Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
) (
[5 16]
A ti i i
V r S S Q QS
t
V
ut
+ + =
) (
[5.16]
- Active microorganisms
V r Xa Xa Q QXa
Xa
V
net
+ + =
) ( [5.17]
r
ut
and r
net
are the reaction rates for substrate (Eq. 3.6) and
active organisms (Eq 3 8)
V r Xa Xa Q QXa
t
V
net
+ +
) ( [5 ]
active organisms (Eq. 3.8).
5.5 A Plug-Flow Reactor
- At steady-state case, for which influent flow rate (Q), substrate
concentration (S) and active organism concentration (Xa) do not change
with time, the left sides of Eq. 5.16 and 5.17 are zero.
V r S S Q QS + + = ) ( 0 V r S S Q QS
ut
+ + ) ( 0
V r Xa Xa Q QXa
net
+ + = ) ( 0
- Area of the control volume (A): A = V/z
- Velocity of flow within the reactor (u): u = Q/A = Q/ (V/z) = Q x z / V
5.5 A Plug-Flow Reactor
- Substrate at steady-state
S
V S S Q QS ) ( 0
ut
r
z
S
u =
[5.18]
V r S S Q QS
ut
+ + = ) ( 0
,
u = Q x z / V
- Active microorganisms at steady-state
r
Xa
u =
[5 19]
V r Xa Xa Q QXa
net
+ + = ) ( 0
,
Assumption: 1) z approach zero
net
r
z
u =
[5.19]
,
u = Q x z / V
- Assumption: 1) z approach zero
2) Monod reaction applies for substrate utilization (Eq. 3.6)
3) O i h h d d (E 3 8) 3) Organisms net growth represents growth and decay (Eq. 3.8)
Xa
S
q
dS
u =
[5 20]
bXa Xa
S
q Y
dXa
u =
[5.21]
Xa
S K
q
dz
u
+
[5.20]
bXa Xa
S K
q Y
dz
u
+
[5.21]
5.5 A Plug-Flow Reactor
- If we ignore organism decay (b=0) and combine Eq. 5.20 and Eq. 5.21,
then analytical solution is possible.
dz
dS
uY
dz
dXa
u =
[5.22]
dS Y dXa
S
So
Xa
Xa
=
0
[5.23]
) (
0 0
S S Y Xa Xa + = [5.24]
- Substituting Eq. 5.24 into Eq. 5.20 gives a differential eq with
only two variables, s and z.
S dS
)] ( [
0 0
S S Y Xa
S
q
dS
u + =
[5 25]
Xa
S K
S
q
dz
dS
u
+
=
[5.20]
)] ( [ S S Y Xa
S K
q
dz
u +
+
=
[5.25]
5.5 A Plug-Flow Reactor
- The ratio dz/u = dt (the time for an element of water to move a distance dZ )
S b tit ti dt f d / i E 5 25 i ld f diff ti l ti th t i th - Substituting dt for dz/u in Eq 5.25 yields for a differential equation that is the
same as Eq. 5.10 for batch reactor.
S dS
)] ( [
0 0
S S Y Xa
S K
S
q
dz
dS
u +
+
=
[5.25]
( ) [ ] [ ] 10 5
0 0
S S Y X
S q dS
+ ( ) [ ] [ ] 10 . 5 S S Y X
S K dt
a
+
+
=
- Integration of eq 5.25 gives eq 5.26
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
SXa K
YS YS Xa
K z
+ + =
which is almost identical to eq 5.11 for a batch reactor.
[5.26]
} ) ( } { ) {(
0 0 0 0 0
Y S YS Xa Y YS Xa q u + +
( ) } [ ] 11 5 l
1
l l
1 1
0
0
0 0
+
a
X
SX K
YS YS X
K
t ( ) } [ ] 11 . 5 ln ln ln
0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
+
+
+
+
=
a
a
a
a
a
X
Y S YS X
YS YS X
Y YS X q
t
5.5 A Plug-Flow Reactor
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Y S
SXa
YS Xa
K
YS YS Xa
Y YS Xa
K
q u
z
+
+ +
+
=
[5 26]
- An expression for the effluent concentration (S) from the batch reactor
[5.26]
is obtained by letting z = L.
