16th century[edit]

Dagami Revolt (1565-1567)[edit]

Main article: Dagami Revolt
The Dagami Revolt was a revolt against Spanish colonial rule led by the Lumad rebel, Dagami,
in the island of Mactan in the Philippines, in 1567.
[1]

Lakandula and Soliman|Sulayman Revolt (1574)[edit]
The Lakandula and Soliman|Sulayman Revolt, also known as the Tagalog Revolt, was an
uprising in 1574 against Spanish colonial rule led byLakandula and Rajah Soliman in Tondo
Manila. The revolt occurred in the same year as the Chinese pirate Limahong attacked the
palisaded yet poorly defended enclosure of Intramuros. This Revolt was caused by losing
Soliman and Lakandula's kingdom when they were defeated by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to
accept the Spanish sovereignty on the promise that they would be well-treated by the Spaniards
and would still retain some of their royal and political powers.
When Governor General Lavezaris replaced Legaspi, he revoked their exemptions from paying
tribute and confiscated their lands. Father Martin convinced Lakandula and Soliman to abort the
revolt and promised to grant their privileges. Nevertheless, Solaiman continued his revolt which
was brutally crushed in 1574.
Pampanga Revolt (1585)[edit]
The Pampanga Revolt was an uprising in 1585 by some native Kapampangan leaders who
resented the Spanish landowners, or encomenderos who had deprived them of their historical
land inheritances as tribal chiefs|Datus. The revolt included a plot to storm Intramuros, but the
conspiracy was foiled before it could begin after a Filipino woman married to a Spanish soldier
reported the plot to the Spanish authorities. Spanish and Filipino colonial troops were sent
by Governor-General Santiago de Vera, and the leaders of the revolt were arrested and
summarily executed by Christian Cruz-Herrera.
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (1587-1588)[edit]
Main article: Conspiracy of the Maharlikas
The Conspiracy of the Maharllikas, or the Tondo Conspiracy, of 1587-1588, was a plot
against the Spanish colonial rule by the kin-related noblemen, or datus, of Manila and some
towns ofBulacan and Pampanga. It was led by Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula, and
his first cousin, Martin Panga. The datus swore to revolt. The uprising failed when they were
denounced to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of Calamianes,
in Palawan.
[2]

Revolts Against the Tribute (1589)[edit]
The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against the Tribute occurred on Luzon in the present-day
provinces of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte in 1589. Ilocanos, Ibanags and other Filipinos revolted
against alleged abuses by the tax collectors, including the collection of high taxes. It began
when six tax collectors who had arrived from Vigan were killed by the natives. Governor-
General Santiago de Verasent Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to pacify the rebels. The
rebels were eventually pardoned and the Philippine tax system reformed.
[3][4]

Magalat Revolt (1596)[edit]
Main article: Magalat Revolt
The Magalat Revolt was an uprising in 1596, led by Magalat, a rebel from Cagayan. He had
been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the Spanish. He was later released after
some urging by some Dominican priests, and returned to Cagayan. Together with his brother,
he urged the entire country to revolt. He was said to have committed atrocities against his fellow
natives for refusing to rise up against the Spaniards. He soon controlled the countryside, and
the Spanish eventually found themselves besieged.
The Spanish Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmn sent Pedro de Chaves from
Manila with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops. They fought successfully against the rebels,
and captured and executed several leaders under Magalat. Magalat himself was assassinated
within his fortified headquarters by his own men.
[5]

17th century[edit]
Igorot Revolt (1601)[edit]
Main article: Igorot Revolt
By order of then Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmn an expedition was sent to
the Cordillera region for religious conversion purposes with the aid of Padre Esteban Marin.
Marin, the curate of Ilocos at that time, who tried to initially convince the Igorots to convert
peacefully to Cathilism. Marin allegedly even tried to create his own dictionary in Igorot dialect to
advance this cause. The Igorots, however, killed Marin and the Governor-General sent Captain
Aranda with Spanish and Lumad foot soldiers, who used brute force and had the Igorot villages
cooled in his rage for the gain of the friar. The revolt was short-lived as Aranda made use of
extreme measures and executed them quickly to dispel the revolt in the Cordillera region.
