CHAPTER 2: FORCE & MOTION

ESSAYS QUESTION ANSWER

Question 1
(a) Changes during collision:
(i) Velocity of smaller ball
increases, velocity of bigger
ball decreases to zero,
(ii) Momentum of the smaller
ball increases, momentum
of bigger ball decreases
(iii) The bigger ball will stop, the
smaller ball will move
forward.
(b) The quantity of bus will
determine the mass of the bus.
The momentum of the bus
depends on the mass and
velocity of the bus.
Bigger mass and velocity
means the momentum of the
bas will increase.
A high momentum will cause
the bus difficult to be stopped.
Question 2
(a)(i) Momentum = mass x velocity
(i) The shape of the plasticine ball
on the wooden block change /
flattened or the shape of the
plasticine ball on the sponge
does not change
The shape of the wooden block
does not change or the shape
of the sponge is curved
Plasticine ball takes a longer
time to stop when it hits the
sponge.
Impulsive force acts on the
plasticine ball on the wooden
block is larger
Impulsive force is inversely
proportional to the time of
impact.
(b) Gravitational potential energy
change to kinetic energy and
change to heat + sound
energy. Energy change to
kinetic energy of the molecules
which is used to change the
shape of the sponge.
(c)
Modification Reason
Torpedo or
aerodynamic
shape
reduce air friction
heat resistant
material
prevent heat from
entering
use parachute reduce the speed
land on water reduce impulsive
force
strong material not easily
breakable or
dented
high melting
point material
withstand the
extreme
temperature or
prevent melting
Question 3
(a)(i) The property of a spring that
enables it to return to its original
length when the force acting on it is
removed.
(a)(ii)
The thickness of M < the thickness of
N
Maximun height in Diagram 9.2(b) is
greater than maximum height in
Diagram 9.2(a)
The height of the ball increases as
the thickness of the spring increases.
Stiffness increases, thickness
increases / thickness directly
proportional to spring constant k
The elastic potential energy of the
spring increases as the thickness of
the spring
(b)(i)
F2 > F1
Spirng in diagram 9.1b / N has thicker
wire/ higher spring constant / bigger
elastic potential energy than spring
in diagram 9.1a
N stiffer spring / M softer spring / N
less elastic / M more elastic
(b)(ii) elastic potential energy to
kinetic energy to gravitational
potential energy
(c)
Modification Reason
tight / fit attire /
light attire
less air resistance
// small mass
spike shoes increase grip to
prevent from
skidding
run faster increase energy/
momentum
elastic / flexible
poles
bend easily
low density
poles
lighter / easy to
carry
strong poles not easily broken
thick mattress reduce impulsive
force
Question 4
(a) Speed = distance
Time
(b) Momentum depends on mass
and velocity // momentum =
mass x velocity.
High momentum causes a high
force to act on the lorry when
accident occurs / difficult to
control the lorry // difficult to
control the direction of the
lorry // more damage done.
Inertia depends on mass.
Difficult to stop/move the lorry.
(c) (i) v = 45 x 1000 = 12.5 m/s
36000
v = u + at = 12.5 = 0 + a (10)
a = 1.25 ms
-2
(ii) F = ma = 1 800 x 1.25 = 2 250 N
Modification Explanation
ABS Brake The lorry can be
stopped immediately
and does not skid
Two tyres increase stability /
lower pressure acts
so less damage on
road/ better grip
5 small tanks does not shake
(easily) // to reduce
the effect of inertia
Further
distance
Prevents collision
between the trailer
and the tractor/
reduce (forward)
momentum
Tanker R is
chosen
Because it has an
ABS brake system,
two tyres, 5 small
tanks and a longer
distance between the
trailer and the tractor.
Question 5
(i) Mass x velocity
(ii) -change of momentum is same
-Diagram 9.1 time for change of
momentum is shorter
-Rate of change of momentum
produces impulsive force.
-Time for change of momentum is
longer so the impulsive force is
smaller // vice versa
-Time of change of momentum is
inversely proportional to
impulsive force
Question 6
(i) Ratio of force to the extension //
F/x where F = Force
x = extension
(ii)
o mass in Diagram 9.1 = mass in
diagram 9.2
o Diameter in Diagram 9.1 <
diameter in Diagram 9.2
o Extension in Diagram 9.1 <
extension in Diagram 9.2
o As the diameter increases the
extension increases
o As the diameter increases the
spring constant decreases
Question 7
- The forces between molecules are
attractive and repulsive force
- When the spring is stretched
attractive force between molecule
acts
- When the spring is compress the
repulsive force between molecule
acts
- When the force is released, the
spring returns to its original
position due to the forces.