} l
1
l ) ( } l { )
1
{(
1
0
0
0 0
X
SXa K
YS YS X
K L
} ln ln ) ( } ln{ ) {(
0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Y S YS Xa
YS YS Xa
Y YS Xa q u
+
+ +
+
=
L/ V/Q (th h d li d t ti ti )
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Xa S K
YS YS Xa
K
e
e
+ + =
L/u = V/Q = (the hydraulic detention time)
} ) ( } { ) {(
0 0 0 0 0
Y S YS Xa Y YS Xa q + +
[5.27]
E 5 27 i id ti l t 5 11 ith l i t - Eq 5.27 is identical to eq 5.11 with replacing t.
5.5 A Plug-Flow Reactor
- We thus see that a PFR works exactly like a batch reactor.
I ti h it i diffi lt t t PFR di t th - In practice, however, it is difficult to operate a PFR according to the
assumptions involved.
1) A PFR h i i h i i i f h fl id l h fl 1) A PFR has no mixing or short-circuiting of the fluid along the flow
direction. This is impossible to achieve in a real continuous-flow reactor.
2) Wall effects slow the fluid near the wall boundaries relative to the 2) Wall effects slow the fluid near the wall boundaries relative to the
velocity near the middle.
3) Aeration or mixing to keep the biomass in suspension introduces a large
amount of mixing in all directions amount of mixing in all directions.
5.5 A Plug-Flow Reactor
- Methods to achieve as much of a plug-flow character as possible include
1) i l t d 2) i t i i 1)using a very long, narrow reactor and 2)using many reactors in series.
But, some mixing and short-circuiting are inevitable.
-If achieving the reaction kinetics represented by eq 5,27 is of paramount
importance, a batch reactor is prudent choice (e.g., choice of batch p , p ( g ,
reactor instead of PFR might be better), although it presents its own
problems:
For example, time is required to fill and empty a batch reactor, time that
might otherwise be used for treatment. In order to minimize downtime (e.g.,
idle time), a batch reactor can be operated while it is filling. ) p g
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Y S
Xa S
YS Xa
K
YS YS Xa
Y YS Xa
K
q
e
e
+
+ +
+
=
Y S YS Xa Y YS Xa q + +
[5.27]
5.6 A Plug-Flow Reactor with Effluent Recycle
If no organisms are introduced in PFR, then the system fails to do
any treatment.
using effluent recycle, a portion of microorganisms in the effluent
i b ht b k t th i fl t t is brought back to the influent stream.
0 0 r r r
X Q QX S Q QS + +
] 12 . 5 [
i
a a i
a
i
i
Q
X Q QX
X and
Q
S Q QS
S
+
=
+
=
] 13 . 5 [
r i
Q Q Q + =
e e r
S S and X X = = ] 13 . 5 [ Q Q Q + S S and X X
5.6 A Plug-Flow Reactor with Effluent Recycle
- The reaction occurring are same manner as with the simple PFR except
that ,
i i i
S and X Q S and X Q
0 0 0
S and X Q S and X Q , ,
- Ignore organism decay (b=0) , eq 5.28. And 5.29 can be
obtained from Eq 5 24 and 5 26 obtained from Eq. 5.24 and 5.26
) (
0 0
S S Y Xa Xa + =
[ 5.24 ]
) (
[ 5 26 ]
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Y S
SXa
YS Xa
K
YS YS Xa
Y YS Xa
K
q u
z
+
+ +
+
=
] 28 5 [ ) - (
0 0 e e
S S Y X X + =
[ 5.26 ]
] 28 . 5 [ ) (
a a
S S Y X X +
] 29 . 5 [ ln
1
ln ) ln(
1
+ =
i
a
i
i
a
e
i i
e i i
a
i i i
X
X S K
YS YS X
K V
] [ ) (
+
a
i i i
a
a
i i
a
i
Y S YS X Y YS X q Q
5.6 A Plug-Flow Reactor with Effluent Recycle
] 29 . 5 [ ln
1
ln ) ln(