[6]

The Chinese Revolt of 1603[edit]
Main article: Sangley Rebellion
In 1603, at least 30,000 Chinese merchants were slaughtered and in Luzon Chinese officials
and civilians were killed without authority by what The Ming Shi-lu (, Mng shl)
describes as the barbarian Spanish chieftain of Luzon during that time. The surviving Chinese
fled to Wawa, or what is now known as Guagua, this atrocity is known in Chinese history as the
Luzon Tragedy (,L sng cn n). The Chinese inhabitants of Manila set fire
to Legarda and Binondo and for a time threatened to capture the Moro stronghold in Intramuros.
Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622)[edit]
Main article: Tamblot Uprising
The Tamblot Revolt or Tamblot Uprising was a religious uprising in the island of Bohol, led
by Tamblot in 1621. The Jesuits first came to Bohol in 1596 and eventually governed the island
and converted the Boholanos to the Catholic faith. Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest, urged
his fellow Boholanos to return to the old belief of their forefathers.
[7]

The revolt began on the day when the Jesuits were in Cebu, celebrating the feast day of St.
Francis Xavier. It was finally crushed on New Year's Day, in 1622. Tamblot was executed and
his head was severed on a pike to serve as a warning to the populace.
Bancao Revolt (1621-1622)[edit]
The Bancao Revolt was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Bancao,
the datu of Carigara, in the present-day Carigara Philippine province of Leyte.
Bancao had warmly received Miguel Lpez de Legazpi as his guest, when he first arrived in
the Philippines in 1565. Although baptized as a Catholic in his youth, he abandoned this faith in
later years. With a babaylan, or religious leader named Pagali, he built a temple for a diwata or
local goddess, and pressed six towns to rise up in revolt. Similar to the Tamblot Uprising, Pagali
used magic to attract followers, and claimed that they could turn the Spaniards into clay by
hurling bits of earth at them.
Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza sent the alcalde mayor of Cebu, Juan de
Alcarazo, with Spanish and foot soldier colonial troops, to suppress the rebellion. Bancao's
severed head was impaled on a bamboo stake and displayed to the public as a stern warning.
One of his sons was also beheaded, and one of the babaylans was burned at the stake. Three
other followers were executed by firing squad which the Spanish already possessed at that
time. Other historical sources/accounts reports The Bancao Revolt as the first recorded uprising
against foreign colonization. The (16211622) dates may be inaccurate. Carigara was known
only a decade after Magellan landed in Limasawa in 1521. The uprising may well have taken
place towards the end of 16th century.
Itneg Revolt (1625-1627)[edit]
The Itneg Revolt, or the Mandaya Revolt, was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial
rule led by Miguel Lanab and Alababan, the two was previously baptised as Catholics against
their will are from the Itneg or Mandaya tribe of Capinatan, in northwestern Cagayan, in
the Philippines. The region is now part of the landlocked province of Apayao. Miguel Lanab and
Alababan murdered, beheaded and mutilated two Dominican missionaries, Father Alonzo
Garcia and Brother Onofre Palao, who were sent by the Spanish colonial government to convert
the Itneg people to Christianity. After cutting Father Garcia's body into pieces, they fed his flesh
to a herd of pigs. Afterwards, they compelled their fellow Itnegs to loot, desecrate Catholic
images, set fire to the local churches, and escape with them to the mountains.
In 1626, Governor-General Fernndo de Silva sent Spanish and foot soldier colonial troops to
suppress the rebellion. They destroyed farms and other sources of food to starve the Itnegs,
and forced them to surrender in 1627.
Ladia Revolt(1643)[edit]
Main article: Ladia Revolt
Pedro Ladia was a Moro Bornean and a self-claimed descendant of Lakandula who came to
Malolos in 1643. At that time, his land was confiscated by the Spanish and he thought that it
was about time that they stage an uprising and put himself as King of the Tagalogs. This was
despite the fact that a parish priest tried to convince him not to pursue his plans. Upon his
capture, he was brought to Manila where he was executed.
Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50)[edit]
In the town of Palapag today in Northern Samar, Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his
followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649 over the polo y servicio or forced labor system being
undertaken in Samar. This is known as the Sumuroy Revolt, named after Agustin Sumuroy.
The government in Manila directed that all natives subject to the polo are not to be sent to
places distant from their hometowns to do their forced labor. However, under orders of the
various townalcaldes, or mayors, The Waray were being sent to the shipyards of Cavite to do
their polo, which sparked the revolt. The local parish priest of Palapag was murdered and the
revolt eventually spread to Mindanao, Bicol and the rest of the Visayas, especially in places
such as Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay, Camarines and parts of northern
Mindanao, such as Surigao. A rebel government was successfully established in the mountains
of Samar.
The defeat, capture and execution of Sumuroy in June 1650 delivered a big setback to the
revolt. His trusted co conspirator David Dula sustained the quest for freedom with greater vigor
but in one of a fierce battles several years later, he was wounded, captured and later executed
in Palapag, Northern Samar by the Spaniards together with his seven key lieutenants.
Maniago/Pampanga Revolt (1660-1661)[edit]
The Maniago Revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1660s. It was a revolt against the
Spanish during the colonial period and was named after its leader, Francisco Maniago. During
that time, Pampanga drew most of the attention from the Spanish religious Orders because of
its relative wealth. They also bore the burden of more tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation.
They were made to work for eight months under unfair conditions and were not paid for their
labor and for the rice purchased from them. Their patience was put to the limit and they signified
their intention to revolt by setting their campsite on fire. The fight soon began and because the
Spaniards were busy fighting against the Dutch, they were badly depleted by the
Kapampangans.
Maniago was very clever and was able to make his fellows believe in the idea of attaining
freedom if they revolt. He succeeded not only in the attempt of having his natives believe in his
speeches but also the Pangasineses, Cagayanons and the Ilocanos. But sometimes, Maniago
lied and exaggerated his claims to boost their confidence. He once told his followers that a
group of Pamapangos entered Manila and killed all the Spaniards there. However, he was very
confident that he can actually persuade the chieftains of each town in Pampanga to kill the
Spaniards and free the province from them.
Although their motives were already executed, a Spanish governor named Sabiniano Manrique
de Lara was able to neutralize the rebellion by using the "divide and rule" trick. He began with a
"show of force" directed at Macabebe, one of the more affluent towns in the province at that
time. The Macabebe was intimidated and became friendly towards the Spaniards, who
responded in the same way. This strategy was also done to other towns in the province and in
the end, Maniago and his followers did not have a choice but to agree in making peace with
Governor de Lara. The Governor also tricked Maniago into leaving Manila with a bribe of being
appointed as a master of camp in the Pampango regiment in the city. Maniago was never heard
from again and according to one account, he was shot months later in Mexico, Pampanga. The
Maniago revolt was the start of a much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan. This
battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt
against the Spaniards.
Malong Revolt (1660-1661)[edit]
The Revolt of Malong in 1660, under the leadership of Andres Malong, a native of Binalatongan
(San Carlos), the people rose up in arms.
Almazan Revolt (January 1661)[edit]
See also: Pedro Almazan
A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt was the Ilocos Revolt led by Don Pedro Almazan,
illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The letters sent by Don
Andres Malong ("King of Pangasinan") narrating the defeat of the Spaniards in his area and
urging other provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain any support among the natives. During the
revolt, Don Pedro Almazan proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was later captured and
executed. He also had a son which the Ilocanos proclaimed their prince
Chinese Revolt of 1662[edit]
Fearing an invasion of Chinese led by the famous pirate Koxinga, the garrisons around Manila
were reinforced. An increasing anti-Chinese sentiment grew within much of the population. In
the end, the invasion did not materialize, but many locals massacred hundreds of Chinese in the
Manila.
Panay Revolt (1663)[edit]
The Panay Revolt was a religious uprising in 1663 that involved Tapar, a native of the island
of Panay, who wanted to establish a religious cult in the town of Oton. He attracted some
followers with his stories about his frequent conversations with a demon. Tapar and his men
were killed in a bloody skirmish against Spanish and colonial foot soldier troops and their
corpses were impaled on stakes.
