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,4
A Comparative Study of Woody Plant Species Diversity at Adey
Amba Enclosed Forest and Nearby Open Site in West Belessa
District, Nort!estern Etiopia

-ondie .e/rat
+
0, 1yayu .olla
2
and 2e3esgen 4ashaw
3

+.5e$art3ent of Biology, Adigrat 6ni7ersity, 1thio$ia
2.8ollege of Natural and 8o3$utational Science, *ice $resident of Bahir 5ar 6ni7ersity, 1thio$ia
3.5e$art3ent of Natural 9esource .anage3ent, Adigrat 6ni7ersity, 1thio$ia
0Corresponding Author: wondieayele;;<g3ail.co3

Abstract
2he study was carried out to e7aluate woody s$ecies di7ersity co3$arati7ely on enclosed forest and o$en site in
North -estern highlands of 1thio$ia. Syste3atic sa3$ling 3ethod was used to collect 7egetation data fro3 3;
=uadrants. 1ach =uadrant has 2 3 > 2 3 si?e with an inter7al of + 3 which was laid along four transect lines.
-ithin each =uadrant, 7egetation data such as seedlings, sa$lings and tree s$ecies were directly counted fro3
/oth o$en and enclosed sites. 2he counted and recorded trees, sa$lings and seedlings of each s$ecies were
3ar@ed with dyes to a7oid confusion. Shannon--iener and Si3$sonAs di7ersity inde> were a$$lied to =uantify
s$ecies di7ersity, richness and e7enness. 2he result showed that sa$ling and seedling di7ersity was 7ery high
fro3 enclosure site. 2hese i3$ly the enclosure was at high rate of regeneration.
"ey!ords#, -oody s$ecies, di7ersity, enclosure, o$en site

$% &ntroduction
In 3any countries such as 4reenland, 1gy$t and #a@istan, the natural forest co7erage accounts less than &B of
the land. )n the other hand, in a few $laces li@e Surina3e and Crench 4uinea natural forests co7er 3ore than
'B of their area, which accounts a/out 3B of the world total natural 7egetation co7er "CA), 2;D 4orta and
Shei@h, 2+%. 2hese di7ersified forests are found in different $arts of the world and they are used to 3eet the
/asic needs of the forest de$endent co33unities ".urthy et al., 22%. 2hey $lay an indis$ensi/le role in the
$rotection of en7iron3ent, regulating cli3ate, controlling water runoff, 3aintaining ecological /alance and
$roducing 7alua/le 3aterials such as ti3/er for construction and furniture, e>traction of che3icals, $a$er and
$ul$. Curther3ore, they ha7e $ara3ount role in $urifying the air, ser7ing as a ha/itat for wild ani3als and ha7e
aesthetic 7alue ".esfin, 24%. A$art fro3 ecological 7alues, forests are also significantly i3$ortant for the
econo3y of 3any tro$ical and su/-tro$ical countries "2aye, 2;%
5es$ite their econo3ic, social and en7iron3ental welfare of the world, the di7ersity of woody $lant s$ecies is
/eing threatened /ecause of e7er increasing $o$ulation $ressure and its associated effects such as deforestation
and e>$ansion of agricultural lands that caused o7erall en7iron3ental degradation. According to CA) "2;%,
forest resources are declined world wide /y .22B $er year in the $eriod +''-2 and /y .+!B $er year
/etween 2 and 2& due to different natural and anthro$ogenic factors. 2hese results in a ra$id decline of
forest ecosyste3s and increased the e>tinction of $lant and ani3al s$ecies.
1s$ecially 1thio$ia is a 3ountainous country characteri?ed /y great geogra$hic di7ersity with rugged 3ountains,
flat to$$ed $lateaus and dee$ gorges "2ewolde/erhan, +'!!%. 2hese di7ersified to$ogra$hic features 3ade the
country richest in flora of tro$ical Africa "2olera et al., 2!%. As a result, 1thio$ia is considered as the center of
origin and the richest in $lant s$ecies di7ersity ".esfin, 24%. Howe7er, these rich forest resources are highly
declined due to ra$id and continuous deforestation acti7ities. 8hanges in land use 3ainly through the con7ersion
of natural 7egetation to agricultural lands and settle3ent are the 3ain causes for this ra$id deterioration of forest
areas in the country "1yayu et al., 2'%. Cor instance, so3e re$orts in the country indicated that at the /eginning
of the 2
th
century, 4 $ercent of the country was co7ered with a natural forest. 2his larger si?ed forest declined
to +; $ercent in +'&s and to less than 3 $ercent at the end of the century ".esfin, 24%.
Hundreds of years e>$loitati7e traditional land use aggra7ated /y high hu3an and li7estoc@ $o$ulation $ressure
lead to culti7ate slo$$y lands and o7er e>$loit slowly renewa/le resources in the region "1yayu et al., 2'%.
2hese e>$ansions of agricultural lands to 3arginal areas at the e>$ense of forest lands ha7e /een docu3ented /y
so3e studies such as that of 4ete and Hurni "2+%, -oldea3la@ "22% and 1yayu et al. "2'%. 2he $ro/le3 is
also co33on in the North 4ondar ?one, where forests are frag3ented into $atches and stri$s of hills
"Ale3ayehu, 23%. 2hus, assess3ent of $lant di7ersity is i3$ortant to e7aluate the success of conser7ation
acti7ities and design 3anage3ent $lans for the future. 2herefore, the study ai3s to assess woody s$ecies
co3$osition and dyna3ics of $lant co33unities in enclosed and o$en site of -est Belessa 5istrict.


