17

longitudinal chords in the truss model. A design carried out on the

basis of the truss model requires an area of longitudinal steel, in
add ition to the one required for flexure, due to the presence of
torsion.
T U
Al (T) = _u __ _
f..td 2
-cota
(2.8)
Equation 2.8 results from Eq. 3.30 derived in Sec. 3.4 of Report
248-2. A,(T) is the total area of longitudinal steel required to resist
the torsional moment T
u
' "u" represents the perimeter connecting the
centers of the longitudinal chords of the truss model.
As in the case of shear, the concrete contribution to the
torsional resistance of the section varies linearly depending upon the
magnitude of the nominal shear stress produced by the torsional moment
Tu. Figure 2.4 illustrates the concrete contribution as suggested in
the CEB-Refined method.
As can be seen from Fig. 2.4 the concrete contributions to the
torsional and shear capacity of the section are the same in terms of
shear stresses. In Fig. 2.4 the values of the shear stresses Qrd remain
the same as those values given in Fig. 2.2.
The nominal shear stress due to torsion (v) is given by Eq. 2.9
(2.9)
which is the shear stress produced in a thin walled tube by the presence
of a torsional moment assuming a constant shear flow around the
per imeter of the cross section.
In Eq. 2.9 "be" represents the
18
Vc=concrete contribution
uncracked Transition Full Truss action

I
I
: Vc= (7.5Qrd- Vud)
2.5Qrd ...... ------t .....
2.5Qrd 7.5Qrd
Ultimate Shear Stress due to Torsion
Vud=Tu
2Aobe
Fig. 2.4 Additional concrete contribution in the transition range
effective wall thickness of this assumed thin-walled tube. This term
has been discussed in Sec. 2.6.1 of Report 248-3. In the CEB-Refined
method, "be" is taken equal to d
e
/6, where de is the diameter of the
circle inscribed into the perimeter "un formed by the centroids of the
longitudinal bars forming the truss model of the cross section in
consideration.
From Fig. 2.4, it can be seen that the maximum value of the
concrete contribution occurs at low torsional shear stress levels and is
given by
(2.10)
19
Hence, the concrete contribution [v
c
] in terms of shear stress
and ~ can be obtained from Eqs. 2.9, 2.10 and the resistance safety
factor for the concrete, 1.5 introduced in the CEB-Refined method.
(2.11)
Expressing Eq. 2.11 in terms of k.[7[ and substituting the
values of Qrd yields k values ranging from 2.3 to 3.4 which are the same
magnitude as those in the case of shear. ACI 318-71 (2) and the AASHTO
Standard Specifications (1) allow a nominal concrete contribution in the
case of pure torsion of Vt = 2.4 Jf': which is a lower bound value
c '
for the CEB-Refined method.
In order to prevent failures due to crushing of the web, an
upper limit to the torsional strength of
(2.12)
is given. In terms of fc and with a resistance safety factor of 1.5 as
suggested by the CEB Code, this yields a maximum shear stress of
T
V = max _ 0.167 f' sin2a
max 2A
O
b
e
c
(2.13)
A comparison of this upper limit with the ACI (2) and AASHTO (1)
limit of 12.ff'c for values of Ci of 45 and 30 degrees is shown in
Fig. 2.5.
In the case of combined torsion and shear the reinforcement for
torsion and for shear are determ ined separately and then added.
However, when torsion and shear interact on a section the additional
20
1500
1000
500
Vmax: maximum torsional stress
5000
ACI-AASHTO
(12.jfc)
10000
fb
(pI i)
Fig. 2.5 Upper limits for the ultimate torsional stress
acting on a cross section
resistance of the concrete Vc for shear and Tc for torsion, are
considered equal to zero. The acting design torque and shear force Tu
and Vu must meet the condition
[Tu/Tmax] + [Vu/V
max
] < 1.0 (2.14)
where Tmax and V
max
are given by Eqs. 2.13 and 2.6, respectively.
Finally, the reinforcement must meet the following detailing
requirements. The minimum percentage of web reinforcement must be equal
to 0.0013 for web reinforcement made out of high strength steel or