RC Techniques Tones Flashcards Compilation

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Reading Comprehension: Chapter 1 Introduction To Principles

Principle 1: Engage In Passage
o Quick and effective method is to pretend that you really like this stuff.
o Another way is to help yourself get into the passage psychologically is to identify the good guys and bad guys.
o Recruiting for you Memory work Inc.
1. To let in all the talented, important people
2. To keep out all the people who will not contribute.
Principle2: Look for the Simple Story
o Every GMAT passage has a simple story the gist or code meaning of the passage. You must find the simple story in the first read-
through.
o How to identify simple story
1. Text It To me
2. Make a table of content
3. Look for Content and Judgment
a. Content: the scientific or historical subject of the passage.
i. Causes ( effects, evidences, logical results)
ii. Process ( steps, means, ends)
iii. Categories (examples, generalities)
b. Judgment: whatauthor and any other people believe about the content
i. Theories and Hypothesis
ii. Evaluations and Opinions
iii. Comparisons and Contrasts
iv. Advantages and Disadvantages
o Reminder: Dont forget the Twist. On GMAT , there will often be some important qualification and contrasts - a key twist or two in
the road.
Principle 3: Link to What you already know
o Concretizing actively imagine that the words are referring to. Re-explain the original text to yourself.
o Link to the ideas that you already know that are not mentioned in the passage.
Principle 4: Unpack the Beginning
o You must understand the first few sentences of every passage, because they supply critical context to the entire passage.
1. Grab the concrete noun first
2
2. Turn action back into verbs
3. Put only ONE simple thought in a sentence
4. Link each subsequent sentence to the previous one, using this or these
5. Simplify or quote off details.
Principle 5: Link to What you have just Read
o As you read further, you must continue to ask about the meaning and purpose of what you are reading. What does this sentence
mean in relation to everything else I have read?
o Relationship a sentence can have with previous text
1. Is the new sentence expected or surprising?
2. Does this support or oppose the earlier material?
3. Does it answer or ask a question?
o Content/Judgment framework can guide you. But DO NOT use this as checklist, rather simple be aware of the various possible
relationships.
Principle 6: Pay Attention to Signals
o Paragraph beaks are important. Indicate something new.
o Signal words indicate relationship to previous texts.
Relationship Signal
Focus Attentions -- As for;Regarding; In reference to
Add to previous text -- Furthermore; Moreover; In addition to; As well as; Also; Likewise; Too
Provide Contrasts -- On one hand/ on another hand; While; Rather; Instead; In contrast;Alternatively
Provide Conceding Contrasts -- Granted; It is true that;Certainly; Admittedly
(Author unwillingly agrees)
Provide emphatic contrast -- But; However; Even; so; All the same; Still; That said; nevertheless; Nonetheless; Yet;Otherwise
(Author asserts own position) Despite [concession]; [assertions]
Dismiss previous point -- In any event; In any case
Point out similarity -- Likewise; In the same way
Structure the discussion -- First, Second, ect; to begin with; Next; Finally; Again
Give Example -- For example; In particular; For instance
Generalize -- In general; To a great extent; Broadly speaking
Sum up, perhaps with exception-- In conclusion; Brief; Overll; Except for; Besides
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Indicate logical result -- Therefore; Thus; As a result; So; Accordingly: Hence
Indicate logical cause -- Because; Since; As; Resulting from
Restate for clarity -- In other words; That if; Namely; So to speak
Hedge or soften position -- Apparently; At least; Can, Could, May, Might, Should; Positively; Likely
Strengthen position -- After all; Must, have to; Always, Never, ect
Introduce surprise -- Actually; In fact; Indeed
Reveal authors attitude -- Fortunately; Unfortunately; other adverbs; So-called.

Principle 7: Pick Up the Pace
o Go faster after the first paragraph
o DO NOT get lost in details later in the passage.
o Only pay close attention to the following elements of the passage
1. Beginning of the Paragraph 1
st
or 2
nd
sentence functions as topic sentence, indicating the content and/or purpose of the
paragraph
2. Big Surprises or change in the direction
3. Big result, answer or payoff

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Reading Comprehension: Chapter 2 Components of Passage
Point - Most important message of the passage
o Crux of the simple story
o Purpose of the passage
o The most important message that the author is trying to convey
o Analogous to the Conclusion of an argument (Critical Reasoning)
o Common varieties of point
1. Resolution: Resolve an issue or a problem
2. Answer: answers a question ( similar to Resolution)
3. New Idea: describe a surprising new idea, theory or research result
4. Reason: explains an observation
Background, Support and Implications
o The other common components all relate to the Point in some way
1. The background information you need to understand the Point.
2. The support in evidence, assertions, and opinions For the Point.
3. Implications are the results from the Point.
Foreshadowing
o Foreshadowing sets up the Point.
o Not always present
Foreshadowing Point
Problem leads to . Resolution
Question.. leads to . Answer
Old Idea .. leads to . New Idea
Observation.. leads to . Reason or New Idea
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Reading Comprehension: Chapter 3 Short Passage
Create Headline List of the passage during first read. Spend Aprox 6 mins ( Headline and answering questions)
Headline List
1. Should summarize or indicate the main idea of each paragraph
- Most para have one topic senesce first or second or both sentence
- Use Text It To Me or TOC style
2. Read the rest of the paragraph with an eye for big hidden surprise or results
3. Follow the same process for subsequent paragraphs
4. Once finish passage, identify the passages Point.
Common Notations
o Abbreviate long terms, particularly proper nouns
o User arrows ( ) to indicate cause-effect relationship or changes over time.
o Point of view, arguments use this notation --- Historians: econ. interests war
o Mark Ex for Examaples
o Number each paragraph
Using Headline List
o DO NOT use to answer question.
o Use to answer General Question
o Use as search tool to refer back to passage while answering Specific Question
Common structure of Short Passage
Point First Point Last Point in Middle
POINT Background Background
E.g. X is true E.g. Phenomenon Q happens E.g. Phenomenon Q happens

Support: Heres Why Support: There is theory X and Y POINT
Pros and Cons Theory X explains Q
(Optional Implications)
Heres what could result POINT Support: Heres why
Theory X is better (Optional Implications)
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Reading Comprehension: Chapter 4 Long Passage

Create SKELETAL SKETCH for long passage. Spend aprox 8 mins creating skeletal sketch, identifying point and answering questions
SKELETAL SKETCH
1. Skull Top of the skeletal is the most defined structure.
First para is most important that other paras
Take notes for every sentence
2. Limbs short headlines or one-sentence summaries of each remaining paras
Subsequent paras are generally not as important as first para.
Read each body para to determine its main point or purpose. Focus on 1
st
/2
nd
sentence.
Read remainder sentence quickly, intentionally skimming over details.
Be on look out for big surprise.( GMAT buries it within body, you add them in skelatal sketch).
Construct simple story
3. Once you have finished the passage, identify the Point
Glance back on your notes and mark the Point.
Common structure of Long Passage
Point First Point Last Point in Middle
POINT Background Background
E.g. X is true E.g. Phenomenon Q happens E.g. Phenomenon Q happens

Support: Heres Why Support: There is theory X and Y POINT
Pros and Cons Theory X explains Q
(Optional Implications)
Heres what could result POINT Support: Heres why
Theory X is better (Optional Implications)

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Reading Comprehension: Chapter 5 Seven Strategies
General Questions
o What is the main idea of this passage?
o Dive right into the answer choices and start eliminating.
o An incorrect answer choicemay pertain only to a detail in a body paragraph.
o Strategy If stuck between two answer choices, use a SCORING SYSTEM to assign a value to each one. (2 point if relates to first
para and 1 point for each additional related paragraph)
o Common questions
The primary purpose of this passage is .?
The main idea of this passage is ?
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
The passage as a whole can be best characterized as which of the following?
Specific Questions
o Deal with details, inferences, assumptions, and arguments.
o DO NOT look at the answer choices, four out of 4 times are meant to mislead you.
o Strategy Identify the KEY WORDS in the question. Then go back to the passage and find those key words.
o You may have to do a little thought work or take few notes know the Mantra to answer the question.
o Strategy Find one or two PROOF SENTENCES to defend the correct answer choice.
Strategies for All reading Comprehension questions
o Strategy Justify every word in answer choice. Every word must be correct and true.
o Strategy AVOID extreme words if possible. ( all and never). GMAT prefers moderate language and idea.
o Strategy Infer as little as possible.
If the answer choice answers the question AND can be confirmed by language in the passage, it will be correct one.
Eliminate any answer choices that require any logical stretch or leap.
When you read the passage suggest or The passage implies, you should rephrase that language: The passage STATES
JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENTLY.You must be able to prove the answer, Just as if the question asked you to look it up in the
passage.
Think the same way on Critical Reasoning problems. ( Draw Conclusion)
Stick with the words on the screen.
Strategy Preview the first question
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Reading Comprehension: Chapter 6 Question Analysis Strategies
Type of wrong answer choices
1. Out of scope (40-50% )
Introduces an unwarranted assertions supported nowhere in the passage.
Might be Real World Plausible if not supported by passage, it is out of scope
2. Direct Contradiction (20-25%)
States the exact opposite of something asserted in the passage.
Paradoxically attractive, because it relates to the passage closely.
Found in all question types, but less often in General questions.
3. Mixed-Up (10-15%)
Scramble together disparate content from the passage.
Tries to trap student who simply matches the language not meaning.
Found more often in Specific questions.
4. One Word Wrong(10-15%)
Just one word ( or may two) is incorrect. Includes extreme words
More prevalent in General questions.
5. True But Irrelevant (~ 10%)
True according to passage, but does not answer the given question.
May be too narrow or simply unrelated.
More prevalent in General questions.

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Reading Comprehension: Chapter 6 Question Analysis Strategies
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Reading Comprehension: Chapter 4 Long Passage

What are Keywords Transition Words
Very simply put keywords are like road signs. Road signs tell the traveller what lies ahead ,
sometimes where they are , and sometimes what they can and cant do on the road.
Likewise Keywords and Transition words tell the Reader what kind of information lies
ahead, the also establish a relationship between the reader has just read and what is
about to come.
Good readers are good at picking up keywords and hence following the exact ow of
information precisely the way the author meant it , information generated by the keyword
also helps a good reader predict what information is coming his way and thus helps him
comprehend the information more effectively even when the information is complex.
A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words
Pretty much like a good driver who seeing this sign will be ready for a curvey ride
unlike a poor driver who will miss this sign and either end up in farmland by the road or
take last minute hurried action.
On the road following road signs and information can save your live and make for a
smoother journey similarly in reading being aware of keywords , noticing them and reading
accordingly can make reading a pleasant journey.
Since our main idea is to convey to you the importance of keywords and how they can
almost magically inuence your reading. i will be repeating the idea quite often. in different
words using different details and supporting material. If by the end of the chapter your
brain can become sensitized to keywords such that you notice them all around you the
purpose will be served.
An introduction to keywords and their Function
just the way road signs can be categorized by what function they serve , turns , road
descriptions , speed limits , special hazards etc . Keywords can also be divided by what
function they are serving. Following is a list divided on the basis of function , you will nd a
lot of keywords repeated in separate sections but remember _+_+_+++
Function: Addition , For continuing a common line of reasoning,

Furthermore Sentence A Sentence B
Shows
Idea in Sentence B is an Addition
to the idea in Sentence A
Keywords serving this function :also, again, as well as, besides, coupled with, furthermore,
For Starters we are using the visual to emphasize the point that just looking at the keyword and
without looking at what is inside sentence A and B we can still determine the relationship between
the sentences. Now for an actual text sample sentences are numbered for better analysis.
(1)The human ability to assign arbitrary meaning to any object, behavior or condition makes
people enormously creative and readily distinguishes culture from animal behavior. (2)People can
teach animals to respond to cultural symbols, but animal cannot create their own symbols.
(3)Furthermore, animals have the capability of limited tool manufacture and use, but human tool
use is extensive enough to rank as qualitatively different and human tools often carry heavy
symbolic meanings. (4)They symbolic element of human language, especially speech, is again a
vast qualitative expansion over animal communication systems.