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,&
'% (aterials and metods
'%$ Study area
2he study site, Adey A3/a enclosed forest "+2
o
3+A - +2
o
33A N and 3,
o
3'A - 3,
o
4+A 1% is situated in
Northwestern 1thio$ia. 2he forest co7er ;!.,& hectare. Its altitude ranges fro3 2' - 2;3 3.a.s.l "Cigure +%.
2o$ogra$hically, the area is 3ountainous at the u$$er li3it to $lain in the lower li3it. 2he 3ean annual rainfall
and te3$erature ranges fro3 a/out , - ' 33 and +2
o
8 - 3,
o
8 res$ecti7ely.

Fi)ure $: Eocation of the study area
Agriculture is the 3aFor econo3ic acti7ity in the district and the country at large which is characteri?ed /y rain-
fed and $redo3inantly su/sistence nature. As a result, 3ost woody $lants ha7e /een destroyed due o the
e>$ansion of agricultural lands /y the growing $o$ulation. So3e of the e>isting re3nant forests were 3ainly
found around the 3ountain ridges, stee$ slo$es, churches and in enclosure areas. A3ong these Adey A3/a is
$art of an enclosure ha7e high $lant s$ecies 7arieties. After the esta/lish3ent of enclosure and $rotected fro3
hu3an and li7estoc@ interference, it is now /eco3ing rich in $lant s$ecies di7ersity. 2he do3inant tree s$ecies
currently seen in the enclosure were Olea europaeana su/s$. cuspidata, Combretum molle, Allophyllus
abyssinicus, Acokanthera schimperi, Acacia seyal and Croton macrostachyus and the shru/ s$ecies were
Dodonaea angustifolia, Calpurnaea aurea, Euclea schimperi, Phyllanthus ovalifolius and Carisa edulis, /ut
di7ersity was highly 7aria/le in o$en and enclosed sites.

Fi)ure ': #art of o$en sites "Source: Cield $hoto /y -ondie .e/rat, 2++%
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Fi)ure *: #art of $rotected area "Source: Cield $hoto /y -ondie .e/rat, 2++%
'%' +e)etation data collection
2o collect 7egetation data, syste3atic sa3$ling 3ethod was e3$loyed /ecause of the need to ensure sufficient
re$resentati7e data fro3 all altitudinal gradients in the enclosure and o$en site. 3; sa3$le =uadrants were
e3$loyed for each site. 1ach sa3$le =uadrant was 2 3 > 2 3 $laced ne>t to each other at an inter7al of + 3
/etween each =uadrant in four 7ertical transect lines. 2hen, the nu3/er of indi7idual sa$ling, seedling and tree
s$ecies was directly counted following the 3ethods e3$loyed /y Gi/ret "2!%. 2he counted and recorded trees,
sa$lings and seedlings of each s$ecies were 3ar@ed with dyes to a7oid confusion. By using such infor3ation, the
study analyses the woody s$ecies di7ersity, a/undance, e7enness and relati7e fre=uency. All woody $lants
within the sa3$le =uadrants were $ressed, identified and recorded /y their 7ernacular na3es. 2he identification
was done 3ainly /ased on the wor@s of 1dwards and Hed/erg "+'!'%, 1dward et al. "+''&%, 1dward et al.
"+'',%, Hed/erg et al. "23% and A?ene "2,%.
'%* +e)etation data analysis
Species Diversity
Cor 3easuring the di7ersity and e7enness of woody $lants, Shannon--ienerAs 5i7ersity Inde> and Si3$son
si3ilarity inde> "Hayat and Gudus, 2+% were used.
Sannon,Wiener-s Diversity &nde.
Shannon--iener di7ersity inde> was a co33only used inde> to 3easure woody s$ecies di7ersity "S$eller/ergs
and Cedor, 23%. It accounts for /oth the di7ersity and e7enness of woody s$ecies in the enclosure and o$en site.
Diversity# Shannon--iener di7ersity inde> was calculated as "Nolan and 8allahan, 2;%:
S
HA H -Ipilnpi
iH+
Evenness /e0uitability1# Shannon--iener e7enness inde> was calculated as "Hol3, +'',-2&%:
J H HA
lnS
-here, lnS is the natural logarith3 of the total nu3/er of s$ecies e7enness "a 3easure of s$ecies a/undance%. A
7alue of e7enness a$$roaching ?ero reflects larger difference in a/undance of s$ecies, where as the higher
e7enness 7alue 3eans all s$ecies are e=ually a/undant or e7en their distri/ution within the sa3$le =uadrant. )n
the other hand, the higher the 7alue of Shannon--iener di7ersity inde>, the 3ore woody s$ecies di7ersity would
/e in the =uadrant or the enclosure "Nangendo et al., 22%.
Simpson similarity inde.# Si3$sonAs inde> is gi7en "Hayat and Gudus, 2+% /y:
S
5 H I "#i%
2
i H +
Si3$son inde> is often used to =uantify the woody s$ecies di7ersity of a forest. It 3easures the e7enness of
s$ecies fro3 to +. 2he greater 7alue of J1DK is the greater e7enness. Its 7alue increases with increase in the
nu3/er of s$ecies and the distri/ution of the indi7iduals a3ong the s$ecies /eco3es e7en "Gi/ret, 2!%.

