Practical Stability Boundaries Around L4,5 in The Spatial R3BP

Practical Stability Boundaries
around L
4,5
in the spatial R3BP
Carles Simo* Priscilla A. Sousa Silva** Maisa O. Terra**
* Universitat de Barcelona - MAiA
** Instituto Tecnologico de Aeronautica (SP/Brasil)
San Martino al Cimino - Viterbo, Italy
03/09/2013
Introduction
Introduction
Domains of Practical* Stability occur in non-integrable dynam-
ical systems with N 2 D.O.F.
For N > 2
N-dimensional invariant tori are not able to conne trajectories
in the 2N phase-space
Arnold diusion eects are expected (slow rates of diusion)
*Practical (or Eective) = trajectories remain
bounded for a very long time span (not time!)
Questions:
Up to which distance escape is slow, and why crossing some quasi-
boundaries it becomes relatively fast?
Which objects are responsible for the quasi-connement?
P.A. Sousa Silva (ITA) Practical Stability Boundaries 03/09/13 2 / 19
Introduction
Motivation
Jupiter co-orbitals
3893 Greeks around L
4
and 1993 Trojans around L
5
user:Mdf/Wikimedia Commons/Public
Domain
On 19/08/2013, there were 5901 Trojan minor planets listed in the Solar System:
Earth (1), Mars (5), Neptune (9), Jupiter (5886).
Data from the Minor Planet Center - IAU (www.minorplanetcenter.org)
Introduction The Restricted Three-body Problem
The Restricted Three-body Problem
3 D.O.F. Hamiltonian
Particle P
3
of negligible mass moving under the gravitational inuence
of P
1
and P
2
of masses m
1
and m
2
.
The primaries describe circular coplanar orbits around the barycenter
of P
1
-P
2
and are xed in the synodic reference frame (which rotates
w.r.t. an inertial frame).
Distance between the primaries, the sum of their masses and their
angular velocity around the barycenter are normalized to one.
= m
2
/(m
1
+ m
2
), m
1
m
2
is the only parameter.
Equations of Motion:
x 2 y =
x
, y + 2 x =
y
, z =
z
,
(x, y, z) =
1
2
(x
2
+y
2
) +
1
r
1
+