Text Analysis: Topic Statement and the main idea of the paragraph is underlined. Sentence 2 is an
elaboration of the Topic Statement , so is sentence 3 Furthermore establishes the relationship
between sentence 2 and 3 . Similarly Again tells the reader that idea in sentence 4 has been already
mentioned.
(1)Culture lock -in results from the gradual stiffening of the invisible architecture of the
corporation, and the ossication of its decision-making abilities, control systems, and mental
models.(2) It dampens a companys ability to innovate or to shed operations with a less-exciting
future. (3)Moreover it signals the corporations inexorable decline into inferior performance.
Text Analysis: Sentence 1 idea what results in culture Lock in . Sentence 2 states the
effects of cultural lock-in , Moreover in sentence 3 indicates that idea in sentence 3 will be
another detail about Cultural lock in .
(1)This dogmatism is to some extent necessary. (2)It is demanded by a situation which can only be
dealt with by forcing our conjectures upon the world.(3) Moreover, this dogmatism allows us to
approach a good theory in stages, by way of approximations: if we accept defeat too easily, we may
prevent ourselves from finding that we were very nearly right
Text Analysis: Topic statemement/main idea is underlined. Dogmatism is Necessary in statement 1
is explained in sentence 2 as well as 3 and 3rd is in addition to 2nd.
Function: Consequence, Conclusions
Keyword/phrases serving this function :accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for
this purpose, hence, so , therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore, in conclusion, in nal
consideration, indeed

consequence 'kansikwans;
kwcns
noun
1 a result or effect of an action or condition : many
have been laid off from work as a consequence of the
administration's policies.
conclusion kan'kIoo zh an
noun
1 the end or nish of an event or process : the conclusion of World
War Two.
the summing-up of an argument or text.
the settling or arrangement of a treaty or agreement : the
conclusion of a free-trade accord.
2 a judgment or decision reached by reasoning : each
research group came to a similar conclusion.
Logic a proposition that is reached from given
premises.
Therefore
Sentence B
Indicates
that the
following
sentence is a
conclusion
Sentence A
Sample text and analysis
For some multi-layered materials this effect is particularly powerful and is, accordingly, called
"giant" magneto-resistance
he vast majority of people are consuming suboptimal amounts of most micronutrients, and most of
the micronutrients concerned are very safe. Accordingly, a comprehensive and universal program
of micronutrient support is probably the most cost-effective and safest way of improving the
general health of the nation.
Each intervention on its own will hardly make enough difference to be measured. The best
therapeutic response must therefore combine micronutrients to normalise our internal physiology

We are a young world, your eminence. In our short history we have had but few members
of the higher nobility visiting our poor planet. Hence, our enthusiasm.
we often adapt our environments and attempt to change the very constraints that force our own
adaptation. Indeed, in our industrial, nancial, and civil systems, often the antithesis of biological
laws are prescribed. As a result, there is considerable evidence that we are pushing the limits of our
existence.thus
This technique is so sensitive that it means the spots can be made smaller and packed closer
together than was previously possible, thus increasing the capacity and reducing the size and cost
of a disk drive
Some anthropologist would dene culture entirely as mental rules guiding behavior, although often
widely divergence exists between the acknowledged rules for correct behavior and what people
actually do. Consequently, some researches pay most attention to human behavior and its material
products.
Function: Exemplication, Illustration, Moving to Specic Details
Keywords Phrases serving this function chiey, especially, for instance, in particular, namely,
particularly, including, specically, such as for example, for instance, namely, to illustrate, in
particular, specically, such as, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case ,
in particular, to explain, to list, to enumerate, in detail, namely, including.
Samples
For
Instance
Sentence A Sentence B
Shows
that Sentence B is a
specic Example of Idea in
sentence A
Function : Emphasis , Focus , Special attention, Most important, special attention
Keywords/phrases serving this function
more importantly , above all, chiey, especially, particularly, singularly , truly, in fact, to
emphasize
SAMPLE
The symbolic element of human language, especially speech, is again a vast qualitative expansion
over animal communication systems.
And when mental models are out of sync with reality, they cause management to make forecasting
errors and poor decisions. The assumption of continuity, in fact, is precisely the kind of disconnect
with reality that leads corporations into awed forecasting and poor decisions.
Nearly 30 million children in the sixteen age group do not go to school-reason enough to make
primary education not only compulsory but a fundamental right. But is that the solution? More
importantly, will it work? Or will it remain a mere token, like the laws providing for compulsory
primary education?
Idea 1
Idea 2
Idea 3
Function: Similarity , comparison , analogy
comparatively, coupled with, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similar, , Similarly, likewise,
in like fashion, in like manner, analogous to
A lump of clay is no entity, but merely part of an amorphous mass. A landscape, likewise, is merely
the sum total of its part

We must remember that the theme is as much material for the artist as is the clay, wood or stone.
The theme must likewise be brought to life;
Now a healthy interest is taken in the works of Bessie Head, Alex La Guma, Wole Soynika, Nadine
Gordimer, J.M Coetzee as literature that speaks independently of an African experience. Similarly it
is no longer possible to ignore the work of Anta Diop, Paulin Hountondjii, V. Y Mudimbe, Ali
Mazrui in even the most cursory survey of African history, politics, and philosophy.
There is also the resemblance of the plan of the city to the blade of such a knife, the curve of the
dele corresponding to the curve of the blade, the River Acis to the central rib, Acies Castle to the
point, and the Capulus to the line at which the steel vanishes into the haft.)

=
Idea 1 Idea 2

Function: Contrast ,

Keywords / Phrases serving this function : contrast, onversely, instead,
on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast

Exception:
aside from, barring, besides, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save
Restatement:
To restate a point within a paragraph in another way or in a more exacting way:
in other words
point in fact
specifically
in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say,
in short, in brief, to put it differently

Contrast
On the contrary, contrarily, notwithstanding, but, however, nevertheless, in spite of, in contrast, yet,
on one hand, on the other hand, rather, or, nor, conversely, at the same time, while this may be true.
Sequence:
at rst, rst of all, to begin with, in the rst place, at the same time,
for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on,
meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier,
simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind,After, afterward, before, then, once,
next, last, at last, at length, rst, second, etc., at rst, formerly, rarely, usually, another, nally, soon,
meanwhile, at the same time, for a minute, hour, day, etc., during the morning, day, week, etc., most
important, later, ordinarily, to begin with, afterwards, generally, in order to, subsequently,
previously, in the meantime, immediately, eventually, concurrently, simultaneously.
Summarizing:
after all, all in all, all things considered, briey, by and large, in any case, in any event,
in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the nal analysis,
in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, nally

Diversion:
by the way, incidentally
To change the line of reasoning (contrast):
however
on the other hand
but
yet
nevertheless
on the contrary

ransitional chains, to use in separating sections of a paragraph which is arranged
chronologically:
first... second... third...
generally... furthermore... finally
in the first place... also... lastly
in the first place... pursuing this further... finally
to be sure... additionally... lastly
in the first place... just in the same way... finally
basically... similarly... as well
Concession
Although, at any rate, at least, still, thought, even though, granted that, while it may be true,
in spite of, of course.
CAUSE AND EFFECT...
THEN, he moved on to the next work station.
AS A RESULT, the team lost the game.
FOR THIS REASON, she always went home for the weekend.
THE RESULT WAS always predictable.
WHAT FOLLOWED was as painful as it was inevitable.
IN RESPONSE, he quickly upped the ante.
THEREFORE, the aircraft overshot the runway.
THUS, it was just a matter of time.
BECAUSE OF THIS, the results were always the same.
CONSEQUENTLY, he was no longer friends with Frank.
THE REACTION to this event was swift and decisive.


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READING
COMPREHENSION

Introduction
Feared by students more than Mondays, Reading comprehension is a test of
your ability to read and understand unfamiliar materials and to answer
questions about them. In reading comprehension, you will be given a
passage (or let us say a set of passages) to read, which will be like an excerpt
from a serious discussion of a topic from the natural sciences, the social
sciences, or a businessrelated field. Youll then have to answer a group of
questions about the passage, testing how well youve understood its content.
So far so good!
Reading Comprehension (RC) makes one of the major testareas in almost all
entrance tests. In the CAT the weightage RC is roughly 50% of the Verbal
Ability section. Even in the English Usage Section, more than half the
questions (for example, theme based questions) can be solved fast and
correctly only if one is good at RC. The weightage and the toughness level of
RC vary from test to test. RC in the CAT is the stiffest ordeal. Earlier there
generally were 5 6 passages with the average length of a passage being 600
800 words. Now the number of passages has come down to four, but the
passages are abstract and most of the questions are inference based. Also the
passages are from very diverse fields of interest. It is generally seen that
students who are voracious readers (fiction/non fiction/general/specific
etc.) always have an edge over others who are not given to extensive
reading.

Why this Ordeal of Reading Comprehension in CAT?
Reading comprehension, as they say, is designed to measure your ability to
handle the varied kinds of sophisticated, complex, and subtle reading that
graduate business students are called upon to do. You wont right now
believe the amount of material you would have to go through as a manager.
Reading Comprehension prepares you for just that. But work is work! To top it
all, in order to answer the questions its not enough to understand the basic
facts presented in the passage; you also need to notice the more elusive
inferences in the passage (that is, ideas that are suggested rather than directly
stated) as well as the form, structure, and style of the passage (that is, how
the author has chosen to present his/her ideas).

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Reading Practice
You are not expected to use any information other than the ideas explicit or
implicit of the passage. You should confine yourself only to the passage. In
the long run, the best approach would be to read books widely and
extensively and articles of all kinds. Reading the editorials in standard
newspapers will be of good support. Speed, stamina and the power to
comprehend the printed word will consequently improve.
READ, READ & READ!!!!
You will have to develop the skill to read the passage fast and with
concentration so as to intuitively spot the main theme or thrust of the
passage, supporting facts and arguments. This can come only with a good
knowledge of English, and a critical approach with sustained practice. While
examining the answer choices, you will have to pay attention to the language
as well as their import.

The Purpose of Reading: The purpose of reading is to connect the ideas in
the passage to what you already know. If you don't know anything about a
subject, then pouring words of text into your mind is like pouring water into
your hand. You don't retain much. For example, try reading these numbers:
7516324 This is hard to read and remember.
7516324 This is easier because of chunking.
1234567 This is easy to read because of prior knowledge and
structure.
Similarly, if you like sport, then reading the sports page is easy. You have a
framework in your mind for reading, understanding and storing information.

NittyGritties of Reading Comprehension
There are three elements of Reading Comprehension to be considered:
(A) Comprehension or Understanding
(B) Speed
(C) Application/Correlation
Key Point: Good reading means building frameworks for connecting
words to thoughts.

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Improving Comprehension
Try talking to a person who is relatively good at RC. More often than not it
will turn out that s/he has been fond of reading and has possibly read
hundreds of good books other than the normally prescribed text books for
routine studies. Avid readers invariably turn out to be inherently good at
cracking RC this applies even to those that might have been reading
basically fiction. What could explain this? The most likely reasons are that
such persons are not put off by lengthy and even abstract reading, have
better and longer concentration and have also learnt to read speedily with
good retention. Besides the general awareness level of such persons is also
higher as they have gained a lot of awareness through reading.
You can also increase our comprehension, retention and speed the same way.
Diversified reading, i.e. reading of diversified topics will help you in at least
three ways
It will improve your RC as stated and also increase your comfort
level with different RC topics.
It will improve your vocabulary, as different subjects use different
vocabulary
It will enrich your oral and written expression through the
storehouse of ideas gained through such reading.
Quite an arduous task but that is the way it goes!!! And it is never too late to
get started.

Sticking to the Purpose of Reading
Another point to be kept in mind is that the reading of an RC passage is for a
specific purpose that is to answer the questions correctly. When you go
through an RC passage, you have to keep two things in mind, viz. the main
point of discussion (what the author is driving at) and any ancillary
information that will help answer specific questions. So within the limited
time available, you ought to be looking for the grain rather than the chaff.
Half the passage or more may be irrelevant for your purpose. If you cannot
skip it totally, try to speed through it with minimum fuss.