*% 2esults and Discussions
*%$ Woody Species Composition
In this study, a total of &; woody $lant s$ecies, re$resenting 2, fa3ilies were recorded in the study area /oth
inside and outside the study =uadrant "2a/le +%. A3ong these, ; $lant s$ecies were identified outside the sa3$le
=uadrants and the rest & $lant s$ecies were recorded in 3; =uadrants of the study area. A3ong identified $lants
Ca/aceae fa3ily re$resented /y +2 woody s$ecies "2+.42!B% was found do3inant, followed /y 1u$hor/iaceae
re$resented /y & s$ecies. 2he total recorded woody s$ecies in the study =uadrats were natural $lants.
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3able $: Eist of woody s$ecies with their corres$onding nu3/er of fa3ilies in the enclosure
No Ca3ily Nu3/er of s$ecies #ercentage "B%
+ Ca/aceae +2 2+.42!
2 1u$hor/iaceae & !.'2!
3 )leaceae 3 &.3&,
4 9u/iaceae 3 &.3&,
& 2iliaceae 3 &.3&,
; Anacardiaceae 3 &.3&,
, 8elastraceae 2 3.&,+
! .oraceae 2 3.&,+
' Sa$indaceae 2 3.&,+
+ Sterculiaceae 2 3.&,+
++ A$ocynaceae 2 3.&,+
+2 Burseraceae 2 3.&,+
+3 .eliantaceae + +.,!;
+4 4utiferie + +.,!;
+& Araliaceae + +.,!;
+; )rchidaceae + +.,!;
+, Asteraceae + +.,!;
+! BuddleFaceae + +.,!;
+' 8u$ressaceae + +.,!;
2 2hy3elaceae + +.,!;
2+ Ea3iaceae + +.,!;
22 9osaceae + +.,!;
23 Santalaceae + +.,!;
24 8a$$aridaceae + +.,!;
2& 8actaceae + +.,!;
2; *er/anaceae + +.,!;
2, 1u/enaceae + +.,!;
2otal &; +.
)n the other hand, in the o$en site adFacent to the enclosure 24 woody $lant s$ecies were recorded. 2hey /elong
to +& fa3ilies, of which Ca/aceae was the do3inant fa3ily re$resented /y 4 s$ecies followed /y Anacardiaceae
with 3 s$ecies "2a/le 2%. 2he difference o/ser7ed in woody s$ecies co3$osition /etween the two sites showed
the $ositi7e effect of area enclosure on woody $lant s$ecies restoration. According to Gi/ret "2!%, the
reduction of s$ecies di7ersity in the o$en site could /e an indication of increased 7ulnera/ility of the $lant
s$ecies /y ani3als andLor hu3ansA inter7ention at 3aturity or early stage of regeneration. 2his 3ight indicate
that indi7iduals in the o$en sites either har7ested at their early age /y the local inha/itants andLor their do3estic
ani3als or una/le to resist the harsh en7iron3ental conditions such as water shortage due to e>tensi7e soil
degradation in the o$en sites of the study area.
3able ': Eist of woody s$ecies with their corres$onding nu3/er of fa3ilies in the o$en site
No Ca3ily Nu3/er of s$ecies #ercentage "B%
+ Ca/aceae 4 +;.;
2 Anacardiaceae 3 +2.4
3 Sa$indaceae 2 !.3
4 )leaceae 2 !.3
& Burseraceae 2 !.3
; .oraceae 2 !.3
, 8elastraceae + 4.2
! 1u/enaceae + 4.2
' Ea3iaceae + 4.2
+ *er/anaceae + 4.2
++ 8a$$aridaceae + 4.2
+2 A$ocynaceae + 4.2
+3 1u$hor/iaceae + 4.2
+4 Boraginaceae + 4.2
+& A$ocynaceae + 4.2
2otal 24 +.
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*%' Species Diversity, 2icness and Evenness
Based on the Shannon--iener and Si3$son di7ersity inde> the calculated 7alue of s$ecies di7ersity and
e7enness in the enclosure were 2.',4 and .'23 res$ecti7ely "2a/le 3%. According to Gent and 8o@er "+''2%,
Shannon--iener inde> 7alue 7aries /etween +.& and 3.& and rarely e>ceeds 4. 2hus, in accordance with Gent
and 8o@er "+''2% ratings the result of the $resent study showed that the Adey A3/a enclosure forest has an e7en
s$ecies distri/ution. 2his result was also in agree3ent with the studies of Gi/ret "2!% in the Gallu -oreda
forest of southern -ello.
