MS3 WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE

3.00 CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU

General Certificate of E!cation T"#t"#$rif A"#$ G"ffreinol
Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Uwch Gyfrannol/Uwch
MAR%ING SCHEMES
SUMMER 2007
BIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
The marking schemes which follow were those used by the WJEC for the Summer 2007
examination in CE !"#$#%& They were finalised after detailed discussion at examiners'
conferences by all the examiners in(ol(ed in the assessment& The conferences were held
shortly after the )a)ers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of
candidates' res)onses* with )hotoco)ied scri)ts forming the basis of discussion& The aim of
the conferences was to ensure that the marking schemes were inter)reted and a))lied in the
same way by all examiners&
"t is ho)ed that this information will be of assistance to centres but it is recognised at the
same time that* without the benefit of )artici)ation in the examiners' conferences* teachers
may ha(e different (iews on certain matters of detail or inter)retation&
The WJEC regrets that it cannot enter into any discussion or corres)ondence about these
marking schemes&
AS MODULE B!
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
./ amylose+ ,7-
al)ha.+
glycosidic+
water./
2
#+
beta.+
hydrogen./+
microfibrils+
0/ 0a1 2+ ,3-
4+
C+
+
/+
0b1 50 60+ 071
2 8+ 071
,2-
0c1 )roduction of ha)loid gametes+
0not9 half 2:;. half number of chromosomes1
so di)loid number regained 0in <ygote1+
allows (ariation+
0not9 genetically different1
by crossing o(er.chiasmata formation+
random assortment+
=ax ,6-
Total 1.23
7
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
4/ 0a1 0i1 )rotein+ ,7-
0ii1 correct )art labelled.circled+ ,7-
0iii1 com)lementary sha)e to glucose. similar sha)e to
substrate and acti(e site+
substrate.glucose will fit into.binds with 0acti(e site1.
en<yme+
0not9 com)etes1
can form en<yme substrate com)lex+
glucose can't fit anywhere else+ =ax ,2-
0b1 com)lementary.similar sha)e to acti(e site+
0not9 ref& to substrate1
enters acti(e site. occu)ies acti(e site+
blocks acti(e site+
0not9 com)etes. >oins acti(e site1
no glucose can enter+
less. no en<yme substrate com)lex formed. fewer )roducts
formed+
glucose not metabolised.no )roducts formed. metabolised more
slowly+
com)etiti(e inhibitor+ =ax ,8-
0c1 ethanol acts as inhibitor+
com)etiti(e+
meths can't be con(erted to formaldehyde.con(erted more slowly+
no.reduced toxic effects =ax ,6-
Total 1..3
2
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
5/ 0a1 cell wall ?+ ,5-
(acuole ? ?+
nuc mem ? +
chloro)lasts ? ?+
mesosomes ? ?+
mitochondria ? +
0b1 0i1 collection.number.many similar cells+ ,2-
working together.carrying out a function+
0ii1 yes because many cells+ =ax ,2-
identical in structure+
working together to mo(e.raise forearm+
no because other tissues.blood (essels.ner(es. connecti(e
tissue )resent+
therefore is an organ+
Total 1.23
6/ 0a1 0i1 cyto)lasm.rough endo)lasmic reticulum+ ,7-
0ii1 ribosome+ ,6-
)rotein+
0not9 amino acid1
ribosomal.r@:;+
0iii1 transfer.t@:;+
messenger.m@:;+ ,2-
0b1 0i1 )e)tide bond formed+ =ax ,6-
amine grou) linked to carboxyl grou)+
molecule of water eliminated+
condensation reaction+
0)oints two and three can be shown on labelled diagram1
0ii1 ;TA.en<yme+ ,7-
0c1 0i1 mutation+ ,7-
0ii1 different base seBuence.codon changes seBuence of
m@:;+
incorrect.wrong.different amino acid )resented+
0changed amino acid seBuence1 leads to changed )rotein+
changed function+ =ax ,2-
0iii1 cystic fibrosis.sickle cell anaemia.haemo)hilia.huntingC
tons+
0not9 cancer1
,7-
Total 1.53
6
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
7/ 0a1 2:;. )lasmid cut o)en+ =ax ,8-
at certain base seBuences+
generating blunt.sticky ends+
use of restriction 0endonuclease1. en<yme+
which must be the same+