Question 8
(i) Work = force x displacement
(ii) - Force in diagram 10.1 > force in
Diagram 10.2
- Distance travelled in 10.1 <
Distance in Diagram 10.2
- The Potential energy is the
same
- When Force is higher the
distance traveled is shorter
- Potential energy = Work done
Question 9
Fuel burns in the combustion
chamber
Hot gases expelled at high speed
backwards
A large backwards momentum is
produced
The rocket gains forwards
momentum of equal magnitude
Question 11
- to absorb the shock
- to make the rider feel more
comfortable // reduce vibration
Modification Explanation
Low density of
motorcycle parts
So that it is
lighter
High engine
power
To produce high
acceleration//
high resultant
force
High spring
constant // stiffer
spring
So that the spring
is stiffer //
motorcycle
bounce less //
less vibration
Wide tyre //
smooth tyre
To increase
stability // to
reduce friction
High strength Spring is not
easily broken
Question 12
characteristics explanation
Reinforced
passenger
compartment
The passenger
should remain
intact during a
collision. It is
made of high
tensile strength
steel that is able
to withstand large
forces
Crumple zones
These are
specific points
at the front and
back portion of
the car that are
made to
crumple
progressively
Lengthen the time
of collision, hence
reduces the
impulsive force on
the bus.
Safety belt Prevent
passenger from
jerking forward
when the bus stop
suddently
airbag Lengthen the time
of collision
Shatter roof
windscreen.
Break into small
pieces with blunt
edges.
Narrower at the
front shape
To decrease air
friction
By high
strength and
high rigidity of
material
To deceases the
fusibilities to
become dented
Question 12
(a)
The mass of the coin is greater
than the mass of leaf
Both objects reach the ground at
the same time
While falling, both objects are at
the same position/ both objects
travel the same distance at any
time.
The coin and leaf have the same
increase in velocity // same
acceleration
All objects fall with the same
gravitational acceleration due to
gravity, g.
(b)
Total energy at any time is
constant
As the stone falls, gravitational
potential energy converts to kinetic
energy
Gravitational potential energy is
maximum at the highest point
Kinetic energy converts to heat
and sound energy when it hits the
ground.
(c) Qualitative problem
The material must
be strong
Does not break
easily when
pressure is
applied
The shape is
aerodynamic /
streamlined
Can move with
the least amount
of friction /
reduce air
resistance
Angle of
launching is 45
So that the rocket
can travel very
far / maximum
distance
The volume of
water is 1/3 of the
whole volume
To increase
momentum +
impulsive force
Attach / fix fins at
the tail of the
rocket
Rocket can move
smoothly and
stable / does not
wobble
(berpusing)
Question 13
(a) (i) momentum = mass x velocity
(ii)
Total momentum in
Diagram 9.1 is zero
Total momentum before the
bullet is fired = total
momentum after the bullet
is fired
The magnitude of the
momentum of the bullet and
pistol are equal
The direction of the
momentum of the bullet and
pistol is opposite
The physics concept is
principle of conservation of
momentum
(c)
Aspects Reason
Use bigger blade/
increase the
number of blade/
inrease the speed
of blades
Increase the air
intake
Blade made of
strong material
Can withstand
strong pressure
or it will not
break easily
Increase the
number of fuel
injection / add
more fue
injectors
More fuel to be
burnt to produce
greater thrust
Increase the size
of combustion
chamber
More space for
the fuel to be
burnt
Decrease the
diameter of the
nozzle
Exhaust gas
ejected at higher
velocity /
momentum
Question 14
(a) Energy caused by position
from ground.
(b) (i)
The height of the ball at P >
Q
Gravitational potential
energy of the ball at P >Q
The velocity of the ball at Q >
P
The kinetic energy at Q > P
The kinetic energy increases
as gravitational potential
energy decreases
Principle of conservation of
energy
(c)
Velocity increases
Kinetic energy maximum
Based to principle of
conservation of energy, the
gravitational potential energy
is zero because change to
maximum kinetic energy.
(c)
Semi circular
curve shaped
Exchange
between kinetic
energy and
gravitational
potential energy
easily
Increasing slop
slightly
Easilly oscillate
caused by
changing of
energy
Smooth surface Reduce frictional
force / easy to
move
Soft layer at the
surface
Reduce impulsive
force when
landing
Strong material /
concrete of
foundation of the
track
Withstand to the
high force
caused by
jumping and
landing
Question 15
(a) Power is the rate of work done
or work
time
(b)
Characteristics Reason
Low mass Can move faster/
active
Tall Easy to shoot
goal
Responding time
fast
Easy to catch ball
Power high Will not tired
easily / more
energy
Small time to
complete 100 m
run
can run fast
Choose C Low mass, tall,
high power,
responding time
very fast and
small time to
complete 100 m
run
(c)
Runner has inertia
To continue moving forward
The legs stop, body continue
moving forward
Unstable and fall
(d) Student 1:
power = mgh/t
= (55 x 10 x 10)/12
= 458 W
Student 2:
power = (60 x 10 x 10)/14
= 428 W
Student 1 has higher power.