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0able 4
/&&ect o& comost e:tracts (A) on (i&&erent cro b) see( germination bioassa) (n R 3)
(mean Q SD)#
%remner+ 5#M#+ 1446# 6itrogen;total# 2n! Sar-s+ D#1# (/(#)+ Metho(s o& Soils 3nal)sis#
Lart 3# Chemical Metho(s# Soil Science Societ) o& 3merica 2nc#+ 3merican Societ)
o& 3gronom) 2nc#+ Ma(ison+ W2+ # 10CD1122#
Canarutto+ S#+ Letru<<elli+ ,#+ 1ubrano+ 1#+ ,ui(i+ ,#%#+ 1441# 9o" comosting a&&ects
0reatment
cro
*elative see(
germination (A)
*elative root
elongation (A)
,ermination
in(e:
heav) metal content# %ioC)cle 32+ @CD0#
Chen+ 0#%#+ 1uo+ W#+ Ihen+ ,#D#+ 200@# Strati?cation o& bul- (ensit) an( its ()namics
in the rocess o& co;comosting# /nvironmental Science 2D (D)+ 1@31@G#
0omato 4@ Q D#D@ 1D6#@@ Q 4#0G 1@G#0D Q 4#CD
,reen gram 42 Q D#CC 132#G4 Q 4#02 122#16 Q G#C1
%ottle gour( C6 Q D#D4 12D Q C#D 10G#D0 Q 6#DD
Cucumber C@ Q D#@6 10G#2@ Q G#1C 40#0C Q D#4@
comost (i( not sho" an) inhibitor) e&&ect on all &our cros# 2n this
stu()+ the germination in(e: (,2) reache( above 100A &or all &our
cros comare( to control# Similar results "ere reorte( b) 3raujo
an( Monteiro (200D) &or so)bean an( "heat see(s# 9o"ever+ the
highest ,2 an( relative root gro"th "as sho"n b) tomato an(
the lo"est &or cucumber# Contreras;*amos et al# (200@) reorte(
the tanner) e&'uent comost manure e:tracts resulte( in the ger;
mination in(e: &or cress (1ei(ium sativum) o& @CA# 2mmature com;
osts generall) intro(uce h)toto:ic comoun(s (0am an( 0i8uia+
144@)# ,ermination in(e: value belo" D0A in(icates that the
maturit) "as not su&?cient in comost manure (Mathur et al#+
1443)# =n other han(+ 0i8uia et al# (1446) suggeste( an( rove(
that germination in(e: "as greater than C0A+ the h)toto:icit)
o& the comost manure (isaeare(#
@# Conclusion
0he bacterial comosting o& 3671+ the major soli( "aste gener;
ate( &rom leather manu&acturing in(ustr)+ ma) be an attractive
an( alternative metho(olog) to the e:isting chemical an( thermal
metho(s &or the (isosal o& soli( "aste# Currentl)+ the &ertili<er
va; lue o& animal an( agricultural "astes has been e:lore( b)
man) researchers but little attention has been given to e:loring
the os; sibilit) o& nutrient recover) &rom the in(ustrial "aste b)
comost; ing# 2n the course o& @4 (a)s o& bacterial comosting+
h)sical+ h)sico;chemical anal)sis+ germination in(e: an(
athogenic re; moval have sho"n that all arameters reache( the
relativel) stable levels+ re'ecting the stabilit) an( maturit) o& the
?nal ro(uct# 0he C!6 ratio (ecline( an( reache( the otimal
range o& stable com; ost# 0he rea(il) bio(egra(able comoun(s
such as amino aci(s+ lii(s an( ol)sacchari(es "ere (ecomose(
an( relace( b) the stable humic substances# 0he ?nal (a)
comost characteri<e( b) S/M an( 70;2* anal)sis con?rme( the
comlete minerali<ation o& the comost an( (eclare( it as
maturit) manure#
3c-no"le(gement
Mr# %# *avin(ran is than-&ul to the Council o& Scienti?c an(
