;"Id hLjdf

cfwfl/t
h}ljs ljiffbL

(Bio-pesticides)

f/f /f]u
sL/f lgoGq0f

s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb|

ljifo ;"rL
!= k[i7e"dL

@= /f;folgs ljiffbL tyf o;sf s'k|efjx?

@=! lk/fxf sL/f jf nlIft ;d"xafx]s cGodf c;/

@=@ afnLgfnLdf ljiffbL cjz]if

(Pesticide Residue on Crop)

@=# sL/fx?df ljiffbL krfpg] Ifdtf jf ;xg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;

#= h}ljs ljlw

(Biological Control)

#=! h}ljs ljiffbLx? (Bio- pesticides)

#=!=! h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] kmfObfx?
#=!=@ h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] a]kmfObfx?
#=!=# h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]udf s]xL sl7gfOx?
#=@ /f]u tyf sL/fgf;s h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] dxj

%
%
^
&
*
*
(

#=# h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx? / ltgsf k|sf/

!!

#=$ g]kfndf pknAw s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx?

!@

#=% 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?

!%

#=%=!

(Fungus based bio-pesticides)

;]tf] / xl/of] 9';L

(White and

Green Muscardine Fungus)

#=%=@ dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/of (Multiplex Beauveria)
#=%=# 6fO{sf]8df{ (Trichoderma)
#=^ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx? (Virus based bio-pesticides)
#=^=! Go"lSno/ kf]lnx]8|]/f]l;; efO/; -Pg=lk=le=_
-Nuclear polyhederosis virus_
#=^=@ x]ln;fO8 jf :kf]8f];fO8 (Helicide/Spodo-cide)

!%
!^
!^
!*

#=& AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbL

@)

#=* g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL

(Bacteria based bio-pesticides)

!*
!(
@!

#=( k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL

@@

#=!) ;d"xut ?kdf h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] u'0fx?sf] JofVof

@@

#=!)=! 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL tyf tLgsf] u'0fx?

#=!)=@ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx?
#=!)=# g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL / ltgsf u'0fx?
#=!)=$ AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf u'0f
#=!)=% k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL
#=!)=^ h}ljs ljiffbL / ltgLx?sf] ;+ljGof;
#=!)=& :yfgLo :t/df efO/; ;+sng / pTkfbg ug]{ tl/sf
#=!)=* g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ljGof;
#=!)=( h}ljs ljiffbLx? k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
#=!)=!) emf]n ?kdf pTkfbLt h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u
#=!)=!! h}ljs ljiffbLx? k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?

@@
@$
@%
@^
@&
@&
@*
@(
#)
#)
#@

(Precautions while using bio-pesticides)

#=!)=!@ 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg / k|of]u,

g]kfndf Ps pbfx/0fLo sfo{ (Production
potentiality of fungus based bio-pesticides)

#=!)=!# h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ ;fwgx?

use of bio-pesticides)
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

##

(Tools for

#$
#%

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t

h}ljs ljiffbL (Bio-pesticides)
f/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f
8f= o'js Wjh hL=;L=
sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno tyf
;+of]hs, /fli6o cfO{=kL=Pd= sfo{qmd, g]kfn

!= k[i7e"dL
g]kfnsf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;df s[lif If]qsf] e"ldsf pNn]Vo ?kdf /x]sf] 5.
sl/a #!=% k|ltzt s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf of]ubfg /x]sf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf]
k|efjn] cGo If]qsf] ljsf;df ;d]t u'0ffTds k|efj kfb{5. s[lif ljsf;nfO{
pknAwLd'ns agfpg s[lif k|ljlwsf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5. o;sf nflu
:yfg ljz]if / afnL ljz]if s[lif k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug'{ clxn]sf] k|d'v r'gf}tLsf]
?kdf /x]sf] 5. lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu pknAw s[lif k|ljlwx? s[ifsx?sf]
;/n kx'Fr / dfgj :jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n c;/ gk'ofpg] lsl;dsf]
x'g'kb{5. s[lifnfO{ lbuf]kgf lbg] qmddf xflgsf/s /f]u, sL/f, emf/kftaf6 x'g]
gf]S;fgL Joj:yfkgdf afnL ;+/If0f k|ljlwsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /lxcfPsf] 5. ljut
s]xL jif{otf afnL ;+/If0fsf] nflu /f;folgs kbfy{sf] k|of]udf j[l4 eO{/x]sf]
5. h;sf] nflu Psflt/ g]kfnL s[ifsx?n] cGo b]zx?;Fu e/ kg'{ kl//x]sf]
5 eg] csf]{lt/ g]kfnsf] 7"nf] wg/fzL ljb]lzg' kg]{ afWotf eO{/x]sf] 5.
g]kfndf zq'hLjx?n] afnLgfnLdf sl/a #% k|ltzt gf]S;fgL k'ofpFb} cfPsf
5g\ eg] csf]{tkm{ /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] cTolws k|of]uaf6 jfo", hn tyf
e"ld k|b'if0f eO{ kof{j/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/x? b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\. kmntM
pTkfbg nfutdf j[l4, df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf x|f;, xflgsf/s sL/fx?df ljif
krfpg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, zq'hLjx?nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L /fVg] ldqhLjx?sf]
ljgfzsf ;fy} sd xflgsf/s sL/fx? klg k|d'v afnL zq'sf] ?kdf b]vf kbf{
s[lif pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj, u'0f:t/ tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf ;d]t gsf/fTds

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

k|efj b]vf kl//x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ulxl/P/ ljZn]if0f

ubf{ lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu jftfj/0f cg's'n pko'Qm afnL ;+/If0f k|ljlwsf]
sdL g} Go"gtd pTkfbsTjsf] Ps k|d'v sf/0f b]lvG5.
ljut s]xL jif{otf pkef]Qmfx?df /f;folgs kbfy{ d'Qm s[lif pkh k|of]u
ug{] cfsif{0f a9\bf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5. /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] ljsNksf]
?kdf g]kfndf k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv k|of]u / kl/lis[t x'Fb} cfPsf] afnL ;+/If0fsf
:yfgLo k|ljlwx?nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug'{ kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5.
/f;foflgs ljiffbLx?n] ;d:t jg:klt, dfgj / k|f0fL hutnfO{ g} c;/ kfg]{
x'gfn] h}ljs ljiffbL / ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k|of]uaf/] ;d:t s[ifs, k|fljlws, sd{rf/L
Pj+ ;+3, ;+:yfx?n] hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos 5 h;sf] af/]df o; k'l:tsfdf
lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5.

@= /f;folgs ljiffbL tyf o;sf s'k|efjx?

/f;folgs ljiffbLn] zq'hLjnfO{ dfq ljgfz ug]{ xf]Og o;n] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf
pkof]uL ldqhLjx? h:t} k/fu;]rg ug]{ df}/L, k'tnL, /]zd sL/f, af3] vk6],
s'dfnsf]6L, dfs'/f, r/fr?L, u8\of}nf, df5f, Eofu'tf, ;k{ 5]kf/f] nufot
k/hLjL sL/fx?, lzsf/L sL/fx?, l;sf/L ;'n;'n] cflbsf] ljgfz ub}{ cfPsf]
5. o;sf] cltl/Qm ljiffbLaf6 x'g] k|d'v c;/x?df dflg;, h}ljs ;|f]tsf]
Ifo, cg'jf+lzs x|f;, kz'k+IfLsf] :jf:Yodf xflg, gbLgfnf k|b"if0f, e"ldut hn
k|b"if0f, jfo' k|b"if0f, df6f] k|b"if0f, zq'hLjx?df k|lt/f]wfTds zlQmsf] ljsf;
d'Vo x'g\. o;}u/L nfxLsf k|fs[lts zq'x? h:t}M yf]Kn] vk6]x? (Lady bird
beetles), l;|lkm8 lemFufsf nfe|]x? (Syrphidfly larvae) sf] ;+Vof 36\b} uPsf]
5. h;n] ubf{ zq'hLjx?sf] ;+Vof a9\g] jftfj/0f ag]sf] 5.
ljiffbLnfO{ h'g tl/sfaf6 k|of]u u/] klg -af]6df, df6f]df, e08f/0fdf_ cGttM
df6f] / kfgLdf g} hfg] x'Fbf df6f]df pknAw ldqhLjf0f'x? ljiffbLn] db{5g\.
h;n] ubf{ k|ffl/s kbfy{x?nfO{ ;8fpg], df6f]df g} hfg] x'Fbf df6f]sf
ldqhLjf0f'x? ljiffbLn] db{5g\. h;n] ubf{ k|ffl/s kbfy{x?nfO{ ;8fpg],
df6f] v's'n]f kfg]{ cflb hLjf0f'sf] sfd lgl:qmo eO{ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf sdL
cfpF5 / pTkfbg 36\5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

/f;folgs ljiffbLx? v]taf/Ldf x'ls{/x]sf afnfgfnLdf 5bf{ nlIft ;a}

xflgsf/s lk/fxf sL/fx? dg{ ;Sb}gg\ / o;y{ ljiffbL 5l/;s]kl5 klg
afFsL /x]sf sL/fx?sf] ;+Vof Ps}k6s cTolws j[l4 x'g hfG5 lsgls o:tf
sL/fx?nfO{ vfP/ afFRg] kmfObfhgs sL/fx? ;a} dg{ k'Ub5g\. Ps k6s
ljiffbL 5l/;s]kl5 o;n] dfg{ afFsL /x]sf sL/fx?sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 t x'G5
cem o;dfly oL sL/fx?df ljif krfpg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g yfN5 / pxL dfqfsf]
ljiffbLn] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g / pxL kl/df0fdf sL/f dfg{ klg klxn]sf] eGbf bf]Aa/
t]Aj/ dfqfdf / cem a9L xflgsf/s ;d"xsf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ul//xg' kb{5.
o;n] ubf{ ;du| s[lif jftfj/0fnfO{ g} gsf/fTds c;/x? k'Ug hfG5. lsgsL
k|of]u ul/Psf] ;a} ljiffbL cGttM k'Ug] :yfg eg]sf] df6f] g} xf]. o;n] ubf{
ljiffbLsf] a9\bf] k|of]usf sf/0f vr{ klg a9\g hfG5.

@=! lk/fxf sL/f jf nlIft ;d"xafx]s cGodf c;/

/f;folgs ljiffbL cf}ifwL xf]Ogg\ oL ljif x'g\. ljif eGgf;fy ;a}nfO{ dfg]{
kbfy{ eGg] a'lemG5. o;n] v]taf/Ldf /flv;s]kl5 s] nfebfos s] xflgsf/s
;a} sL/fx?nfO{ dfl/lbG5. nlIft sL/fx?nfO{ dfl/;s]kl5 klg ljiffbL
df6f]df k'U5 / ToxfF df6f]df ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;"Id hLjf0f'x?nfO{ dfl/lbG5. o;
dfk{mt df6f]af6 kfgL;Dd / ;fgf vf]nf gfnf x'Fb} ;d'Gb|;Ddsf] jftfj/0fdf
gsf/fTds c;/x? k'ofpFF5. t;y{ ljgfzsf/L ljiffbLx?n] dflg;n] gfz
ug{ rfx]sf k|f0fLx? dfq x}g logn] t jftfj/0fdf kfOg] ;a}h;f] k|f0fLdf
gsf/fTds c;/x? kfl//x]sf] x'G5. 7"nf] If]qdf o:tf ljiffbLx? 5/]sf]
:yfgdf r/fx? tyf df5fx? ;vfk ePsf kfOPsf 5g\. kz'k+IfLsf] df;',
b"w / b"whGo kbfy{x?, Pj+ ljleGg lsl;dsf vfBkbfy{x?df ljiffbLsf
cjz]ifx? kfOPsf 5g\ hf] dflg;sf nflu cToGt xflgsf/s x'G5g\. csf]{tk{m
ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] o; k[YjLdf k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng Nofpgsf nflu k|To]s hLljt
k|f0fLx?sf cfcfgf k|fs[lts zq'x? /x]sf x'G5g\. s'g} sL/f lgoGq0f ug{
c? hLjhGt'x? ToxL jftfj/0fdf /x]sf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ b'j}sf ;Gt'ngdf
ldln/x]sf] x'G5. pbfx/0fsf nflu nfxL lgoGq0f ug{ olb ljiffbL 5l/of]
eg] o;sf] k|fs[lts zq'x? h:t} yf]Kn] vk6]x?, l;lk{m8 lemFufsf nfe|]x?,
cflbnfO{ klg df/L lbG5. o;/L k|fs[lts zq'x?sf] k"0f{ ljgfz eO{;s]kl5
k'gM a9]sf ljgfzsf/L sL/fsf] cfqmd0faf6 afnL arfpg sl7g x'G5 /
/f]syfd ljlw klg s7Lg / dxFuf] x'g hfG5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

@=@ afnLgfnLdf ljiffbL cjz]if

(Pesticide Residue on Crop)

k|To]s /f;folgs ljiffbL 5l/;s]kl5 nlIft afnLx?df To;sf cjz]ifx? /x]sf

x'G5g\. ljiffbLsf k|s[lt x]/L o:tf ljiffbLx? ljleGg ;do;Dd /lx/xG5g\.
o:tf] ;do s]xL lbgb]lv s]xL jif{;Dd klg x'g ;Sb5. Snf]/Lgo'Qm xfO8fs
] fa{g
;d"xsf ljiffbLx? h:t} l8=l8=l6= / la=Pr=l;= cN8Lg, 8fOcN8Lg, x]K6fSnf]/,
kmf]/6] cflbsf] cjz]if vf;u/L df6f]df w]/} jif{;Dd /lx/xG5. df6f], kfgL /
cGo vfBkbfy{x?df /xg] o:tf cjz]ifx?af6 ljleGg y/Lsf kl/0ffdx? b]lvg
yfNb5g\ h'g lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\.