0b1 only those bacteria that take u) the )lasmid are resistant+ =ax ,2-
those grow+
others die+
0c1 )roduced in larger Buantities. faster rate+ =ax ,2-
no allergic reactions+
identical to human insulin+
ethical reasons e&g& animal welfare. religious reasons. transfer of
)rions+
0not9 disease1
Total 183
9/ 0a1 ; )rimary* secondary* tertiary and Buaternary+ ,70-
! )rimary is number. seBuence of amino acids+
C linked by )e)tide bonds+
2 secondary is al)ha helix+
E beta )leated sheet+
4 linked by hydrogen bonds+
fibrous )rotein+
/ tertiary is folding of chains+
"CJ disul)hide bridges
ionic bonds
hydro)hobic bonds+
D between @ grou)s+
$ forming s)ecific.62 sha)e.globular+
= named exam)le.en<yme+
: Buaternary is linking of two or more )oly)e)tide chains+
# e&g& haemoglobin.chloro)hyll+
8
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
9/ 0b1 ; diffusion+ ,70-
! high to low concentration.down a conc& gradient+
C )assi(e )rocess.no energy.;TA in(ol(ed+
2 facilitated diffusion+
E reBuires use of carrier.channel )rotein.molecule+
0not9 intrinsic1
4 osmosis
mo(ement of water from high to low water )otential+
0not9 water concentration1
/ acti(e trans)ort+
" ;TA de)endent+
J against.u) a concentration gradient+
D )rotein carriers in membrane reBuired+
$ endo.exocytosis.bulk trans)ort+
= acti(e.energy ;TA de)endent )rocess+
: )inocytosis liBuid.)hagocytosis solid+
# in(ol(es breakage of membrane.in(agination+
0not9 )inching off1
3
AS MODULE B2
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
./ 0a1 ?ylem
0b1 =ass flow hy)othesis
0c1 :itrates 0not9 nitrogen.formula1
0d1 Counterflow.countercurrent
0e1 Tissue fluid Total 6
0/ 0a1 0i1 Aotometer 7
0ii1 0rate of1 water u)take by the shoot.(olume of water taken
u)
7
0iii1 mo(ement of bubble indicates (olume of water 0taken u)
by the shoot1
7
0b1 0i1 cut shoot under water+ 7
kee) lea(es dry+ 7
set u) a))aratus under water.full of water 7
make sure >oints are airtight =ax& 2
0ii1 to return bubble to <ero.starting )oint 7
0c1 use a fan at different air s)eeds for air currents+
allow )lant to acclimatise+
measure distance bubble mo(es+
in a s)ecific time+
@e)eat and calculate means =ax 6
Total :
5
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
4/ 0a1 ; :itrogen fixation 7
! 2ecay.)utrefaction.decom)osition 7
C :itrification
0Aenalty if bacteria mentioned1
7
0b1 Stimulates )lant growth.algal bloom+
Which then die )lus the reason 0lack of light.nutrient de)letion1+
2ecom)osition by bacteria+
Which increase in number+
#
2
le(el decreases because #
2
used by bacteria.higher
!#2.res)iration+
2eath of fish.in(ertebrates 0in context of )re(ious )oint1
=ax& 8
Total 9
7
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
5/ 0a1 0i1 Symmetrical and correct way u) 7
$abels correct using names in table 7
Correct )ro)ortions 7
0ii1 not all of organism eaten+
dead organisms not eaten+
loss of undigested material+
loss of C#
2
.res)iration.loss of heat+
$oss as urine.urea.excretion =ax& 2
0b1 2ead organisms may not be collected.only li(ing organisms
collected+
@oots.)art of organisms not collected+
:ot re)resentati(e areas sam)les+
Time of collection.seasonal (ariation+
Eariable water content unless dried.dry biomass+
;nimals may be at more than one tro)hic le(el& =ax& 2
0c1 @eflected+
$ight )asses through leaf.does not get absorbed by a chloro)last+
Con(erted to heat energy+
Some wa(elengths not absorbed by )lant )igments.eB&
0not9 ref& to short wa(elengths+ not all hits the )lant1
=ax& 2
Total :
F
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
6/
Inspiration Expiration
External intercostal
Muscles
Contracted @elaxed
Movement of ribcage G) and outwards 2own and inwards
diaphragm Contracts 0flattens1 @elaxes 0dome sha)ed1
Volume of thorax "ncreases.high 2ecreases.less
Pressure in thorax 2ecreases.less "ncreases.high
Direction of movement of
air
"n 0to lungs1 #ut 0of lungs1
#ne mark )er row& 5
0b1 0i1 ; H !
