was persuaded to start performing and
recording again. Joseph's son Markus is a gypsy violinist. There is now a third generation of direct descendants:
Reinhardt's grandson (by his son Babik), David Reinhardt, leads his own trio; his grandson by Lousson, Dallas
Baumgartner, is a guitarist who follows in his father's footsteps by traveling and keeping a low public profile.
Django had a cousin, Schnuckenack Reinhardt,
[40]
who was a violinist. Schnuckenack lived in Germany, and
the two never met. Many of his descendants are also involved in gypsy music, such as his grandson Lulo
Reinhardt.
For about a decade after Reinhardt's death, interest in his musical style was minimal, with the fifties seeing
bebop superseding swing in jazz, the rise of rock and roll, and electric instruments taking over from acoustic
ones in popular music. Reinhardt's friends and sidemen Pierre Ferret and his brothers continued to perform their
own version of gypsy swing.
There was a revival of interest in Reinhardt's music from the mid sixties, with acoustic music having become
popular through the folk movement. Several of Reinhardt's near-contemporaries recorded for the first time in
the sixties and seventies, for instance Paul "Tchan Tchou" Vidal
In 1973 Stphane Grappelli formed a successful Quintette-style band with British guitarists Diz Disley and
Denny Wright. Grappelli would go on to form many other musical partnerships, including John Etheridge,
Nigel Kennedy and David Grisman. He was also to acquire his own emulators, for instance Dutch violinist Tim
Kliphuis.
5 of 11 8/9/2014 4:21 PM
New generations began to emerge, for instance, Jimmy and Stochelo Rosenberg, Paulus Schfer and their
relatives from the Netherlands. Another musical clan is the Reinhardt brothers and cousins from Germany,
distant relatives of Reinhardt's. Boulou Ferr, son of "Matelot" Ferret, was a child prodigy who entered the Paris
Conservatoire at the age of 13, and studied under Olivier Messiaen. He continues to perform, with his brother
Elios, and can mix bebop and even classical music with gypsy swing. Birli Lagrne and Angelo Debarre were
other prodigies.
Most of the above-mentioned are Roma who learned music by the 'gypsy method', involving intense practice,
direct imitation of older musicians (often family members) and playing by ear, with little formal musical study.
Since about the late 1970s, study materials of a more conventional kind such as workshops, books and videos
have become available, allowing musicians worldwide to master the style.
An early non-Roma gypsy-style guitarist was Ren Didi Duprat (b. 1926). Contemporary ones include John
Jorgenson, Jon Larsen (and his Hot Club de Norvge, established 1979), Joscho Stephan, Andreas berg, Frank
Vignola, George Cole, Stephane Wrembel and Reynold Philipsek. Their music is sometimes jokingly referred to
as "Gadjo jazz", where Gadjo is the Romani term for a non-Romani. Young players such as Adrien Moignard
and Gwenole Cahue represent the rising generation. Another sign of the rising popularity of gypsy jazz is the
increasing number of festivals, such as the Samois-sur-Seine festival (started about 1980), and the various
DjangoFests held in the USA.
Reinhardt has been portrayed in several films, such as in the opening sequence of the 2003 animated film Les
Triplettes de Belleville. Reinhardt's legacy dominates in Woody Allen's 1999 Sweet and Lowdown. This spoof
biopic focuses on fictional American guitarist Emmet Ray's obsession with Reinhardt, with soundtrack
featuring Howard Alden.
[41]
He is also portrayed by guitarist John Jorgenson in the movie Head in the Clouds.
Reinhardt is the idol of the character Arvid in the movie Swing Kids, where the character's left hand is smashed
by a member of the Hitler Jugend, but is inspired by Reinhardt's example to keep playing. Similarly, in real life,
Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi suffered an industrial accident at 17, where the tips of his right middle and
ring fingers were amputated on the last day of his job at a sheet metal factory. His boss, in an effort to
encourage Iommi to follow his dream of being a professional guitarist, played a Django Reinhardt record for
him for inspiration.
[42]
Reinhardt's music has been used in the soundtrack of many films, including in The Matrix; Rhythm Futur,
Daltry Calhoun, Metroland, Chocolat, The Aviator, Alex and the Gypsy, Kate and Leopold and Gattaca; the
score for Louis Malle's 1974 movie, Lacombe Lucien; the background for the Steve Martin movie L.A. Story;
and the background for a number of Woody Allen movies, including Stardust Memories. Reinhardt's music has
also been featured in the soundtracks of several video games, such as the 2002 game Mafia: The City of Lost
Heaven, Mafia II
[43]
and several times in the 2007 game BioShock.
Notably, not only was Reinhardt's music used in the 1978 film King of the Gypsies (film), his long-time friend
and violinist Stphane Grappelli appeared in the film in a cameo performing as part of one of the gypsy bands.
In the Martin Scorsese film, Hugo, 2011, a character who appears to be, and is credited as, Reinhardt plays
guitar in a combo in the station caf.