2n(ustrial *esearch (CS2*) an( the Central 1eather *esearch 2nsti;
tute (C1*2)+ 2n(ia+ &or a"ar(ing Senior research &ello"shi an( ro;
vi(ing all the &acilities nee(e( to carr) out this "or-#
*e&erences
3L93+ 3WW3+ WLC7+ 1440# Stan(ar( 3nal)sis &or Water an( Waste"ater# 3merican
Lublic 9ealth 3ssociation+ 3merican Water Wor-s 3ssociation an( Water
Lollution Control 7e(eration+ Washington+ DC+ HS3#
3raujo+ 3#S#7#+ Monteiro+ *#0#*#+ 200D# Llant bioassa)s to assess to:icit) o& te:tile
slu(ge comost# Science 3griculture 62 (3)+ 2C6240#
%ar(os+ *#L#+ 1oe<;*eal+ 5#M#+ 14CC# 0he comosting rocess! suscetible &ee(stoc-s+
temerature+ microbiolog)+ sanitisation an( (ecomosition# 2n! %i(lingmaier+
W#+ 1E9ermite+ L# (/(s#)+ Lrocee(ings Comost Lrocesses in Waste
Management+ Monaster) o& 6eresheim (7*,)# C/C+ %russels+ # 1G4140#
%arone+ 5#*#+ 3ri-an+ =#+ 200G# Comosting an( bio(egra(ation o& thermall)
rocesse( &eather -eratin ol)mer# Lol)mer Degra(ation an( Stabilit) 42+
CD4C6G#
%ertol(i+ M#D#+ Ballini+ ,#+ Lera+ 3#+ 14C3# 0he biolog) o& comosting# Waste
Management an( *esearch 1+ 1DG1G6#
Contreras;*amos+ S#M#+ 3lvare<;%ernal+ D#+ 0rujillo;0aia+ 6#+ Den(ooven+ 1#+ 200@#
Comosting o& tanner) e&'uent "ith co" manure an( "heat stra"# %ioresource
0echnolog) 4@+ 22322C#
Das+ >#C#+ ,arcia;Lere<+ M#+ %ibens+ %#+ Melear+ 6#+ 200C# Slo" )rol)sis o& oultr)
litter an( ine "oo() biomass! imact o& chars an( bio;oils on microbial
gro"th# 5ournal o& /nvironmental Science an( 9ealth Lart 3 @3+ G1@G2@#
De %oo(t+ M#+ Ber(onc-+ =#+ 14G2# 0he h)sical roerties o& the substrates in
horticulture# 3cta 9orticulturae 26+ 3G@@#
Dinel+ 9#+ Marche+ 0#+ Schnit<er+ M#+ Lare+ 0#+ Chamagne+ L#+ 200@# Co;comosting o&
aer mill slu(ge an( har("oo( sa"(ust un(er t"o t)es o& in;vessel
rocesses# 5ournal o& /nvironmental Science an( 9ealth+ Lart b! Lestici(es+
7oo( Contaminants an( 3gricultural Wastes 34 (1)+ 1341D1#
7ourti+ =#+ 5e(i(i+ 6#+ 3b(ennaceur 9assen+ 3#+ 2010# 9umic substances change
(uring the co;comosting rocess o& municial soli( "astes an( se"age
slu(ge# Worl( 5ournal o& Microbiolog) an( %iotechnolog)#
(oi!10#100G$s112G@;010;
0@11; : #
,arcia;,ome<+ 3#+ %ernal+ M#L#+ *oig+ 3#+ 2001# ,ro"th o& ornamental lants in t"o
comosts reare( &rom agro in(ustrial "astes# %ioresource 0echnolog) C3+
C1CG#
,arg+ B#>#+ >aushi-+ L#+ 200D# Bermistabili<ation o& te:tile mill slu(ge si-e( "ith
oultr) (ro ings b) an eigeic earth"orm /isenia &oeti(a# %ioresource
0echnolog) 46+ 106310G1#
,anesh >umar+ 3#+ S"arnalatha+ S#+ Sairam+ %#+ Se-aran+ ,#+ 200C# Lro(uction o&
al-aline rotease b) Lseu(omonas aeruginosa using roteinaceous soli( "aste
generate( &rom leather manu&acturing in(ustries# %ioresource 0echnolog) 44
(6)+ 143414@@#
,anesh >umar+ 3#+ Ben-atesan+ *#+ Lrasa( *ao+ %#+ S"arnalatha+ S#+ Se-aran+ ,#+ 2004#
Htili<ation o& tanner) soli( "aste &or rotease ro(uction b) S)nergistes s# in
soli(;state &ermentation an( artial rotease characteri<ation# /ngineering 1i&e