Key Point: Please do not try to enjoy a passage or gain knowledge out of
it in an exam. You have the rest of your lives to do that and there are
better ways of committing suicide.
Toolkit

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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS REGARDING RC FOR
CAT

1. What is the subject of the passages that we get for RC?

The passages in any Reading Comprehension would deal with the following
subjects:
1. Biological Sciences (Biochemistry, Botany, Medicine, Microbiology,
Pharmacy, Zoology, etc.)
2. Humanities (Art, Cinema, Literature, Music etc.)
3. Physical Sciences (Astronomy, Astrophysics, Chemistry,
Environmental Sciences, Geology, Mathematics, Physics etc.)
4. Social Sciences (Anthropology, Philosophy and this one is a favorite
- Business, Economics, Education, History, Politics, Psychology, Public
Administration, Sociology, etc.)
Each of these subjects has its own language.

2. How much time do we spend on reading the passage?
The goal is to spend no more than 34 minutes "reading" the entire
passage. Just remember that you don't get any points for reading the
passages.

The Reading in Reading Comprehension
Reading a passage in a Reading Comprehension test is like a drive through a
strange city. The main idea of the passage is like the overall plan of the city;
the main idea of each paragraph is like the plan of the locality through which
you are driving. Reading the passage is like driving quickly through the city.
You do not waste time memorizing every detail of every locality; you just
develop a general sense of the layout of the city.

It is general assumed that all the information in the passage is important to
answer the questions correctly, but this isn't true. The questions against an
RC passage cover only a small fraction of the passage. You have to identify
the important parts and ignore most of the rest. The less time you spend
reading the passage, the more time you'll have for gaining the score.
Broadly speaking here are two types of questions in Reading Comprehension
and neither requires you to memorize specific information:

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1. General questions: To answer these, you need to have an
understanding of the main idea and, perhaps, the structure of the
passage.
2. Specific questions: Since you'll be asked about only a few specific
pieces of information, it makes sense only to have a vague idea of
where the specific information is located in the passage. That way
you'll know where to look for it if you need it.

3. Which passages are to be attempted out of the RC and
which of these are to be attempted first?
This is a question that often intrigues an MBA aspirant, particularly if
there are a number of passages to be attempted? Let us try analyzing
what to attempt and based on which criteria:
Length of the passage
Accept it or not, this is generally the first thing all of us consider. One
always tends to prefer a smaller passage to a longer one. (Who
wouldnt prefer a 1 page RC to a 3 page RC?)

Number of questions
The more the number of questions to be attempted, the higher is the
probability of you actually attempting more questions.

Type of questions
An analysis during practice of which questions are you comfortable
attempting & most often get correct would tell you which kinds of
questions should you attempt. More the number of those kinds of
questions in a passage, better it is for you to attempt that particular
passage.

Subject of the Passage
It is always advisable for you to attempt a passage based on the
subject you are acquainted with as the jargon there wont baffle you.
But please dont delve into the details of a subject of your knowledge.
This will increase the time you take. Remember, there are better ways
to commit suicide.

Key Point: You get points for answering questions NOT for reading the
passage.
Caution

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Use a combination of all these points to choose the passage(s) for
yourself.

4. Should we attempt all the passages/all the questions?
Related with the above question is a set of others. Should we
attempt?
All Questions of All the Passages (AQAP)
All Questions of Some Passages (AQSP)
Some Questions of All Passages (SQAP)
Some Questions of Some Passages (SQSP)
Before we answer this set of questions, we ought to know that CAT is a
Test of accuracy and speed. RCs are essentially time taking. Even after
devoting a lot of time, students are not sure whether they got the right
answers. In any case, time is a precious resource in the CAT
examination. So the students should
attempt all the questions of all the passages (AQAP) only where
they find Easy Passages Easy Questions (EPEQ)
attempt some questions of all/some passages, where they find
Easy Passages Difficult Questions (EPDQ)
attempt all questions of some (easy) passages (AQSP) if they face
an odd very difficult passage

5. Should we read the passage first or the other way
round?
Ways to Tackle the Questions.
I. Reading pattern passage followed by questions: Reading the passage
first and then attacking the questions.
Passage Questions
Tips & Traps:
Sometimes in the process, you might spend a lot of time
comprehending those parts of passage which arent important i.e. on
which no questions are asked so beware.

II. Questions followed by passage: Reading the questions followed by
reading the passage.
Questions Passage

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Tips & Traps:
The pitfall here might be that you read Q1 and look for the answer in
the passage. Then you read Q2 and search for its answer and so on.
Very human to do so! So, for 6 questions you might end up reading the
passage at least 4 times if not more. This means wastage of time.
III. Passage and Questions simultaneously
Reading two paragraphs and attempting the questions pertaining to
them and so on.
Passage Questions
Tips & Traps:
This may not lead you anywhere.
IV So, a little safer strategy is.
Question stems

Passage Reading

Question solving
The above strategy works!
P.S.: Attempting a passage is a very relative process. Therefore, try
working on all these strategies and see what suits you the best.

6. Should we underline while we read?
Although we advise students to avoid use of a pen or pencil that runs
alongside words, for it hinders speed, a pen/pencil is handy for
marking the important points in the passage. While the students are
skimming the passage, they should make it a point to underline if and
when they come across any phrase/point that they consider very
important. This is true particularly where the students have gone
through the questions and have a fair idea of what is required of them.
Later on, while answering the questions, the students will not need to
go through the detail, and can the required information from the
underlined part(s) only.

A word of caution! Care should be taken to avoid underlining each
and everything in the passage. Everything important means nothing is
important. As a thumb rule, the number of words underlined should
never exceed 5% of the total number of words in the passage. Also
what are to be underlined are the ideas in the form of short phrases,
not the detailed statements.

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7. When do we know that we have the right answer?
The Best Strategy is to arrive at the correct answer through a Process
of Elimination (POE) of the wrong answers based on the traps that the
examiner has set for you.

8. Can we answer the questions based on our prior
knowledge of the topic?
Strictly, NO. Prior knowledge may help you to get a grip of the topic.
But this should not come in way of the requirement to answer the
questions based entirely on the information furnished in the passage.
Be sure to work within the context of the passage. Your own views or
opinions may sometimes conflict with the views expressed in the
passage.

However, you will often be able to eliminate some of the answer
choices simply on the basis of commonsense, which you will be called
upon to use in ample measure.

TIP
A number of different reading strategies are tested by multiplechoice
questions. Some are straightforward comprehension questions where you
are expected to identify stated information. Others require you to read
between the lines and infer the writers meaning, which may be expressed
indirectly. Yet others ask you to identify and interpret opinions and the
writers attitude. The final questions in the series are often designed to test
understanding of overall meaning.

The multiplechoice question may therefore be more complex than it appears
and in all cases requires a close reading of the text. The incorrect options or
distracters in the multiplechoice question can be of several types.

untrue or contrary to what is stated in the text
not mentioned in the text (although they may be true)
only partially true
true but irrelevant to the question

The correct option will be the only one which is entirely true for a given text
and relevant to the question.

ossible tone Meaning of the word
Acerbic Harsh/ severe; bitter
Aggressive
Forceful; tending towards unprovoked
offensiveness
Angry/indignant
Apathetic
Emotionless; not interested/ concerned;
indifferent; unresponsive
Apologetic
Expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having
failed, injured, insulted or wronged another
Belligerent Aggressively hostile; bellicose
Biased
Favouring one thing/person/group over another
for personal reasons.
Caustic Biting; acerbic
Commiserating
Feeling/ expressing sorrow for; empathizing with;
pity
Condescending
Patronizing; showing/implying patronising
descent from dignity/ superiority
Contemptuous Expressing contempt/ disdain
Cynical
displaying a belief that people are always self-
seeking and never altruistic in their actions
Derisive Unkind and displaying contempt
Disparaging Speak slightingly; depreciating; belittling
Dogmatic
Asserting opinions in an arrogant manner;
imperious; dictatorial
Emotional
Easily affected by feelings actuated by
experiencing love, hate, fear and the like
Ethical
Dealing with principles of morality; honest;
righteous
Euphemistic
Substitution of mild, indirect or vague expression
for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt
Grandiose
More complicated/ elaborated than necessary;
pompous
Humanistic
Evincing keen interest in human affairs, nature,
welfare, values
Humourous Funny and amusing
Introspective Consider one's own internal state of feelings
Incendiary Causing strong feelings
Laudatory Praising; extolling; applauding
Motivating Impelling; inciting
Obsequious
Fawning; showing servile complaisance;
flattering; deferent
Pedestrian Lacking vitality, imagination, distinction
Populist
Egalitarian; pertaining to the characteristics of
common people/ working class
Provocative Inciting; stimulating; irritating; vexing
Romantic
Fanciful; impractical; unrealistic; extravagant;
exaggerated
Sarcastic
Harsh, bitter derision; taunting; sneering; cutting
remarks
Satirical
Ironical; taunting; human folly held up to scorn/
derision/ ridicule
Speculative
Theoretical rather than practical; thoughtful;
reflective; hypothetical
Technical
Using terminology or treating subject matter in a
manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer
or a book
Vitriolic Full of anger and hatred
Vituperative Cruel and angry criticism

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READING
COMPREHENSION

Speed Building
Many adults never get out of the habit of reading words; something they are
in habit of, since childhood. Reading words leads to slower reading
whereas if you learn to recognize thought patterns, your reading speed will
increase.

(A) Looking for Sign Posts!
Coming back to our strange city example, when you drive through a
strange city you are always on a lookout for the signposts and landmarks. By
looking at them you are able to tell yourself that something is expected.
Similarly certain words instantly tell you a lot about the structure of a
passage. For example, if a sentence begins, on the one hand, you would
expect to find an on the other hand later in the sentence. These structural
signposts show an alert reader whats going to happen later in a passage.
Here are some structural signposts to look out for on the CAT.
Yet again special attention should be given to the words/phrases given
within inverted commas ( ), because invariably these words/phrases have
particular relevance in context of the passage.

Change is Upfront: Trigger Words
Take a look at the following example

First paragraph: Most people believe that the UFOs have extraterrestrial
origin
Second paragraph: HOWEVER (trigger word), scientists have unearthed
enough evidence Their genesis lies in the obscure labs sponsored by CIA.
In this example the trigger word signals that the second paragraph will
modify or qualify what was gone before. A trigger word at the beginning of
any paragraph is a sure sign that this paragraph will disagree with what was
stated in the preceding one.

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Trigger words are important even if they do not appear at the beginning of a
paragraph; they always signal a change of meaning, even if it is only within a
sentence. Here are the trigger words that often appear in the Comprehension
passages.

Although (even though) But
Despite (in spite of) Except
However Nevertheless
Nonetheless Notwithstanding
On the other hand Unless
While Yet

Continuing Words
Some structural signposts let you know that there will be no contradiction,
no change in path. If you see a first of all it stands to reason that there will
be a second and perhaps a third. Other signs of continuation:
By the same token
In addition
Likewise
Similarly
This (implies a reference to preceding sentence)
Thus (implies a conclusion)

YinYang Words
One of frequently occurring types of passage contrasts two opposing view
points and certain words immediately give this away. See if you can supply
the second half of the following sentences:

1. The traditional view of the causes of global warming focuses on the
burning of fossil fuel.
(Second half: However, the new view is that there is some other cause.)

2. Until recently, it was thought that the Mayan civilization was
destroyed as a result of drought
(Second half: However, now we believe that space invaders destroyed
them.)

3. The classical model of laissezfaire capitalism does not even admit the
possibility of government intervention
(Second half: But the rock and roll version of laissezfaire capitalism
says, Let me just get my checkbook.)

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4. Before 1960, it was commonly assumed that the atom was the smallest
particle in the universe.
(Second half: However, after 1960 scientists began to suspect that there
was something even smaller.)

Whenever you spot a yin word, you should realize that there is a yang
on the way. Some other yinyang words:

Yin Yang
Generally (however, this time . . . )
most scientists think (but Doctor Spleegle thinks . . .)
on the one hand (on the other hand . . . )
the old view (however, the new view . . .)
the widespread belief (but the believes . . .)

Getting Through the Passage Faster
Structural elements like these can help you understand a passage faster, with
less reading. When you spot one of these signposts, make a mental note. If
it actually starts a paragraph, you might begin your threeword synopsis of
the paragraph with a big but. A structural signpost is usually more
important to your understanding of a passage than any individual fact
within that passage.

(B) Improving Speed Simple points to remember
Many of us have the habit of reading out loud. Try to avoid this. Read in
your mind. This will, in some measure, help you increase your reading
speed. Likewise avoiding use of a pen or pencil that runs alongside words
also needs to be avoided, for it hinders speed. The pen/pencil could,
however, be handy for marking the important points in the passage.