00800 x 81 x 6 H18*F00 c;
3
7
0ii1 C H 2
007000 x 701 x 6 I 160*000 c;
3
7
No !nit# < . ;ar+ onl" if -ot= an#'er# correct/
0c1 "ncreases number of breaths )er minute.unit time in %& 7
"ncreased (olume of each breath in % 7
;ny use of figures 7
e&g& "ncrease in breaths from 8 to 70 0in 20 secs1.eB in %
"ncrease in (olume from 800 to 7000cm
6
in %
3 secs )er breath in ?* 2 secs )er breath in %
0com)arison reBuired1
0d1 Eol breathed in.out )er breath would be less
Time taken for each breath would be longer =ax& 7
Total .0
J
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
7/ 0a1 0i1 2ays 23 H 60 7
0ii1 "ncrease in.high )redator numbers+
"ncreased )redation 0by higher )redator )o)ulation1
0not9 ref& to carrying ca)acity1
7
0b1 0i1 02ecrease due to lack of )rey
0not9 food1
7
0ii1 0"ncrease1 due to lack of )redators 7
0c1 0i1 ;dd more )redatory mites 0at inter(als1 7
0ii1 =aintain Aredator numbers or descri)tion 0linked marks1 7
0d1 S)ecific 0to one )est1+
$ong term+
2oes not de(elo) resistance+
:o en(ironmental damage.ref& to insecticide damage.no
bioaccumulation&
0not9 not using harmful chemicals1
=ax& 7
Total 9
70
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
9/ 0a1 ; ;granulocyte.lym)hocyte.monocyte 7
! ranulocyte.)hagocyte.neutro)hil 7
4or A an B if W!C's.$eucocytes #:E =;@D #:$%
C Erythrocytes.@ed cor)uscles.red blood cells 7
0b1 !i conca(e disc increases S;9 0Eol1 for #
2
u)take+
0not9 flattened1
:o nucleus lea(es more s)ace for /b+
Contains /b which has an affinity for.combines with #
2
+
4lexible sha)e.elastic membrane allows cells to sBuee<e through
ca)illaries& =ax& 2
0c1 0i1 ;s #
2
)) decreases going into tissues more #
2
is
released.dissociated& 7
0ii1 /! fully saturated at relati(ely low )) 7
0d1 0i1 Cur(ed line drawn to the @/S of human /b 7
0ii1 !ohr 0effect1 0correct s)elling1 7
0e1 0i1 reater affinity for #
2

0at lower ))1.more readily combines
0not9 ref to time.)icks u)1
7
0ii1 $ow #
2
conditions.))

#
2
7
Total ..