Zambal Revolt (1681-1683)[edit]
A group of chieftains from Zambales had refused to accept the authority of the Crown over their
realm and staged a revolt. The Spanish were very swift to respond and sent a colonial force of
6,000 foot soldiers to suppress the uprising. After 2 years of conflict, the Spanish had pacified
the entire area of Zambales and all of the chieftains who participated in the revolt were
executed.
18th century[edit]
Agrarian Revolt of 1745[edit]
The Agrarian Revolt was a revolt undertaken between the years 1745 and 1746 in much of the
present-day CALABARZON (specifically in Batangas, Laguna and Cavite) and in Bulacan, with
its first sparks in the towns of Lian and Nasugbu in Batangas. Indigenous landowners rose in
arms over the land-grabbing of Spanish friars or Catholic religious orders, with native
landowners demanding that Spanish priests return their lands on the basis of ancestral domain.
The refusal of the Spanish priests resulted in much rioting, resulting in massive looting of
convents and arson of churches and ranches. The case was eventually investigated by Spanish
officials and was even heard in the court of Ferdinand VI in which he ordered the priests to
return the lands they seized. The priests were successfully able to appeal the return of lands
back to the natives, which resulted in no land being returned to native landowners.
Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829)[edit]
Main article: Dagohoy Rebellion
In 1744 in what is now the province of Bohol, what is known today as the Dagohoy Revolt was
undertaken by Francisco Dagohoy and his followers. This revolt is unique since it is the only
revolt completely related to matters of religious customs, although unlike the Tamblot Uprising
before it, it is not a complete religious rebellion. After a duel in which Dagohoy's brother died,
the local parish priest refused to give his brother a proper Catholic burial, since dueling is a
mortal sin. The refusal of the priest eventually led to the longest revolt ever held in Philippine
history: 85 years. It also led to the establishment of a free Boholano government. Twenty
governors-general, from Juan Arrechederra to Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca, failed to stop
the revolt. Ricafort himself sent a force of 2,200 foot soldiers to Bohol, which was defeated by
Dagohoy's followers. Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and 1829, failed as well.
Dagohoy died two years before the revolt ended, though, which led to the end of the revolt in
1829. Some 19,000 survivors were granted pardon and were eventually allowed to live in
new Boholano villages: namely, the present-day towns of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar (Vilar),
Catigbian and Sevilla (Cabulao).
Silang Revolt (1762-1763)[edit]
Arguably one of the most famous revolts in Philippine history is the Silang Revolt from 1762 to
1763, led by the couple of Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang. Unlike the other revolts, this revolt
took place during the British invasion of Manila. On December 14, 1762, Diego Silang declared
the independence of Ilocandia, naming the state "Free Ilocos" and proclaimed Vigan the capital
of this newly independent state. The British heard about this revolt in Manila and even asked the
help of Silang in fighting the Spanish. However, Silang was killed on May 28, 1763 by Miguel
Vicos, a friend of Silang. The Spanish authorities paid for his murder, leading to his death in the
arms of his wife, Gabriela. She continued her husband's struggle, earning the title "Joan of Arc
of the Ilocos" because of her many victories in battle. The battles of the Silang revolt are a prime
example of the use of divide et impera, since Spanish troops largely used Kampampangan
soldiers to fight the Ilocanos. Eventually, the revolt ended with the defeat of the Ilocanos.
Gabriela Silang was executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.
Palaris Revolt (1762-1764)[edit]
During the British Invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years' War, the Spanish colonial
government, including Villacorta, had relocated to Bacolor in the province of Pampanga, which
was then adjacent to Pangasinan. It was at this time that the principalia of Binalatongan
protested the abuses committed by the provincial governor. The town leaders demanded that
the governor be removed and that the colonial government stop collecting taxes since the
islands were already under the British at that time. But Governor-General Simon de Anda
dismissed the demands and the revolt broke out in November 1762. The name of de la Cruz,
who began to be known as Palaris , emerged as one of the leaders of the revolt, along with his
brother Colet, Andrs Lpez, and Juan de Vera Oncantin.