(C) Pre-reading, Skimming, Scanning and Prediction
CAT RC reading requires you to redefine the word reading.
Here reading can be categorized under three heads:
If the subject matter of the passage is entirely new to the student, it might
help if s/he does the reading twice: the first reading to be a birds eye-
view or a pre-reading exercise only. The birds eye-view may constitute
reading the opening couple of statements, the first statement of each
body paragraph, and the concluding couple of statements. A birds eye
view will afford the students a good grasp of the main idea of the
passage. Such pre-reading will also enable the student to decide what to
look for and read in the second assay.

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Skimming means: Read some; Leave some. The students should develop
the habit of reading for idea that requires them to skip unnecessary/
supporting detail. There may be a small phrase in a sentence that is
worth noting. The rest needs to be skipped. Skimming is useful for
noting the important points of the passage. Scanning is like looking for a
needle in a pile of grass. Your eyes may be looking at the grass, but not
actually seeing it as the focus is only on the needle. This is literally like
Arjunas focus on the birds eye. Scanning is useful for locating specific
detail, where you know in which paragraph the detail may lie.

Prediction means trying to anticipate what may lie ahead. Trying to
predict not only helps build focus, but also increases reading speed.

(D) Eye Span; Column Reading
Increase your eye span Reduce fixation.
If we read word for word, our eye-sight will be moving left to right across the
entire width of the text. This is not only tiring, but also time consuming. Since
the students know by now that reading of the entire passage is not needed to
answer the RC questions, they should develop the habit of moving across the
length of the passage skipping the text on the margins of their eye span. This
will speed up reading without seriously jeopardizing the comprehension of
the passage.
Linked with the eye span is the technique of column reading. Let us try out
an experiment. Take any article on the editorial page of a newspaper,
preferably on an abstract subject, of which you have no prior knowledge. The
article may run into 3-4 columns. Try going through any one column of the
article, skipping the rest. Then put the paper down and write down the main
idea of the article on a sheet of paper. You will find that invariably you are
able to get the main point of the article by reading one column/ part of the
text only. Likewise you may treat the text width of a reading passage as
consisting of columns and glance through only the part within your eye span.

(E) Phrase Reading
The RC passage is not a collection of words. It is rather an expression of
ideas. The ideas are in phrase form. The grammatical structure of the
sentences is irrelevant for the purpose of reading comprehension. Only the
structurally important phrase needs to be read carefully. We need a lot of
practice so as to develop the habit of reading for the relevant phrases, not for
the words/sentences.

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(F) Varying reading speed:
All the content of the reading passage is not equally important. So why
should you spend uniform time? The reading has to be at varying speed:
speed through the content till you come across something very important
slow down here, even mull what is being discussed here then speed up
again when the content is repetitive or elaborative detail that you can
always infer or predict
We do not prescribe a set reading style. Select the one that you are
comfortable with. Also vary the style as per the type of reading topic
involved and the type of questions that you have to answer. After all, you
cannot have the same speed for a work of fiction and for an abstract topic on
philosophy.
The varying reading speeds will help you make the most efficient use of the
limited time available and at the same time improve your comprehension.

A word of Caution: Speed with Accuracy
Capacity to read fast is definitely an advantage, though you should bear in
mind that reading for speed alone could be counter-productive. Speed
reading is not the ultimate aim. The aim is to answer the questions correctly
and to make the fullest use of your capacity.

The need for assimilation: Reading is assimilation learning and all
learning is a digestive process. On the face of things, it seems that there is a
tradeoff between speed and assimilation if the reader goes twice as fast he
assimilates half as much but it need not be so.

Assimilation is somewhat faster if you are able to relate your knowledge of
the subject to the material you are reading. This is not to say that if you are
not familiar with the subject matter you will not be able to assimilate well.
You may just take a little longer and this will not reduce your speed
drastically.

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RC tests your ability to answer the questions correctly rather than your
ability to read fast. Hence, regardless of how fast you can read a given text, it
is the accuracy of the answers to the questions that matters in the test. Even if
your reading speed is just average, you can maximize the accuracy by using
appropriate techniques. Cracking the RC is a right combination of speed and
technique.

Toolkit
Key Point: Assimilation is measured by the quality of retention of
information and the ability to recall relevant information. If you try to
look at words rather than look for their meaning, you are being passive
instead of being proactive. This approach may increase your speed but
do nothing for assimilation. It is therefore a question of striking the right
balance between speed and comprehension and reading flexibly.

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READING
COMPREHENSION

Improving comprehension and Identifying main idea

Improving Comprehension
Reading comprehension requires motivation, mental frameworks for
holding ideas, concentration and good study techniques. Your arrows:

Develop a broad background.
Broaden your background knowledge by reading newspapers,
magazines and books. Become interested in world events.

Know the structure of paragraphs.
Good writers construct paragraphs that have a beginning, middle and
end. Often, the first sentence will give an overview that helps provide a
framework for adding details. Also, look for transitional words,
phrases or paragraphs that change the topic.

Identify the type of reasoning.
Does the author use cause and effect reasoning, hypothesis, model
building, induction or deduction, systems thinking?
Anticipate and predict.
Really smart readers try to anticipate the author and predict future
ideas and questions. If you're right, this reinforces your understanding.
If you're wrong, you make adjustments quicker.

Highlight, summarize and review.
Just reading a passage is not enough. To develop a deeper
understanding, you have to highlight, summarize and review
important ideas.

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Build a good vocabulary.
For most educated people, this is a lifetime project. The best way to
improve your vocabulary is to use a dictionary regularly. You might carry
around a pocket dictionary and use it to look up new words. Or, you can
keep a list of words to look up at the end of the day. Concentrate on roots,
prefixes and endings.

Use a systematic reading technique like SQR3.
Develop a systematic reading style, like the SQR3 method and make
adjustments to it, depending on priorities and purpose. The SQR3 steps
include Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. See later for more
details on SQR3.

USI NG SQR
3

How can you make sure you're focusing on the key facts? How can you boost
your comprehension and get the most from what you read? Try SQR
3
, an
easy multistep reading technique that really works. Here's what the letters
mean:

S Survey
Q Question
R Read
R Recite
R Review

Steps to Follow
S Survey: When you survey a passage, you examine the material quickly
before you start reading it in depth. A survey is similar to a reading preview.
As you survey the reading, make predictions about the content. Based on
your survey, decide what information you are going to find in the passage.
As you survey, look at these places in the reading:

QQuestion: While you survey the passage, ask yourself questions
about the material and what you find. Asking questions makes you an active
reader, which greatly increases your comprehension. Start by turning the
title, heads, and subheads into questions. As you survey, think about possible
answers to these questions.

RRead: Now read the passage. Slow down when you come to key
passages and important ideas and of course the keywords we discussed
about. As you read, refer back to the predictions you made in the previous
two steps. Change your predictions as needed.

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RRecite: After you finish reading, look over the passage again. Focus
on the key places, such as the title, heads, and key paragraphs. Summarize
the material in your head, reducing what you learned to a few paragraphs.
Remember to recite your summary silently to yourself.

At first, you will probably stop, summarize, and recite after every paragraph
or so. But as you practice using SQR
3
, you will probably find that you can
bite off bigger and bigger chunks of text, building to a page or so at a time.
What happens if your mind goes blank? If you find you are having trouble
remembering what you have read, take a moment to skim the passage again.
It is vital that you make sure that you understood the concept of what you
read before you go any further.

RReview: As you review, think back to the predictions you made
during the Question step. Were your ideas on target? If so, isolate the details
you used to make your predictions. If your predictions were off base, think
about when and where you guessed incorrectly. Assessing your predictions
and revising your methods of making them will enable you to make more
accurate predictions next time.

Read for the Main Idea
Every discussion, every article, every write-up has a main idea. Likewise
every RC passage has a main idea. The main idea is the nucleus of the
passage. Most of the questions based on the passage reading not only
concatenate, they also revolve around the main focus of the passage. So it is
very important to catch the main idea of the passage to be able to get most of
the answers right.

How to get the main idea of the passage? The main idea is the idea that
occurs repeatedly in the passage. So look for a repetitive word or phrase in
the passage. The first sentence of a paragraph should always be read
carefully since it is so often the key to understand the entire paragraph. If it
seems difficult to catch the main idea of the entire passage, it might be useful
to catch the main point of every paragraph. As you read quickly through the
passage, write a oneor twoword summary of each paragraph on your
scratch paper. This is partly to make you articulate what the main idea of
each paragraph is but it is also in order to remember them. Have you ever
had the experience of reading an entire passage, getting to the end, and then
saying, I have no idea what I just read? Most CAT passages inspire exactly
that thought. To avoid this kind of hangover jot down a couple of key words
on your scratch paper to encapsulate the main idea.

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However, once youve got the main idea, it isnt necessary to pay a lot of
attention to the other sentences in the paragraph. For example, you would
probably notice that while the second sentence included some specific
FACTS, it adds nothing to your understanding of the main point of the
paragraph. Later, if you are asked a specific question about this FACT, you
can go back and find the answer; it will still be there.

Until you know what the main idea of a paragraph is, you should read very
carefully. However, as soon as you've got a handle on whats going on, you
can speed up. Let your eyes glaze over when you get to the small details.
Until a question is asked about them, who cares?

Let us have a little practice of getting the main idea of some short passages.

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READING
COMPREHENSION

TYPES OF QUESTI ONS
MAI N I DEA, SPECI FI C DETAI L AND VOCABULARY I N CONTEXT

Questions will be based mainly on:
1. The main idea of the text. 2. The implied idea.
3. Specific detail. 4. Tone.
5. The logical structure of the passage. 6. Application questions.
7. Meanings in context

Most of the questions, however, are about implied idea and application,
although they revolve around the main point of discussion.

The Big Picture: Main Idea
The questions in this category test your ability to formulate a big picture
from the small elements/ideas given in the passage. The format of these
questions would be:

(a) Which of the following is the main point of the passage?
(b) The primary purpose of the passage is to
(c) The author is primarily concerned with...
(d) Which of the following titles is most appropriate for the passage?
(e) Which of the following titles best describes the passage?
(f) Which of the following summarizes the authors main point?

The primary purpose or central idea is usually (NOT ALWAYS!) established
in the first two sentences of the passage or the first sentence of each
paragraph. To attempt these questions, focus on the opening and closing
sentences of each paragraph and try to infer what the author is trying to
convey to you an the whole. At times the central idea would be evident in the
second or the third paragraph. The key is that you should be able to form a
big picture.

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The title of the passage also depends on the contents of the passage. The title
will obviously be a representation in a nutshell of the central idea and
contents of the passage. Once the central idea is clear, one has to look for
associated information. Details regarding the idea its elucidation, concepts
that seem to be inherent in the idea, the manner of elucidation, the examples
used, etc.

I MPORTANT TI P
Dont Be Dramatic
The test makers realize that people have different points of view. They dont
want to be dogmatic, saying, This is the only way. Do not argue! They do
want t leave some space for personal interpretation. So if you have two
answers, choose the more moderate one.

For example:
Two answer choices:
(A) The author hates discrimination.
(B) The author is saddened by discrimination and tries to go to its root
levels.

Choice (B) is kinder and gentler and would therefore, be the more probable
answer

TRIPS AND TRAPS FOR MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
Always remember that there need not be patently wrong answer options. The
examiner may set a trap for you by presenting other than the best options as
the right answers. Be on the look out for such traps. Some of these could be:
Disputable statements: Authors of passages will never use strongly
negative statements for other people or ideas.
Direct repetitions (same language): Language directly picked up from
the passage is more likely to be a trap. The right answer will possibly lie
hidden in a heap of indirect references.
Supporting Idea(s): The passage may have several supporting ideas,
apart from one main idea. Dont fall for the supplementary idea(s).
Half truths: Dont fall for an answer that may appear to be true, but may
have a word/phrase that may render it false.
True statement: Again dont jump at an answer simply because it
appears to be true as per the passage. Always proceed through the
process of progressive elimination (POE).