77
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
8/ 0a1 ;& /eart muscle is myogenic.contraction is initiated from
within the muscle itself
0not9 heart1
!& "nitiated at the S;:.)acemaker&
C& Wa(e of 0de)olarisaton.im)ulses.excitation1 )ass o(er atria
walls causing contraction of atria&
2& Cannot )ass to (entricles because of layer of 0nonC
conducti(e.insulati(e1 tissue.collagen fibres&
E& 0@ight left1 both atria contract simultaneously.eB&
4& 2e)olarisaton.im)ulses con(erges on.arri(es at the ;E:&
& =ention of delay&
/& So that atria contract before (entricles&
"& 2e)olarisation )asses down se)tum walls&
J& Through Aurkyne.Aurkin>e tissues.!undles of /is&
D& To a)ex of heart&
$& 2e)olarisaton )asses u)wards through (entricle
walls.muscle&
=& So heart contracts from a)ex u)wards&
:& So )ushing blood into the arteries.A;.;orta&
#& Some mention of ner(ous su))ly to heart.mention of effect
of adrenaline&
.2 ;ar+# fro; t=e a,aila-le .6
72
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
0b1 ;& Aores in the leaf e)idermis* bordered by guard cells
!& "nner wall thicker than outer
C& Aresence of chloro)lasts
2& 04ully labelled1 reasonable diagram
E& C change sha)e to allow o)ening and closing.labelled
diagrams
4& ;llow gas exchange
& Control loss of water (a)our from leaf
/& O*enin$ I D
K
)um) acti(ely trans)orts D
K
ions into C
0not9 ref& stomata1
"& AS causes C#
2
le(els to fall.)/ rises
J& and 0en<yme catalyses1 the con(ersion of starch to malate
D& D
K
and malate ions.solutes accumulate in C
$& L cell is lowered 0i&e& ref water )otential1
=& Water flows 0into C1 by osmosis.down WA gradient
:& C becomes turgid
#& "nner walls mo(e a)art.)ore o)ens 0because outer walls are
thinner than inner1
0=ax& J if no diagram1 .2 ;ar+# fro; t=e a,aila-le .6
76
AS MODULE B"
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
./ 0a1 suitable tem)+ suitable )/+ nutrient source+ water+ oxygen
0not9 warmth.air1
,7-
;ny t=ree of abo(e
0b1 Sha)e of Cells C drawn :ame of rou)
round
Coccus.cocci
rod
!acillus.bacilli
7 mark )er column but must match hori<ontally&
0c1 0i1 ram 0stain1 ,7-
0ii1
Cell
Colo!r after
#tainin$
>o#iti,e or
ne$ati,e
A (iolet )ositi(e
B )ink negati(e
Correct colours ,7-
Correct grou)s ,7-
0iii1 Arotein ,7-
$i)o)olysaccharide ,7-
Total ;ar+# 183
78
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
0/ 0a1 0i1 7& ingestion MMMMM& 2& digestion MMMMMM ,2-
6& absor)tion MMMM&& 8& egestion MMMMMM
8 correct
6 correct C 7 mark
0ii1 The breakdown of large* insoluble molecules into small
soluble ones
,7-
0b1 En?";e S!-#trate >ro!ct# Si#e of
secre#ion
)e)sin
)rotein.
)oly)e)tide
)e)tides
stomach.
gastric )its
)e)tidases )e)tides
amino acids
Aancreas.
small
intestine
li)ase li)ids fatty acids
and
glycerol
)ancreas
0sali(ary1
amylase starch.amylose
maltose sali(ary
gland
7 mark for each correct row ,8-
0c1 0i1 2rawing showing brush border labelled ,7-
2rawing showing goblet labelled ,7-
0ii1 Correct function of brush border cell ,7-
Correct function of goblet cell ,7-
0iii1 =icro(illi.brush borderClarge surface area.mitochondriaC
for acti(e trans)ort.'goblet' to store mucus.any feature of
secretion* e&g& (esicles
,7-
Total ;ar+# 1.03
73
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
4/ 0a1 0i1 Chloro)hyll a+ chloro)hyll b+ xantho)hyll* carotene*
carotenoid
,7-
;ny t=ree of abo(e
0ii1 ;llows light of different wa(elengths to be absorbed ,7-
0b1 0i1 @ate of )hotosynthesis+ ,7-
at different wa(elengths ,7-
0ii1 ;xis correctly labelled* C rate of )hotosynthesis ,7-