vfB>[hgfaf6 o:tf ljiffbLx? dflg; Pj+ kz'k+IfLsf z/L/leq j[l4 x'Fb}

hfG5. sltko xfO8f]Snf]/Lg ;d"xsf ljiffbLx? dflg; Pj+ kz'k+IfLsf
z/L/leq vf;u/L af];f]df hDdf eO{ jiff}+;Dd /lx/xG5g\ / ltgsf] dfqf
a9\b} hfG5. ljiffbLx? af]6la?jfx? jf ;+lrt cgfhdf sL/fx?sf
lgoGq0fsf nflu k|of]u uof] eg] logdf ljiffbLsf] cjz]if nfdf] ;do;Dd
/xG5. o; cjlwdf tL vfBkbfy{x? dflg;df jf df;'df klg ;f] cjz]if
kfOG5. ca o:tf kbfy{x? dflg;n] vfPdf ltgdf ePsf ljiffbLsf
cj]zif dflg;sf z/L/df hDdf x'G5. k6sk6s o:tf kbfy{x? vfFb}
hfFbf z/L/df ljiffbLsf] dfqf a9\b} hfG5 / kl/0ffddf o;n] g/fd|f
ljsf/x? h:t} dflg;df SofG;/, gjhft lzz'df zfl/l/s ljsf/x?,
dflg; Pj+ hgfj/df cg'jf+lzs kl/jt{g cflb NofpF5. dfgj z/L/df
/f;folgs ljiffbL gfs, d'v, 5fnf, :jf; k|:jf; tyf cfFvfaf6 k|j]z
ub{5. ljiffbLsf gsf/fTds c;/x?df 6fpsf] b'Vg', jfsjfs nfUg',
jfGtf x'g', l/6f nfUg', cfFvfsf] /f]u z/L/ ylst x'g], ;f]Rg] zlQm sd
x'g], k|lt/f]wfTds k|0ffnLdf cj/f]w, tyf bL3{sflng c;/ kmf]S;f], sn]hf],
d[uf}{nf, d''6', SofG;/, 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]u cflb x'g ;Sb5g\. la?jfdf
ljiffbLx? k|of]u u/]kl5 la?jfn] ;f];]/ lnG5g\ / xfdLn] vfFbf ;f]em} oL
ljiffbLx? xfd|f] z/L/df ;f]l;g k'Ub5 eg] sltko ljiffbLx? 5fnfsf]
l5b|af6 klg ;f]l;G5g\. h;n] ubf{ cTolws ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ePsf
kmnk"mn tyf t/sf/Lsf] ;]jg ubf{ hg:jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf]
5. ;fy} ;'/lIft tl/sfn] ljiffbL k|of]u gubf{ tyf Jojl:yt e08f/0f
gxF'bf ;Dk"0f{ 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf]
;'Gg kfO{G5. xfn ljleGg t/sf/L, ufO{j:t'sf] b"w cflbdf zq' hLjgfzs
ljiffbLsf] cjz]if kfOPsf] s'/f k|sfzdf cfpg yfn]sf] 5g\. ljiffbLsf]
uDeL/ k|efjsf sf/0f dflg;sf] d[To' ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] 5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

ljiffbLx?sf cjz]ifn] k"/} jftfj/0fnfO{ g} c;Gt'lnt t'NofpF5g\ Pj+

jftfj/0fleq /x]sf ljljw k|f0fLx?sf] vfB>[+vnf 6'6\g hfG5. ljiffbLsf]
k|of]un] ;x;{f}+ sL/fx? gfz x'G5g\, ltgsf] cefjdf ltgnfO{ vfP/ afFRg]
cGo k|f0fLx? h:t} Eofu'tf, 5]kf/f], sltko r/fx? cflbsf] klg ;+Vof
36\b} hfG5 / lognfO{ vfP/ afFRg] cGo k|f0fLx?sf] klg ;+Vof 36\b5 Pj+
k|sf/n] of] >[+vnf w]/} cl3;Dd a9\b} hfFbf dflg;nfO{ klg o;sf] c;/
k'Ug cfpF5. ;8]un]sf h}ljs kbfy{x? vfP/ afFRg] k|f0fLx?df g/fd|f]
c;/ k'Ub5 h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0f c? b'lift x'G5, sltko k/hLlj /
lognfO{ kfNg] hgfj/ Pj+ jg:klt / sL/fx?sf] ;DaGw lau|g hfG5.
ljiffbLsf cjz]ifn] df6f]df pj{/tfdf sdL Nofpg ;S5. sltko df6f]sf]
hLjf0f'nfO{ ljiffbLn] dfb{5g\ h;sf] kmn:j?k k|ffl/s kbfy{x?nfO{
;8fpg], df6f] v's'nf] kfg]{ cflb hLjf0f'sf sfdx? aGb x'g k'U5g\.

@=# sL/fxdf ljiffbL krfpg] Ifdtf jf ;xg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;

s'g} klg ljiffbLn] s'g} vf; hfltsf] sL/fsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+VofnfO{ dfg{ ;Sb}g.
k|yd k6ssf] k|of]u kZrft ;f] sL/fsf] ;+Vof k]ml/ a9\b5 clg k]ml/ ;f] ljiffbL
k|of]u ul/G5. o; k6s klg To; sL/fsf y'k|} ;+Vof db}{gg\ / tL k]ml/ j[l4
x'g yfN5g\. ca k|of]u ubf{ ;f] ljiffbLsf] dfqf a9fpg'kb{5. s]xL ;dokl5
o:tf] l:ylt k]ml/ klg cfpF5 ls klxn]b]lv k|of]u u/L cfPsf] ljiffbLn] ;f]
sL/fsf] 7\ofDd} lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g. o:tf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;f] ljiffbLk|lt sL/fn]
krfpg jf ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf k|fKt u/]sf] elgG5.
cfh cfP/ of] Pp6f ljs/fn ;d:ofsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5. sltko sL/fx?n]
t PseGbf a9L ;d"xsf ljiffbLx? klg krfpg] Ifdtf k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\
h;nfO{ Cross Resistancy klg elgG5. o:tf] l:ylt ta cfpF5 ha PseGbf
a9L ;d"xsf ljiffbLx?;Fu;Fu} jf s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fndf k|of]u ul/G5. of]
l:yltn] ljiffbLx? a9L dfqfdf k|of]u x'G5g\ / h;sf] sf/0fn] jftfj/0f yk
laufg'{sf cnfjf v]tLsf] nfut klg a9fpFb5.

#= h}ljs ljlw (Biological Control)

afnL la?jfsf] ;'/Iff ug{sf nflu afnL la?jfdf xflg ug]{ ljgfzL hLjx?sf
lj?4 pkof]uL h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] k|of]u u/L xflgsf/s hLjx?sf] gfz ug]{

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

ljlwnfO{ h}ljs ljlw elgG5. cfhsn jfg:ktLs kbfy{x?f/f pTkflbt

ljiffbLnfO{ klg sltko :yfg / JolQm ljz]ifn] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ?kdf u|x0f
ub{5g\ jf:tjdf ltgLx? h}ljs ljiffbL geO{ h}ljs ljiffbL h:t} kbfy{x? x'g
h;nfO{ Biorational Compounds elgG5.
g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 w]/} g} wgL b]z xf]. oxfF kfOg] w]/}
lsl;dsf jfg:klt tyf h8La'6Lx?df hLjgfzs u'0fx? kfO{G5. o:tf
jg:kltx?sf] k|of]u u/L s[ifsx?n] k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv afnLgfnLdf nfUg]
zq'hLjx? -/f]u, sL/f, emf/kft cflb_ Joj:yfkg ub}{ cfO{/x]sf 5g\.
o:tf jg:kltx?sf] afnL ;+/If0fdf ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s] To;} v]/ uO{/x]sf
jg:kltx?sf] pkof]u x'g uO{ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf ;d]t of]ubfg
k'Ug] b]lvG5. ;fy} a9\bf] /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] k|of]uaf6 xfn kof{j/0fdf
eO{/x]sf] gs/fTds k|efjnfO{ Go'gLs/0f u/L lbuf] s[lif ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'ofpg ;lsG5. g]kfndf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ w]/} lsl;dsf
jg:klt / h8La'6Lx? kfO{G5. oL dWo] sltko jg:klt / h8La'6Lx?df
hLjgfzs u'0f kfOPsf] 5.
hLjgfzs u'0f ePsf jg:kltx? g]kfnsf ljleGg efudf 5l/Psf]n] s[ifsx?n]
k/Dk/fut ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] afnL ;+/If0fsf :yfgLo k|ljlwx?
klg :yfg ljif]z / afnL ljif]z cg';f/ km/skm/s x'g' :jefljs x'g
hfG5. ljiffbLhGo jg:kltx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Da4{g ug{ :yflgo
s[ifsx?nfO{ tflnd, e|d0f u/fO{ ;Ifd agfpg' kg]{ / :yfgLo ljiffbLhGo
jg:kltx?af6 3/]n' ljiffbLsf] Joj;flosLs/0fdf hf]8 lbFb} ;/sf/L gLltx?
To;}tkm{ nlIft x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 o;sf] nflu afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] ljz]if
e"ldsf v]nL lghL ;+3;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5.

#=! h}ljs ljiffbLx

(Bio- pesticides)

s'g} klg xflgsf/s sL/fx?nfO{ Go"g ug{ jf dfg{sf] nflu s'g} klg AofS6]/Lof,
9';L, efO/; tyf g]df6f]8hGo pkof]uL ;"Id hLjx?f/f tof/ ul/Psf]
/;fogkbfy{nfO{ h}ljs ljiffbL elgG5. logLx? pkof]uL hLjx? x'g h;f/f
xflgsf/s sL/fx? dfg{ k|of]u ul/G5. h}ljs k4tLf/f hLjnfO{ gi6 ug]{]
;"Id hLjnfO{ g} h}ljs ljiffbL (Bio-pesticides) elgG5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

cfhsn kmfObfhgs ;"Id hLjsf] cnfjf jg:kltdf cfwfl/t kbfy{x?nfO{

;d]t a'lemg] ul/G5. jf:tjdf oL kbfy{df s'g} ;"Id hLljt hLjsf]
cnfjf jg:kltdf kfOg] vf; tj jf ;lqmo tj x'G5g\ h;n] xflgsf/s
sL/fnfO{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/af6 c;/ ub{5g\. ;du|df ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t
kbfy{x?sf] cnfjf ;"Id k/hLjL sL/fx? -lk|86] /, kf/f;fO6, Kofyf]hg_
nfO{ ;d]t a'lemG5. ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLx?df d'Votof
AofS6]l/ofhGo kbfy{ -lj=6L=_ 9';LhGo kbfy{, -xl/of] 9';L / ;]tf 9';L_,
efO/;hGo kbfy{ -Go"lSno/ kf]nL x]8/] f];L; efO/;_, ;fO6f]KnfHdLs efO/; /
g]df]6f8df cfwfl/t kbfy{ -:6fO6/g]dfl68\; / x]6/] f]/x]j8fOl6;_ d'Vo ?kdf
cfpF5g\. To:t} jg:kltdf cfwfl/t h}ljs kbfy{x? d'Votof lgdsf] emf]n
-dfuf];
{ e] 8]/L;f]e, afof]dlN6lgd_ OToflb cfpF5g\. ;du|df oL ;a} kbfy{ tyf
j:t'x?nfO{ h}ljs ljiffbL jf h}ljs ljiffbLdf cfwfl/t kbfy{sf] ?kdf a'g
;lsG5. of] ljlwdf sL/f tyf /f]uhGo hLjf0f'sf] ;+Vof lgoGq0f ug{ k/f>oL
hLjx?, lzsf/L sL/f tyf sL/fdf /f]u Nofpg] hLjf0f'x? w]/} pTkfbg ug]{ /
5f8\g] sfd x'G5. o;nfO{ h}ljs lgoGq0f klg elgG5 / o;af6 lgDg adf]lhd
kmfObfx? 5g\. ljleGg h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] dfWod (Source) / gfd km/s
ePtfklg logLx?n] sL/f dfg]{ tl/sf / logsf] pkof]lutf ;dfg h:t} 5g\.
#=!=! h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] kmfObfx

/f;folgs ljiffbLn] h:tf] logn] jftfj/0f, dfgj z/L/ / kmfObfhgs

k/hLlj sL/fx?nfO{ c;/ ub}{gg\ / k|of]u ug]{ JolQmnfO{ klg c;/
ub}{gg\.

logsf] c;/ sL/f cg';f/ (Species specific) x'G5 t;y{ nIo ul/Psf]
sL/fdf dfq logsf] k|efj /xG5.

oL j:t'x? k|of]u ugf{n] cjz]if (Residues) sf] ;d:of xF'b}g.

yf]/} dfqfsf] k|of]u ul/Ptf klg sL/fdf a9L c;/ ug{ ;lsG5.

logsf] k|efj sfnfGt/;Dd /xg ;S5 / /f;folgs ljiffbL h:t} k6s

k6s k|of]u ul//xg kb}{g.

logsf] k|of]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'x? k|ffl/s pTkfbg ePsf] x'gfn]

sfnfGt/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] nIo d'tfljs ljiffbL/lxt k|ffl/s
pTkfbg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5.

bL3{sfnLg s[lif pTkfbgdf h}ljs ljiffbLsf] uxg e"ldsf 5. hftsf]

k|of]uaf6 a9L dxjsf j:t'x? (High value crops) pTkfbg ug{
;lsG5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

lognfO{ s]xL jg:klthGo ljiffbLsf] ;fydf ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.

s]xL h}ljs ljiffbL / jg:kltdf cfwfl/t kbfy{n] sL/fsf km"n, nfef{, Ko"kf /
joisdf ;d]t s]xL g s]xL c;/ ub{5g\ h'g ljiffbLaf6 ;Dej 5}g.
h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ul/Psf] t/sf/L, kmnk"mn jf cgfhdf cjz]if
(Residue) sf] ;d:of x'Fb}g.

#=!=@ h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] a]kmfObfx

h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]un] y'k|} kmfObf x'FbfxF'b} klg s]xL a]kmfObfx? klg 5g\
hf] lgDg adf]lhd 5g\.

/f;folgs ljiffbLn] h:tf] logn] hfb"u/L ?kdf l5} sL/f dfg{

;Sb}gg\.

logsf] k|of]u z'?df emGeml6nf] / dxFuf] nfUg ;S5 t/ sfnGt/df kmfObf

x'G5.