Howe7er, in the o$en sites adFacent to the enclosure the Shannon--iener di7ersity and e7enness indices were
+.!2 and .4! res$ecti7ely, indicating lower s$ecies di7ersity in the o$en sites than the enclosure forest. 2his
could result fro3 re$eated ha/itat distur/ances in the o$en sites due to fre=uent and intensi7e interference of
/oth hu3ans and li7estoc@ for gra?ing. )n the other hand, the Shannon and Si3$son di7ersity indices "+-5% for
woody $lant s$ecies were relati7ely higher in the enclosure than in the o$en sites "2a/le 3%. 2hese higher
di7ersity indices of Shannon and Si3$son indicated that there is /etter s$ecies di7ersity in the enclosure than the
o$en sites due to $rotection fro3 en7iron3ental interference. 2hus, the enclosure forest has 3ore di7erse, e7enly
distri/uted and with relati7ely related a/undance of all indi7iduals of $lant s$ecies co3$ared to the o$en site.
2he s$ecies e7enness in the enclosure was slightly higher than in the o$en site "2a/le 3%. 2his shows that
$rotection of the enclosed forest fro3 hu3an and ani3al distur/ance hel$s indi7idual $lant s$ecies to ha7e /etter
regeneration and a/undance than the o$en site where there is re$eated hu3an and li7estoc@ interference.
Si3ilarly, Gi/ret "2!% stated that as e7enness co3$ares the si3ilarity of the $o$ulation si?e of each of the
s$ecies $resent that it is a 3easure of the relati7e a/undance of the different s$ecies 3a@ing u$ the richness of an
area. A low 7alue of e7enness indicates that the one or a few s$ecies were highly do3inant, while others were
$resent with few indi7iduals.
2he s$ecies identified in the enclosure were high in a/undance and distri/ution than the o$en sites. In addition to
this, in the o$en sites out of the 24 woody $lant s$ecies al3ost the entire site is do3inated /y only si> s$ecies
na3ely Dodonaea viscosa, !enna singuiana, "aytenus arbutifolia, Euclea schimperi, #asminum abyssinica and
Otostegia integrifolia that accounted ;'B of the s$ecies identified. )n the other hand, the sa3e s$ecies in the
enclosure site 3ade u$ of a/out 3&.3B. 2his shows e>tre3e difference in s$ecies a/undance a3ong each other
due to high le7el of distur/ance on the o$en site and 3ost $art of the land area was do3inated /y rare $lant
s$ecies. Cor instance, the s$ecies li@e !enna singuiana co33only grown in the o$en site and gra?ing area with a
greater a/undance due to its un$alata/le nature /y ani3als. So, the $rotection and restoration of degraded lands
can significantly i3$ro7e the functioning of the ecosyste3 though increasing the di7ersity of s$ecies "Gi/ret,
2!%.
3able *: 8o3$arison of 7arious di7ersity indices of woody $lant s$ecies in the enclosure forest and un$rotected
sites
5i7ersity indices 1nclosure )$en site
Shannon "HA% 2.,2 +.!2
Si3$son di7ersity inde> "+-5% .'23 .!32
17enness "J% .,; .4!
S$ecies richness "S% & 24
2he di7ersity inde> of the woody $lant s$ecies life for3s "i.e. trees, sa$lings and seedlings% is $resented in 2a/le
4. Accordingly, the 3ean di7ersity inde> of the three life for3s was 2.,2 with a 3a>i3u3 of 3.4 recorded as
seedling and with the 3ini3u3 of 2.4, recorded at the tree stage. 2he di7ersity of the sa$ling stage was
inter3ediate with a 7alue of 2.;;. 2he result shows that there was an inter3ediate di7ersity of sa$lings followed
/y lower di7ersity of trees in the enclosure. )n the other hand, of the three life for3s, seedlings ha7e the highest
s$ecies richness, di7ersity and e7enness than the trees. A greater difference was also seen in s$ecies richness