By December, all Spanish officials, except the Dominican friars who were in charge of the
Catholic mission, had left Pangasinan. The Spanish colonial government had to deal with the
British invaders and the simultaneous Silang Revolt, led by Diego Silang, in the neighboring
province of Ilocos in the north. (The present-day province of La Union was still part of
Pangasinan and Ilocos.)At the battle of Agno, he faced on March 1, 1763 the Spanish forces
under the command of Alfonso de Arayat, who led a composite troop of Spanish soldiers and
Indios loyal to Spain. Arayat withdrew after losing much of his Indio loyalists.Pangasinenses
took over all official functions and controlled the province up to the Agno River, the natural
boundary between Pangasinan and neighboring Pampanga in the south. (The present-day
province of Tarlac was still part of Pampanga.)At the height of the uprising, Palaris commanded
10,000 men. He was also in communication with Silang, with whom he was coordinating a
bigger offensive against the Spanish.
However, the Seven Years' War ended on February 10, 1763 with the signing of the Treaty of
Paris (1763) in Paris, France. Also, Silang was assassinated on May 28, 1763 by an Indio under
the employ of the friars. The Spanish were then able to focus on the uprising and mustered
forces to surround Palaris.The Spanish friars, who were allowed to stay in the province, also
started a campaign to persuade Pangasinan residents of the futility of the Palaris Revolt.
By March 1764, most of the province had already fallen, leaving Palaris no escape route except
through Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea in the west. He chose to stay
in Pangasinan and hid among his supporters.But his presence terrified his protectors and his
own sister Simeona, who was apparently threatened by the Spanish clergy, betrayed him to
Agustn Matias, the gobernadorcillo (mayor) of the razed Binalatongan.Palaris was arrested on
January 16, 1765 and brought to the provincial capital of Lingayen for trial. While in detention,
he confessed being the principal leader of the revolt. He was convicted and hanged on February
26, 1765
19th century[edit]
Basi Revolt (1807)[edit]
The Basi Revolt, also known as the Ambaristo Revolt, was a revolt undertaken from September
16 to 28, 1807. It was led by Pedro Mateo and Salarogo Ambaristo (though some sources refer
to a single person named Pedro Ambaristo), with its events occurring in the present-day town
of Piddig in Ilocos Norte. This revolt is unique as it revolves around the Ilocanos' love for basi, or
sugarcane wine. In 1786, the Spanish colonial government expropriated the manufacture and
sale of basi, effectively banning private manufacture of the wine, which was done before
expropriation. Ilocanos were forced to buy from government stores. However, wine-loving
Ilocanos in Piddig rose in revolt on September 16, 1807, with the revolt spreading to nearby
towns and with fighting lasting for weeks. Spanish led troops eventually quelled the revolt on
September 28, 1807, albeit with much force and loss of life on the losing side. A series of 14
paintings on the Basi Revolt by Esteban Pichay Villanueva currently hangs at the Philippine
National Museum, to be later moved to a museum in Ilocos.
Novales Revolt (1823)[edit]
Main article: Andrs Novales
Novales later grew discontented with the way Spanish authorities treated the Creoles. His
discontent climaxed when peninsulares were shipped to the Philippines to replace Creole
officers. He found sympathy of many Creoles, including Luis Rodriguez Varela, the Conde Indio.
As punishment to the rising sense of discontentment, many military officers and public officials
were exiled. One of them was Novales, who was exiled to Mindanao to fight the Moro. However,
Novales was not stopped to secretly return to Manila. On the night of June 1, 1823, Novales
along with a certain sub-lieutenant Ruiz and other subordinates in the King's Regiment, went
out to start a revolt. Along with 800 Indigenous natives in which his sergeants recruited, they
seized the royal palace (palacio del gobernador), the Manila Cathedral, the city's cabildo (city
hall) and other important government buildings in Intramuros. Failing to find governor general
Juan Antonio Martnez, they killed the lieutenant governor and former governor general,
Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras. Folgueras was the one that suggested Spain to replace
Creole officers with peninsulars. The soldiers shouted, "Long live the Emperor Novales!" (Viva
el Emperador Novales).