;a} k|sf/sf sL/fx?nfO{ Pp6} k|sf/sf] j:t'af6 lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsb}g.

logsf] c;/ vf;u/L ;Dks{ k|sf/sf] x'g] ePsf]n] n's]/ l5k]/ vfg]
sL/fnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ufx|f] x'G5.

rsf]{ 3fd, ;'Vvf If]qdf k|of]u u/]df logsf] k|efj gi6 x'G5.
#=!=# h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]udf s]xL sl7gfOx
oL kbfy{x?sf] y'k|} kmfObfhgs u'0f x'Fbfx'Fb} klg logsf s]xL sl7gfO klg
5g\. h;nfO{ lgDg ?kdf lng ;lsG5.

d'Votof h}ljs ljiffbLsf] cfd s[ifs, k|fljlws, pkef]Qmf / gLlt

lgdf{tfx?df ;d]t hfgsf/Lsf] cefj x'gfn] of] ljwf g} kl5 k/]sf] 5.
o;f] x'g'df h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbgdf z'?sf] nufgL, sL/f /f]u lgsf] kfg]{
b'|t Ifdtfdf sdL, s]xL vlr{nf] / emGem6Lnf] k|of]u ljlw x'g' g} xf].

h}ljs ljiffbLx? jftfj/0faf6 lgs} l56f] u|;Lt x'g] ub{5g\. h:tf]

lognfO{ lglZrt tfkqmd, lr:ofg, ;fk]IfLs cfb|{tf, sL/fsf] cj:yf,
df6f]sf] u'0f OToflbn] logsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf km/s NofpFb5g\.

w]/}h;f] h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ @)@@ l8u|L ;]=u|]= tfkqmd / !% eGbf

dflysf] lr:ofg / &%*) dfly pko'Qm x'G5.

Ps h}ljs kbfy{ csf]{ h}ljs ljiffbL;Fu ldnfpg ;lsG5 t/ s'g} klg

sL/fgfzs ljiffbL /f]ugfzs ljiffbL / ef/gfzs ljiffbL;Fu ldnfpg
;lsFb}g. t;y{ k|of]u ug]{ ;do a9L nfUg ;S5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

kmfObfhgs k/hLlj sL/fx?sf] klg cfcfg} ljz]iftf x'g\ h:tf] /ftf

cfFv] af?nfn] s]jn k'tnL ;d"xsf sL/fsf k"mn cj:yfdf dfq cfgf
;Gtfg j[l4 u/L sL/fsf] j[l4nfO{ /f]S5g\ eg] :qL :jefjsf vk6] jf
af3] vk6]n] klg cfgf cg"s"nsf sL/fx?df lzsf/ u/L sL/fx?sf]
;+VofnfO{ Go"g ub{5g\.
kmfObfhgs sL/fx?nfO{ k|fs[lts vfgfdf kfNg w]/} ufx|f] x'g] x'gfn]
d'Votof k|fs[lts ?kd} ltgsf] pknAwtf / ;lqmotfdf lge{/ /xg' kg]{
afWotf 5. ;'ljwfo'Qm k|of]uzfnfsf] cefj 5.
jg:klts h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] klg w]/} k|efjsf/Ltf lng ;lsPsf] 5}g
sf/0f lognfO{ k|of]u u/]kl5 ;"o{sf] k|sfz jf rsf]{ 3fd jf kfgLn] h}ljs
ljiffbLnfO{ h:t} c;/ ub{5. k6sk6s k|of]u ug{ vlr{nf] / emGem6Lnf]
x'g hfG5.
;fdfGo s[ifs jf k|fljlwsn] oL kbfy{x?sf] /f;foflgs u'0f jf k|of]u
ljlw yfxf gkfpgfn] logsf] e08f/0fdf tfkqmd / lr:ofpgsf] Vofn
gk'ofpgfn] g]kfndf lelqPsf jf agfO{Psf h]hlt h}ljs ljiffbLx? 5g\
logsf] /fd|f] va/ (Message) s[ifs aLr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g. h;sf] sf/0f
h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ w]/} pRr k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf kg]{ / k};f nfUg]5 t;y{
oL kbfy{x? b]vfpg] bfFt dfq x'g eGg] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5. jf:tjdf
o;f] geO{ gofF g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gofF afnL ;+/If0f k4ltdf logsf]
cfjZostf cToGt} 5. lsgsL g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (WTO) sf]
;b:o /fi6 eO{;s]sf] ;Gbe{df o;n] dfqfTds s[lifsf] ;fy} u'0ffTds s[lif
pkh pTkfbg / ljb]zL /fi6x?df lgof{t gu/];Dd o;af6 kmfObfeGbf
a9L 3f6f x'g hfg] b]lvG5. ljiffbLsf] x'd{t sf9\g] cfd k|fljlwsx?n]
l9nf] gu/L h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] pTkfbg, k|j4{g / k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{ cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf].

#=@ /f]u tyf sL/fgf;s h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] dxj

afnLgfnLsf /f]u tyf sL/fx?sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf /f;folgs
kbfy{x? tyf h}ljs kbfy{x? k|of]u ul/G5. /f]syfdsf] lx;fan] ;a}
k|sf/sf kbfy{x?sf] cfcfgf] ljz]iftf 5g\ tfklg h}ljs ljiffbLsf] /f]syfddf
cfg} dxj 5. To;f] x'g'df oL kbfy{x?n] hfb'u/L ?kdf ljiffbLsf] t'ngfdf
a9L dfqfdf /f]u sL/f /f]syfd ug{ ;s]sf sf/0feGbf klg oL kbfy{x?sf]
kmfObfnfO{ g} lng ;lsG5.

10 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] cflj:sf/, pkof]u / dxj hlt a9L ljsl;t /fi6df 5
Tolt jf:tjdf xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf ce}m dxz'; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g. sf/0f oL
kbfy{x?sf] ljsf;, logsf] k|of]u / dxj cfd s[ifsx?, k|fljlwsx? Pj+ gLlt
lgdf{tfsf aLr x'g g;Sg' xf]. h}ljs ljiffbLsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld x]g]{ xf] eg]
;+;f/df hlxn]b]lv df}/Lkfng / /]zd sL/fsf] kfng z'? eof] Tolta]nfb]lv g}
af;L 8] nf]8L eGg] j}1flgsn] ha ;]tf] 9';L -a'e]l/of Jof;Lofgf_ f/f /]zd
sL/fsf] aRrf d/]sf] e]6fP o;af6} s'g} pkof]uL kbfy{ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
ljZjf;sf ;fy cuf8L a9]. pQm ;"Id hLjn] pkof]uL sL/fdf cfqmd0f u/]kl5
;f]xL cg'?k xflgsf/s sL/fx?df ;d]t cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sg] tYo kQf nflu
o; ljwfsf] z'?jft ePsf] dflgG5.
g]kfndf cfd s[ifs tyf hgdfg;df logsf] hfgsf/L gePtfklg /f]u sL/f
lgoGq0fdf oL kbfy{x?sf] dxj tnsf a'Fbfx?n] k|i6 kfb{5g\.

/f;folgs kbfy{x?n] ug]{ gsf/fTds c;/x? h:t} sL/fx?n] ljiffbL

krfpg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g', dflg;, jftfj/0f kz'k+IfL tyf xfjf, kfgL
tyf df]6f]df logsf] cjz]if / c;/ x'Fb}g.

h}ljs ljiffbLx? /f;folgs ljiffbL h:tf] k6s k6s, dfqf a9fP/ k|of]u ug'{
kb}g{ sf/0f oL kbfy{x? Ps k6s k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 df6f] tyf sL/fx?sf]
z/L/df ljsl;t eO{ sfnfGt/df yf]/} dfqfdf k|of]u ug'k{ g]{ x'G5.

k|ffl/s v]tLdf h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] dxj cToGt} 5 h'g ljgf of] k|ljlw
kl/sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}g.

h}ljs ljlwf/f ul/Psf] v]tLafnL k4lt bL3{sflng x'G5. sf/0f of]

k4lt jftfj/0fLo kIfx?;Fu w]/} xb;Dd d]nvfg] x'G5.

h}ljs kbfy{x? g]kfnL s[ifssf] lxtdf 5g\ lsgsL oL kbfy{x? pTkfbgsf]

nflu :j]bz d} pknAw :yfgLo ;|ft] , ;fwfgx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.

g]kfndf /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] sf/vfgf ;d]t gePsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo

;|f]t ;fwg Pj+ l;ksf] k|of]u u/L h}ljs ljiffbLx? pTkfbg u/L /f]usL/f
lgoGq0fdf d4t k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5.

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bL3{sfnLg s[lif gLlt tyf b]zsf of]hgfx?n] canDjg

u/]sf gLlt cg'?k h}ljs ljiffbLsf] dxj cem lj:t[t ?kdf /x]sf] 5.

h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 /f]usL/f lgoGq0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq g]kfnaf6

ax'd"No kbfy{{x? h:t} dx, Rofp, skmL, lrof ljb]zdf lgof{t ug{ ;lsg]
;Defjgf b]lvG5. cGoyf ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifx? b]lvPdf ax'd"No j:t'
a]rlavg ug{ ;lsFb}g.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

11

#=# h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx / ltgsf k|sf/

h}ljs ljiffbLsf w]/} u'0fx? 5g\ h'g k|d'v ?kdf lgDg adf]lhd 5g\.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t ;a}vfn] h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] u'0f ;Dks{ k|sf/sf]

x'G5 h'g kbfy{ sL/fx?sf] ;Dks{df cfO{ 5fnfsf] dfWod jf vfgfaf6
z/L/leq k|j]z u/L la:tf/} sL/fnfO{ /f]uL agfO{ dfb{5g\.

oL kbfy{x?n] /f;folgs ljiffbLn] h:t} hfb'u/L tl/sfn] t'?Gt t'?GtL

sL/f dfg{sf ;f6f] la:tf/} sL/f dfb{5g\, cyf{t logsf] c;/ w]/} nfdf]
;dodf dxz'; ug{ ;lsG5.

h}ljs ljiffbLn] d/]sf] sL/fx? k|foh;f] af]6sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf uO{ jf

df6f]sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf cfO{ cfgf] vfgf gvfO{ b'Mv kfP/ db{5g\.
pbfx/0fsf] nflu 9';Ln] d/]sf] sL/f ePdf nfef{sf] z/L/df 9';Lsf s0fx?
k|;:t ljsl;t ePsf x'G5g\. h;nfO{ kl5 uP/ ;]tf] jf xl/of] 9';Ln]
9fs]sf] b]lvG5. To:t} AofS6]l/ofn] d/]sf] sL/f eGg] z/L/ KofRr} k/L
s'x]sf] x'G5. efO/;n] d/]sf] sL/f eg] af]6sf] dflyNnf] xfFufdf uP/
t'n'{ e'm08L d'G6f] tnkf/L d'vaf6 lkk 5f]8]/ e'm08LPsf] cj:yfdf b]Vg
;lsG5.

lrq g+= != ;]tf] / xl/of] 9';L nfu]/ d/]sf v'd|] sL/fx?

12 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

oL 9';L df6f] tyf d/]sf sL/fx?df km]nf kb{5g\. ltg} 9';Lx?nfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf
s[ltd vfgfdf j[l4 u/L tof/ u/]/ ahf/df pknAw u/fOG5. o;sf] k|of]u
vf;u/L g/d z/L/ ePsf] sL/fx? h:t}M nfxL, ly|K;, ;]tf] lemFuf, ldlnju,
kfOl/Nnf, h]l;8, aGbfsf] k'tnL, O6a'] k'tnLsf nfef{x?, wfgafnLsf v}/f]
/ ;]tf] r';fxf cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5. of] 9';Ln] nlIft xflgsf/s sL/fx?sf]
z/L/df cfqmd0f ub{5 / To; qmddf hLjf0f'x? sL/fsf] 5fnfdf 6fF;LG5g\.
d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/df ;]tf s0fx? b]vf kb{5g\.
9';L ;lqmo eO{ pd|k] l5 cfkmgf] vf; tj (Spores jf Conidia) sf] TofGb|fx?nfO{
sL/fsf] z/L/leq l5/fpF5 / sL/fsf] z/L/df 9';L km}lnG5. jftfj/0fdf ;fk]lIfs
cfb{t| f / lr:ofg a9]sf] cj:yfdf dfq o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9\5. @$$*
306fdf sL/fx? /f]ufpg z'? u/L @ xKtfb]lv dg{ yfN5g\ / d/]kl5 z/L/leqsf
hLjf0f'x? d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sG5g\ / km}lnG5g\.
ljut s]xL jif{b]lv s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg /fdk'/ lrtjgdf of]
9';LnfO{ hf}sf] bfgfdf pTkfbg u/L df6f]d'gL a:g] v'd|] sL/f nufot cGo
sL/fx?nfO{ dfg]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 pQm sfo{nfO{ afnL ;+/If0f
lgb]{zgfno dfkm{t pu|Ls]o/ lrtjgn] w"nf]sf] ?kdf pTkfbg z'? ul/;s]sf]
5. pTkflbt 9';LnfO{ df6f]df a;L gf]S;fg ug]{ sL/fx?sf] lj?4 k|of]u ug{
;lsG5.

