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Chapter 20: Sets
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EXAMPLE
{all positive integers}, A{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}, B {1, 3, 5},
C{all prime numbers}
Illustrate these sets with a Venn diagram.
SOLUTION
First, look at sets A and B. Every element of B is also in A, so B is a subset of A.
Now add set C. There are primes within B, and also within A (but not B), and
also outside A. The set C must overlap all of these regions, thus:
Sometimes numbers are marked on Venn diagrams, to show how many
elements there are in each part of the diagram. These are useful for solving
practical problems about overlapping sets.
EXAMPLE
{pupils in Year 7}, P {piano players}, V{violin players},
C{cello players}
The Venn diagram shows the numbers of pupils playing various combinations
of instruments.
a) How many Year 7 pupils play the piano?
b) How many Year 7 pupils are there in total?
c) How many of the violin players also play the piano?
d) Fred says, Everyone in Year 7 who plays the cello also plays the violin.
Explain briefly whether Fred is right or wrong.
P V
44
12
C
7
3
4
15
A
B
C
A
B
20.2 Venn diagrams
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SOLUTION
a) Number of piano players 15 4 3
22
b) Total number of Year 7 pupils 15 4 3 7 12 44
85
c) Number of violin players who also play piano 4 3
7
d) The diagram shows that C is a subset of V, so Fred is right.
If some of the information appears to be missing, it may be helpful to use
algebra. The next example shows you how this might be done.
EXAMPLE
30 people took part in a transport survey. 16 of them said they owned cars, and
12 said they owned bicycles. 6 said they owned neither a car nor a bicycle.
a) Illustrate this information on a Venn diagram.
b) Work out the number of people who said they owned both a car and a
bicycle.
SOLUTION
a) Let {people in survey}, C {car owners}, B {bicycle owners}.
Let the number who said they owned both be x. Then the Venn diagram is:
Since the total for C is 16, the figure for the part of C outside B is 16 x.
Similarly, the figure for the part of B outside C is 12 x.
The Venn diagram may now be completed:
b) Since there were 30 people in the survey altogether, then
(16 x) x (12 x) 6 30
34 x 30
x 4
Thus four people said they owned both a car and a bicycle.
C B
6
16 x 12 x x
C B
x
Chapter 20: Sets
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EXERCISE 20.2
1 The diagram shows two sets A and B.
On a copy of the diagram, draw a third set C
so that C A and B C .
2 The diagram shows two sets P and Q.
On a copy of the diagram, draw a third set R
so that R (P Q).
3 In class 4K there are 16 children who play hockey,
and 10 who play tennis. 4 children play both hockey and tennis.
There are 25 children in class 4K altogether.
a) Copy and complete this Venn diagram to show the number of
children in each region.
b) How many children in class 4K play neither hockey nor tennis?
4 The diagram shows two sets A and B.
On a copy of the diagram, draw a third set C
so that A C and B C .
5 The diagram shows two sets P and Q.
On a copy of the diagram, draw a third set R
so that P R but Q R .
6 The 40 members of staff at a local company
were asked whether they liked Mexican, Chinese
or Indian food. The partly completed Venn
diagram shows information about their responses.
You are given the following additional information:
4 people said they liked all three types of food.
17 people said they liked Mexican food.
20 people said they liked Chinese food.
a) Mark this additional information of the diagram.
b) How many people said they liked Indian food?
c) How many people said they did not like all three types of food?
7 {integers from 1 to 20 inclusive}
P {prime numbers}
Q {even numbers}
R {square numbers}
a) Illustrate these sets with a Venn diagram.
b) Describe the set P Q.
c) Describe the set P R.
M
I
C
8
2
5 7
P
Q
A
B
H
T
P
Q
A
B
20.2 Venn diagrams
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8 The 26 members of a scout group were asked whether they liked Ice Skating and whether they liked
Bowling. 10 said they liked Ice Skating, 12 said they liked Bowling and 9 said they did not like either.
a) Use this information to work out how many of the scouts liked both Ice Skating and Bowling.
b) Illustrate this information on a Venn diagram.
c) How many of the scouts liked exactly one out of Ice Skating and Bowling?
9 The diagram shows two sets P and Q.
a) On a copy of the diagram, draw a set R
so that P Q R.
b) On a second copy of the diagram, draw
a set T so that T Q and T P .