$ine drawn to show )eaks that coincide ,7-
0iii1 The wa(elengths of light most absorbed are the
wa(elengths used in the biochemical reactions owtte&
,7-
0c1 0i1 )hotosystems ,7-
0ii1 )hotolysis ,7-
0iii1 ? C :;2A ,7-
% C water ,7-
N C oxygen ,7-
0i(1 ) C electrons ,7-
B C )rotons ,7-
0(1 ;cce)ting or donating electrons ,7-
0(i1 ?/
2
.:;2A/
2
,7-
0(ii1 Source of reducing )ower.to reduce C#
2
.adding hydrogen
to A; 0to form ;$A1&
,7-
Total ;ar+# 1.93
75
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
5/ 0a1 0i1 ;TA.adenosine tri)hos)late ,7-
0ii1 Aurine base correctly circled on diagram ,7-
0iii1 ;2A.adenosine di)hos)hate ;:2 )hos)hate ,7-
0i(1 "t occurs in all cells. all organisms. all metabolic reactions ,7-
0b1 0i1 ; C intermembrane s)ace ,7-
! C matrix ,7-
0ii1 lycolysis.$ink reaction.Dreb's cycle ,7-
;ny two C 7 mark each ,7-
0iii1 A C )um) )rotons from matrix into intermembrace
s)ace.ref& acti(e trans)ort
,7-
C C carry electrons 0from )um) to )um)1. electron
trans)ort
,7-
0i(1 Aro(ide energy for )um)s ,7-
0(1 ;TA synthetase.synthase 0acce)t ;TA ase1
0not9 stalked )articles1
,7-
0(i1 con(erts ;2A0KAi1 to ;TA+ ,7-
Gsing energy from )rotons mo(ing down
0electrochemical1 gradient
chemiosmosis Bualified
,7-
Total Mar+# 1.53
6/ 0a1 0i1 " C humoral ,7-
"" C cell mediated ,7-
0ii1 ? C ! lym)hocyte.cell ,7-
% C T lym)hocyte.cell ,7-
0iii1 !one marrow ,7-
0i(1 =emory cell ,7-
Aroliferate.)roduce antibodies 0immediately1 on next
contact with the s)ecific antigen. )athogen
,7-
0(1 /el)er 0cell1* killer 0cell1* su))ressor 0cell1* memory 0cell1 ,2-
;ny 6 of abo(e for 2 marks 02 for 7 mark1
0not9 abbre(iations1
0(i1 Stimulate )roduction of ! cells.cytotoxicity.Switch off
cell mediated res)onse at end of immune
res)onse.)roliferate on next contact. destroy )athogens by
lysis
,7-
77
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
0b1 0i1 T cells.lym)hocytes multi)ly in res)onse to )resence of
(irus. antigen. )art of )rimary res)onse
0not9 )rimary res)onse unBual1
,7-
0ii1 Eirus )articles are inside T cells.T cells destroy (irus )articles
0not9 ref& to antibodies1
,7-
0iii1 They do not ha(e enough T cells to defend against
)athogens& owtte
0not9 immune system weakened1
,7-
0c1 The antibodies raised in the immunisation will also attack human
cells. cell membranes&
,7-
Total ;ar+# 1.53
7F
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
7/ 0a1 ;& ;ll materials are added at start.not during the )rocess+ ,7-
!& Sterile a))aratus+ ,7-
C& Aure 0culture1 of Penicillium (notatum); ,7-
2& Sterile nutrient medium+ ,7-
E& ;eration method.oxygen for res)iration+ ,7-
4& )/ ad>ustment.buffer+ ,7-
& 4ilters for introduction of sterile air.oxygen+ ,7-
/& =ethod of mixing Bualified+ ,7-
"& Water >acket to control tem)erature.Bualified+ ,7-
J& ;llow growth )hase to take )lace.lucose is de)leted
during growth )hase+
,7-
D& Aenicillin is secondary metabolite+ ,7-
$& Aenicillin is )roduced.har(est after growth )hase. during
stationary )hase. after nutrient de)letion+
,7-
=& 4ilter culture fluid. se)arate fungus+ ,7-
:& Aurify filtrate.chemically modify antibiotic+ ,7-
#& ;EA e&g& )enicillin )roduction in nature )ossibly to reduce
com)etition. com)arison with continuous culture&
,7-
=aximum 70 from 73 a(ailable&
0b1 ;& Aarasite in sali(ary gland of mosBuito. ref& to sali(a+ ,7-
!& Aasses into blood stream when mosBuito bites+ ,7-
C& "n(ades li(er cells+ ,7-
2& "n(ades red blood cells+ ,7-
E& Taken in when mosBuito feeds+ ,7-
4& Aasses to sali(ary gland of mosBuito+ ,7-
& Are(ent adult biting+ ,7-