#=$ g]kfndf pknAw s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx

g]kfnsf] s[lif ;lbof}F jif{ k'/fgf] 5 tfklg oxfFsf] afnL ;+/If0f k4lt afnL /
:yfg lkR5] km/s km/s /x]sf] kfO{G5. sf/0f g]kfnsf] v]tLafnL k|0ffnL / /f]u
sL/f lgoGq0f k|0ffnL k/Dk/futb]lv s'g} s'g} :yfgdf cfw'lgs jf ljsl;t
k|sf/sf] b]lvG5. ljs6 :yfg hxfF gofF s[lif afnL k|0ffnLn] 5'g ;s]sf]
5}g To:tf] :yfgdf afnL ;+/If0fsf] tf}/ tl/sf klg k/Dk/fut g} 5 / h}ljs
ljiffbLsf] t sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsFb}g t/ h'g :yfg ahf/ Pj+ df]6/ af6f]sf]
kxF'rdf 5g\ pQm :yfgdf v]tLafnL k4lt klg ljsl;t 5 / afnL ;+/If0f
k4lt klg ;3g ?kdf ljiffbL ;lxtsf] b]lvG5.
Joj;flos ?kdf ljsl;t :yfgx?df s[ifsn] v]tLdf ;3gtf Nofpg'sf] ;fy}
g]kfndf pboLdfg ?kdf /x]sf] h}ljs jf k|ffl/s v]tLnfO{ a9fjf lbg vf]Hbf

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

13

st} st} h}ljs ljiffbLx? klg dfu u/]sf] kfOG5. x'gt ljleGg cg';Gwfg
d"ns n]vx?af6 hfgsf/L eP cg';f/ g]kfndf Jojl:yt Joj;flos k|ffl/s
v]tL e'|0f cj:yf d} b]lvG5. t;y{ Jofks jf Joj;flos :t/df h}ljs
ljiffbLx? klg kof{Kt x'g g;Sg' :jefljs h:t} ePsf] 5. o;f] x'g'df
g]kfndf k|ffl/s pTkfbgaf/] Jofks hfu/0f g'x'g, oL j:t'x? vkt ug]{
lgsfo, JolQm jf kl/jf/ ;+Vof sd x'g', oL j:t'x?sf] k|of]uaf6 Joj;flos
v]tL ubf{ rfx]hlt /f]u jf sL/f dfg{ g;Sg' g} d'Vo ?kdf /x]sf 5g\. cem
eGg] xf] eg] k|ffl/s j:t'x? dxFuf ePsf]n] qmo zlQm sd ePdf w]/} g]kfnL
pkEf]fQmfx? gePsfn] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ahf/ klg cToGt} ;fF3'/f] ePsf] xf].
x'g t ca To;f] eg]/ plDsg] cj:yf eg] kSs} 5}g lsgls g]kfn ljZj
Jofkf/ ;+u7g WTO sf] ;b:o /fi6 eO{;s]sf] ;Gbe{df o;n] k|ffl/s s[lif
pkhx? pTkfbg ug'{ cfjZos 5 / h;sf] lgof{taf6 /fi6n] y'k|} wg/fzL
cfh{g ug]{ ;+efjgf klg 5. csf]{tkm{ g]kfndf s[lifdf cf>Lt d'Vo lx:;fdf
/x]sf] s[ifsx? clzlIft x'g'sf sf/0f logLx?n] ljiffbLdf dfq lge{/ /xFbf
jftfj/0f, dfgj / kmfObfhgs k|f0fLx?df c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5. t;y{ l9nf]
gu/L h}ljs ljiffbLsf] vf]h pTkfbg jf b]zdf a9fjf lbg cfoft / k|of]u ug]{
jftfj/0f ldnfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5.
g]kfnsf] zx/L / ahf/ If]qsf] kfos kg]{ 7fpF hxfF /fd|f] xf]6nx?n] ljb]zL
kfx'gfx?nfO{ vfgf pknAw u/fpF5g\ To:tf] 7fpFx?df k|ffl/s v]tLsf]
la:tf/ eO{/x]sf] b]lvG5. oL afx]s s]xL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| jf k|ultzLn
s[ifs jf k|fljlwsx?sf] ;lqmoftfdf h}ljs v]tL z'? ePsf] b]lvG5. log}
cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zon] s]xL ljsl;t /fi6x? / ef/t Pj+ :jb]zL
kxn d} g]kfndf klg h}ljs ljiffbLsf] af/]df rrf{, cfot / k|of]u ;d]t
l56k"m6 ?kdf ePsf] kfO{G5. h;sf] tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5.
g]kfndf xfn;Dd Tolt w]/} h}ljs ljiffbLx? k|of]udf NofO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf
t 5}g t/ s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx? leqLPsf 5g\. t/ klg cem};Dd :jb]z
d} pTkflbt h}ljs ljiffbL w]/}h;f] k|of]uzfnf :t/df dfq ;Lldt 5g\. tn
pNn]lvt h}ljs ljiffbLx? g]kfnsf s]xL :yfgx?df pknAw x'g yfn]sf 5g\
eg] s]xL k|ultzLn s[ifs Pj+ ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] k|of]u
z'? u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5.

14 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

h}ljs ljiffbL

k|sf/

s'g /f]u sL/fsf]

nflu k|of]u

sxfF lgld{t

-s_ 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL

-!_ xl/of] 9';L
w"nf], hf}sf] vk6]sf nfef{ - v'd|]_
ef/t / g]kfn
(Metarhizium)
bfgf
lj?4
w"nf], hf}sf] vk6]sf nfef{ -v'd|]_
-@_ ;]tf] 9';L (Beauveria)
ef/t / g]kfn
bfgf
lj?4
ef/t, g]b/Nof08
-#_ ;]tf] 9''zL (Verticellium) ;]tf] w"nf] nfxL, ;]tf] lemFuf
/ s]xL o'/f]lkog
b]zaf6
-$_ 6fOsf]8df{,
l;dLsf] cf]Onfpg]
;]tf] w"nf]
UnfO{sf]Snfl8d, rfO6f]ldod
/f]u, bfn afnLsf]
ef/t,g]kfn
emf]n
(Trichoderma, Glycocladium)
sfnf] 89'jf /f]u
-v_ AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljifflb
-!_ lj=l6= (Bacillus
w"nf]
k'tnLsf nfef{
ef/t
thuringiensis)

-u_ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbL

-!_ Pg=lk=le=

(NPV) Nuclear

poliyhederosis virus

emf]n

ef/t / g]kfndf
k'tnL / vk6]sf nfef{ g]b/Nof08 / s]xL
o'/f]lkog b]z

-3_ g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL

-!_

Steinernematids

emf]n

vk6]sf nfef{

g]kfndf
cg';Gwfgaf6 ;kmn
k/LIf0f

-_ jg:kltdf cfwf/Lt h}ljs ljiffbLx?

-!_ dfuf]{;f]d jf
jfof]dN6Llgd jf lgdf/Lg

emf]n

-@_ emf]ndf]n -uLltdn_

emf]n

-#_ af]emf]sf] w"nf]

w"nf]]

k'tnL, lemFuf, nfef{sf

lj?4
ef/t
g]kfndf :yfgLo
9';L hGo /f]usf] nflu :t/df tof/
ul/Psf]
g]kfndf :yfgLo
e08f/0fsf vk6], 3"g,
:t/df tof/
k"Tnfsf lj?4
ul/Psf]

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

#=% 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLx

15

(Fungus based bio-pesticides)

#=%=! ;]tf] / xl/of] 9';L (White and Green Muscardine Fungus)

oL 9';L df6f] tyf d/]sf sL/fx?df km]nf kb{5g\. ltg} 9';Lx?nfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf
s[ltd vfgf (Selective medium) j[l4 u/L s'g} s[ltd vfgfd} k'g hf} jf
w"nf]df pTkfbg u/L tof/ u/]/ ahf/df pknAw u/fOG5. o;sf] k|of]u
vf;u/L g/d z/L/ ePsf] sL/fx? h:t}M nfxL, ly|K;, ;]tf] lemFuf, ldlnju,
kfOl/Nnf, h]l;8, aGbfsf] k'tnL, O6a'] k'tnLsf nfef{x?, wfgafnLsf v}/f]
/ ;]tf] r';fxf cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5. of] 9';Ln] nlIft xflgsf/s sL/fx?sf]
z/L/df cfqmd0f ub{5 / To; qmddf hLjf0f'x? sL/fsf] 5fnfdf 6fFl;G5.
d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/df ;]tf s0fx? b]vf kb{5g\.

lrq g+= @ hf}sf] bfgfdf pTkflbt tof/L xl/of] 9';L

9';L ;lqmo eO{ pd|]kl5 cfgf] vf; tj -Spores jf Conidia_ sf]

TofGb|fx?nfO{ x]g]{ sL/fsf] z/L/leq l5/fpF5 / sL/fsf] z/L/df 9';L km}ln5.
jftfj/0fdf ;fk]lIfs cfb{tf / lr:ofg a9]sf] cj:yfdf dfq o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf
a9\5. @$$* 306fdf sL/fx? /f]ufpg z'? u/L @ xKtfb]lv dg{ yfN5g\
/ d/]kl5 z/L/leqsf hLjf0f'x? d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sG5g\ /
km}lnG5g\.

16 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

xfn s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg /fdk'/ lrtjgdf of] 9';LnfO{ hf}sf
bfgfdf pTkfbg u/L df6f] d'gL a:g] v'd|] sL/f nufot cGo sL/fx?nfO{ dfg]{
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5. of] k|ljlw afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] ahf/df
Nofpg] ;+oGq cg'?k Public Private Partnership sf] dfWodaf6 cuf8L
al9/x]sf] 5. pTkflbt 9';LnfO{ afnLgfnL nufPsf] If]qdf hldgd} k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5. xl/of] 9';Ldf ePsf] ljiffbLo'Qm kbfy{ sL/fsf] z/L/leq k|j]z
ul/;s]kl5 sL/fsf] kfrg k|0ffnL, :jf; k|Zjf; k|0ffnL tyf cGo k|0ffnLdf
c;/ u/L la:tf/} @# xKtf leqdf dfb{5g\ / k"0f{tof dl/;s]sf sL/fsf aflx/L
efudf xl/of 9';Lsf s0fx?sf] y'k|f] b]Vg ;lsG5.

#=%=@ dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/of (Multiplex Beauveria)

dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/of afl;ofgf Pp6f 9';LhGo kbfy{ xf] h;n] ljleGg k|sf/sf
sL/fx?nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{. o; h}ljs sL6gfzsn] ;]tf] lemFuf -White Fly_,
nflx -Aphids_, ly|K; -Thrips_, ldlnau (Mealybug) 8fF7 Kjfn kfg]{ sL/f
Shoot borer x?nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{. of] h}ljs sL6gfzsn] nfef{ cj:yfdf
/x]sf sL/fx? dfl/lbG5.
k|of]u tl/sf (Method of Use)
kftdf 5g]{ -Foliar spray_M dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/ofsf] %& u|fd dfqfnfO{ Ps ln6/
kfgLsf] b/n] 3f]n]/ 5g'{k5{. &* lbgsf] km/sdf sL/fx?sf] cj:yf x]/]/ bf]>f]
k6s k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. o;n] sL/fsf] nfef{nfO{ * lbgdf dfb{5.
df6f]df k|of]u -Soil application_M dN6LKn]S; Ao"el] /ofsf] $ lsnf] dfqf @) lsnf]
k"0f{?kdf s'lxPsf] uf]a/ dn;Fu ld;fP/ Ps Ps8 -* /f]kgL!@ sf_ v]tdf
5g'k{ b{5. ;'/IffM Ao"el] /of pTkfbg :k|] ubf{v/] L /f;folgs sL6gfzs h:tf]
vt/f 5}g / nfebfos -ldq sL/f_ sL/fx?nfO{ o;n] gf]S;fg ub}g{ .

#=%=# 6fO{sf]8df{ (Trichoderma)

6fOsf]8df{ gfdsf] 9';Ln] xflgsf/s 9';Laf6 cfkm'nfO{ rflxg] vfBtj ;f];]/
lnG5 h;n] ubf{ xflgsf/fs 9';L km}lng ;Sb}g / cGtdf db{5. vfBtj
;f]:geGbf klxn] pQm nfebfos 9';Ln] OGhfOd pTkfbg ub{5 h'g OGhfOdn]
xflgsf/s 9';Lsf] dfO;]lnod -u'Gb|Lsf] TofGb|f h:tf]_ sf] sf]if leQfnfO{
vfOlbG5 ;fy} UnLcf]6f]S;Lg / lel/l8g gfds Pl06afof]l6s klg pTkfbg

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

17

ub{5. Toltdfq geP/ nfebfos 9';Ln] 7fpF, clS;hg, vfBtj / cfb|{tfsf

nflu klg xflgsf/s 9';L;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ub{5.
df6f]df /x]sf nfebfos 9';LnfO{ dfq 5'6o\ fP/ lgsfNgsf] nflu pko'Qm dfWodsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 / 6fOsf]8df{sf nflu j}1flgsx?n] dfWodsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\,
To;df dfl6{g /f]h a]Gufn cuf/ dfWod / c? kl/jlt{t dfWodsf] k|of]u u/]sf
5g\. o;/L cfPsf] 6fOsf]8df{nfO{ lkl8P -kf]66] f] 8]S6fh
] cuf/_ df pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5. o;nfO{ df6f]af6 5'6o\ fP/ lgsfnL klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{
v]taf/Ldf k|of]u ug'e{ Gbf klxn] s'g} 7f]; jf t/n kbfy{df ldnfOG5 / k|of]u
ul/G5. nufpg] afnLsf] aLpnfO{ ;f]em} sf]lgl8ofsf] ld>0fdf pkrf/ ug]{ jf ;f]em}
dfO;]lnodnfO{ 7f]; kbfy{x?df klg k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5. s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog
;+:yfgdf ul/Psf b'Oj{ 6f cg';Gwfgn] 6fOsf]8df{ xflh{ofgd gfdsf] nfebfos
9';LnfO{ l;dLdf nfUg] cf]Onfpg] /f]u -h'g /fOhf]S6f]lgof ;f]nfgL gfds 9';Laf6
x'g] ub{5_ sf] lj?4 / To:t} u/L 6fOsf]8df{ lel/8L gfdsf] csf]{ nfebfos
9';LnfO{ df; -bfn afnL_ df nfUg] sfnf] 89'jf /f]usf] /f]syfdsf nflu k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 eGg] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5.

6fOsf]8df{nfO{ h'g]nf]sf] bfgf, ux'Fsf] 9'6f], ux'Fsf] k/fn -5\jfnL_, sf7sf]

w"nf]sf] ld>0f / wfgsf] 9'6f]df klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5. ux'Fsf] 9'6f]
/ sf7sf] w"nf] (* k|ltzt k|of]u ul/Psf] kfgL h;sf] kL= Pr= ^=) x'G5
/ To;df klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5. Jofj;flos ?kdf pTkfbg ug'{kbf{
To;df 6fFl;g] kbfy{sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5.

6fOsf]8df{nfO{ t/n kbfy{df klg ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. t/n

kbfy{x?df df]nf;]; / lao/ loi6 b'j}df ldnfpg ;lsG5.

6fOsf]8df{n] aLp pkrf/ u/]/ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf ;:tf] / pko'Qm dflgG5.
o" l;dLsf] aLpnfO{ 6fOsf]8df{sf] emf]nn] pkrf/ u/]/ 5gf{n] ^%
k|ltzt;Dd /f]u lgoGq0f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5.

bfgfsf] ?kdf cGo kbfy{df ld;fP/ 6fOsf]8df{sf] k|of]u ugf{n] /f]u

lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5. o;/L k|of]u ubf{ la?jfsf] h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.

6fOsf]8df{nfO{ kftdf 5s]{/ (Foliar Spray) k|of]u ubf{ o;n] /f]usf] km}nfj6
/f]Sg ;xof]u ub{5.

