Dr. Onkar S.

Tyagi
Indian Institute of Petroleum
Dehradun
ostyagi@iip.res.in
APEC Workshop on Establishment of the Guidelines for the
Development of Biodiesel Standards in the APEC Region
The Howard Plaza Hotel
Chinese Taipei
16-18 July 2008
Introduction
India has limited crude oil reserves.
India imports 70-75% of its current crude oil
requirement.
Transport & agriculture sectors are largely dependent
on diesel fuel.
Current demand of diesel is about 5 times that of
gasoline.
Urgent need to supplement diesel fuel to reduce
dependence on imported crude oil.
Biodiesel has potential to supplement diesel as fuel.
Government policies & initiatives
Biofuel policy
Development of following alternate fuels for
transport sector:
- Ethanol (to supplement gasoline)
- Biodiesel (to supplement diesel)
Biodiesel policy:
Focus on short-term blending of FAME of non-
edible oil (Jatropha) in petro diesel:
5% by 2012, and
10% by 2017.
Targets & strategy for biodiesel
Production of 3.35 MMT biodiesel for B5 blended fuel
by 2012 and 7-8 MMT for B10 by 2017.
Jatropha plantation on marginal land.
Framing supportive legal & policy framework.
Framing comprehensive national policy on biofuel.
Detail biodiesel specifications
Characteristic with unit U.S. EU India IS15607:2005
Ester content mass% B B B B >96.5 96.5 (min) by GC
Density kg/m
3
B B B B 0.86-0.9 0.86-0.9 ASTM D-4052
Viscosity mm
2
/s 1.9-6.0 3.5-5.0 2.5-6.0 ASTM D-445
Flash point = = = = >130 >120 120 (min) IP-170
Sulfur content mg/kg <0.015 <0.001 50 (max) ASTM D5453
T95 = = = = <360 (90%) B B B B
Carbon residue
(100%)
mass% <0.05 B 0.05 (max) ASTM D-4530
Carbon residue
(Rams bottom)
(on 10% distillation
residue)
mass% B B B B <0.3 0.05 (max) ASTM D-524
Cetane number >47 >51 48 (min) ASTM D-613
Sulfated ash mass% <0.02 <0.02 0.02 (max) ASTM D-482
Water content mg/kg <0.05[vol%] <500 500 (max) IP-386
Total contamination mg/kg B B B B <24 ---
Copper corrosion No.3 Class-1 One (max) IP-154
Total acid number mgKOH/g <0.5 <0.5 0.5 (max) ASTM D-974
Oxidation stability hr. <3 <6B BB B EN14112B BB B
1.5 (max) ASTM D-5304
Iodine number B B B B <120 115 (max) proposed
Detail biodiesel specifications
U.S. EU India IS15607:2005
Methyl linolenate mass% B B B B <12 ----
Poly unsaturated
FAME
mass% B B B B <1 --
Methanol content mass% <0.2 <0.2 0.20 (max) by GC
Monoglyceride mass% B B B B <0.80 0.80 (proposed)
Diglyceride mass% B B B B <0.2 --
Triglyceride mass% B B B B <0.2 --
Free glycerol mass% <0.02 <0.02 0.02 (max) ASTM D-6584
Total glycerol mass% <0.24 <0.25 0.25 (max) ASTM D-6584
Na+K mg/kg <5 <5 To report by ICP-AES
Ca+Mg mg/kg <5 <5 To report by ICP-AES
Phosphorous mg/kg <10 <10 10.0 (max) by ICP-AES
CFPP = = = = B B B B <5/<-5/<-15
-IP-309
--=IP-15
Pour point = = = = B B B B <0
Major concerns of vehicle manufacturers
regarding biodiesel quality:
Oxidation stability
Contamination
Presence of mono-, di- & tri-glycerides
Presence of metals
Acid number
Viscosity
Calorific value
Water content
Iodine value
Possible revisions in biodiesel standards:
Acceptance of European standard EN 14214 as the
standard for FAME (blend stock), and EN 590 for diesel
fuel.
Up gradation of Indian Standards to European Standards
for meeting new Euro emission norms.
Inclusion of individual organic acids (formic, acetic
and propionic acid) content & oxidation stability criteria
for prevention of metal tank corrosion.
Incorporation of lubricity and sediments related
specifications.
Special issues
Technical acceptability of biodiesel from varied sources of non-
edible oils compared to biodiesel from conventional edible oils.
Systematic comparison of biodiesel from Jatropha seed oil with that
from other non-edible oils with reference to their fuel characteristics,
toxicity, health effects and life cycle analysis.
Conducting field trials on the effect of properties like cetane
number, distillation characteristics, specific gravity, aromatics &
oxygen content and cloud point ,on engines performance.
Evaluation and impact of additives in Biodiesel.
Applicability of existing test methods to biodiesel testing.
Appropriate certified reference materials for biodiesel fuels.
Accreditation of producers, marketers & test laboratories.
Important field trials:
B10 biodiesel fuel (BDF) from Jatropha used in
locomotive (Indian Railways) running between New Delhi
& Amritsar.
Daimler-Chrysler India completed road trials of C-Class
Mercedes-Benz cars on B100 over 5900 km (April-May
2004) under hot & humid conditions in India.
Ensuring wider acceptability of Indian
biodiesel standards
Standards to be backed by adequate number of
accredited testing laboratories equipped with all
essential test facilities in IS:15607.
Engine performance studies with biodiesel from non-
edible oils of Indian origin.
Establishment of feedback loop consisting of engine
builders, user experience and testing laboratories.
Establishment of traceability of test results.
Thank you
Indian Institute of Petroleum
(Council for Scientific & Industrial Research)
P.O. IIP Mohkampur,
Dehradun-248005 (India)
Web: www.iip.res.in