Reinhardt has been the subject of several songs, most notably "Django" (1954), a gypsy-flavoured piece that
jazz pianist John Lewis of the Modern Jazz Quartet wrote in honour of Reinhardt; numerous versions of the
song have been recorded, including one on the 1973 Lindsey Buckingham/Stevie Nicks self-titled debut album;
6 of 11 8/9/2014 4:21 PM
it also appears on Joe Bonamassa's 2006 LP You & Me. "Tango For Django", a track on Robbie Robertson's
album How To Become Clairvoyant, is a tribute.
Reinhardt was the inspiration for a Harlan Ellison short story, "Django", which appears in the short story
collections "Shatterday" and "Dreams With Sharp Teeth".
In 2010 the French and Belgian Google homepages displayed a logo commemorating the centenary of his
birthday on 23 January 2010.
The Django web framework is named after him, as is version 3.1 of the blog software WordPress.
[44]
The Belgian government issued a commemorative coin in 92.5% sterling silver in 2010 coinciding with his
100th birth anniversary. It is a silver 10 Euro coin with a color image of Django Reinhardt on the reverse
side.
[45]
Many guitar players, and musicians, have expressed admiration for Django Reinhardt, or have cited him as a
major influence. Jeff Beck has described Reinhardt as "By far the most astonishing guitar player ever..." and
"...quite superhuman..."
[46]
Grateful Dead's Jerry Garcia and Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi, both of whom lost fingers in accidents, were
particularly inspired by Reinhardt's ability to become an accomplished guitar player/musician, despite the
diminished use of his own permanently injured hand following an accident. Jerry Garcia as quoted in June 1985
in Frets Magazine ; "His technique is awesome! Even today, nobody has really come to the state that he was
playing at. As good as players are, they havent gotten to where he is. Theres a lot of guys that play fast and a
lot of guys that play clean, and the guitar has come a long way as far as speed and clarity go, but nobody plays
with the whole fullness of expression that Django has. I mean, the combination of incredible speed all the
speed you could possibly want but also the thing of every note have a specific personality. You dont hear it. I
really havent heard it anywhere but with Django".
Songs written in Reinhardt's honour include "Django," an instrumental guitar piece by renowned blues-rock
guitarist Joe Bonamassa. The piece was influenced by the violin introduction of "Vous et Moi" (Blues et Mineur
1942, Brussels) where Reinhardt himself played the violin. Vous et Moi (You and Me) became the title of
Bonamassa's sixth album where the track first appeared in 2006. Slightly longer live versions appear on
LIVE...From Nowhere in Particular (2009), and in DVD from 4 May concert at Royal Albert Hall. "Django,"
composed by John Lewis, which has become a jazz standard performed by musicians such as Miles Davis. The
Modern Jazz Quartet titled one of their albums Django in honour of him. The Allman Brothers Band song
"Jessica" was written by Dickey Betts in tribute to Reinhardt he wanted to write a song that could be played
using only two fingers. Composer Jon Larsen has composed several crossover concerts featuring Reinhardt-
inspired music together with symphonic arrangements, most famous are "White Night Stories" (2002) and
"Vertavo" (1996).
Cuban composer and guitarist Leo Brouwer composed Variations on a Theme of Django Reinhardt for solo
guitar (1984). It is based on Nuages, by Reinhardt.
In 2005, Django Reinhardt took 66th place in the election of The Greatest Belgian (De Grootste Belg) in
Flanders and 76th place in the Walloon version of the same competition Le plus grand Belge.
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Each year the village of Liberchies where Django was born celebrate a festival.
[47]
1945 Paris 1945
1947 Ellingtonia with the Rex Stewart Band Dial 215
1949 Djangology
1951 Django Reinhardt and the Hot Club Quintet
1951 At Club St. Germain
1953 Django Reinhardt et Ses Rythmes
1954 The Great Artistry of Django Reinhardt
1955 Django's Guitar
1959 Django Reinhardt and His Rhythm
1980 Routes to Django Reinhardt
1991 Django Reinhardt - Pche la Mouche: The Great Blue Star Sessions 1947/1953
1996 Imagine
1997 Django Reinhardt: Nuages with Coleman Hawkins
1998 The Complete Django Reinhardt HMV Sessions
2000 The Classic Early Recordings in Chronological Order (5 CD boxed set)
2001 All Star Sessions
2001 Jazz in Paris: Swing 39
2002 Djangology (remastered - recorded in 1948, and remastered and released by Bluebird Records)
2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuages
2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuits de Saint-Germain des-Prs
2004 Le Gnie Vagabond
2005 Djangology (re-release, Bluebird)
2008 Django on the Radio (radio broadcasts, 19451953)
At least eight compilations have also been released.
List of Belgian bands and artists
List of Belgian musicians and singers
Golden Django
Django Liberchies festival
Django Reinhardt Jazz Festival
Jazz manouche
Gypsy Jazz
List of Roma, Sinti and Mixed People
Oscar Alemn
R-26
Sinti
Vernon Story
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List of compositions by Django Reinhardt
Jean Sablon
Django, a film about a gunslinger with crushed
fingers
^ "The Chase". 8 July 2014. ITV1. 1.