6fOsf]8df{nfO{ df6f]df 5g]{, ;fgf] s'n];f] agfP/ /fVg], la?jfsf] h/fdf

k|of]u ug]{ jf aLpdf ldnfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. o;nfO{ abfdsf] af]qmf,
;"o{d'vLsf] af]qmf / ux'Fsf] 5\jfnLdf ldnfP/ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.

18 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

#=^ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?

(Virus based bio-pesticides)

#=^=! Go"lSno/ kf]lnx]8|]/f]l;; efO/; -Pg=lk=le=_

-Nuclear polyhederosis virus_
of] emf]nsf] ?kdf kfO{G5.
x]nL;fO{8 / :kf]8f];fO8 gfds
b'O{ Jofkfl/s gfddf of] ahf/df
pknAw 5. o;n] uf]neF]8fsf]
uef/f], rgfsf] u+ef/f], skf;df
nfUg] k'tnL sL/fsf aRrf
cj:yf cflbnfO{ gf; ub{5. ;a}
k|sf/sf afnLgfnLdf nfUg] nfef{
sL/fsf lj?4 of] clt k|efjsf/L
/x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5.
o;sf] k|of]u kl5 k'tnLsf nfef{x?
/f]ufP/ db{5g\. efO/;f/f
u|l;t nfef{n] la?jfsf] xfFufdf
k5fl8sf] v'fn] ;dfO{ 6fpsf]
tn kf/]/ e'ml08Psf] cj:yfdf
b]Vg ;lsG5. ;fy} d'vaf6
kx]+nf] lkk ;d]t cfpF5.

lrq g+= # 6\o'jdf pTkflbt

NPV sf] emf]n

:yfgLo / pGgt k|ljlw b'j}sf]

;ld>0f u/L NPV pTkfbg
ug]{ k|ljlw xfn lrtjg l:yt
FORWARD gfds u}/;/sf/L
lrq g+= $ tof/L pTkflbt
;+:yfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t pTkfbg h}ljs ljiffbL Go"lSno/ kf]nLx]8]/f]l;; efO/;
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 ;fy}
pQm sfo{ If]qLo afnL ;+/If0f k|of]uzfnf afFs], vh'/f dfkm{t afnL ;+/If0f
lgb]{zgfnon] cl3 a9fO /x]sf] 5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

19

k|of]uM afnLdf nlIft sL/fsf lj?4 Pg=lk=le= sf] l;;LnfO{ /fd|f];Fu xNnfpg]
/ $ yf]kf -)=$ ld=ln=_ k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ ck/fGxdf 5g'{ j]z x'G5.
v'bf] / ;fa'g;Fu ld;fO{ 5gf{n] o;sf] 6fFl;g] Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/fpg ;lsG5.

#=^=@ x]ln;fO8 jf :kf]8f];fO8 (Helicide/Spodo-cide)

@=! lj=6L= hft s'|:6fsLM k'tnL / /flqr/ k'tnL dfg{ ;lsg].
@=@ lj=6L= hft Oh/fonG;L; emLufsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg].
@=# lj=6L= hft kf]kLnL vk6]sf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg].
@=$ lj=6L= hft k"msf]sfOg]G;L; nfdv'] / /flqr/ k'tnLsf nflu k|of]u ug{
;lsg].

lrq g+= % efO/; /f]uaf6 u|l;t nfef{

oL efO/;hGo emf]n ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbL x'g\ / h;nfO{ kfgLdf ld;fO{
rgf, /x/, skf;, uf]ne]F8f, v';f{gL / cgluGtL afnLx?df nfUg] /flqr/
k'tnLx? x]lnsf]ekf{ / :kf]8f]K6]/fsf nfef{sf lj?4 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.
jf:tjdf oL efO/;hGo kbfy{x? k|fs[lts ?kd} pknAw x'G5g\ / lhljt
sL/fx?df g} pTkfbg u/L k|of]u u?Gh]n;Dd lhljt j:t'sf] z'?df arfj6
u/L sL/fsf] z/L/df /fd|f];Fu kg]{ u/L laxfg jf a]n'sL 3fd gnfu]sf] ;dodf
k|of]u ug'{kb{5.
BCRL Company n] Heli-cideTM/Spodo-CideTM

gfddf pTkfbg ul//x]sf] 5.

oL emf]ndf pTkflbt NPV India, Central Insecticides Board n] Register u/]sf]
5 / h'g !)) ld=ln= sf] Kofsdf kfOG5g\ h;df !!)( k|lt ld=ln= efO/;sf]
;"Id vf; tj /flvPsf] x'G5.

20 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

l;kmfl/; rsf]{ 3fdaf6 logLx? gi6 x'g] ePsf]n] logsf] k|of]u kfgLdf ld;fO{
a]n'sLkv k|of]u ug{'kb{5. ! Ps8 hldgdf sDtLdf !)) ld=ln= l;kmfl/;
ul/Psf] 5. sL/fx? lj?4 NPV sf] k|efj a9fpg u'8 e]nL -! u|fdln6/
kfgLdf_ jf ;fa'g )=% ld=lnln6/ kfgLdf / 3fdaf6 arfj6sf nflu sk8fdf
nufpg] lg/ ! ld=ln=ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5gf{n] /fd|f] k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5.
/fd|f] glthf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu sL/fsf] z'?sf] cj:yf (Early stage) df k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5. o;n] u|l;t nfef{n] k5fl8sf v'fn] af]6df RofKk ;dfO{ d'G6f]
tn agfO{ em'lG8G5 / d'vaf6 lkk 5f8\5.

#=& AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbL -Bacteria based biopesticides_

oL AofS6]l/of ;fwf/0ftof df6f], vfB sf/vfgf, uf]bfd / sL/f a9L x'g]
jftfj/0fdf km]nf kb{5. o;n] c;/ ug{ ;Sg] sL/fx?df k'tnL hftsf
nfef{x? h:t} O6j'] k'tnL / uf]ne]F8fsf] u+ef/f] cflb x'g. s'g} /f;folgs
ljiffbLaf6 lgoGq0f ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t o; AofS6]l/ofn] lgoGq0f
u/]sf] k|df0f kfO{Psf] 5. oL ljiffbLx? g]kfndf s]xL k|ultzLn s[ifsx?n]
ljb]zdf tof/L ul/Psf ljiffbLx? ;fgf] :t/df k|of]udf NofpF5g\.
k|efjM AofS6]l/ofo'Qm bfgfbf/ s0fx? nfef{sf] k]6df kgf{;fy 3f]lnG5 / rf/
y/Lsf ;fgf;fgf ljiffn' s0fx?df ablnG5. sL/fsf] k]6sf] dWo efudf oL
ljiffn' s0fsf] k|efj a9L x'G5. sL/fsf] cfGb|f e"F8Lsf] sf]ifx?df kfgLsf]
dfqf a9]/ k'mNb5 / of] h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ sL/fsf] cfGb|fe"F8Ldf k'u]kl5
@$$* 306fdf dfq k|efj kfb{5. sL/fdf ljiffn' s0fx?n] sfd ;'? u/]kl5
nfef{n] vfg 5f8\b5 / ef]sfP/ db{5. of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|ToIf k|of]uaf6
hf]luPsf nfef{x? klg nfdf] ;dokl5 /f]ufP/ db{5g\. dWofGt/df ;"o{sf]
k|r08 ls/0faf6 hf]ufP/ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5. k|of]u !))#)) u|fd P=cfO{=
k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] 5g{ ;lsG5. nfef{sf] ;'?sf] cj:yfdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL
a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5. sL/fsf] ;+VofTds j[l4 Pj+ cfqmd0fsf] k|efj x]/L %&
lbgdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL bf]xf]ofpg' kg]{ x'g ;S5. of] AofS6]/Lof k|of]u u/]s}
lbg klg t/sf/L, kmnk'mnx? vfg / laqmL ug{ ;lsG5. dflg; / hgfj/df
o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj kb{}g.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

21

lrq g+= ^ AofS6]l/ofn] u|l;t v'd|]sf nfef{x?

#=* g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL

o;df d'Vo k|hfltsf pkof]uL hLjx? x'g\ h:t} x]6]/f]/ xofj8fol6;
(Heterorhabdtitis) / :6/gfOg]dfl68\; (Steinernematids) logn] sL/fsf]
z/L/ leq k;L dfb{5g\. oL ;"Id g]df6f]8n] AofS6]l/of lnP/ sL/fsf] z/L/
leq k:b5g\ / sL/f db{5g\. oL AofS6]l/of g]df6f]8sf] nflu klg cfjZos
kb{5 / AofS6]l/ofsf] nflu klg g]df6f]8 cfjZos kb{5 t;y{ logsf] ;DaGw
k/:k/ (Symbiotic relation) x'G5.

22 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

#=( k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL

;;fgf ;"Id hLj sL/fsf] z/L/df k|jz
] u/L dfb{5g\ logsf] w]/} k|of]u ePsf]
kfOFbg} . gf];d] f nf]s:6f gfds k|hflt vk6] sL/fsf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5.

#=!) ;d"xut ?kdf h}ljs ljiffbLxsf] u'0fx?sf] JofVof

#=!)=! 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL tyf tLgsf] u'0fx
logLx? cGtt\ sf]lgl8og (Conidion) x'g h;sf] sf/0f sL/fsf] z/L/df /f]u
pTkGg x'G5. logLx?nfO{ s[lqd vfgf / sL/fsf] z/L/df pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5
t/ d/]sf] sL/f jf df6f]df eg] s8f s0fsf] ?kdf x'G5g\. o:tf ;lqmo s0fx?
kfgL, df6f] jf sL/fsf] z/L/sf] cf>odf /xG5g\. logsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf] nflu
pko'Qm lr:ofg, ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf / tfkqmdn] ;3fpF5. a9L rsf]{ tfkqmd /
;'Vvf jftfj/0f ePdf logLx? afFRg ;Sb}gg\. xfn;Dd hfgsf/Ldf eP cg';f/
9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf &)) eGbf a9L k|hfltn] sL/fnfO{ /f]uu|:t agfpF5g\.
s'g} s'g} b]zx?df logsf] sfd ev{/ dfq z'? ul/Psf] 5 eg] ljsl;t /fi6x?
vf;u/L cd]/Lsf, l:j6h/Nof08, hd{gL, tyf Go"lhNof08df 9';LhGo h}ljs
ljiffbLx? pTkfbg tyf k|of]u ug]{ sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5. 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLn]
s;/L sL/f dfb{5g\ < 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] Pp6f ;lqmof s0fn] :j:Yo
sL/fsf] z/L/df k|jz
] ul/;s]kl5 pQm sL/fdf /f]u Nofpg y'k}| v'8s
\ Lnfx? kf/
ub{5g\ h'g ;f/+zdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.

9';Lsf s0fsf] sL/fsf] z/L/df ;Dks{ (Attachment)M 9';Lsf hLljt /

;lqmo s0fx? sL/fsf] z/L/sf] aflx/L 5fnfdf ;Dks{df hfG5g\. sL/f
df6f]df lx8\Fbf jf af]6df vfgf vfg] qmddf pknAw ePsf s0fx? z/L/df
6fFl;g hfG5g\ h'g kl5 uPkl5 sL/fsf] dWo efu (Mid gut) dfk{mt ;fgf]
sfnf] bfu h:tf] b]vfkl/ kl5 ToxLaf6 cfqmd0f ug]{ tof/Ldf /xG5g\.

pd|g] sfo{ (Germination)M ;Dks{df cfPsf ;lqmo s0fx? sL/fsf] 5fnf

aflx/ ev{/} 5/]sf cgfhsf bfgf 6';fP h:t} 6';fpF5g\. h;n] kl5
uP/ 5fnf 5]8]/ z/L/ leq hfG5g\.

k|j]z (Penetration)M o;/L 6';fPsf 6'Kkf (Germ tube) n] l;w} sL/fsf]

5fnf 5]8]/ leq k|j]z ub{5g\. o;/L logn] sL/fsf] z/L/ leq /ut aUg]
efudf ljiffQm kbfy{x? 5f8L lbG5g\ / sfnGt/df oL s0fx?sf] u'0ffTds
j[l4 eO{ sL/fsf] z/L/df ePsf zlQmx? lng'sf ;fy} ljleGg k|0ffnL,
Zjf; k|0ffnL, k|hgg\ k|0ffnL OToflbdf c;/ kfb{5g\.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

23

sL/fsf] d[To' (Death)M cGtdf sL/fsf] z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ k|s[ofx? cj?4

x'g' uO{ sL/fn] vfgf gvfO{, e+m'luP/, nf6f] eP/ / cGwf] h:tf] eO{ sl/a
@# xKtf leqdf db{5. dl/;s]kl5 klg 9';Lsf] hLjgL eg] nuftf/
rNb} hfG5.
z'if'Kt cj:yf (Dormant Stage)M d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/ leq s0fs0f ldnL
ag]sf] u'Gb|L h:tf] s0f (Mycelial growth) df 9';Lsf PsPs s0fx?
afFr]/ a:b5g\. of] cj:yfdf jf:tjdf sL/f dl/;s]sf] x'G5 t/ 9';Lsf
s0f afFr]sf x'G5g\. logLx? aflx/ jftfj/0f -pko'Qm lr:ofg / ;fdfGo
cfb|tf_ df afFR5g\.
k'gM j[l4 (Re-emergence)M lg:s[o cj:yfdf /x]sf] 9';Lsf s0fx? k'gM
j[l4 eO{ cGo hLjLt sL/fx?df cfqmd0f ug{ tof/ cj:yfdf /xG5g\.
;lqmo s0fsf] j[l4 (Production of infective units)M d}y'lgs / cd}y'gLs
b'j} tl/sfaf6 hLjgL kf/ x'Fb} 9';Lsf s0fx?sf] j[l4 / ljsf; sL/fsf]
z/L/ aflx/ /x]/ klg eO{ /xG5. jf:tjdf of] cj:yf d/]sf] sL/fsf]
z/L/df t/ s'x]sf] df;', df6f] jf uf]a/ jf cGo efudf ;d]t (Saprophytic
phase) egL a'em\g ;lsG5.
ljt/0fM 9';Lsf s0fx? :jtGq ?kdf df6f] jf cGo efudf /x]sf x'G5g\ h'g
df6f]df ePsf] kfgL jf lr:ofg, xfjf, sL/fsf] ;Dks{ cf3b dfWodx?af6 Ps
efub]lv cg]sf} efu;Dd /x]/ 6fFl;P/ hfG5g\. ;fdfGotof ljt/0f x'gdf
l;FrfOf/f lbOPsf] kfgL jf sL/f sL/fsf] e]63f6 jf ;Dks{f/f Pp6f /f]uL
sL/fsf] z/L/df ePsf s0fx? :j:Yo sL/fsf] z/L/df ;b{5g\ / :j:Yo
sL/fx? /f]uu|:t x'G5g\. Pp6f :j:Yo sL/fsf] nfef{ cj:yfdf cfqmd0f
ePdf pQm nfef{ dg{ #$ lbg nfU5 eg] 9';Lsf s0f k"0f{ ?kdf ljsl;t
eO{ /sf] ;d]t ljsf; x'g @ xKtfeGbf a9L nfU5. 9';Lf/f u|;Lt x'g]
sL/fx?df d'Vo tyf vk6] sL/fsf nfef{, /flqr/ k'tnLsf nfef{x? x'g\.
cg';Gwfgaf6 xfn;Dd sL/fdf cfqmd0f ug]{ ljleGg 9';Lx? atfOPtf klg
d'Votof xl/of] 9';L (Green muscardine fungus) / ;]tf] 9';L b'O{ y/Lsf
a9L k|rngdf 5g\. cl3Nnf] 9';LnfO{ lgDtfpg] Metarhizium anisopliae
hftsf] k|hflt xf] eg] kl5Nnf] 9';Lsf] nflu Beauveria bassiana hftsf]
k|hflt xf]. oL b'j} k|hfltsf] sfo{ l:j6h/Nof08 nufPt cGo b]zdf eO{
hf}sf] bfgf / w"nf] kbfy{df pTkfbg u/L k|of]u ug]{ k|rng 5.