Sciences 4 (1)+ 66G3#
,uta+ *#+ ,arg+ B#>#+ 200C# Stabili<ation o& rimar) se"age slu(ge (uring
vermicomosting# 5ournal o& 9a<ar(ous Materials 1D3+ 10231030#
9achicha+ S#+ Sellami+ 7#+ Cegarra+ 5#+ 9achicha+ *#+ Drira+ 6#+ Me(hioub+ >#+ 3mmar+ /#+
2004# %iological activit) (uring co;comosting o& slu(ge issue( &rom the =MW
evaoration on(s "ith oultr) manureYh)sico;chemical characteri<ation o&
the rocesse( organic matter# 5ournal o& 9a<ar(ous Materials 162 (1)+ @02@04#
9aroun+ M#+ 2(ris+ 3#+ S)e( =mar+ S#S#*#+ 200G# 3 stu() o& heav) metals an( their &ate
in the comosting o& tanner) slu(ge# Waste Management 2G (11)+ 1D@11DD0#
9uang+ ,#7#+ Wong+ 5#W#C#+ Wu+ S#0#+ 6agar+ %#%#+ 200@# /&&ect o& C$6 on comosting o&
ig manure "ith sa"(ust# Waste Management *esearch 2@+ C0DC13#
9uang+ ,#7#+ Wu+ S#0#+ 1i+ 7#%#+ Wang+ 5#W#+ 2001# 6itrogen trans&ormation (uring ig
manure comosting# 5ournal o& /nvironmental Science+ China 13 (@)+ @01@0D#
2nbar+ X#+ 9a(ar+ X#+ Chen+ X#+ 1443# *ec)cling o& cattle manure! the comosting
rocess an( characteri<ation o& maturit)# 5ournal o& /nvironmental Sualit) 22+
CDGC63#
5or(ao+ C#L#+ 7ialho+ 1#1#+ 6eves+ 5#C#1#+ Cecon+ L#*#+ Men(onca+ /#S#+ 7ontes+ *#1#7#+ 200G#
*e(uction o& heav) metal contents in li8ui( e&'uents b) vermicomosts an(
the use o& the metal;enriche( vermicomosts in lettuce cultivation#
%ioresource 0echnolog) 4C+ 2C002C13#
Mata;3lvare<+ 5#+ 2002# %iomethani<ation o& the =rganic 7raction o& Municial Soli(
Wastes# 2W3+ 1on(on#
Mathur+ S#L#+ ="en+ ,#+ Dinel+ 9#+ Schnit<er+ M#+ 1443# Determination o& comost
maturit)# 2# 1iterature revie"# %iolog)+ 3griculture an( 9orticulture 10+ 6DC6#
McCart)+ L#1#+ 14C1# 2n! 9ughes+ D#/# et al# (/(s#)+ 3naerobic Digestion# /lsevier
%iome(ical Lress+ 3mster(am+ 6e" Xor-+ =:&or(#
Mc>eague+ 5#3#+ 14C1# Manual on Soil Samling an( Metho(s o& 3nal)sis+ secon( e(#
Cana(ian Societ) o& Soil Science+ =tta"a#
Meunchang+ S#+ Lanichsa-atana+ S#+ Weaver+ *#W#+ 200@# Co;comosting o& ?lter
ca-e an( bagasseF b);ro(ucts &rom a sugar mill# %ioresource 0echnolog) 46+
@3G@@2#
Lan(e)+ >#>#+ 0heagarajan+ >#S#+ 144G# 3nal)sis o& "oo( sur&aces an( groun( "oo(
b) (i&&use re'ectance (D*270) an( hotoacoustic (L3S) 7ourier trans&orm
in&rare( sectroscoic techni8ues# 9ol< 3ls *oh;Hn( Wer-sto&& DD+ 3C3340#
Lare+ 0#+ Dinel+ 9#+ Schnit<er+ M#+ 1444# /:tractabilit) o& trace elements (uring co;
comosting o& biosoli(s an( municial soli( "astes# %iolog) an( 7ertilit) o&
Soils 24+ 313G#
Lietro+ M#+ Laola+ C#+ 200@# 0hermal anal)sis &or the evaluation o& the organic matter
evolution (uring municial soli( "aste aerobic comosting rocess#
0hermochimica 3cta @13+ 20421@#
Lroven<ano+ M#*#+ =liveira+ S#C#D#+ Silva+ M#*#S#+ Sensei+ 6#+ 2001# 3ssessment o&
maturit) (egree o& comosts &rom (omestic soli( "astes b) 'uorescence an(
7ourier trans&orm in&rare( sectroscoies# 5ournal o& 3gricultural an( 7oo(
Chemistr) @4 (12)+ DCG@DCG4#
*avin(ran+ %#+ Dinesh+ S#1#+ 5ohn >enne()+ 1#+ Se-aran+ ,#+ 200C# Bermicomosting o&
