EXPERIMENT: - 7

AIM: - Determination of total hardness of water sample by complexometric titration method.

CHEMICALS USED: - Standard hard water, 0.1 M EDTA sol., EBT indicator, NH
4
OH, NH
4
Cl, Buffer solution
(pH-10).

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Conical flask, burette, pipette, measuring flask.

PRINCIPLE: - EDTA is used as complexing reagent. The Ca
+2
and Mg
+2
Present in water are titrated with
EDTA using Eriochrome Black-T as indicator. Estimation of hardness by EDTA is based on the following
principle:

1. The indicator Eriochrome Black-T that is blue in color form unstable complex with Ca
+2
and Mg
+2
ions in
hard water at a pH of (9-10). The complex is wine red in color.
2. As this sol. is titrated against EDTA the free Ca
+2
and Mg
+2
ions in water form stable metal-ion
EDTA complex (colorless)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

Mg
+2
/ Ca
2+
+EBT [Mg/Ca Eriochrome Black T]
(Unstable complex-wine red)

Mg
+2
/ Ca
2+
+EDTA [Mg/Ca EDTA]
(Stable complex colorless)

PROCEDURE: -

1. Prepare standard hard water by dissolving 1g of CaCO
3
in thousand mL of
water.

2.Take 25 ml of standard hard water in a conical flask. Add 2 ml of buffer
solution. and 2-3 drops of E.B.T. indicator. The color of the sol. becomes wine
red.

3.Titrate it against standard EDTA sol. till color changes from wine red to
blue at end point. Take at least 2 concordant reading. Let the vol. of EDTA used
is V
1
ml.

4.Titrate unknown hard water (25 ml) and find out the vol. of EDTA used. Let the
vol. of EDTA used is V
2
ml.







OBSERVATION TABLE FOR STANDARD HARD WATER: -

Volume of hard water taken for each titration =25 ml.
Volume of 0.01 EDTA used =V
1
ml.

S.NO. Volume of the
solution taken in
the titration flask
Burette readings

Initial Reading Final Readings
Volume of the
titrant used

1
2
3




OBSERVATION TABLE FOR UNKNOWN WATER SAMPLE: -

Volume of unknown hard water taken for each titration =25 ml.
Volume of 0.01 EDTA used =V
1
ml.

S.NO. Volume of the
solution taken in
the titration flask
Burette readings

Initial Reading Final Readings

Volume of the
titrant used
1
2
3
4



RECAUTIONS: - 1. Distilled water should be used.
2. The drop of indicator is to be adjusted in a manner to give accurate end point.


RESULT: - Hardness of unknown sample is____ppm.

GENERAL CALCULATIONS: -
Standardisation of EDTA solution:
V
1
ml of EDTA solution =50 ml of standard hard water
V
1
ml of EDTA solution =50 mg of CaCO
3
equivalents

1 ml EDTA solution =50/V
1
mg of CaCO
3
equivalents
Determination of total hardness:
50 ml of hard water =V
2
ml of CaCO
3
equivalents
50 ml of hard water =V
2
50/V
1
mg of CaCO
3
equivalents
1 ml of hard water=V
2
/50 50/V
1
mg of CaCO
3
equivalents
1000 ml of hard water =1000 V
2
/ V
1.PPM.



QUESTION BANK:
1. Define hardness of water?
2. What do you mean by temporary and permanent hardness?
3. What is the principle of EDTA titration?
4. How will you find out permanent hardness of water?
5. Why is it necessary to add buffer sol. to the water sample in determination
of hardness by EDTA method?