1 1
+
+
+
+
=
i
a
i
i
a
e
i i
a
e i i
a
i i
a
i
X
Y S
X S
YS X
K
YS YS X
Y YS X
K
q Q
V
- Recycle ratio R, ] 30 . 5 [
Q
Q
R
r
=
- Detention time ,
] 31 . 5 [
) 1 (
i
Q
R V
Q
V +
= =
5.6 A Plug-Flow Reactor with Effluent Recycle
Solve equation using spreadsheet
washout time
Graph with S
e
, , R
- Solve equation using spreadsheet
to determine S
e
as a function of and R
Upper graph; arithmetic scale
Lower ; log scale Lower ; log scale
-The washout detention time is larger
when R decreases
1
- For the same condition, the for the CSTR
is 0.2 days (close to the value for R=8 for plug-flow
min
x
At t d t t
] 35 5 [ =
a
V X
system in the biomass active
At steady state,
] 35 . 5 [
+
w
a
w e
a
e
X Q X Q
biomass active of rate removal
=
x
+
a a
X Q X Q
Seeing the similarity between the left side of Eq.5.36 and the right side of eq. 5.35
] 37 . 5 [ -
) - ( 1
b
X
r Y
a
ut
x
=
) - ( 1 S q r Y
If it takes Monod kinetics,
] 38 . 5 [ - -
) ( 1
b
S K
S q
Y b
X
r Y
a
ut
x
+
= =
-
) - ( 1
b
S K
S q
Y b
X
r Y
ut
+
= =
S K X
a x
+
Solving this equation explicitly for S,
] 39 . 5 [
1 ) - (
1
+
=
b q Y
b
K S
x
x
( )
[ ]
=
+
+
= where
b q Y
b
K S 24 . 3
1
1
Eq 5.39 is identical to eq 3.24, which was developed for the chemostat
without settling and recycle.
So then, what is unique about the CSTR with settling and microorganism recycle ?
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
So then, what is unique about the CSTR with settling and microorganism recycle ?
] 39 . 5 [
1
+
=
b
K S
x
( )
[ ] 24 3
1
1
.
b q
Y
b
K S
+
+
=
1 ) - ( b q Y
x
( ) 1 b q Y
+
) (
) ( :
time retention hydraulic the from separated is
system the in isms microorgan of time retention the Answer
x
=
x
But in eq 5.39 with microorganisms recycle, is not necessarily equal to
removal, and at the same time have a small .
For example, = 4-10 d (small S, substrate),
x
x
while = 4-10 h (small V, volume).
Thus, while operating at the same treatment efficiency for substrate, the reactor
size can be 1/24 of the volume of CSTR without settling and recycle.
a
ut
x
] 40 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
x
ut
x a
b
r Y
X
From Mass balance for substrates (eq 5.33 & 5.34)
From eq 5.37,
0 0
S Q S Q S Q
w w e e
From Mass balance for substrates (eq 5.33 & 5.34)
V r S Q S Q S Q
ut
w w e e
+ + = ) ( 0
0 0
tan sin
] 41 . 5 [
- -
-
k settling the in occurs reaction no ce
V
S Q S Q S Q
r
ut
=
] 42 5 [
) - ( ) - (
, ,
0 0 0
0
S S S S Q
then Q Q Q S S S
g
w e w e
+ = = =
] 42 . 5 [
) ( ) (
-
V
Q
r
ut
= =
) ( ) (
0
Y
Substituting eq 5.42 into eq 5.40,
] 43 . 5 [
1
) - (
1
) - (
0
x
x
x
ut
x a
b
S S Y
b
r Y
X
+
=
+
=
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
] 43 . 5 [
1
) - (
0
x
x
a
b
S S Y
X
+
=
x
x
: Solids concentration ratio
- Active biomass concentration in the reactor depends on
x
x
-For a CSTR without settling and recycle, = 1 and then eq 5.43 is equa
to eq 3.25.
x
[ ] 25 3
1
0
.
b
S S
Y X
a
x
[ ]
1 b
a
] 44 . 5 [
w
a
w e
a
e
abp
X Q X Q r + =
] 45 . 5 [
x
a
V X
=
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
Table 5 2 summarizes a series of equations to design a Table 5.2. summarizes a series of equations to design a
CSTR with settling and recycle.