10 50 members of the public were asked which forms of transport they use regularly. (Each member of the
public may state more than one form of transport if appropriate.) The partly completed Venn diagram
shows information about their responses.
You are given the following additional information:
18 people said they used bicycles.
20 people said they used buses.
15 people said they used cars.
a) Copy and complete the diagram.
b) Fred says, 13 people dont use any form of transport at all.
Explain carefully whether Freds statement is correct or not.
20.3 Further Venn diagrams
The complement of a set A comprises all those elements which are not
members of A, written A.
Complements are sometimes encountered with brackets. Care must be taken to
work from the insides of the brackets first.
A
The complement A of set A
B A
Set A
B
Car
Bus
Bicycle
4
2
7 10
P
Q
Chapter 20: Sets
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EXAMPLE
The diagram shows sets A and B.
On two copies of this diagram, shade
a) A B b) (A B).
SOLUTION
a) A B is the intersection of the complement of A with the complement of
B, that is, the region external to both A and B:
b) For (A B) it is necessary to find A B first, and then take the
complement of that region, to obtain this result:
Harder problems might involve working with three sets. It is best to work in
stages.
EXAMPLE
The diagram shows sets A, B and C. Shade the region corresponding to
A (B C).
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
20.3 Further Venn diagrams
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SOLUTION
First, shade A on one copy of the diagram, and B C on another:
To find A (B C) simply take the intersection between these two diagrams:
EXAMPLE
{positive integers less than 20}, A{3, 6, 9, 12}, B {5, 10, 15},
C{6, 12, 18}
Illustrate these sets with a Venn diagram.
SOLUTION
Since there is no element common to both A and B, there is no overlap between
the two sets.
Now we need to add set C. C does have some elements in common with A,
but not with B:
A
C
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
A B C
B
C
A
B
C
Chapter 20: Sets
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EXERCISE 20.3
1 Make two copies of the Venn diagram opposite.
Label them a) and b).
a) On diagram a), shade the region P Q.
b) On diagram b), shade the region P Q.
2 {integers from 1 to 15 inclusive}
A{even numbers}
B{multiples of 3}
a) List the members of A.
b) Describe accurately the members of A.
c) List the members of A B.
3 Make three copies of the Venn diagram opposite.
Label them a), b) and c).
a) On diagram a), shade the region A B.
b) On diagram b), shade the region A B.
c) On diagram c), shade the region (A B).
4 {letters of the alphabet}
P {vowels}
Q{A, B, C, D, E}
a) Describe accurately the members of P.
b) The set R is defined as R P Q. State the value of n(R).
5 Make a copy of the Venn diagram opposite,
and shade the region A B.
6 Make a copy of the Venn diagram opposite,
and shade the region P Q.
7 Make a copy of the Venn diagram opposite,
and shade the region A B. A
B
C
P
Q
R
A B
C
A B
P Q
P
Q
a)
P
Q
b)
P QP P Q P Q
P Q Q P
P
Q
R
A B
Review exercise 20
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9 Make a copy of the Venn diagram below.
On your diagram add a set C so that A C and B C B.
10 {whole numbers from 1 to 100 inclusive}
A{multiples of 5}
B{multiples of 7}
a) n(A) 20 and n(B) 14. Explain carefully what these statements mean.
b) CA B. Explain why n(C) 34.
c) List the members of A B.
11 A{1, 2, 3, 4}
B{1, 3, 5}
a) List the members of:
(i) A B
(ii) A B
b) Explain clearly the meaning of 3 A. [Edexcel]
12 Set P is shown on the Venn diagram.
Two sets Q and R are such that:
R P
Q R
P QP
Complete the Venn diagram to show sets Q and R. [Edexcel]
13 The universal set, {whole numbers}
A{multiples of 5}
B{multiples of 3}
Sets A and B are represented by the circles in the diagram.
a) (i) On a copy of the diagram shade the region that represents the set A B.
(ii) Write down three members of the set A B.
C{multiples of 10}
b) (i) On a copy of the diagram draw a circle to represent the set C.
(ii) Write down three members of the set A B C. [Edexcel]
A B
A B
P
P Q
Q
A
A B
B