You need to be careful about many of the above traps in case of other
question types also.
Caution

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SPECI FI C DETAI L QUESTI ONS
These test your ability to understand what the author explicitly says. These
questions ask you to spot information mentioned in the passage. The
questions could ask for any detail such as numbers, dates, names, places,
methods mentioned, qualities of people mentioned, and experiments
conducted etc. These questions refer to a point mentioned by the author in
the passage as a part of the development of the theme of the passage.
These questions may be worded as follows:
(a) The author mentions which of the following
(b) According to the passage
(c) According to the author
(d) The passage says that
(e) All of the following are supported by the passage/author EXCEPT
(f) Which of the following is not true
(g) The author refers to . In order to
(h) The author provides information that would answer which of the
following questions?

It is easier to answer specific detail questions than inference questions. The
latter requires a greater understanding of the words (and language) in the
passage, while specific detail questions call for a greater scrutiny of the
information presented in the passage.

Such questions require a detailed and careful reading of the information or
data given. But often these questions provide very direct clues about where
an answer may be found, or a text link. Recognize the key phrase in the
question. Now locate the sentence in which this key word or phrase or its
synonym occurs. Read one or two sentences above and below this line and
you will find the answer. Remember you should not assume anything nor
should you mark an answer based on your general knowledge.
Key Point: The primary purpose of the passage, title, central idea etc is
one, which is mentioned repeatedly in the passage. At times there is a
strong temptation to choose an answer which has been mentioned only in
one of the paragraphs, has been stated in one or two sentences or has
been touched obliquely in the passage. Avoid these traps and reject these
choices in favour of the one, which is referred to repeatedly in a major
part of the passage. Again, although the main idea/theme/title of the
passage and the authors purpose could, in most cases, be the same. Yet,
in some cases, there could be a fine line of distinction between the two.
The authors purpose may not be expressly stated in the passage, though
it can always be inferred.
Toolkit

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Word Meaning / Vocabulary in Context
These questions include unfamiliar words where you have to guess their
meanings from their contexts, and the way in which they are used. This type
includes proverbs, idioms, technical words, unfamiliar words, quotations
and foreign expressions also. Sometimes familiar words are also used in an
unfamiliar context, i.e. in their secondary meaning, which may be technical
or special e.g. The common clay assumed an artistic beauty and shape as the
potter threw the vase in less than an hour with expert skill (here, threw
means to shape on a potters wheel).

The best strategy is to find out the contextual meaning of the given word. Try
to answer by reading the context. Special technical words can be guessed by
their context. Watch out for help from the author. Sometimes difficult words
are explained by the authors in parenthesis to make the meaning clear. The
words in the immediate vicinity of the word or phrase in question are also
useful clues to a difficult or unknown word.

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READING
COMPREHENSION

TYPES OF QUESTI ONS
LOGI CAL STRUCTURE/ ATTI TUDE OF THE AUTHOR/ SOURCE/
FI GURE OF SPEECH

(A) ATTI TUDE/TONE QUESTI ONS
These questions ask you to gauge the authors attitude towards a person or a
thing or a quality discussed in the passage. The questions in this category
could be worded as follows:
(a) The authors attitude towards can be best described as
(b) The author regards the with
(c) In terms of its tone and form, the passage can be best described as
(d) The tone of the passage is

Most students falter at questions regarding TONE and therefore tend to get
scared away from them. Here, as nowhere else, a sense of language plays a
major role. Judgment or evaluation based on the evidence in the text is
required in such questions.

Attitude refers to the mode of thinking or the opinion of the author as
conveyed directly or indirectly in the passage. Tone is manifest in the
writers use of words and syntax. In order to answer attitude/tone type
questions, watch out for words that convey emotion, values, positive and
negative connotations. Connotation is what is implied in addition to the
literal meaning of a word. For instance, some words acquire a good or bad
shade of meaning e.g. a champion carries a good connotation and a
chauvinist carries a bad connotation. Look for descriptive adjectives and
phrases that convey the mood.

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The different attitudes conveyed by the author may be

Abnormal Admiring
Adulatory Ambivalent Amused
Analytical Cautious Conciliatory
Consistent Controversial Condescending
Cynical Criticizing Critical/ Censorious
Defensive Denigrating Derisive
Descriptive Disputatious Disinterested
Disparaging Dogmatic
Explanatory Enthusiastic Euphoric
Exemplary Facetious Grudging respect
Guessing Happy Harmonious
Hostile Humorous Implausible
Indifferent Indignant Indignant denial
Introspective Ironical Lampooning
Laudatory Lukewarm review Metaphor
Marked indifference Model Moderate Amusement
Neutral Nostalgic Objective
Optimistic Polemical Praising
Prejudiced Qualified admiration Respectful
Reverential Ridiculing Sarcastic
Serious reservation Skeptical Sharp derision
Speculative study Strange Suspicious
Unenthusiastic Uninterested Unlikely
Unrelenting Wary Unresolved ambivalence

Let us see some different types of attitudes and tones. You are advised to
look out for the rest of them as you come across the RCs in due course of
your preparation.

A string of words /sentences spewing sarcasm would obviously mean that
the writers tone is sarcastic.

Trenchant criticism, without any positive suggestions shows a cynical tone.
The cynics work, after all, like that of the opposition, is to oppose
everything, propose nothing. For example, a passage where the writer raves
and rants about the commercialization of art, evincing scant respect for all the
means and reasons of commercialization without suggesting any remedy
would belong to the cynicaltone category.

Sarcastic
Cynical

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Description without criticism or analysis would make the passage a
descriptive one, while description with some analysis would render it a
combination of the two

A detailed examination of a topic taking into consideration both its merits
and demerits is the sign of an analytical passage. The writer does not usually
take any definite stand visvis the topic or the argument but simply lists
the facts of the case in an unbiased manner.

A tongue in cheek humor, using humorous anecdotes, puns, jocular jibes
at someone or something, provides a humorous tone.

If the writer shows absolute lack of respect for the object criticism or
discussion, and does not mince his / her words in proving so, the tone is
derisive.

Some passages might have a strident, angry, indignant tone. These would
concentrate mainly on the writer protesting vehemently against something or
somebody.

Very often the writer says something in an ironical manner. He/she uses
words and phrases (often humorous or sarcastic), which have an underlying
meaning or implication. It must be remembered though, that sarcasm and
irony have a subtle difference. While irony could veer more towards humour,
bite is inherent to sarcasm, which is also a distinguishing feature of certain
passages.

Passages, in which the writer takes a close look at himself, his mental and
emotional self, carry an introspective tone.

There could also be different shades as deep skepticism, strong indignation
etc. or combination of two of the tones/attitudes mentioned above.
It is not possible to describe the various types of tone since it requires careful
study and perseverance on the student. The more one works at solving
comprehension passages, the betterequipped will one be to solve these
questions. Familiarity in this case breeds expertise.

The best strategy for this type of questions would be to create a continuum of
the answer choices and locate the authors attitude or tone in that continuum.
For instance
The tone of the passage is best described as:

(a) outrage (b) approval
(c) objectivity (d) alarm enthusiasm
Descriptive
Analytical
Humorous
Derisive
Indignant
Ironical
Introspective

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Arrange these attitudes in a line from the most negative to the most positive
()outragealarmobjectivityapprovalenthusiasm (+)

(B) FI GURE OF SPEECH
Related with the attitude/tone of the author, there could occasionally be a
question on the figure of speech used by the author in a particular
expression/statement. The figures of speech could be
Simile - a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another,
dissimilar thing by the use of like, as, etc. (e.g. shining like a star)
Metaphor a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in
which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is
applied to another (e.g. a heart of gold).
Personification a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is
represented as a person.
Hyperbole exaggeration for effect and not meant to be taken
literally.
Litotes understatement for effect, esp. such understatement in which
something is expressed by a negation of the contrary.

(C) LOGI CAL STRUCTURE
These questions ask you to state the technique adopted by author in
presenting the facts of the topic, his views, his ideas etc. These questions test
your ability to sport special effects used by the author like analogies,
examples, comparisons, parallelism, allegories, puns etc. and also his method
of organization of the paragraphs. The questions in this category would be
worded as follows:
The author develops the passage primarily by
The author mentions in order to
The author uses all of the following to make his point EXCEPT
Which of the following best explains why the author introduces

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of
the passage?

Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the
lines

Answering such question requires you to read the opening sentences
carefully, and see how a paragraph relates to the passage as a whole and to
other paragraphs, how the author builds up his argument etc.

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(D) SOURCE/ I DENTI TY QUESTI ONS
These questions ask you to identify the source from which the passage
has been extracted, or the profession etc. of the author. Sometimes the
question asks you to identify the audience. The clue here is that a passage
sourced from an ordinary newspaper/journal caters to the requirements
of the general public and is invariably related to current affairs, whereas
that extracted from a specialized journal will cater to the specialists in the
field and will also employ technical/ profession-specific jargon.
Similarly, a passage extracted from, say a college text book, will be
didactic in nature.
Likewise a journalists way of writing and that of a politician or a
bureaucrat will be entirely different. The bureaucrats writing is
explanatory, that of a politician is either adulatory or highly critical,
depending on which side of the fence he sits; that of a journalist is
pragmatic and analytical.

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READING
COMPREHENSION

TYPES OF QUESTI ONS
I NFERENCE/APPLI CATI ON/ AUTHORS PURPOSE

(A) INFERENCE QUESTIONS
Inference questions ask you to identify an information or idea which is
implied or suggested in the passage, or which can be inferred from the
passage. These questions ask about what is not mentioned explicitly in the
passage, but can be logically inferred from the information in the passage. So
the answer is not stated directly in the passage but has to be inferred through
a slight logical extension of the information that appears specifically in the
passage. Some question types could be:
(a) The passage implies that...
(b) The author implies that
(c) The passage suggests
(d) The author uses the phrase ... to mean...
(e) The author would support which of the following
(f) It can be inferred from the passage that
(e) Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

To tackle these questions it is essential to read between the lines so as to
understand the implications (for implied idea) of certain phrases, words,
sentences, etc. You should learn to recognize the key words/phrases in the
question. Choose an answer which would be a logical development of ideas
provided by the author. Base your answer on what the passage implies, not
what it states directly. Then match this with the options given and you will
hit the right answer. Remember you must go beyond the obvious.
Of late, there has been an increased emphasis on inference based questions in
the CAT examination. Students find such questions quite a bit more difficult
to handle. These questions require a greater understanding of the passage,
though minute details may not be necessary. Having a clear understanding
of the main idea, and to an extent the subsidiary ideas of the passage, is quite
helpful. Since there may be a few close answer options, it is advisable to
proceed on the basis of POE only.

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(B) APPLICATION QUESTIONS
These questions are similar to implied idea questions, but unlike the latter,
they require you to apply information or ideas used in the passage. These
questions test the ability to recognize how the authors idea might apply to
other situations outside the parameters of the passage. You should be able to
apply and collate ideas extending them to situations or statements outside
the scope of the text. Primarily these questions are intended to test the critical
reasoning skills of the test takers.
This category can be further divided into several types some of which are:

Audience/Source Questions
1. With which of the following statements is the author most likely to
agree?
2. The passage is most probably taken from
3. The author of this passage is most likely a/n

Agreement Questions
1. Which of the following aphorisms/proverbs would the author be
in strongest agreement with?
2. The author would most strongly agree/disagree with which of the
following statements?

Extrapolation Questions
1. Which of the following situations is most closely analogous to the
situation described by the author?
2. Most nearly parallel, in its fundamental approach, to the research
program described in the passage would be a program designed to
3. Which of the following describes a situation most analogous to
the situation described in lines

Reasoning Questions
1. The authors argument would be most weakened by the discovery of
In dealing with such answers, try to perceive feelings of the author.
This, like inferential questions, requires that you go beyond what the
author explicitly states. Therefore, being inferential in nature, they can
be answered quite easily on the basis of the substance of the passage.

Least agree Questions
These questions would have one wrong answer option, all the others being
the right answer options. Students have to identify the wrong answer option.
Even if these questions are not inference based, and can be answered directly
based on the information furnished in the passage, they are still time taking.
This is because, unless we are able to identify all the right answers based on
the passage, we shall not know what the wrong answer option is. These
questions could be answered after we have answered the other questions and
have a better idea of the right answers.

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All of these/None of these (type) answer options
If a student is positive that more than one answer options are correct, the
right answer option is more likely to be all of these. The reverse is true in
case of none of these.