24 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

#=!)=@ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx

af]6 la?jfdf cfqmd0f ug]{ efO/;sf] cnfjf k|s[ltdf sL/fx?df /f]u Nofpg
;Sg] @) ljleGg k|sf/sf efO/;x? j}1flgsx?n] kQf nufPsf x'g\ tfklg
k|d'v ?kdf @ k|sf/sf efO/;x?n] sL/fdf ;lqmo ?kdf /f]u NofpF5g\.
DofYo' eGg] j}1flgssf cg';f/ efO/;sf] ;lqmo s0fnfO{ kf]lnx]8/n af]8L
jf efOl/cf]g jf efOla|jg jf Go"lSns P;L8 6]Dk]n6 elgG5 h;n] Pp6f
hLljt sL/fsf] z/L/df uO{ cfk'mdf ePsf] k|f]6f]gnfO{ ;f/L (Transfer) sL/fdf
ePsf] k}t[s u'0fnfO{ g} kl/jt{g u/fOlbG5. o;sf] sf/0f hLljt sL/fsf]
z/L/df ePsf] j+zf0f'ut u'0fdf kl/jt{g cfO{ efO/;sf] ljsf; / j[l4 eO{ sL/f
sfnGt/df uP/ db{5. o;/L /f]u ljsf; x'g'sf] nflu efO/; hLljt sL/fsf]
z/L/df ;g'{kg{] x'G5 / DNA jf RNA kl/jt{g u/L lbG5. o;/L cfqmd0f x'Fbf
l9nf] ultb]lv lgs} b'|tb/ ultdf ljsf; x'G5.
efO/;sf ;lqmo s0fsf] cfsf/df Go"lSno/ kf]nLx]8/] f]l;; efO/; u/L @
k|sf/sf d'Vo ?kdf 5g\. ;fy} k}ts
[ u'0fx? gi6 u/L lbg] k|sl[ t cg';f/
lognfO{ DNA jf RNA efO/; egL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5. ahf/df xfn;Dd
;fdfGotof pknAw ePsf efO/;x? NPV efO/; h'g DNA df c;/ ub{5 of]
a9L dfqfdf kfOG5. o;n] sL/fsf] z/L/df k|jz
] u/L cfk"mdf ePsf] kf]nLx]8/n
s0fx? sL/fsf] z/L/ leq k;fO{ pQm hLljt sL/fsf] z/L/df /f]u NofOlbG5.
sf/0f hLljt sL/fsf] k|f6] Lg / cGo j+zfg'ut u'0fx? gi6 u/L lbG5. o;/L
d/L ;s]sf sL/fx?df ljsl;t efO/; cGo :j:Yo sL/fx?sf] z/L/df k|jz
] u/L
kl5 k|lqmof lg/Gt/ /fV5g\. ;fdfGotof efO/;n] klg hLljt sL/fdf cfqmd0f
ug'{ kbf{ sL/fsf] 3fF6L / k]6sf] lar cyf{t z/L/sf] dWoefuaf6 cfqmd0f x'gsf]
nflu sL/fsf] 5fnf (Peritrophic membrane) x'bF } Epithelial cell df k'U5 /
Attachment kl5 sL/fn] vfgfsf] dfWod jf 5fnff/f z/L/ leq k|jz
] ub{5.
o;sf] c;/ k'/} b]Vg &!@ ;Dd nfUg ;S5 t/ e/v/sf] nfef{ eg] xKtf lbgdf
d/]sf] b]Vg klg ;lsG5.
efO/;f/f ;fdfGotof k'tnL ;d"x, lemFuf ;d"x, af?nf ;d"xsf sL/fsf
aRrfx? -nfef{_ nfO{ u|:t agfO{ dfg{ ;lsG5. cfqmd0f eO{ dg'{ k"j{ pQm
nfef{sf] z/L/sf] / v}/f}, nfef{sf] vfgf c?rL eO{ ;':t ultdf rNg' /
dg'{ k"j{ vfgf dg gnflu a]r}g eP/ af]6 la?jfsf] 6'Kkf] kLsf] efudf uO{
k5f8Lsf v'fn] ;dfO{ e'ml08Psf] x'G5 h;nfO{ ljz]if k|sf/sf] Steoroscopic

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

25

microscope af6 b]Vg ;lsG5. olb pQm s0fx?df /8 jf afs; h:tf

8Nnfx? b]lvPdf efO/;sf s0fx? x'g elg 7dfpg ;lsG5. t/ ;fdfGo
lx;fan] efO/; jftfj/0fdf cfk}m hLljt j:t''df ljsl;t eO{ k'g hLljt
sL/fdf ;d]t b]Vg ;lsG5 h:tf] rgfsf] af]6df k'tnL sL/fsf nfef{ e'ml08P/
db{5g\.

#=!)=# g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL / ltgsf u'0fx

g]df6f]8df cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLx? vf;u/L xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf cg';Gwfg:t/df
dfq ;Lldt 5g\ / logsf] pTkfbg xfd|f] ahf/df b]Vg kfOPsf] 5}g. t/
logsf] k|of]u o'/f]k]nL b]z / cd]l/sfdf eg] /fd|};Fu ePsf kfO{G5. o;df
cfwfl/t ljiffbL eGgfn] vf;u/L ;;fgf ;"Id g]df6f]8\;df k|hfltx? kfgLdf
3'nfO{ tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5. h'g k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 k'tnL, af?nf, lemFuf tyf
vk6] ;d"xsf aRrf sL/fx?sf] z/L/df logn] k|j]z ub{5g\. oL dfOqmf:sf]kn]
b]Vg ;lsg] ;"Id hLjx? sL/fsf] z/L/df k|j]z u/]/ cfgf] sf/0fn] dfg'{eGbf
klg logn] h]gf]/xofj8\; (Xenorhabdus) / kmf]6f]/xofj8\; (Photorhabdus)
eGg] AofS6]/Lof (Bacteria) sf] sf/0fn] sL/fnfO{ dfb{5g\. o;sf] dtna oL
AofS6]/Lofx? g]df6f]8sf] z/L/sf] leqL efudf /x]sf x'G5g\. ha g]df6f]8
xflgsf/s sL/fsf nfef{sf z/L/ leq k|j]z ub{5 ta logn] ;Fu} lnP/ uPsf]
AofS6]/Lof klg sL/fsf] nfef{sf] z/L/sf] /ut aUg] efu (Haemocoel) x'Fb} kl5
uP/ sL/fsf] ljleGg k|0ffnLx?df c;/ ub{5g\.
g]df6f]8 / AofS6]/Lof larsf] o; k|sf/sf] ;DaGwnfO{ l;Dafof]6Ls ;DaGw
(Symbiotic relation) elgG5. ;fdfGotof oL g]df6f]8x?n] sL/fsf] nfef{sf]
z/L/ leq k|j]z u/]kl5 @$&@ 306f leq sL/f dfb{5g\. sL/f dg]{ sf/0f
AofS6]/Lof ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Bacterimia / la:tf/} dg]{ ePsf]n] ;]K6L;]oflds
d[To' (Septiciamic death) elgG5.
oL g]df6f]8\;df $) eGbf a9L k|hfltx?sf sL/f dfg{sf nflu pkof]uL
ePsf] s'/f ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 tfklg b'O{ k|hfltx? h:t}
x]6]/f]/x\ofj8fO6L; (Heterorhabditis) / :6fOg/g]dfl6;\ (Steinernematids)
nfO{ ljsl;t /fi6x?n] xflgsf/s sL/fsf z/L/ h:t} un]/Lof (Galleria
mellonella), e08f/0fdf nfUg] 3'g, k'Tnfsf aRrf (Larva) sf z/L/df j[l4
u/fO{ kfgLdf ;+lrt u/L ljleGg gfdx? h:t} g]dfug l8=l8= !#^, g]df6L8\;

26 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

OToflb gfdn] laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] kfO{G5. oL g]df6f]8;x?n] sL/fdf cfqmd0f
ug'{ k/]df sL/fsf] ;Dks{ (Contact) ljlw g} xf] tfklg logLx? sL/fsf] z/L/
leq l5g{ g]df6f]8\;sf] ltvf] ;'8 jf ;fwfgf/f sL/fsf] lb;f ug]{ efu
(Anus) jf ;f; kmg]{ efu (Spriacles) jf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] k|fs[lts v'nf
efu (Natural openings) OToflb dfk{mt leq k|j]z u/L sL/f emf/]kl5 k'g pQm
;lqmof g]df6f]8sf] aRrf (Infective Juveniles, IJ3) k]m/L df6f]df :jtGq ?kdf
a:b5g\ / sL/fx?sf] vf]hLdf /lx/xG5g\. sL/fx?sf nfef{x? ;Dks{df
cfpgf;fy sL/fsf] z/L/df k|j]z u/L k'g hLjgL ;'? ub{5g\. o;sf]
dtna cfqmd0f ug]{ kbfy{ eg]sf] ;lqmo nfef{ xf] h;nfO{ t]>f] cj:yfsf]
nfef{ (Infective Juveniles, IJ3) elgG5. of] efn] tyf kf]yL b'j} c ;lxtsf]
(Hermaphrodite) x'G5 h;sf] d}y'lgs / cd}yl'gs s[ofaf6 ;Gtfg a9\b}
sL/fsf] z/L/ / aflx/L df6f]df ljsf; eO{/xG5. df6f]d'gL a;L IftL ug]{
sL/fx? vf;u/L v'd|], wdL/f, /ftf] sldnfnfO{, k]+mb s6'jfsf nfef{x?nfO{ a9L
dfqfdf o:tf ;"Id hLjLo hLjx?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf
klg oL hLjx? k|z:t ePsf] / lognfO{ un]/Lof sL/fsf] z/L/df /fvL
df6f]af6 cfsif{0f (Trapping) u/L pTkfbg ug]{ ;DaGwL cWoog k'/f eO{;s]sf]
/ pRr :t/sf] hgzlQm tof/ x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]n] eljiodf o;af/] sfd cuf8L
a9\g] ;xh cfzf ul/Psf] 5.

#=!)=$ AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbLxsf u'0f

AofS6]l/ofx? clt;"Id / Go"SnLo; laxLg ;"Id hLjx? x'g\. logLx?sf]
s0f (Crystal) ! ld=ld= eGbf klg ;fgf] x'G5. logLx? /8 h:t} b]lvg]
jf cGo cfsf/sf x'G5g\ / logLx? sL/fsf] z/L/ leq ljsf; x'G5.
logLx? df6f] tyf sL/fsf] z/L/df x'G5g\ / logsf] k|efj sL/fdf b]lvgsf]
nflu sL/fn] s'g} dfWodf/f lognfO{ vfg' kb{5g\ / la:tf/} sL/fsf]
5fnfleq 5]8\b} hfG5g\. logLx? df6f] tyf cGo efudf hLljt ?kdf
/xG5g\ / logn] cfqmd0f ug]{ d'Vo sL/fx?df vk6], k'tnL tyf af?nf
;d"xsf sL/fsf nfef{x? x'g\. logLx?nfO{ s[lqd vfgfdf pTkfbg u/L
s0fx? pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 / sdhf]/ cj:yf jf ev{/ 5fnf km]/L ;s]sf]
sL/fdf a9L cfqmd0f ub{5g\. ahf/df pknAw AofS6]/LofhGo ljiffbLx?df
d'Votof 8fOk]n jf y'l/;fO8 / lj=6L= sf ljleGg k|hfltx? pknAw 5g\.
AofS6]l/ofdf cfwfl/t ljiffbLn] d]?b08wf/L k|f0fLnfO{ cfqd0f ub}{gg\ t/
k'tnLsf aRrfx?nfO{ dfb{5g\. logn] k/hLlj sL/fx? vf;u/L k/eIfLx?

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

27

(Predators) nfO{

dfb}{g. logsf] c;/ b]vf kg{sf] nflu sL/fn] lognfO{

vfg} kg]{ ePsf]n] / c;/ lgs} l9nf b]vf kg]{ ePsf] s]xL cju'0fsf
?kdf lng klg ;lsG5. logn] ug]{ c;/nfO{ ldNsL l8hLh\ (Milky
disease) elgG5. lognfO{ 6\ofdf klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 / logsf]
;;fgf ljiffQm s0fx?nfO{ ds}, skf; / ;"tL{sf sL/fx?df cfqmd0f ug]{
sL/fsf lahx? klg k|of]u ul/G5. AofS6]l/ofsf s0fx? ;"o{sf] rsf]{
3fddf dg]{ jf gi6 x'g] ePsf]n] lognfO{ pQm ;dodf hf]ufP/ /fVg'kb{5.
AofS6]l/ofn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] sL/fn] vfgf aGb u/L sL/fdf x}hf ;d]t cfO{
#) ldg6b]lv @$ 306f leq db{5.