Surprisingly, the townsfolk followed Novales and his troops as they marched into Manila. They
eventually failed to seize Fort Santiago because Antonio Novales, his brother who commanded
the citadel, refused to open its gates. Learning that Fort Santiago was still holding out the
rebels, soldiers were rushed to the fort. Novales himself was caught hiding under Puerta Real
by Spanish led soldiers. At 5:00 pm of June 2, Novales was killed with Ruiz and 21 sergeants by
firing squad in a garden near Puerta del Postigo. At his last minute, he declared that he and his
comrades shall set an example of fighting for freedom. Antonio was also included in the
execution, since he was the brother of Andres. However, the people pleaded for his freedom for
he saved the government from being overthrown. Antonio went mad after the ordeal, yet
receiving a monthly pension of 14 pesos.
Palmero Conspiracy (1828)[edit]
Main article: Palmero Conspiracy
The Palmero Conspiracy in 1828 was a failed plot to overthrow the Spanish colonial
government in the Philippines. The Spanish government suppressed further information on this
conspiracy. In 1823, an order was from Spain declared that military officers commissioned in the
Peninsula (Spain) should have precedence of all those appointed in the Colonies. This was the
reaction of Madrid to the series of wars against Spanish rule that was known as the Spanish
American wars of independence; Many Creole military officers were outranked by their
Peninsular counterparts.
In 1828, matters became worse when public officials, mainly provincial governors, were also
being replaced by Peninsulars. In the same year, two Palmero brothers, members of a
prominent clan in the Philippines, along with other people from both the military and the civil
service, planned to seize the government. Such was the prominence of the Palmeros, one of
whose most famous descendants was Marcelo Azcrraga Palmero, that when the Spanish
government discovered the plan, they thought it would be wise not to report it to the public. The
plot itself would embarrass the government since the conspirators were Spaniards themselves
and it would seem that Spaniards themselves would want to overthrow the power of Spain in the
country. The main conspirators were exiled.
Pule Revolt (1840-1843)[edit]
One of the most famous religious revolts is the Pule Revolt, more formally known as the
Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule. Undertaken between June 1840 and November 1841, this
revolt was led byApolinario de la Cruz, otherwise known as "Hermano Pule". De la Cruz started
his own religious order, the Confraternity of Saint Joseph (Spanish: Confradia de San Jos) in
Lucban, located in the present-day province of Quezon (then called Tayabas), in June 1840.
However, there were two types of priests in the Philippines then: secular priests, or parish
priests, which were usually Indio, and religious priests, or convent priests, which were usually
Spanish. Due to the concentration of Spanish religious power and authority in the already-
established religious orders (the Augustinians,Jesuits and Franciscans to name a few) and the
concept that Filipino priests should only stay in the church and not the convent and vice-versa
(although this was not always followed), the Spanish government banned the new order,
especially due to its deviation from original Catholic rituals and teachings, such as prayers and
rituals suited for Filipinos. However, thousands of people in Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna and
even Manila already joined.
Because of this, the Spanish government sent in troops to forcibly break up the order, forcing
De la Cruz and his followers to rise in armed revolt in self-defense. Many bloody battles were
fought with the order's last stand in Mount San Cristobal, near Mount Banahaw, in October
1841. The Spaniards eventually won, and Apolinario de la Cruz was executed on November 4,
1841 in the then-provincial capital, Tayabas. It did not end there, though. Many members of the
Spanish armed forces' Tayabas regiment, based in Malate in Manila, had relatives that were
members of the order, of which many of those relatives were also killed in the ensuing violence.
On January 20, 1843, the regiment, led by Sergeant Irineo Samaniego, rose in mutiny,
eventually capturing Fort Santiago in Intramuros. The next day, however, the gates of Fort
Santiago were opened by loyalist soldiers. After a bloody battle, the mutineers were defeated by
loyalist troops, resulting in the execution of Samaniego and 81 of his followers the same day.
Cavite Mutiny (1872)[edit]
Main article: Cavite Mutiny
See also: Gomburza
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish
arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in
the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and
government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a
burgeoning nationalist movement.