soli( "aste generate( &rom leather in(ustries using eigeic earth"orm /isenia
&oeti(a# 3lie( %iochemistr) an( %iotechnolog) 1D1 (23)+ @C0@CC#
*avin(ran+ %#+ Se-aran+ ,#+ 2004# =timi<ation o& minimal me(ia &or the isolate(
bacteria to (egra(e tanner) soli( "astes# 2n! S)mosium on 1eather 2n(ustries
,et;together+ Chennai+ # 42#
*eveille+ B#+ Mansu)+ 1#+ 5ar(e+ /#+ ,arnier;Sillam+ /#+ 2003# Characterisation o&
se"age slu(ge (erive( organic matter! lii(s an( humic aci(s# =rganic
,eochemistr) 3@+ 61D62G#
Shelton+ 5#/#+ 1444# Soil 7acts using Municial Soli( Waste Comost# Lublishe( b)
6orth Carolina Cooerative /:tension Service Lublication (D%1)#
Siva>umar+ >#+ Saravana >umar+ B#*#+ 5agatheesan+ L#6#*#+ Bis"anathan+ >#+
Chan(rase-aran+ D#+ 200G# Seasonal variations in comosting rocess o& (ea(
oultr) bir(s# %ioresource 0echnolog) 44 (4)+ 3G0C3G13#
Smi(t+ /#+ /c-har(t+ >#+ 1echne+ L#+ Schulten+ 9#+ 1ein"eber+ L#+ 200D# Characteri<ation
o& (i&&erent (ecomosition stages o& bio "aste using 70;2* sectrosco) an(
)rol)sis;?el( ioni<ation mass sectrometr)# %io(egra(ation 16 (1)+ 6GG4#
Simone 1ev)+ 5#+ 0a)lor+ %#*#+ 2003# /&&ects o& ul mill soli(s an( three comosts on
earl) gro"th o& tomatoes# %ioresource 0echnolog) C4+ 24G30D#
Sneath+ L#9#3#+ 14C@# 2n! >rieg+ 6#*#+ 9olt+ 5#,# (/(s#)+ %erge)Es Manual o& S)stematic
%acteriolog)# Williams an( Wil-ins+ %altimore+ # DG#
Stenti&or(+ /#2#+ 1446# Comosting control! rinciles an( ractice# 2n! De %ertol(i+
M#+ Se8ui+ L#+ 1emmes+ %#+ Lai+ 0# (/(s#)+ 0he Sciences o& Comosting# %lac-ie
3ca(emic Lro&essional+ ,lasgo"+ H>+ # @4D4#
0am+ 6#7#X#+ 0i8uia+ S#M#+ 144@# 3ssessing to:icit) o& sent ig litter using a see(
germination techni8ue# *esources+ Conservation+ an( *ec)cling 11+ 2612G@#
0i8uia+ S#M#+ 0am+ 6#7#X#+ 9o(g-iss+ 2#5#+ 1446# /&&ects o& comosting on h)toto:icit)
o& sent ig;manure sa"(ust litter# /nvironmental Lollution 43+ 2@42D6#
Basu(evan+ 6#+ *avin(ran+ 3#D#+ 200G# %iotechnological rocess &or the treatment o&
'eshing &rom tanner) in(ustries &or methane generation# Current Science 43+
1@421@4@#
Bee-en+ 3#+ 9amelers+ %#+ 2002# Sources o& C(+ Cu+ Lb an( In in bio"aste# Science o&
the 0otal /nvironment 300+ CG4C#
Biel+ M#+ Sa)ag+ D#+ 3n(re+ 1#+ 14CG# =timi<ation o& agricultural+ in(ustrial "aste
management through in;vessel comosting# 2n! (e %ertol(i+ M# (/(#)+ Comost!
Lro(uction+ Sualit) an( Hse# /lsevier 3lie( Science+ /sse:+ # 23023G#
Wal-e)+ 3#+ %lac-+ C#3#+ 143@# /:amination o& Degtjare&& metho(s &or (etermining
soil organic matter an( a roose( mo(i?cation o& the chromic aci( titration
metho(# Soil Science 3G+ 243C#
Xa(av+ 3#+ ,arg+ B#>#+ 2004# 7easibilit) o& nutrient recover) &rom in(ustrial slu(ge b)
vermicomosting technolog)# 5ournal o& 9a<ar(ous Materials 16C (1)+ 26226C#
Iuancic+ ,#D#+ 5emec+ 3#+ 2010# 3naerobic (igestion o& tanner) "aste! semi;
continuous an( anaerobic se8uencing batch reactor rocesses# %ioresource
0echnolog) 101 (1)+ 2633#