(C) AUTHORS PURPOSE
Like the questions based on implication/inference, questions regarding the
authors purpose also require you to read between the lines to get the focus
of the entire passage as well as some supplementary ideas of the passage. If
the questions pertain to the main purpose of the passage, they would not be
much different from the main idea questions. But more often they ask you to
explain the purpose of a particular example, quote, phrase etc. used by the
author to make a point.
Some questions of this type could be
(i) The author cites the example of in order to
(ii) The is intended to
(iii) The order provides the information related to primarily to
(iv) The author is primarily trying to
(v) What is the author trying to show through

The strategy to handle these questions should be similar to the strategy
for inference based questions.
Literary Tones and Styles
Compiled By: Aparna Singh
1 Abstract theoretical without reference to specifics
2 Absurd contrary to logic, but sometimes artistically viable
3 Accusatory charging of wrong doing
4 Acerbic harsh/ severe; bitter
5 Affected assuming a false manner or attitude to impress others
6 Aggressive forceful; tending towards unprovoked offensiveness, angry/indignant
7 Ambiguous open to more than one interpretation/ doubtful or uncertain
8 Amused/Amusing agreeable, pleasing, entertaining, cause pleasure
9 Analytical inclined to examine things by studying their contents or parts
10 Anecdotal involving short narratives of interesting events
11 Apathetic emotionless; not interested/ concerned; indifferent; unresponsive
12 Apologetic expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having failed, injured, insulted or wronged another
13 Apprehensive anxious, fearful, uneasy about the future
14 Archaic in the style of an earlier period
15 Argumentative type of discourse in which one debates a topic in a logical way
16 Arrogant having of displaying a sense of overbearing self-worth or importance
17 Atmosphere the pervasive mood or tone of a literary work.
18 Attitude the author's viewpoint regarding his subject matter. attitude can usually be detected in author's tone.
19 Audacious fearless, often recklessly daring, bold
20 Awe solemn wonder
21 Bantering good-humored, playful
22 Baroque a grand and exuberantly ornamental style
23 Belligerent aggressively hostile; bellicose
24 Biased favoring one thing/person/group over another for personal reasons.
25 Bizarre
unusually strange or odd
26 Bland non-disturbing, unemotional, uninteresting
27 Bombastic pretentious and pompous
28 Breezy quick-paced, but sometimes superficial
29 Callous unfeeling; insensitive to feelings of others
30 Candid unprejudiced, impartial, open & sincere
31 Caustic intense use of sarcasm; stinging; biting; acerbic
32 Childish immature (when applied to adults or writing)
33 Choleric hot-tempered, easily angered
34 Cinematic having the qualities of a motion picture
35 Classical formal, enduring, and standard, adhering to certain traditional methods
36 Classification organization wherein the writer explains the relationships between terms or concepts
37 Colloquial characteristic or ordinary and informal conversation
38 Comic humorous, light, funny (there are many levels)
39 Commiserating feeling/ expressing sorrow for; empathizing with; pity
40 Condescending patronizing; showing/implying patronizing descent from dignity/ superiority
41 Confessional characterized by personal admissions of faults
42 Confused unable to think with clarity or act with intelligence
43 Connotation the range of further associations that a word or phrase suggests in addition to its straightforward dictionary meaning.
44 Contemplative studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue
45 Contemptuous expressing contempt/ disdain ; showing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect
46 Contented satisfied with things the way they are.
47 Convention a device of style of subject matter so often used that it becomes a recognized means of expression.
48 Conventional lacking spontaneity, originality and individuality
49 Convoluted very complicated or involved (as in the case of sentences with many qualifiers, phrases, and clauses)
50 Critical finding fault
51 Cynical displaying a belief that people are always self-seeking and never altruistic in their actions
52 Decadent marked by a decay in morals, values, and artistic standards
53 Denotation the precise literal meaning of a word, without emotional associations or overtones.
54 Depressing sad, gloomy (without any of the redeeming qualities of true tragedy)
55 Derisive unkind and displaying contempt ; ridiculing, mocking
56 Detached separated, disconnected, aloof or impartial
57 Detached disinterested, unbiased, emotionally disconnected
58 Dialect the version of a language spoken by people of a particular region or social group.
59 Dialogue the conversation of two or more people as represented in writing.
60 Diatribe violently bitter verbal attack
61 Diction the choice of words used in a literary work
62 Didactic author attempts to educate or instruct the reader
63 Diffident reserved in manner; timid
64 Digression a portion of a written work that interrupts or pauses the development of the theme or plot.
65 Discursive moving pointlessly from one subject to another; rambling
66 Disdainful scornful
67 Disparaging speak slightingly; depreciating; belittling
68 Dogmatic asserting opinions in an arrogant manner; imperious; dictatorial
69 Dramatic Irony a situation in which the audience knows more about the character's situation than the character does.
70 Dreamlike having the characteristics of a dream
71 Earnest intense, a sincere state of mind
72 Earthy realistic, rustic coarse, unrefined, instinctive, animalize
73 Effeminate soft, delicate, unmanly
74 Elegiac expressing sorrow for that which is irrecoverably past
75 Elegiac expressing sorrow or lamentation
76 Emotional much given to strong feelings
77 Emotional easily affected by feelings actuated by experiencing love, hate, fear and the like
78 Epigraph the use of a quotation at the beginning or a work that hints at its theme.
79 Epistolary a novel written as a series of documents. the usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other
documents are sometimes used
80 Erudite learned, polished, scholarly
81 Ethical dealing with principles of morality; honest; righteous
82 Eulogistic involving formal praise in speech or writing, usually in honor of someone dead
83 Euphemistic substitution of mild, indirect or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt
84 Evocative having the ability to call forth memories or other responses
85 Expository type of discourse in which one explains or describes
86 Expressionistic stressing the subjective and symbolic is art and literature
87 Facetious amusing, but light, unserious, frivolous
88 Factual real, provides facts
89 Fanciful using the imagination
90 Farcical humorous but in a light way, comedy with high exaggeration
91 Fatalistic believing that everything that happens is destined and therefore out of the hands of the individual
92 Flamboyant conspicuously bold or colorful
93 Flashback a way of presenting scenes or incidents that took place before the opening scene.
94 Flippant disrespectful levity or casualness, pert.
95 Forthright directly frank without hesitation
96 Gloomy darkness, sadness, rejection
97 Grandiose more complicated/ elaborated than necessary; pompous
98 Haughty proud and vain to the point of arrogance
99 Horrific terrifying
100 Humanistic evincing keen interest in human affairs, nature, welfare, values
101 Humorous funny and amusing
102 Hyperbole a bold overstatement or extravagant exaggeration used either for serious or comic effect.
103 Idiomatic peculiar to or characteristic of a given language
104 Illustration organization wherein the topic sentence is stated and then followed by the details
105 Imagery language that evokes sensation as opposed to an abstract idea.
106 Impartial unprejudiced, not biased
107 Incendiary causing strong feelings
108 Indignant marked by anger; aroused by justice
109 Inference a conclusion the reader can draw based upon details presented by the author.
110 Insolent presumptuous and insulting in manner or speech, arrogant, disrespectful, rude, impertinent
111 Intimate very familiar
112 Introspective consider one's own internal state of feelings
113 Invective direct denunciation or name-calling.
114 Irate extremely angry, enraged
115 Irony in its broadest sense, the incongruity or diff between reality and appearance
116 Irreverent showing disrespect for things that are usually respected or revered
117 Jargon the special language of a profession or group
118 Jovial happy, jolly, full of good humor
119 Judgmental authoritative and often having critical opinions
120 Juxtaposition the side by side comparison of two or more object
121 Laudatory praising; extolling; applauding
122 Local Color the use of the physical setting, dialect, customs, and attitudes in a region
123 Lugubrious mournful, dismal, gloomy, especially to an exaggerated or ludicrous degree
124 Lyrical expressing a poet's inner feelings; emotional; full of images; song-like
125 Malapropism the comic substitution of one word for another similar in sound but different in meaning
126 Malicious purposely hurtful
127 Matter Of Fact accepting of conditions; not fanciful or emotional
128 Metaphor a direct comparison that does not use "like" or "as."
129 Metaphorical having the characteristics of melodrama in which emotions are plot are exaggerated and characterization is shallow
130 Mocking treating with contempt or ridicule
131 Mood the prevailing emotional attitude in a literary work
132 Morose gloomy, sullen, sourly, despondent
133 Motivating impelling; inciting
134 Mournful sorrowful, sadness, melancholy
135 Mundane ordinary or common, as in everyday matters ("his mind was filled with mundane matters")
136 Narrative Pace the speed at which an author tells a story
137 Naturalistic tending to present things in art and literature as they appear in nature or actuality
138 Nostalgic inclined to long for or dwell on things of the past; sentimental
139 Objective an unbiased view - able to leave personal judgments aside
140 Obsequious fawning; showing servile complaisance; flattering; deferent ; polite and obedient in order to gain something
141 Ominous menacing, threatening
142 Optimistic hopeful, cheerful
143 Parody a satirical imitation of something serious, such as a comic takeoff of Romeo and Juliet (the parody must have enough
elements of the original for it to be recognized)
144 Patronizing air of condescension; haughty; looking down upon
145 Pedantic overly concerned with minute details or formalisms,
146 Pedestrian lacking vitality, imagination, distinction
147 Personification the attribute of human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.
148 Persuasive intended or having the power to induce action or belief
149 Pessimistic seeing the worst side of things
150 Philosophical interested in the study of basic truths of existence and reality
151 Picturesque strikingly expressive or vivid
152 Pious having or displaying a reverence for god and religion; sometimes used pejoratively, when the display is excessive and overly
righteous
153 Poetical having the qualities of poetry, such as pleasing rhythms or images
154 Poignant affecting or moving the emotions
155 Pompous displaying one's importance in an exaggerated way; sometimes this quality is found in comic characters
156 Populist egalitarian; pertaining to the characteristics of common people/ working class
157 Provincial limited in perspective; narrow and self centered
158 Provocative inciting; stimulating; irritating; vexing
159 Prurient preoccupied with lewd and lustful thoughts
160 Pseudonym pen name, alias
161 Puritanical strict or severe in matters of morality
162 Quizzical odd, eccentric, amusing
164 Realistic inclined to represent things as they really are
165 Reflective illustrating innermost thoughts and emotions
166 Regretful sorrowful because of what is lost, gone, or done
167 Restrained held-back, deprived, checked
168 Reverent treating a subject with honor and respect
169 Ribald offensive in speech or gesture
170 Ridiculing slightly contemptuous banter; making fun of
171 Romantic fanciful; impractical; unrealistic; extravagant; exaggerated
172 Sanguineous optimistic, cheerful
173 Sarcasm harsh cutting personal remarks not necessarily ironic
174 Sarcastic harsh, bitter derision; taunting; sneering; cutting remarks
175 Sardonic scornfully and bitterly sarcastic
176 Satire any form of literature that blends ironic humor and wit with criticism. seeks to correct through ridicule
177 Satirical ironical; taunting; human folly held up to scorn/ derision/ ridicule ; ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point or to
teach
178 Sentimental resulting from or colored by emotion rather than reason or realism
179 Simile a comparison using "like" or "as."
180 Sincere without deceit or pretense, genuine
181 Situational
Irony
the contrast between what is intended or expected and what actually occurs.
182 Skeptical doubtful, apprehensive in agreement
183 Solemn deeply earnest, tending towards sad reflection
184 Soliloquy a speech delivered while the speaker is alone, calculated to inform the audience of the character's thoughts.
185 Speculative theoretical rather than practical; thoughtful; reflective; hypothetical
186 Stream-Of-
Consciousness
a technique that allows the reader to see the continuous chaotic flow of half formed thoughts
187 Subjective relying on one's own inner impressions, as opposed to being objective
188 Surrealistic stressing imagery and the subconscious and sometimes distorting ordinary ideas in order to arrive at artistic truths
189 Technical using terminology or treating subject matter in a manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer or a book
190 Terse effectively concise, brief
191 Timorous funny, witty
192 Tone the reflection in a work of the author's attitude toward his or her subject
193 Trite lacking power to evoke interest through overuse or repetition; hackneyed
194 Turgid excessively ornate or complex in style or language; grandiloquent
195 Unity the quality of oneness in a literary work
196 Urbane sophisticated, socially polished
197 Veneration admiration, wonder
198 Verbal Irony a contrast between what is said and what is meant
199 Vexed distressed, annoyed, perplexed
200 Victorian prudish, stuffy, and puritanical (qualities associated with queen victoria's reign)
201 Vitriolic full of anger and hatred
202 Vituperative cruel and angry criticism
203 Voice the sense a written work conveys to a reader of the writer's attitude, personality and character
204 Whimsical odd, strange, fantastic
205 Wry devious in course or purpose; misdirected
words meanings
parvenu person who has a humble origin and has risen to the levels in the society, and he was lacking in accomplishments to achieve that , upstart
epicure person whose main concern is sensual pleasure .. Esp eating glutton , gourmand,hedonist ,sensualist,sybarite ,voluptory,libertine
recidivist person who has the tendency to slip back to crime
arriviste ambitious self seeking person ,upstart
calumnious of the nature of calumny,slandererous,defametory
apochryphal pertaining to writing ,spurious,false ,mythical,debatebale,sham,counterfiet
effusive exuberant ,demonstrative,ebullient,expansive,wordy,verbose
uncouth uncertain,unusual,uncommon,uncivilised,unrefined ant: refined ,cultured,sophisticated
deprecate try to avert by prayer ,disapprove of ,criticize,deplore,censure,condemn,denounce,
deprecate his achievement belittle,disparage,denigrate,decry,
transgress violate,trespass,infringe,breach,contravene,defy,disobey
satiate satisfy,gratify to the full
rescind annul,repeal,revoke,reverse,cancel,setaside
abrogate repealed,abolished by authority
slake satisfy,quench
contravene tresspass,disobey,infringe
execrate utter curses,
execrate violence abhor,abominate,loathe,hate,detest,despise,deplore
execrate & blaspheme curse, swear at,revile,fulminate,vituperate,condemn,excoriate,censure
counteract hinder or defeat by contrary action,offset , neutralise ,countervail,counterpoise
exacerbate aggravate,make worse,increase,intensify
undermine weaken
foible flaw,shortcoming,defect,infirmity,quirk,idiosyncrasy,strange aspect of a persons character
tribulation( humorous connotation) worry,anxiety,vexation,afliction,misery,wretchedness,unhappiness
irksome boring,troublesome,vexing
baffled ( by the problem) puzzling,flummox,
baffled(their plans) obstruct,prevent,bar
distraught pulled apart in different directions
secede withdraw from society or public
sleight cunning,deceitful,skillful
conscripted enlist,recruit,call up, mobilize
sermonize give serious advice
chutzpah shameless audacity
objectivity impartialilty,disinterest,dispassion,dispassionateness
fecility style of writing
travails suffering,
polemics a controvesial argument or discussion,aggressive contraversy
scruplous minutely exact or careful , punctilluous,meticulous
coercive hold together,convincing
devious cunning,crafty,sly,wily,artful,insidious,furtive,secretive.
devious ( route) indirect,roundabout,deviating.
therauptic curing,healing,remedial,sanative,reparative,beneficial,curative,ameliorative
imperil take the risk,gamble,threaten,endanger
disperse scatter,separate,dissolve
expel banish,exile,debar,ostracize,proscribe.
transcend surpass,eclipse,outshine,exceed
stimulate instgate,foment
expertise professionalism,deftness,dexterity,facility,competence.
finesse elegance,sopistication,subtlety.
humilation disgrace,dishonour,discomfiture,embarrassment,debasement
contentious argumentative,bickering,quarrelsome,factious,cavilling,litiguous,pugnacious,perverse,
vivacious ebullient,effervescent,scintillating.
luscious delicious,juicy,mouth watering,tasty,delectable
dejected extremely saddened,despondency
inveterate habitual
incorrigible beyond correction
oppresive cruel,draconian,brutal,relentless,inexhorable.
compulsive irresistable,obsessive,irrresistible
credulous those who believe in anything,
buttress (n) support,prop an arch
vindicated absolve,free from blame
avenge,revenge
lintel horizontal supporting timber,across the top of the door or window
gazebo gallery near a garden
pylon tall structure to support a wire
belfry chamber in which bells are hung
deluge heavy fall of rain
gale hurricane
squall tornado
zephyr gentle breeze
cyclone strong breeze
sleet mixture of rain and snow
dilatory tending to cause delay , having the purpose of buying time
sartorial pertaining to clothes
leery wary,cautious, mistrusting