r
2
+
(1 )
2
,
r
1
=
(x )
2
+y
2
+z
2
, r
2
=
(x + 1 )
2
+y
2
+z
2
Integral of motion: J(x, y, z, x, y, z) = 2(x, y, z) ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) = C,
5D manifold M(, C) =
(x, y, z, x, y, z) R
6
|J(x, y, z, x, y, z) = const.
Hill regions:
Projection of Monto conguration space
Areas accessible to trajectories for each C
Bounded by the Zero Velocity Surfaces
Symmetries:
(x, y, z, x, y, z, t) (x, y, z, x, y, z, t)
(x, y, z, x, y, z, t) (x, y, z, x, y, z, t)
-
Introduction The Restricted Three-body Problem
Equilibrium points
Collinear points: L
1,2,3
, on the x-axis
center-center-saddle
4D central manifold: vertical and horizontal Lyapunov orbits, Halo orbits, invariant
tori, other periodic orbits, chaotic regions.
Triangular points: L
4,5
, at x =
1
2
, y =
3
2
, z = 0
Planar case: nonlinear stability for (0,
1
)\{
2
,
3
}
1
=
(9
69)
18
,
2
=
(45
1833)
90
,
3
=
(15
213)
30
.
Spatial case: nonlinear stability (on a ball of small -dependent radius around L
4,5
)
for (0,
1
)\{
2
,
3
}, except a set of initial conditions of small Lebesgue measure
for xed .
Normal forms give rise to Nekhorosev-like estimates of diusion: possible escape is
extremely slow
Markeev, A.P., On the stability of the triangular libration points in the circular bounded three-body problem,
Applied Math. Mech. 33 (1969), 105-110.
Markeev, A.P., Stability of the triangular Lagrangian solutions of the restricted three-body problem in the
three-dimensional circular case, Soviet Astronomy 15 (1972), 682-686.
Leontovich, A.M., On the stability of the Lagrange periodic solutions of the restricted problem of three
bodies, Soviet Math. Dokl., 3 (1962), 425-428.
Deprit, A. and Deprit-Bartholome, A., Stability of the triangular Lagrangian points, The Astronomical
Journal 72, (1967), 173-179.
Introduction Some previous results
Brief History of the problem
Rough investigation of the planar R3BP for the Earth-
Moon system (480 dimensionless units of time). McKenzie,
R. and Szebehely, V., Nonlinear stability motion around the triangular
libration points, Celestial Mechanics 23 (1981), 223-229.
Numerical evidence that the boundary of the stable do-
main in the planar case is related to the central manifold
of L
3
. Gomez, G. and Jorba, A. and Simo, C. and Masdemont, J., Dy-
namics and Mission Design Near Libration Points, Volume IV: Advanced
Methods for Triangular Points, World Scientic (2001).
Prediction of practical stability domain in the spatial case
based on Nekhorosev type estimates. Giorgilli, A., Delshams,
A., Fontich, E., Galgani, L., Simo, C. Eective Stability for a Hamilto-
nian System near an Elliptic Equilibrium Point, with an application to the
Restricted Three Body Problem, J. of Di. Eq. 77 (1989), 167-370.
Numerical simulations show that the stable do-
main in the 3D case is larger than the one in the
2D case
Simo, C., Eective Computations in Celestial Mechanics and Astrodynamics, in Modern Methods of An-
alytical Mechanics and their Applications, Ed. Rumyantsev, V. and Karapetian, A. CISM Courses and
Lectures Vol. 387, 55102, Springer (1998)
Simo, C., Slides of the talk Boundaries of Stability, given at UB (June 3, 2006)
available at www.maia.ub.es/dsg/2006/
of L
3
2D case
of L
3
2D case
of L
3
2D case
Detecting effective stability domains in the spatial R3BP
Selecting initial conditions for numerical explorations
The Zero Velocity Surface (3D subspace with null initial velocity)
x = + (1 +) cos(2),
y = (1 +) sin(2)
z = z
0
0,
x = y = z = 0,
The values for R are found by = 1 0.5z
2
0
+ 0.09375z
4
0
+ O(z
5
0
) which are
the rst terms of the solution of z
2
0
= 4(1 + R
2
)
2
R
2
, with (z
0
) = R and
R = 1 +.
[0, 0.5]
L
5
is at = 0, = 1/3, z
0
= 0
IC set expected to provide seeds to detect invariant
objects at the stability boundary.
For L
4
results are obtained from the time reversibility of the R3BP:
S : (x, y, z, x, y, z, t) (x, y, z, x, y, z, t).
Extensive detection of the stability region and its boundary
for dierent values of the mass parameter
= 2 10
4
SJ