#=!)=% k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL

oL ;;fgf sL/fx? x'g\ h;n] sL/fdfq geO{ ;a} k|sf/sf :tgwf/L k|f0fLx?nfO{
cfqmd0f ub{5g\. logn] k|f0fLx?sf] z/L/ leq k|j]z u/]kl5 cfGb|f x'Fb} kfrg
k|0ffnLdf c;/ u/L sL/fnfO{ la:tf/} nfdf] ;do kl5 dfb{5g\. logLx?n]
sL/fsf] v'nf Kjfnsf] cnfjf km'nx?af6 ;d]t k|j]z ub{5g\. ljsl;t /fi6x?
vf;u/L hfkfgdf Nosema locusta gfds k|f]6f]hf]jfn] km6of\u|f nufot
vk6]sf aRrfx?nfO{ cfqmd0f u/sf] kfO{G5. b'Mvsf] s'/f lognfO{ s[lqd
vfgfdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsFb}g t;y{ Pp6f hLljt j:t'af6 csf]{ hLljt j:t'df
dfq ;fg'{ kb{5 jf ;fg{ ;lsG5.
#=!)=^ h}ljs ljiffbL / ltgLx?sf] ;+ljGof;
h}ljs ljiffbLx? ljleGg ?kx?df pknAw x'G5g\ h:t} t/n kbfy{df 3f]lnPsf]
?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx?, w"nf]df 3f]nLPsf h}ljs ljiffbLx?, bfgfbf/
?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx? OToflb. h] h:tf] ?kdf 3f]nLPsf jf ;ld>0f
ul/Psf ePtfklg logLx?sf] ;ljGof; ug]{ qmddf cfgf] df}lns k|s[ltsf]
u'0f cbn abn gx'g] u/L jf To;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf gd]l6g] u/L lognfO{ tof/
kf/L ahf/df k|of]u ug{ l7Ss kfl/Psf] cj:yfdf tof/ kf/L sf/vfgfaf6
k7fOG5.
emf]n ?kdf pknAw u/fOPsf s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx?df h:t} Go"lSno/
kf]nLx]8]/f];L; efO/;, g]df6f]8hGo ;lqmo hLjsf cj:yfx? / jg:kltdf
cfwfl/t y'k|} ljiffbLx? h:t} dfuf]{;f]d jf afof]dN6LgLd jf Phfl8/LS6Lg
OToflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5. oL kbfy{x? h'g ?kdf pknAw eP klg l;w}

28 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

af]6 la?jfdf sL/fsf lj?4 k|of]u ul/b}g sf/0f logLx?df x'g] h}ljs
kbfy{x?sf] dfqf a9L jf ljiffbLdf x'g] vf; tj (Active ingredients) eg]
h:t} a9L eO{ k|of]u ul/Psf sL/fx?sf lj?4 dfq geO{ af]6 la?jfnfO{
jf cGo hLjx?nfO{ klg c;/ kg{ hfg ;S5. t;y{ lbOPsf] ;ljGof;sf]
cfwf/x? kQf nufO{ emf]n ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ c? yk
;fbf kfgLdf ld;fO{ jf w'nfO{ sL/fx?sf] lj?4 k|of]u ug'{kb{5. pbfx/0fsf]
nflu efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ ltgdf pknAw efO/;sf s0f
(Polyhedral body) nfO{ s'g} Pp6f d]l;gdf /fvL u0fgf u/L kfgLdf
w"nfO{Psf] cj:yfdf a]rlavg ul/G5. ;fdfGotof o;sf] ljGof; Pn=O{=
cyf{t Larval equivalent egL lbOPsf] x'G5. o;sf] dtna ! ld=ln=
efO/;hgo h}ljs ljifbL a/fa/ sltj6f k'tnL sL/f jf cGo sL/fsf nfef{sf
a/fa/ k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ egL lx;fa lgsflnPsf] x'G5.
k|of]u ubf{ efO/;sf] emf]n klg kfgLdf w'nfO{ k|of]u ul/G5 t/ :yfgLo :t/df
efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] pTkfbg ubf{ Ps k6s efO/; nflu dl/;s]sf
sL/fx?nfO{ ;+sng u/L ltgnfO{ k'gM ldr]/ jf lgrf]/]/ kfgLdf w'nfO{ k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5. o;/L k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 ;fdfGotof nfef{x? # b]lv !)
lbg leqdf db{5g\. efO/;n] d/]sf nfef{x? ;lhn};Fu 5'fpg ;lsG5.
logLx?n] d/]sf nfef{x? af]6sf] dflyNnf] efudf uO{ d'G6f] tn e'm08fO{ t'n{
e'ml08G5g\ / d'vaf6 lkk 5f8]sf x'G5g\.

#=!)=& :yfgLo :t/df efO/; ;+sng / pTkfbg ug]{ tl/sf

efO/; hLljt tj x'g / logn] sL/f dfg{sf] nflu hLljt sL/fsf] ;fxf/f
rflxG5. k|fs[lts ?kdf d/]sf nfef{x?nfO{ ;+sng u/L ltgdf ePsf efO/;sf
;lqmos0fx? lgsfn]/ k'g hLljt nfef{ df/L ltgaf6 /; lgsfnL lkmN8df sL/fsf
lj?4 k|of]u ug]{ k|rng ;fd'bflos ?kdf efO/; pTkfbg (Community Virus
Production) tl/sf xfn s]xL :yfgx?df k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5. o;f] ubf{
s[ltd ?kdf pknAw x]nL ;fO8 (Helicide) jf k|fs[lts ?kdf d/]sf] nfef{af6
efO/; ;+sng ul/G5. pQm efO/;sf] emf]n )=@ b]lv )=% ld=ln= ;Dd sfa'nL
rgf v'jfP/ kflnPsf rf}yf]bl] v kfFrf} cj:yfsf nfef{ -k'tnL sL/fsf nfef{_ sf]
z/L/dfly ;+qmdLt u/fOG5. sL/fsf aRrfx? 6f]sf6f]s (Canabilism) u5{g\ eGg]
sf/0f dN6Ll8;]h RofDa/df 5'f5} kflnG5. kl5 lehfOPsf] sfa'nL rgfd}
efO/;sf s0fx? kg]{ u/L emf]n /flvG5 / pQm rgfnfO{ sL/fx?n] vfpg egL

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

29

@$) ;]=u=]| tfkqmddf /flvG5. sl/a *!) lbgdf pQm d/]sf nfef{x?sf] z/L/af6
efO/; lgsfNgsf] nflu ;]lG6o'h d]l;gdf ! ldg6 hlt lkl;G5. o;/L nfef{sf]
z/L/af6 lgsflnPsf] /;af6 af];f] tyf cGo cgfjZos tGt'x?nfO{ x6fpg dl;gf]
sf]/fsf] sk8fdf 5flgG5 / pQm /;nfO{ @)) ;]=u=]| tfkqmddf /xg] u/L /flvG5 t/
nfdf] ;do e08f/0f u/L /fVg' k/]df pQm ld>0fnfO{ lk|mhsf] ;fwf/0f e08f/0f u/L
/flvG5. o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] emf]nnfO{ k'g ;lqmo / hLljt nfef{x?sf lj?4
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 / oxL qmdf/f sL/f dfb}{ k'gM efO/; pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5.

#=!)=* g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ljGof;

oL ;"Idbz{s oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;lsg] clt g} ;"Id hLjx? x'g\ logLx?sf]
jf;:yfg d'Votof df6f] g} xf] t/ logsf] j[l4 / ljsf; x'gsf] nflu lr;f]
pko'Qm df6f]sf] ;fy ;fy} sL/fsf nfef{x? klg rflxG5g\. o;sf] dtna
logLx? df6f]df :jtGq ?kdf 3'Db5g\ / t]>f] cj:yfsf] ;"Id g]df6f]8
sL/fsf] k|fs[lts v'nf efu h:t} u'f/ jf d'v jf ;f; k]mg]{ efu dfk{mt
leq k|j]z ub{5g\. Pp6} ;"Id nfef{sf] z/L/df efn] tyf kf]yL cj:yf x'g]
ePsf]n] logsf] uef{wf/0f / aRrf pTkfbg lqmof sL/fsf] nfef{sf] z/L/ leq}
;DkGg x'G5 / k'gM sL/f dl/;s]kl5 df6f]df :jtGq ?kdf cfpF5g\ / o:tf
;"Id hLjx?nfO{ df6f]sf] dfWodaf6 ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5. t;y{ g]df6f]8hGo
h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg ug{ v]tL ul/Psf] jf gul/Psf] :yfgaf6 df6f] ;+sng
u/L Nofpg] pQm afdf k'tnL jf vk6] sL/fsf nfef{ k'tnLsf] t]>f] jf rf}yf]
cj:yf / vk6]sf -t]>f] cj:yfsf_ nfef{x?;Fu /fVg] pQm cjlwdf sf]7fsf]
tfkqmd !*@)) ;]=u]|= jf @@) ;]=u|]= ;Dd agfO{ /fVg ;lsG5. $^ lbg hltdf
pQm nfef{x? dl/;S5g\ / d/]sf] nfef{x?nfO{ ;]tf] kf;f] (White Trap) df
kfgL ;lxt kg]{ u/L /fVg]. d/]sf nfef{sf z/L/ leq g]df6f]8sf uef{wf/0f
eO{ cfgf cgluGtL ;Gtfg pTkfbg ub{5g\. kfgLdf nfvfF} nfv s0fx?
cfO{ 3'ld/x]sf x'G5g\. o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] ! yf]kf dfq emf]ndf nfvf}F s0f
x'g] ePsf]n] lgs} ;fgf] a'Fb dfq Pp6f hLljt sL/fdf kfg{ ;lsP klg pQm
hLljt sL/f dg{ hfG5. o;/L df6f]b]lv ;+sng ul/Psf ;"Id g]df6f]8x?
sL/fsf] z/L/df pTkfbg ub}{ /]lk|mh]/]6/sf] ;fdfGo tfkqmddf e08f/0f ul/G5
/ cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf sL/fsf] z/L/df kg]{ u/L s'g} dl;gf] d'v ePsf] ;fgf
Kjfn ePsf] :k|]o/sf] gf]hnaf6 k|of]u ul/G5. g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{
pTkfbg ug{ df6f] ;+sng, df6f]af6 g]df6f]8 cfsif{0f, g]df6f]8 j[l4 / pTkfbg,
g]df6f]8 e08f/0fsf ljleGg cj:yfx? x'g ;S5g\.

30 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

#=!)=( h}ljs ljiffbLx k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

h}ljs ljiffbL Ps} k|sf/sf klg x'Fb}gg\ / Pp6} k|sf/sf sL/f jf /f]ux?nfO{
klg c;/ ub}{gg\ t/ logsf] c;/sf] k|s[lt eg] Pp6} k|sf/sf] x'G5. cyf{t\
logLx?sf] c;/ ;fdfGotof ;Dks{ (Contact Nature) k|s[ltsf] x'G5. o;sf]
dtna logLx?nfO{ pTkfbg u/]b]lv k|of]u gu?Gh]n;Dd pko'Qm ?kdf
e08f/0f u/L hLljt} /fVg' kb{5 / pQm hLljt cj:yfsf hLjx?nfO{ hLljt
sL/fsf] z/L/df ;Dks{ x'g] u/L glhs}af6 jf pko'Qm dfWodaf6 k|of]u
ug'{kb{5. olb sL/fsf] z/L/;Dd k'Ug] u/L ;Dks{ u/fOPg eg] logLx?
pko'Qm tfkqmd jf lr:ofg jf ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf jf cfgf] sL/fsf] cefjdf
db{5g\. lsgsL x/]s h}ljs ljiffbLx?n] cfgf] /fd|f] k|efj b]vfpgsf] nflu
pko'Qm jftfj/0f / /f]u ;+qmd0f x'g pko'Qm sL/fsf] cf>o kfpg' kb{5g\.
;fy} h}ljs ljiffbLx? ;"o{sf] k|sfz -rsf]{ 3fd_ tyf ;'Vvf jftfj/0faf6
c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n] pko'Qm jftfj/0f ldnfpg' kb{5 / dfg{ rfx]sf] sL/fsf]
z/L/;Dd k'Ug] u/L k|of]u ug'{kb{5. o;f] ug{sf] nflu Pp6} tl/sfn] k|of]u
eg] ug{ ;lsFb}g sf/0f sL/fx?n] klg Ps} tl/sfn] hLjgL u'hfg]{ jf cfgf]
ultljlw af]6 la?jfdf gug]{ ePsf]n] logsf] hLjgL cg';f/ k|of]u klg km/s
km/s tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 d'nt logsf] k|of]u nlIft ul/Psf sL/fx? ;dIf
k'Ug] u/L k|of]u ug'{kb{5.
#=!)=!) emf]n ?kdf pTkfbLt h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u
oL kbfy{x?nfO{ kfgLsf] dfWodaf6 sL/fsf] z/L/ jf jf;:yfg;Dd k'ofO{G5.
h:t} efO/;df ePsf ;lqmo s0f x'g\ jf 9';Ldf ePsf s0f jf g]df6f]8sf
hLjf0f' jf af]6 la?jfdf /x]sf] ;lqmo tjnfO{ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|of]u ul/G5.
k|of]u ubf{ af]6sf] kft jf kmn jf cGo efudf k|of]u gu/L l;w} sL/fsf]
z/L/df kg]{ u/L k|of]u ug'{k5{. k|of]u ul/Psf] kbfy{sf] k|efjsf/Ltf /fd|f];Fu
xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] oL kbfy{df lg/ h:tf kbfy{x? ld;fpg ;lsG5 t/ s'g}
klg ljiffbLx? ld;fpg' x'Fb}g sf/0f ljiffbL h:tf kbfy{x? h}ljs ljiffbLsf]
nflu 3fts x'G5g\. lognfO{ 3fd gnfu]sf] ;dodf laxfg jf a]n'sL af]6sf]
k'/} efudf kg]{ u/L k|of]u ug'{k5{. bfgfbf/ ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx?
eg] kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|of]u ug'{x'Fb}g. lognfO{ sL/fx? hxfF a:b5g\ pQm
sL/fx?sf] jf;:yfgdf g} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. bfgfbf/ h}ljs ljiffbL vk6],
/ftf] sldnf, wld/f, lsyL{sf], km6of\u|f, km]b s6'jf tyf df6f]sf] cf>o