underpinnings support or strengthen from beneath
parochial behaving like parish .. Or like god
prudential wisdomical
reflective thoughtful
eugenicist science dealing with the study of hereditary qualities of race.. And with ways of improving those qualities
incapicitated make incapable, disqualify
pandering assist in the gratification of
responsive quick to react
con artist swindler
reductionist the principle of analsing complex things into simpler ones
prudish extremely modest, excessively formal
virtuous UPRIGHT , GOOD
schemist astrologer,planner , intriguer
enshroud enfold,enwarp,obscure,conceal,hide
obfuscate confuse,complicate,make abstruse,bewilder,bamboozled
diabolic ( forces) devilish,fiendish,demonic,
diabolic master sinful,savage,brutal,monstrous,execrable,
diabolic task difficult,complicated,complex
motif dominant idea, or theme.
leitmotiv theme associated throughout with a person,situation or sentiment
commensurate proportional
ruckus uproar , disturbance ,row , commotion.
objectively bias free,unprejudiced
slack (muscles) not taut
slack (rope) not taut
business a bit slack slow,quiet
rather slack about puctuality lax ,negligent
slackening off relaxing
business slacks off lessens
drivers slackening off reducing speed
aggrandize increase in power ,wealth or rank
contagious communicatible disease or corruption by contact
shunned evade,shrink with fear ,avoid
eschewed avoid ,evade ,keep clear of
ostracized exclude a person from particular social group.refuse to associate with .
rabid violent , madly violent in nature or behaviour
pernicious tending to destroy,kill or injure,destructive
contumacious obstinately disobedient to authority
difident lacking condidence or trust, lacking self confidence and trust..
mandate command,order,injunction,
perinatal 1 week or 4 week after birth
disaggregated separate into components
wail loud & prolonged cry
weep shedding tears
cry weeping wild noise
sob catching breadth and cry
whimper high pitched cry ( by mental agony)
beside by the side of
under under something
below lower level
beneath&underneath
economical saving
econimics way in which money affects society
scowled loud noise , making anger vocal
frowned making anger visible w/o vocal
grimace distort face because of pain
glared look threateningly
sneer mock
frown upon look down upon
blue collared working class.. Those who do manual work
white collared management..brain power
sangfroid coolness of blood, maintain composure
sanguine pertaining to blood..optimistic,cheerful,spirited
repudiate disown,discard,give up
artistry skill
orchestrate organize something
compared to to show similarity
compared with to show dissimilarity
nihil a thing of no worth or value
show clean heels commit fraud and run away
cassandra always speak about doom
achilles heel most vulnerable one.
tones in RC
reprosiac
billingsgate vulgar language
mayhem confusion,pandemonium
protean versatile
precocious ability before age
umbrage offend
pleonastic verbose ,loquacious
bad behaviour misdemeanour
abnegate deny
tergiversate hide the truth, equivocate
machiavelle shrewd.. Do anything to retain power
temperament behaviour
intemperate lacking control of ones behaviour
temperamental moody
impressionable can be easily influenced
impressive striking , splendid
tenor gist , essence
inure habituated,accustomed
impetuous acting with rash or sudden energy
subterfage trickery,justify one argument
leeway room to manouvre
insiduous subtle,surreptious,machailvellan
dissident disagreeing ,dissentient,dissenting disaggreing ,recusant,schismatic,rebel
imperturrbable not excitable,calm,calm
insurrectionist rising against authority or government , a rebellion
prurient having morbid cravings .. Esp sexual
incipient beginner,commencing,starting,inceptive,inchoative,germinal.
contingency event,incident,occurrence,fortuity.
descry a warcry,perceive from a distance..
decry suppress,denounce
exalted elevate,promote,ennoble,aggrandize
exulted spring, or leap up with joy, on cloud nine types.
lath wood in thin narrow strips ( used with a plaster)
lathe a machine for making pottery.. And tools
physique form,size of a persons body
physic art or practice of healing,medical treatment
allusion an indirect reference,hint,mention.
elusion the act of deluding some1
hon honorable person
extent the tax levied on property
extant able to the publicly seen , accessible, in existence
lightning electric discharge
lightening make brighter or less heavy
prophecy noun form .. Making a prediction
prophesy verb form.. Telling something in advance
facetious of manner,polished,urbane
factious dissenting,discordant,conflicting
factitious artificial
material fabric
materiel available means or resources.technique,equipment,supplies.
wretch vile,despicable person
retch stretch,extend,reach.. A long stretch of a river , be sick .. Throw up
bullion melting-house, mint , place of exchange .. Metal esp . Gold
buillion clear soup , with a clear flavour
illicit not allowed, illegal
elicit bring out,extort,extract,evoke,derive,educe
ordinance laws
ordnance military weapons
torturous characterized by .. Causing torture..excruciating
tortuous twisted,winding,curving,convoluted, roundabout,
his tortuous policy devious,cunning,deceitful
callous hard,harsh,cold hearted
callus thickened skin
envelop wrap up.. Surround completely
envelope container of a letter
peeks a quick look
piques feeling of sharp anger .. Or resentment
cadence flow in a rhythm,resolve discord or establish a key with a cadence
immanent inherent
vendatta vengeance,private revenge
in limbo in a state of suspension..in a state of neglect..
slaves sentenced to limbo imprisonment,incarceration,confinement,detention,captivity.
souls in limbo abode of unbaptized infants.
grapple with the enemy wrestle with..combat with..
grapple with a problem tackle,face
grapple the theif seize,grab,lay hold of,grip,clench
grapple the boat secure fasten
shrift penance imposed after confession..a confessor
short shrift little time allowed for making confession before execution or punishment
shrift-father a confessor
milieu an environment,surroundings
expeditious speedy,immediate,prompt,swift
facile easily done or said ,w/o much effort
facile speeches superficial,shallow,glib,slick
facile tasks simple,uncomplicated
pithy full of strength and vigour,very alcoholic,concise, full of strength and vigour
escapism the tendency or the practice of seeking ,distraction from life or reality.
postures approach or attitude .. Towards something
truculent savage,aggressive,pugnacious
jurisprudence knowledge or a skill in law
jugular pertaning to the neck or throat..
fetish anything to which one gives excessive attention
posit put in position,put in place
scourge person or a thing seen as a punishment .
staple large or a important part of something
complement something added to make a thing more attaractive
supplement something added to improve or complete
adjunct something added to a thing which is larger or more important
unwise used when the result will give a negative impact
futile will not yeild result
valoristiaon fixing up the value by the govt.
egalitarian that asserts the eqaulity of all mankind
ostentation mere or false show,showoff
concotions blend,mixture.combination,brew
wistfully sad melancholy,mourning,dreaming
presumptous overconfident,superconfident
exaptations
niceties detials
niceness condition of being nice
knottiest difficult to understand
nugatory trifling,of not much worth
nuggety rugged,harsh in sound
observance act of complying with the law or custom
occupied busy
preoccupied being absorbed into thoughts,oblivious of the surroundings
nautical pertaining to ships
naval pertaining to navy
mortgagors one who takes loan
mortgagees one wh gives loan
outdoor used adjectively
outdoors used as a noun or a adverb
rotund circular or spherical object
orotund strong,powerful,full,rich
penurious poor
parsimonious frugal
parlaying increase by gambling
parleying speech,talk
palpitating strong emotion,esp to heartbeat.
palpating make an examination by touching
picturesque possessing the elements or qualities of a picture
picaresque of pertaining to rogues,urchins..adventure
anthropogenic oroginating from the activities of humans
salinity
exigency requirement ,need
platoon a small body of foot soldiers .. Separated by a lerge body
clairvoyance exceptional insight,extrasensory perception
fallout side-effects of an unexpectd kind.
experiential derived from experience
experient something experienced, a person who experiences something
totemic representation of that particular thing..
asymptomatic producing or exhibiting no symptoms
snub disregard,ignore,insult,shun
purported cliam,allege
documents purported mean,signify
purport of his message gist,substance,implication
his purport aim , objective
exhumation dig out ,extract
unvarnished plain and simple,not complicated
kangaroo court an improperly held court by mutineers
belie deceive by lying,misrepresent..contradict
digress deviate,deflect,tangent
ingress enter
egress exit
transgress trespass
regress retreat
aplomb coolness ,self confidence
cognate similar,look alike,congruent
cognizant knowledgeable
incognito indisguise,pretense,masquerade,undercover
cognoscente connoisseur,expert
ductile highly flexible
prehensile ability to grasp or hold
incarnation personification,embodiment
redolence remembering the past,nostalgic.
accede accept,approval
genuflect bow down in respect.
subscribe support
bon-homie cheerful,happy
bonvivant cheerful,happy
doctrinaire stubborn
decadent decaying,dying declining
connive conspire,overlook,condone
cadence pertaining to music
cascade sequence, flow
credulous gullible,unassuming
kallistocracy society run by criminals
ochlocracy society run by mob
circumlocution roundabout way of saying things
circumscribe boundary,deliniate
circumvent avoid,evade,dodge.
emendiation makig correction in a text.
denuoement final resolution of a play.
ego trip trip which makes you happy
quisling traitor,renegade,turncoat
providence provision, the action of providing
incineration burn to ashes,cremate
quiescent inert,dormant,passive,inactive.
conceit pride,arrogance
abash embarrass
amoral non-moral
chicanery trickery,decietful
notwithstanding nevertheless,however
inimical unfreindly,hostile
rebel streak element of rebel
desiccative having the tendency to dry up
hunky-dory
prosthesis artificial replacement of a limb
pantomime a mimic actor
decreptitude heat until a crackling ceases
emasculated weaken..castrate,neuter
in full possessions of faculties to be fully aware
facilities
purview scope or range of a book
purvey provide,supply
prosecution party which prosecutes sm1 in the court of law
persecution treat badly
interpellated interrupt
interpolated add,inject
flare a dazzling display
flair natural ability
modal
model
modus vivendi model of working
modus operandi model of working
meritorious someone with merit
meretricious showy
flout break the rules deliberately
flaunt toshow off
climactic relating to climax
de facto in fact
de jure in law
portentous serious intended to impress
pretentious FALSE
liberal unbiased,broadminded
equable uniform throughout,even tempered.easy going,calm,composed,unflappble,unruffled
acceded come forward,join
exceed go beyond the limit.
adapted fit, adjust . Make suitable.
adept expert,clever,proficient
adopt embrace,espouse,arrogate
continual frequent,
continuous something that goes on w/o a break
transmit passing through, being a medium
transfer change of movement.
sedation sleep
sedition write something against the govt. or people
indolence lazy
insolence rude
expel dismissal of a person