EM
(, , z = 0)
= 2 10
4
( of Sun-Saturn); Sun-Jupiter:
SJ
= 9.538754 10
4
Earth-Moon:
EM
= 1.21506683 10
2
Simo, C., Sousa-Silva, P., Terra, M., Practical Stability Domains near L
4,5
in the Restricted Three-Body
Problem: some preliminary facts, in Progress and challenges in dynamical systems, Springer Proceedings
in Mathematics and Statistics, (2013)
More cases shown in Simo, C., Slides of the talk Boundaries of Stability, given at UB (June 3, 2006)
The shape of the eective stability region
= 2 10
4
, = 10
7
, t = 10
6
(rev)
(, , z)
(x, y, z)
(z, C)
, , t (rev)
z
0
= 0.1 z
0
= 0.8
Showing escape times only for t = 10
4
(rev)
Quasi-conned (top) and unconned orbits (bottom)
xy projection of Poincare iterates through z = 0, z > 0
z
0
= 0.1 z
0
= 0.8
Escape patterns
xy projection of the Poincare Section of unconned
trajectories through of z = 0, z > 0
= 1/3, z
0
= 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.70.8.0, 0.85, 0.867
The escape process: dynamics near Hyperbolic Structures
In the planar case there is one periodic orbit around L
3
for a given
C < C
3
. In the Poincare section each is a saddle. In the complete
phase space W
s
and W
u
are 2D. So...
The central manifold of L
3
is the 2D foliation of the unipara-
metric family of P.Os and has 3D (codimension-1) hyperbolic
stable and unstable manifolds which account for the quasi-
connement!
In the 3D case the libration point is centre centre saddle. So...
3
is a 4D sphere (3D for xed C < C
3
) with the family
of planar Lyapunov orbits, the family of vertical Lyapunov orbits, a Cantorian
family of invariant tori connecting them for every energy level, later on Halo
orbits appear... + there are other periodic orbits (associated to resonances) and
also small chaotic zones
Codimension-1 is now 5D!
For xed energy, we will be looking for 2D Cantor sets of 2D tori with 3D
hyperbolic manifolds.
Moreover...
Dierent escape patterns suggest that we can nd dierent objects playing a
role in the quasi-connement of trajectories around L
5
.
3
for a given
C < C
3
phase space W
s
and W
u
are 2D. So...
3
connement!
3
3
) with the family
Moreover...
5
.
3
for a given
C < C
3
phase space W
s
and W
u
are 2D. So...
3
connement!
3
3
) with the family
Moreover...
5
.
3
for a given
C < C
3
phase space W
s
and W
u
are 2D. So...
3
connement!
3
3
) with the family
Moreover...
5
.
3
for a given
C < C
3
phase space W
s
and W
u
are 2D. So...
3
connement!
3
3
) with the family
Moreover...
5
.
3
for a given
C < C
3
phase space W
s
and W
u
are 2D. So...
3
connement!
3
3
) with the family
Moreover...
5
.
3
for a given
C < C
3
phase space W
s
and W
u
are 2D. So...
3
connement!
3
3
) with the family
Moreover...
5
.
The central manifold of a family of periodic orbits near L5
The case of large z
0
Quasi-conned
trajectories visit
recurrently two
2D tori, seen as
approximated
invariant curves
on the Poincare
Section z = 0,
z > 0.
z
0
= 0.46, = 0.35, C = 2.79507059
z
0
= 0.8, = 1/3, C = 2.43554203
The approximated invariant curves from the integrated data are rened using
standard Fourier methods. Castell`a, E. and Jorba, A., On the vertical families of two-dimensional
tori near the triangular points of the Bicirbular Problem, Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
76 (2000), 35-54.
Continuation of tori varying rotation number ()
(x
max
, )
The tori found at the boundary are continued until two symmetric (w.r.t z = 0)
periodic orbits,
1
and
2
, are reached.
A relevant family of periodic orbits
v
5
C > C
: center-center-center
C < C
: center-center-saddle
1,2
center-center-saddle
C
= 1.94769998
v
5
: red
1
: green
C = C
: blue
(
2
not shown)
The central manifold of L3
The case of small z
0
z
0
= 0.1, = 0.16,
C = 2.99024550
-
(xy, z = 0, z > 0)
-
Green: 0 t 0.1t
esc
Red: 0.9t
esc
t t
esc
To correctly identify tori that play a role in quasi-
connement, one needs to deal with:
- Slow rotational dynamics under the Poincare Map;
- Large instability;
- Recurrent visits to the L
3
region related to hetero-
clinic connections for a given C.
(xy projection)
The central manifold of L3
Correspondence between tori approximated from the time
series of trajectories and tori continued from
v
3
C = 2.99033255
-
-
-
-
L
3
Vertical Lyapunov
L
3
Planar Lyapunov
Hyperbolic 2D torus (dots)
Poincare section of 2D torus (line)
Conclusions
We have seen that...
There are relatively large practical stability domains with sharp boundaries
for small values of .
Dierent objects play a role in the the quasi-connement of trajectories.
How? By means of their invariant manifolds.
Codimension-1 manifolds are important to achieve a complete description
of the dynamics.
Ongoing work...
Systematic computation of the hyperbolic invariant manifolds of the objects
sitting at the boundary.
Computation and representation of relevant codimension-1 manifolds: sections
of sections to visualize 5D objects.
The splitting of these manifolds.
Next...
Perturbation methods for very small .
Other mass parameters (other objects may be important due to higher order
resonances): Sun-Jupiter and Earth-Moon.
More realistic models.
Thanks for your attention!
: 2013/07174-4 and 2012/21023-6
: PDE-201932/2010-5
Conclusions
of the dynamics.
Ongoing work...
Next...
: 2013/07174-4 and 2012/21023-6
: PDE-201932/2010-5
Conclusions
of the dynamics.
Ongoing work...
Next...
: 2013/07174-4 and 2012/21023-6
: PDE-201932/2010-5
Conclusions
of the dynamics.
Ongoing work...
Next...
: 2013/07174-4 and 2012/21023-6
: PDE-201932/2010-5

Practical Stability Boundaries Around L4,5 in The Spatial R3BP

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