^
a

b
His official forename was not "Jean-Baptiste" as often cited. The name on his birth certificate is "Reinhardt,
Jean". His biographer Michael Dregni states that "Jean Reinhardt" is the name used on all official documents. Dregni,
Michael (2004). Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press. pp. 45.
ISBN 0-19-516752-X.
2.
^ He's born in Belgium from a French gypsy family.Balen, Nol (2003). Django Reinhart : Le Gnie vagabond.
ISBN 978-2268045610.
3.
^ Dregni, Michael (2004). Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend
(http://books.google.ie/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA300&dq=%22Django+was+issued+a+typical+tourist%22&
hl=en&sa=X&ei=aADTUqukBYSf7gbS2IDQCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&
q=%22Django%20was%20issued%20a%20typical%20tourist%22&f=false). Oxford University Press. p. 200.
ISBN 9780198037439. "Django's French passport #00132 was issued American visa #PV 2439"
4.
^ Balen, Nol (2003). Django Reinhart : Le Gnie vagabond. ISBN 978-2268045610. 5.
^ Dregni, Michael (2004). Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend (http://books.google.ie
/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA300&dq=%22Django+was+issued+a+typical+tourist%22&hl=en&
sa=X&ei=aADTUqukBYSf7gbS2IDQCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&
q=%22Django%20was%20issued%20a%20typical%20tourist%22&f=false). Oxford University Press. p. 200.
ISBN 9780198037439. "Django's French passport #00132 was issued American visa #PV 2439"
6.
^ Jurek, Thom. Allmusic. "The Hot Jazz: Le Hot Club De France, Vols. 1-4" (http://www.allmusic.com/album
/the-hot-jazz-le-hot-club-de-france-vols-1-4-r531911/review). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
7.
^
a

b
"Django Reinhardt And The Illustrated History Of Gypsy Jazz" (http://www.allaboutjazz.com
/php/article.php?id=25499). All About Jazz. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
8.
^ "Official birth certificate of Jean Reinhardt" (http://www.djangostation.com/IMG/jpg/NaissanceDjango2.jpg).
Django Station. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
9.
^ Dregni, Michael (2004). Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press. pp. 1, 5.
ISBN 0-19-516752-X.
10.
^ Delaunay, Charles (1961). Django Reinhardt. Da Capo Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-306-80171-X. 11.
^ Marty, Pierre (2005). Django ressuscit : contribution l'tude d'une auto-rducation fonctionnelle en 1928.
Copdit. ISBN 2906030910.
13.
^ Delaunay, Charles (1961). Django Reinhardt. Da Capo Press. pp. 4344. ISBN 0-306-80171-X. 14.
^ "Lousson Reinhardt" (http://www.hotclub.co.uk/gypsyworld/index.php?title=Lousson_Reinhardt). Gypsy Jazz
Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
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^ Dregni, Michael (2006). Django Reinhardt and the Illustrated History of Gypsy Jazz. Speck Press. pp. 4559.
ISBN 978-1-933108-10-0.
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^ Rousseau, Franois. Django Monteal. "Welcome" (http://www.djangomontreal.com/Django_Montreal
/Welcome.html). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
21.
^ "Midnight in Paris, Performer Adelaide Hall and her husband/manager" (http://midniteinparis.tumblr.com
/post/9935090286/performer-adelaide-hall-and-her-husband-manager). Midniteinparis.tumblr.com. 7 September
2011. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
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^ [1] (http://www.paulvernonchester.com/DjangoHaunts.htm) 23.
^ Tranchant, Jean: La Grande Roue; ditions de la Table Ronde, Paris, 1969. 24.
^ Sharp, Fred. The Django Reinhardt Swing Page. "Babik Reinhardt" (http://www.hotclub.co.uk/html/babik.html).
Retrieved 30 November 2011.
26.
^ Kington, Miles. BBC. "Playing a Dangerous Game: Django, Jazz and the Nazis" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4
/factual/djangoreinhardt.shtml). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
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^ Fackler, Guido. Music and the Holocaust. "Jazz Under the Nazis" (http://holocaustmusic.ort.org/politics-
and-propaganda/third-reich/jazz-under-the-nazis/). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
28.
^ Django Reinhardt at the Music Hall (http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/525). Cleveland Historical.
Retrieved 7 August 2013.
29.
^ Tranchant, Jean: pg. 116, La Grande Roue; ditions de la Table Ronde, Paris, 1969. 34.
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Paris. 6 October 2012.
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^ Chester, Paul Vernon. Manouche Maestro. "Django in Rome: The 1949-50 Sessions"
(http://www.paulvernonchester.com/DjangoInRome.htm). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
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^ Givan, Benjamin (2010). The Music of Django Reinhardt. University of Michigan Press. pp. 15894.
ISBN 978-0-472-03408-6.
37.
^ Schnuckenack Reinhardt (German language) 40.
^ Davis, Francis (5 December 1999). "Faithful to the Love of His Life: Hot 30's Jazz" (http://www.nytimes.com
/1999/12/05/arts/film-faithful-to-the-love-of-his-life-hot-30-s-jazz.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm). The New York
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Django Reinhardt (1946)

o ent]; 23 January 1910 16 May 1953)

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