/& :ets.clothing.re)ellants+ ,7-
"& Control mosBuito )o)ulation+ ,7-
J& "nsecticide Bualified.22T to kill adults or lar(ae+ ,7-
D& 2rain.co(er standing water to )re(ent egg laying.lar(ae
de(elo)ing+
,7-
$& S)ray oil.detergent on water to drown lar(ae+ ,7-
=& 4ish to eat.bacteria to infect lar(ae.biological control+ ,7-
:& Sterilisation.infertile males to )re(ent re)roduction+ ,7-
#& Correct reference to difficulty of treating.(accinating in
order to reduce )ool of infected humans. ref& to
)ro)hylaxis
,7-
=aximum 70 from 73 a(ailable&
Total ;ar+# 1.23
7J
AS MODULE B$
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
./ 0a1 0i1 ; I Aetals acce)t Corolla
! I Stigma
C I ;nther 0not 9 )ollen.stamen1
2 I Se)als acce)t calyx 0not 9 bract1
E I #(ary 0not 9 car)el.o(ule1 ,3-
0ii1 $arge )etals+
Stamens.anther.stigma inside flower+
0not 9 high stigma1
car)el inside flower+
nectary+
,=ax 2-
0b1 0i1 0rowth1 organised.controlled by tube nucleus+
En<ymes released+
2igest )ath.tissue+
:utrients.)roducts absorbed and used for growth+
Aositi(ely chemotro)ic.negati(ely aerotro)ic
,=ax 6-
0ii1 =icro)yle ,7-
0iii1 7 mark for each& ;cc& $etter or name )re or )ost
fertilisation&
,8-
Total .6
0/ 0a1
Dingdom ;nimalia
Ahylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
order Carni(ora
family 4elidae
enus Panthera
S)ecies tigris
0b1 =ore closely related* fewer number of differences . high number
of shared genes& ora 0com)arison needed1
,7-
@Total 9A
20
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
4/ 0a1 Long haired bron short haired blac!
hhbb //!!
0not 9 if ga) or colon etc between letter )airs1
hb /!
47 /h!b
47 Short hair !lack
0no error carried forward1
,2-
,7-
,7-
,7-
0b1 /!& /b& h!& hb ,7-
Short haired !lack //!!+ //!b+ /h!!+ /h!b
Short haired !rown bb//+ bb/h+
$ong haired !lack& !!hh+ !bhh
$ong haired !rown bbhh ,F-
%&o#al
!"'
5/ 0a1 7 mark each correct label and )osition of cell body
Sensory9 into dorsal root with ganglion in grey matter&
@elay9 in grey matter with cell body in grey matter
=otor9 cell body in grey matter* out of (entral root on same side
as sensory&
,6-
0b1 White matter 0axons and dendrons1 myelin sheath.no cell bodies
;cce)t ora grey matter* cell bodies no myelin sheath
,7-
0c1 Syna)tic (esicles.rece)tor sites only on )resyna)tic.one side of
syna)se+
Ex)lanation of refractory )eriod Bualified+
,2-
0d1 0a1 Slow it down+
0b1 2e)olarisation . action )otential at the node 0not 9 im)ulse1+
0c1 from one node 0of @an(ier1 to next 0called Saltatory
conduction1+
0d1 !ecause sodium and )otassium ions cannot )ass across
myelin sheath+
0e1 :o myelin sheath local circuit conduction+
,=ax 8-
%&o#al
!0'
27
22
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
6/ 0a1 ; 2efinition of s)ecies+
! Are(enting allele . gene flow . interbreeding+
C 02ifferences arise because1 mutation 0random1+
2 Selection )ressures are different or described+
E eogra)hical.allo)atric Bual+
4 !eha(ioural Bual+
mor)hological.mechanical Bual+
/ sym)atric Bual.seasonal isolation+
" /ybrid sterility+
J 4ittest sur(i(e+ 0term needed1
D Aass on fa(ourable alleles+ 0not 9 genes1
$ :atural selection+ 0term needed1
= e&g& ala)agos finches+
: :o com)etition for a(ailable niches+
# ;da)ti(e radiation 0term needed in context1
A ;EA& e&g& ref enetic drift* founder )rinci)le ex)lained

=ax 70
26
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
0b1 ; @ef& )oints ! C in )roximal con(oluted tubule& "f two of
following used in context+
! Water absorbed by #smosis+
C lucose absorbed by cotrans)ort acce)t ;TA reBuired .