a3ong these $lant for3s where it was higher in the seedling and lower in the tree for3s.
3able 4: Shannon--iener di7ersity inde> co3$arison of woody $lant s$ecies of the enclosed area /ased on their
growth stages.
#lant for3s 9ichness 5i7ersity "HA% 17enness
2ree 3 2.4, .;!
Sa$ling 3' 2.;; .,+
Seedling 44 3.4 .!
A3ong the two sites seedlings in the enclosure ha7e higher di7ersity "3.4% and higher e7enness of woody
s$ecies followed /y sa$ling in the enclosure. In contrary, the di7ersity of seedling in the o$en site was 7ery low
relati7e to the enclosure. 2he o/ser7ed difference in seedling /etween the two sites showed the $ositi7e effect of
area enclosure on woody $lant s$ecies regeneration and di7ersity. )n the other hand, in the o$en sites the
seedling for3 attained a s$ecies e7enness inde> "J% of .! showing si3ilar seedling e7enness distri/ution to the
enclosure. 2he reason for this si3ilarity was due to lower nu3/er of di7ersity inde> 7alue of seedling for3s in
the o$en site di7ided /y lower nu3/er of lnS, /ut not 3eans /oth sites ha7e e=ual seedling distri/ution. Because
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the two sites seedling for3s ha7e a greater difference in di7ersity and s$ecies richness. Howe7er, sa$lings ha7e
the lowest di7ersity and e7enness than in the tree for3s. 2he reduction of sa$ling di7ersity and e7enness in the
o$en site is an indication of increased 7ulnera/ility of sa$lings /y ani3al andLor hu3an at their early stage, those
indi7iduals in the o$en site are either cut at their early age for 7arious $ur$oses /y the local inha/itants and high
7ulnera/ility of seedlings that would /e reaching into the sa$ling stage. 2ree for3s ha7e the lowest s$ecies
richness and di7ersity co3$ared to seedlings and sa$lings in the enclosure. 2he least s$ecies richness and
di7ersity can /e attri/uted due to e>cessi7e en7iron3ental distur/ance /efore the esta/lish3ent of the enclosure
and encroach3ent of tree s$ecies. 2his low tree di7ersity and high di7ersity of seedlings and sa$lings showed
that the enclosure was at a stage of regeneration, succession and de7elo$3ent "2a/le &%.
3able 5: 8o3$arison of enclosure and o$en site di7ersity, e7enness and richness through Shannon--iener
di7ersity inde>
8o33unity 1nclosure )$en site
tree sa$ling seedling tree sa$ling seedling
5i7ersity 2.4, 2.;; 3.4 +.,! +.,4 2.3+2
17enness .;! .,+ .! .,2 .;+ .!
9ichness 3 3' 44 +2 +, +'

4% Conclusion
2he di7ersity and co3$osition of woody $lant s$ecies is studied in Adey A3/a enclosed forest and the near/y
o$en site. 2he result of the study indicated that the enclosure had high s$ecies di7ersity that was &; woody
s$ecies ; outside the =uadrat that /elong to 2, fa3ilies. A3ong these Ca/aceae is the 3ost do3inant fa3ily with
+2 s$ecies, followed /y 1u$hor/iaceae, the second do3inant fa3ily with & woody s$ecies. In the o$en site also
24 woody $lant s$ecies /elonging to +& fa3ilies were identified. Ca/aceae was also found to /e do3inant.
S$ecies di7ersity, e7enness and richness were 7aried highly /etween two sites. 2he enclosure was 3ore
di7ersified and e7enly distri/uted the 7ariation in s$ecies di7ersity, richness and e7enness /etween two sites
could /e due to hu3an and li7estoc@ interference in the o$en site. Sa$ling and Seedlings were highly di7ersified
and e7enly distri/uted in the enclosure due to this the enclosure was at high rate of regeneration status.

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