- Assumptions for Table 5.2
i) Operating at steady state i) Operating at steady state
ii) Treating a soluble substrate
iii) No input of active biomass iii) No input of active biomass
- The equations in Table 5.2 can be used for a CSTR without a settler
=
x
q
by letting .
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
Hydraulic Detention Time
=
x
] 20 . 3 [ =
0
Q
V
] 38 . 5 [ -
-
) - ( 1
b
S q
Y b
r Y
ut
= = ] . [
S K X
a x
+
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
- : SRT at which microorganism washout results and the limit thereto:
min
x
- The minimum value of the mean cell residence time and its limiting value
are identical to the case without settling ( eq 3 26 & 3 27) are identical to the case without settling ( eq 3.26 & 3.27)
0
0
min
S K +
] 26 . 3 [
- ) - (
0
^
0
min
S S
Kb b q Y S
S K
x
+
=
] 27 . 3 [
1
] [
0
li
min
S = ] 27 . 3 [
-
] [
lim
S
b q Y
x
b q Y
b
K S
x
+
=
Reactor Minimum Substrate Concentration
1 ) ( b q Y
x
b
Reactor active Microorganism Concentration
] 28 . 3 [
-
lim x
b q Y
b
K S =
Reactor active Microorganism Concentration
] 40 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
x
ut
x a
b
r Y
X
] 43 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
0
x
x
a
b
S S Y
X
x
b
x
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
Reactor active Microorganism Concentration
] 40 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
ut
x a
b
r Y
X
] 43 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
0
x
a
b
S S Y
X
+ 1
x
x a
b
+ 1
x
b
- Because inert biomass and total volatile solids are particles, like active
biomass, the concentrations X
i
and X
v
take the same form as for a chemostat, biomass, the concentrations X
i
and X
v
take the same form as for a chemostat,
but are multiplied by the solids-concentration factor ( eq 5.46 & 5.47 ).
Reactor Inert Microorganism Concentration
] 46 . 5 [ ] ) - 1 ( + [ =
0
b f X X
X
d a i
x
i
R t V l til d d lid t ti Reactor Volatile suspended solids concentration
X
v
= X
i
+ X
a
] 47 . 5 [ ]
+ 1
) ) - 1 ( + 1 )( - (
+ [ =
0
0
x
x d
i
x
v
b
b f S S Y
X
X
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
Active Biological Sludge Production Rate
] 45 . 5 [ =
a
abp
V X
r
x
T t l Bi l i l S lid P d ti R t
- The total biological-solids production rate is analogous to eq 5.45
Total Biological Solids Production Rate
] 48 5 [
v
V X
] 48 . 5 [
x
v
tbp
r
=
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
- At a constant SRT, the effluent conc. (S) remains the same regardless
of the influent conc. (S
0
). Only affects S because all other
x
] 39 5 [ & ] 24 3 [
1 b
K S
x
+
=
parameters in the equations are coefficients.
] 39 . 5 [ & ] 24 . 3 [
1 - ) - (
b q Y
K S
x
=
Why ?
1) Self Control : As the influent conc. increases, so does the conc. of
active organisms in the reactor (eq 3.25 & 5.43).
The increased biomass is sufficient to consume the additional The increased biomass is sufficient to consume the additional
substrate that is added to the reactor.
] 43 5 [
) - (
0
x
S S Y
X ] 43 . 5 [
+ 1
) (
=
x
x
a
b
X
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
2) The organisms growth rate and SRT are equal to the inverse of each other.
] 22 3 [ =
system in the biomass active
=
1 -
] 22 . 3 [
biomass active of rate production
x
S
] 9 . 3 [ - b
S K
S q
Y
+
=
Constant SRT ( ) Constant specific growth rate ( )
C t t b t t ( S )
x
Constant substrate ( S )
5.10 Engineering Design of Reactors
[ ] ] 60 . 5 [
lim
min
x
d
x
SF =
( Christensen and McCarty, 1975)
: a design
x
d
x
- Low SF requires more continuous supervision and operators with increased skill.
+
a a
Q X Q X
5.10 Engineering Design of Reactors
- Higher SS ( X ) makes the reactor volume smaller and thus less expensive
for a given . However, high SS may require larger settling tanks,
b i d l d f SS t th ttli t
d
x
+
a a
Q X Q X