dispel dismissal of a feeling
uninterested not interested
disinterested impartial
official something approved by the govt. or the authority.
officous people who are eager to tell others what they should do .
congenital from the time of birth
congenial pleasant surroundings
infested something present in large numbers
infected getting a disease
inextricable smthng which cannot be separated
inexplicable something which cannot be explained
conform to obey a set of rules
confirm to support smthng by stating as true
endemic disease that occurs permanently in particular part or population .. Malaria is a constant worry in parts of Africa.
epidemic An outbreak of disease that attacks many peoples at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities.
pandemic When an epidemic spreads throughout the world.
upbeat
RC TONES
corroborated
commiserating feeling,expressing surrow.
contemptous expressing contempt,disdain
humanistic expressing keen interest in himan affairs,nature,welfare values
incendiary causing strong felings
pedestrian lacking vitality,imagination.
populist pertaining to the characterstics of the working class
provoking inciting,stimulating
speculative theoritical rather than practical
technical using technical jargon
vituperative angry ctiticism
fervid passionate,ardent,burning hot
flippant carefree, ant. Serious
prosiac lifeless,dull, dry mundane
rebuke warn,scold
rhetoric extravagant, bombastic
didactic instruct,teach
analytical examining or tending to examine things carefully
descriptive one which is based on saying what the subject actually is rather than concentrating on the main theme
hyperbloic way of speaking so as to make something appear bigger than what they actually are
narrative style similar to a fiction novel
critical giving opinions or judgement
reproachful to criticise someone esp for not being successful or not being what is expected
facetious not serious, attempt to be amusing or the appear clever
equivocal unclear and seeming to have two opposite meanings,confusing or be able to understood in to ways
circular describe an argument which keeps returning to the same theme
rhetoric describe an argument which keeps returning to the same point but very effective way
unwarranted lacking good reason and therefore annoying
adulatory flattery
caviling to raise trivial and frivilous objections
cellar underground room or storage area
complaisant accepting what others are saying without complain
mopped wipe with a piece of cloth
moped miserable
punitive harsh
puny weak
dingy small dark place
dinghy small boat
rigourously carefully and thoughtfully
vigourously with great energy and enthusiasm
vigilant harsh
vigilante group of people formed to protct their group from others
shear to cut
sheer pure
shame embarrassment
sham not real, or not what it seems to be
pining feeling sad
pinning fastening
intermittent not regular
comparative study things for their similarity & dissimilarity
comparable similar and so possible to be compared
untrammelled unhandicapped
untenable not able to be occupied
enthocentrism belief in ones group as superior
ceremonial formal,ritual
quantitative pertaining or concerned with the quantity or its measurement
alluding make an indirect reference
exhort recommend earnestly
prescribing confine within bounds
hedging preventing oneself against any loss
savour taste
irenic pacific
usuriuos excessive interest
exclusivity
diorama scenic painting ,viewed thru a peephole
gambol play
grandious impressive, expressing extravagance
retellings
regurgitate bring up and again to the mouth
siesmic like an earthquake
compunction pangs of conscience.
amatory pertaining to making love
nonchalant calm and casual
quiescence silent,dormant
genteel elegant
sleek smooth
rostrum platform
maudlin clown
vitiate corrupt
apotheosis quintessence
tautology pedagogy
aposthesis
chequered royal or national treasury
sodomize any form of sexual intercourse with a person of same or opposite sex
parole a promise by a criminal to abide by the laws of the society
Penitentiary social prison
covenant mutual agreement,bond
utopian impossibly ideal
bequeath
reproach
epoch
plastic
uvre
look through examine
look over inspect
vanguard forefront, taking lead position
proselytize convert people folloeing a particular thing to another
sensitising
espoused take a person as a spouse,supporter of a cause
perturbed disturb
indignant provoked by anger
infuriatied provoked by anger
somhpmoric juvenile,nave
edifying instruct so as to attain spiritual,ethical improvement
dissuade discourage
hubris excessive selfconfidence
effrontery shameless audacity
grate irritating
inerrancy flawless
gratuituous uncalled for,unwarranted
natty neatly dressed
cadge to beg
quotidian commonplace
dissemble ( different from disassemble) hiding under false appearance
outset beginning
churlishness rude ill mannered person
complaisance eager to please
loll ease
sprint rush
ingratiating gain grace or favour
sychophaitic
abstemious abstaining oneself from something
temperate not excessive in degree
achromatic
delirium frenzy
rectitude moral uprighteousness,integrity
adherence firm attachment
adherents followers
especially standing apart uniquely from the rest
specially given unusual treatment
incenerate burn up completely
incinerate suggest something unpleasant
accede give in
exceed go beyond a mark
ales drink
ail pain
collision crash
collusion conspiracy
fineness state of being perfect
finesse somoothness or tactfulness
lean tilt
lien legal claim over ones property
antecedents individuals who have gone before
antecedence going before time
divers various ,several
diverse markedly different
gibe make fun of
jibe agree with
mean lacking kindness
mein persons appearance
addenda something added
agenda list of things to do
elusive hard to catch up or grasp
illusive unreal
impetousness zealous
precipitancy zealous
freshet sudden overflowing of a river
spate sudden forceful flow of a river
effluence sudden flow of river
duplicity chicanery, deceit
guilelessness innocent
malapropism using word in a wrong place
raucous harsh sounding
palliative soothing pain
exacerbating increase bitterness
discrete separate from others,individually distinct
discreet civil,polite,courteous
wean get accustomed to ,
ween think,
garner collect
gauge infer
continuously continuously
continually frequently
salubrious healthy
lugubrious sad
surged full of
purged emptied
banter ridicule,tease
saunter leisure walk
incisive actute , sharp
dotty crazy,eccentric
throw down a gauntlet issue a challenge
precarious uncertain
modalities attribute or trait of personality
multiplicity large no. of men
docile teachable
utile useful,advantegeous
corral herd of cattle
chorales song in church
mendicity begging
mendaticy habitual lying or deceiving
derisory contemptful
derisive ridiculous
abstruse difficult to understand
obtuse unwilling to undserstand
bawled sob loudly
torte cake
tort civil wrong , breach of conduct
indignant angry
indigent poor
specious plausible but actually wrong
whit least possible amount
lampooned satarical attack
moot debatable point
moor open uncultivable land
sloven untidy
solecism grammatical error
solipcism philophical theory which says , self is all that u know exists
crimping join the ends together by pushing
crumpling to crush
foreboding feeling that something is going to be wrong
amended edit something from a legal document
emended edit something from a normal text
iambic written in metrical units of one short and one ong syllable
lumbered to walk heavily or awkwardly
encumbered make it difficult for someone to do something
gawk to stare stupidly
gaunt appearing worn or exhausted,emaciated
adjunct addition, attachment,accesory
vying competing or contending
hawking act of selling goods for aliving
propaganda organised promotion of information to assist or damage the cause of something
subsumed to include something under large classification or group
wallowing luxiuriate
sheepish fearful , cowardly
obverse opposite of something
envoi concluding words
antagonise alienate
reorganize change way in something is done
authoritarian believing people to obey you
authoritative showing people to obey you
invoke to give a theory or opinion to support urs
evoke bring a feeling,memory or image to mind
depose remove somebody from power
reposed keep someone
rile to annoy someobne
rack to make someone suffer great pain
fictitious invented by someone
fictional only in stories
elect choose to do something
select choose from a group of things
raillery friendly banter
railing fence made from bars
sangiune friendly
sanguinary liking blood shed
cohere work together on something
adhere stick
deduce inference from a evidence
adduce provide evidence
latitude freedom to choose
salutary having a pleasant effect
cavil to make unncecessary complains about something
contretemp unfortunate event `
lithe bending body in a way that is elegant
eclectic general, broadbased
entailing demanding
depose forced to give up position
disport amuse or divert oneself in a happy,energetic way
nonchalant carefree
noncommittal deliberately not to take stand or opinion
serge wollen thick material
effete weak and powerless
effervescence cheerful bubbly
facetious humorous in a foolish way
scud move quickly
scuff make a mark on the surface due to movement
confidant man
confidante women
concussion damage to the brain caused by a blow
concision conciseness
scud move quickly
scuff to make a mark on the surface by movement
resolute firm
dissolute degenerate
goal aim
gaol jail
facetious foolish
felicitious suitable
gaggle noisy group of people
gaffe stupid mistake
sheaths covering for knives
sheaves pertaining to corn
skittered run around quickly
scuppered spoil something
veneer, faade, modicum appearance
pathos fwwl sad about
bathos shift from something serious to silly
improvise make use of something present
improve
pitying showing pity in such a way that someone is better
piteous deserving or arousing pity
eventually ultimately
subsequently as a result of
perceptrive pertaining to senses
perceptible see it long enuf to understand
urbane cheerful
urbanized pertaining to town
adverse unpleasant
adversative word or phrase said in opposition to
lovely
loveable qualities that people find attractive and easier to love
quietude state of being calm and quite
quietus death
irrupted enter suddenly with great force
individualism pertaining to the fact that each person in the society has the right to take his own decisions
individuality characterstic of a particular person
interfere indulge into smthng , such that it looks umpleasant
intervene
contemporary belonging to the same time ,mordern
contemporenous belonging to same time .but not mordern
person who has a humble origin and has risen to the levels in the society, and he was lacking in accomplishments to achieve that , upstart
person whose main concern is sensual pleasure .. Esp eating glutton , gourmand,hedonist ,sensualist,sybarite ,voluptory,libertine
disease that occurs permanently in particular part or population .. Malaria is a constant worry in parts of Africa.
An outbreak of disease that attacks many peoples at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities.

RC Techniques Tones Flashcards Compilation

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1

Reading Comprehension: Chapter 1 Introduction To Principles

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Top Careers & You

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Top Careers & You

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Top Careers & You

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