acti(e trans)ort+
2 Some substances absorbed by diffusion* e&g& Eit ; 2 D E
chloride ions+ 0exam)le needed1
E Selecti(e reabsor)tion . selecti(e absor)tion+
4 Water )otential of filtrate decreases 0not 9 ref& to
surrounding tissue1+
Aressure dro)s+
/ @ef& to )oints " C = in 02escending1 loo) of /enle if two
used in context+
" :a
K
le(els u).water mo(es out 0by osmosis if not abo(e1+
0not 9 salt1
J Water )otential down+
D ;scending loo) :a
K
out . chloride out.walls im)ermeable
to water+
$ Water )otential u)+
= @ef counter current+
: ;2/ acts on collecting duct.distal con(oluted tubule+
# so water absorbed ex)lained.because of increased
)ermeability+
A ;EA e&g& ref urea out from ACT or from collecting duct to
lower WA.@ef& secretion creatinine* )enicillin into
ACT.aBua)orins&
28
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
7/ 0a1 0i1 @:; . nucleotides+ 0not 9 t@:;.r@:;1 ,7-
0ii1 ;cti(e site ,7-
0iii1 Secondary.al)ha /elix 0not 9 coil.s)iral1
Tertiary 6 dimensional folding acce)t globular
0not 9 ref& SCS bridges etc.more than one 62 structure i&e&
Buaternary1
,7-
,7-
0b1 0i1 @e(erse transcri)tase uses @:; as a tem)late 071 to make
2:; 071
,2-
0ii1 2ifferent amino acid 0seBuence1 made+
2ifferent 0(iral1 )rotein will be made+
0Eiral1 Arotein is an antigen
;ntigen changes+
;ntibodies are s)ecific.do not recognise new antigen+
,6-
0c1 0i1 ;ttaches to en<yme+
:ot at acti(e site . at allosteric site+
Changes sha)e of acti(e site+ 0not 9 damages.ref& to en<yme1
substrate can no longer fit.no en<yme substrate com)lex
formed+ ,6-
0d1 0i1 !y remo(al of water+
Condensation 0reaction1+
,2-
0ii1 =odified nucleotide does not ha(e an #/ grou).has :
6
grou) instead+
Ahos)hate grou) of another nucleotide cannot >oin to
it.cannot undergo condensation reaction&
,2-
0e1 0i1 Arotease . )e)tidase&
0not 9 hydrolase.s)ecific name e&g& )e)sin1
,7-
0ii1 $igase ,7-
0f1 uanine 70O
Cytosine 80O
;denine 60O
Thymine 20O
7 mark correct O column
7 mark correct base )airing column
,2-
23
&!e#tion An#'er#(E)*lanator" Note# Mar+#
A,aila-le
9/ 0a1 0i1 Con(erted into a form which is useable by li(ing
organisms&
,7-
0ii1 :itrogen fixing bacteria or exam)le
"ndustrial fixation . /aber )rocess .
Electrical storms+
;ny two for 7 mark& 0not 9 root nodules1
,2-
0iii1 2enitrifying bacteria con(ert nitrates into atmos)heric
nitrogen.less nitrates in water logged soils.)lants don't rely
on soil nitrates+
"nsecti(orous )lants digest )rotein and absorb amino acids
use nitrogen from these acce)t ref 2:;+
,7-
0b1 0i1 Carry out chemical reaction . named+ ,7-
0ii1 Electron transfer chain . cytochromes.electron carriers+
0not 9 ETC.)hotosystems1
,7-
0iii1 Gsed to )um) )rotons+
"nto 0bacterial cell1 wall+
Creates )roton gradient . )roton moti(e force.
electrochemical gradient . )/ radient . high concentration
)rotons in wall
,2 =ax-
0i(1 Arotons mo(e down gradient 0into cyto)lasm1+
Through stalked )articles* )roteins.)rotein channels+
Causes ;TA synthetase . synthase+
To )roduce ;TA from ;2A and iA.)hos)horylation of ;2A+
,=ax 6-
0c1 /ydrogen from reduced :;2+
is used to reduce carbon dioxide.donate to glycerate 6 )hos)hate+
using energy from ;TA+
to make glucose.triose )hos)hate+
0not 9 sugar1
,=ax 6-
CE !iology =arking Scheme 0Summer 20071.E2
25
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