Required Conditions for a Discrete

Probability Function
i Px H ii Px = I
Discrete Uniform Probability Function
Px =
I
n
n = # of values the random variable
may assume
Expected Value of a Discrete Random
Variable
Ex = p = xPx
The mean value for the random
variable.
Variance of a Discrete Random
Variable
Iorx = o
$
= x -p
$
{x
Number of Experimental Outcomes
Providing Exactly x Successes in n
Trials
(
n
x
) =
n
x n -x
*0! = 1
Probability of a Particular Sequence of
Trial Outcomes with x Successes in n
Trials
p

I -p

Binomial Probability Function

{x =
n
x n -x
p

I -p

n = trials | x = successes
Expected Value for the Binomial
Distribution
Ex = p = np
Variance for the Binomial Distribution
Iorx = o
$
= npI -p
Poisson Probability Function
{x =
p

x
f(x) = the probability of x occurrences
in an interval
Poisson Distribution
N p = o
$
Uniform Probability Density Function
{x = _
I
b - o
{or o x b
H clscwbcrc
Uniform Continuous Probability
Ex =
o +b
J
Iorx =
b -o
$
IJ
Normal Probability Density Function
{x =
I
oJn
c

Normal Probability Distribution

N 68.3% of the values of a normal
random variable are within plus
or minus one standard
deviation of its mean.
N 95.4% of the values of a normal
random variable are within plus
or minus two standard
deviation of its mean.
N 99.7% of the values of a normal
random variable are within plus
or minus three standard
deviation of its mean.
Standard Normal Probability
Distribution
p = H o = I
Standard Normal Probability Density
Function
{x =
I
Jn
c

$
Converting to the Standard Normal
Random Variable
z =
x - p
o
Normal Approximation of Binomial
Probabilities
p = np
o = np I -p
Expected Value of
Ex = p
Ex = the expected value of x
p = the population mean
Standard Deviation of
Finite Population
o

=
_
N -n
N -I
_
o
n
]
Infinite Population
o

=
o
n
o

= the standard deviation of x

o = the standard deviation of the
population
n = the sample size
N = the population size
Use the following expression to
compute the standard deviation of x
o

=
o
n
whenever
1. The population is infinite; or
2. The population is finite and the
sample size is less than or equal
to 5% of the population size;
that is,

HHM
Central Limit Theorem
In selecting simple random samples of
size n from a population, the sampling
distribution of the sample mean x can
be approximated by a normal
distribution as the sample size
becomes large.
Sample Proportion
p =
x
n
x = the number of elements in the
sample that possesses the
characteristic of interest
n = sample size
Expected Value of `
Ep = p
Ep = the expected value of p
p = the population proportion
Standard Deviation of `
Finite Population
o

=
_
N -n
N -I
_
pI -p
n
Infinite Population
o

=
_
pI -p
n
o

= the standard deviation of p

o = the standard deviation of the
population
n = the sample size
N = the population size
Use the following expression to
compute the standard deviation of p
o

=
_
pI -p
n
whenever
1. The population is infinite; or
2. The population is finite and the
sample size is less than or equal
to 5% of the population size;
that is,

HHM
The sampling distribution of p can be
approximated by a normal distribution
whenever np M and nI -p M