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

31

lnO{ a:g] / IftL ug]{ sL/fsf lj?4 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. To:t} emf]n ?kdf
pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ eg] af]6sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf a;L vfg] sL/fx?
h:t} k'tnL sL/fx?sf nfef{ tyf cGo sL/fx?nfO{ pgsf] z/L/df l;w} kg]{
u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. ;fdfGotf h}ljs ljiffbLx? z'?z'?df k|of]u ug'{
k/]tfklg cfnGt/df dfqf 36fpFb} n}hfg ;lsG5. h:tf] efO/;hGo kbfy{
/ jg:kltdf cfwfl/t kbfy{x? ! ln6/ kfgLdf %^ ld=ln= ld;fO{ xKtfsf]
! k6s k|of]u ul/G5 / kl5Nnf xKtfx?df eg] k|To]s ld=ln= 36fpFb} nu]/
cGtdf ! ld=ln= ! ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] k|of]u ul/G5. To:t} 9';LhGo w"nf] jf
bfgfbf/ h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ klg z'?df a9L dfqfdf k|of]u ul/G5 / sfnGt/df
uP/ dfqf 36fpFb} nluG5. w"nf]df pTkflbt AofS6]l/ofdf jf 9';Ldf cfwfl/t
h}ljs ljiffbLx? )% b]lv ! u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf z'?df ld;fP/ 5l/G5
t/ kl5 uP/ pQm dfqf 36fpFbf klg k|efjsf/L ?kdf g} sL/f dfg{ ;lsG5.
To:t} 9';Ldf cfwfl/t bfgfbf/ h}ljs ljiffbLx? klg k|lt x]S6/ $)^) s]=hL=
z'?z'?df k|of]u ul/Ptfklg kl5 uP/ pQm dfqf @)#) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/df
emfg{ ;lsG5. To:t} z'?df k/hLlj sL/fx?df af?nf ;d"xsf sL/fx?
6fOsf]u|fdf klg 6fsf]sf8{df 6f;L k|lt x]S6/ @),))) k/hLlj x'g] u/L lkmN8df
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. oL k/hLljx?n] k'tnL ;d"x tyf /flqr/ k'tnLsf
k"mnx?df cfgf] k"mn kf/L sL/fsf] aRrf lg:sg /f]Sb5g\. of] k|ljlw ef/tdf
ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgaf6 ;kmn k/LIf0f eO{ s[ifs:t/df a]rlavg ;d]t eO{/x]sf]
5. g]kfndf klg pQm kmfObfhgs ;"Id k/hLlj sL/fx? k|z:t dfqfdf
kfOG5g\ / tTsfnLg n'Dn] s[lif s]Gb|n] ;f] sfo{ ;g\ !((% tfsf klZrdf~rn
If]qsf uf]ne]F8f v]tL ul/g] ljleGg If]qx?df lkmN8df 5f]l8Psf] -Release_
u/]sf] lyof]. of] sfo{nfO{ ;DalGwt ;+3;+:yfx?n] cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5.
xl/of] / ;]tf] 9';Lsf] klg g]kfnd} k|ydk6s ;g\ @))) b]lv @))& ;Dd
;kmn kl/>d / ;fgf] :t/df pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog
;+:yfg, /fdk'/sf] sL6 lj1fg ljefudf eO{/x]sf] 5. pQm k|ljlwnfO{ k|fOe]6
;+3 ;+:yff/f pTkfbg ug]{ ;+oGq;Dd tof/ eO{/x]sf] 5. z'?df of] k|ljlw
leqfpg l:j; ;/sf/sf] x]Ne]6f; lgof]un] s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg
dfk{mt cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]u u/L z'?jft u/]sf] lyof]. o;af6 df6f]d'gL
a;L IftL ug]{ v'd|] sL/fsf nfef{, wld/f, /ftf] sldnf, km]b s6'jf OToflbnfO{
c;/ ug{ ;lsG5. oL ;"Id hLjf0f'nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ljiffbLsf] k|of]u eg] slt
klg ug'{x'Fb}g a? l;FrfO / k|ffl/s dnsf] /fd|f] k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{.

32 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

k/hLlj / k/eIfL sL/fx?nfO{ klg cfgf] v]taf/Ldf /fd|f];Fu k}mnfpgsf]
nflu lr;f] k|aGw ugf{n] logsf] ;+Vof j[l4 ug{ ;lhn} ;lsG5. rsf]{ 3fd
/ ljiffbLsf] k|efjn] lognfO{ c;/ dfq ug]{ geO{ eufpg] / dfg]{;Dd ub{5g\.
;+ej eP;Dd h}ljs ljlw ckgfOPsf] 7fpFdf ;'ulGwt afnLx?, -/, uGw /
af]6sf] pko'Qm agf}6_ ePsf afnLx? ljleGg k"mnx?, cUnf] / xf]rf] af]6x?
ldnfO{ nufpg'sf ;fy dnhn / l;rfO{sf] /fd|f] k|aGw ldnfpg' kb{5. emf]ndf
pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx? h:t} 9';Lsf] w"nf]sf] 3f]n, AofS6]l/ofsf] w"nf]sf]
3f]n, g]df6f]8\;sf] nfef{ hGo emf]n, efO/;sf] emf]n / jg:kltdf cfwfl/t
emf]n OToflbnfO{ ;fwf/0f :k]o/sf] ;xoftfn] af]6sf] k'/} efu / vf;u/L
sL/fsf] z/L/d} kg]{ u/L 5g'{kb{5. To:t} w"nf / bfgfbf/ ?kdf pknAw 9';L,
AofS6]l/of / cGo kbfy{x?nfO{ v]tL ug]{ ;do jf v]tL ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf
vghf]t / l;FrfO ubf{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. k/hLlj / k/eIfL sL/fx? eg]
v]tL ul//x]sf] If]q / sL/fsf] ;lqmo ;dodf cfk"m klg ;lqmo x'g] ePsf]n]
pQm ;dodf 5f]8\g' /fd|f] x'G5.

#=!)=!! h}ljs ljiffbLx k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx

(Precautions while using bio-pesticides)

h}ljs ljiffbLx? hLjLt j:t'df cfwfl/t j:t' ePsfn] logsf] pTkfbg kZrft\ k|of]u
ug{] cj:yf;Dd xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy /fVg' kb{5. o;sf] dtna logLx?nfO{ sd
tfkqmd / a9L ;fk]lIfs cfb|t{ fsf] cfjZostf kb{5. To;f] x'gfn] e08f/0f ubf{
;se/ sd tfkqmd ePsf] :yfg jf /]lk|mh]/6] /df /fVg'kb{5 / k|of]u ubf{ :k|o] f/f
ck/fGxsf] ;dodf k|of]u ug'{ a]; x'G5. o:tf h}ljs kbfy{x? k|of]u ul/Psf]
afnLdf cGo /f;folgs ljiffbLx? k|of]u ug'{ x'bF g} . k|of]u ug}k{ g]{ ePdf slDtdf
csf]{ lbg kl5 jf s]xL lbgsf] cGt/df dfq k|of]u ug'k{ b{5. h}ljs kbfy{x? k|of]u
ePsf] 7fpFdf pko'Qm lr:ofgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5. ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf a9L /
tfkqmd @% l8u|L ;]= eGbf sd ePdf o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf klg /fd|f| ] x'G5. g]kfndf
l56k'm6 ?kdf b]vfkg]{ h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ ljiffbL ;/x e08f/0f tyf k|of]u ug'n
{ ]
logsf] k|efjsf/Ltf / ljZj;lgotfdf z+sf ug]{ 7fpF /x]sf] 5. lsgsL pko'Qm
tfkqmddf e08f/0f ug'k{ b{5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

33

#=!)=!@ 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg / k|of]u, g]kfndf Ps

pbfx/0fLo sfo{ (Production potentiality of fungus based biopesticides)

v'd|] sL/fsf nfef{x? -aRrf_ sf] z/L/df ljiffQm u/fpg] Ps vfn] xl/of] s0f
ePsf 9';L h;sf] cu+|]hL gfd Metarhizium anisopliae xf]. ljsl;t b]zdf
o;nfO{ ljleGg gfdn] lrlgG5 h:t}M Green Muscle, Fight grub OToflb.
l:j; ;/sf/sf] k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]udf x]Ne]6f; lgof]un] s[lif / kz'
lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg, /fdk'/ lrtjgsf] sL6 lj1fg ljefudf sfo{/t Pshgf
pkk|fWofkssf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg cg';f/ g]kfndf klg of] h}ljs k|ljlw
;+ej 5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5. of] cWoog ;g\ @))) b]lv @))&
;Dd /x\of] / ;f/+zdf o;n] v'd|] sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg ;Dej 5 eGg] s'/f
k|dfl0ft uof].
of] cWoogaf6 v'd|] sL/fdf g]kfndf *) eGbf a9L k|hflt /x]sf], g]kfns}
df6f]df 9';LhGo hLjf0f' pknAw ePsf] tyf ltgnfO{ s[lqd vfgf x'Fb} hf} /
cGo sfjf]{xfO8]6o'Qm vfgdf pTkfbg u/L ds} / sf]bf]df Iflt ug]{ nfef{sf]
;+Vof @%#) ;Dd sd ug{ ;lsg] s'/f l;4 ePsf] 5. of] k|ljlw xfn
/fdk'/ SofDk;df dfq ;Lldt g/fvL k|fOe]6 ;+3;+:yf / pTkfbgstf{ aLr
uO{;s]sf] 5. xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] Pu|Ls]o/
lrtjg;Fu w"nf]sf] ?kdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] 5.
g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; af/] /fd|f] rf;f] lbPdf sfnGt/df df6f]df k|of]u eO{/x]sf
3fts ljiffbLx?sf] ljsNkdf cr"s j}slNks pkfo x'g] b]lvG5. of] k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePdf b]zdf ljiffbL v/Lbsf nflu nufgL eO{\/x]sf] wg/fzL
art ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fd'vL k|ffl/s v]tL ug{ ;xh x'g]
b]lvG5.

34 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

#=!)=!# h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ ;fwgx

(Tools for use of bio-

pesticides)

;fdfGotof h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ cGo ljiffbLx? h:t} k|of]u ul/g] :k|]o/ /

dfWodaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 t/ klg k|of]u ljlw logLx?sf] ljGof; / pknAw
ePsf] ?ksf] cfwf/df ul/G5. h}ljs ljiffbLx? d'Votof t/n ?kdf pknAw
x'G5g\ / s]xL w"nf]df t s]xL bfgfbf/ ?kdf. t/n ?kdf pknAw x'g] h}ljs
ljiffbLx? dWo] efO/; tyf jg:kltdf cfwfl/t emf]nx? Pj+ 9';Ldf cfwfl/t
emf]nx?nfO{ xft] :k|]o/, d?t :k|]o/sf] dfWodaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. ljsl;t
/fi6x?df lognfO{ 7"nf] d]l;gx? (Foot Sprayer) tyf x]lnsf]K6/ jf l8nL
d]l;g jf 6foS6/af6 ;d]t k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{G5. xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf eg] pQm
k|ljlw gf}nf] nfUg' :jefjLs} xf]. t;y{ emf]n ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{
;;fgf xft] :k|]o/b]lv d?t :k|]o/n] af]6sf] ;a} efudf /x]sf sL/fsf] ;a}
z/L/df kg]{ u/L 5g'{ kb{5.
To:t} w"nf] ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx? dWo] s'g}s'g} k|hfltsf 9';L jf
AofS6]/LofnfO{ klg kfgLdf w"nfO{ :k|]o/x?sf] dfWodaf6 k|of]u ug'{sf cnfjf
xftf/f hldg vghf]t ubf{ jf hldgdf aLp 5bf{ jf /f]Kbf ;d]t k|of]u ug{
;lsG5. w"nf] ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ w"nf]df g} pknAw /f;folgs
ljiffbL h:tf] 8:6/sf] ;xoftfaf6 k|of]u ul/Fb}g sf/0f w"nf]nfO{ kfgLdf w'nfP/
o;df ePsf s0fx? sL/fsf] z/L/df ;fg{ ;lsG5, olb w"nf]df g} k|of]u u/]df
o;df ePsf s0fx? sL/fsf] z/L/;Dd k'Ub}gg\.
g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u eg] cGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] t'ngfdf km/s 5
sf/0f oL ;"Id hLjf0f'x? cToGt} ;fgf ePsfn] @=% X !)( hLjf0f' k|lt x]S6/sf
b/n] x'g] u/L l;FrfO lbFbf jf cToGt} ;fgf Kjfn ePsf gf]hnaf6 k|of]u
ug'{kb{5. h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;fdfGotof w]/} dxFuf ;fdfgx?sf]
cfjZostf kb}{g a? 9';L, AofS6]l/of h:tf kbfy{nfO{ v]tL ug]{ ;dodf xftn]
;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

35

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx

G.C. Yubak Dhoj (2067). Scarabs of Nepal & their microbial control, LAP
LAMBERT Publication, Germany

G. C. Yubak Dhoj & Keller Siegfried (2003). Towards Microbial Control of

White Grubs in Nepal with Entomophathogenic Fungi.

yfkf, /]zd axfb'/= o'js Wjh lh=;L=, e[u' C[lif b'jf8L, a'l/Tg
v8\uL -@)%*_ ;Dkfbs sflnbf; ;'j]bL, lji0f' s'df/ lwtfn, df6f]sf
xflgsf/s sL/f tyf /f]u Joj:yfkg k'l:tsf, k|sfzs, lbuf] e"Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmd,av'G8f]n, nlntk'/, P;=P;= Pd=lk= 8s'd]G6 ^!.

km0fLGb| k|;fb Gof}kfg] -@)%*_ afnL la?jfsf zq' / ltgsf] /f]syfd,

;femf k|sfzg, k'nrf]s, nlntk'/.

km0fLGb| k|;fb Gof}kfg] -@)%*_ t/sf/L afnLx?df nfUg] sL/fx?sf] PsLs[t

Joj:yfkg Integrated Management of Vegetable Insects) hubDaf k|];,
kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/.

o'js Wjh hL=;L= -@)^*_ h}ljs ljlwf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f, g]kfn
;/sf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s[lif ljefu, afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno,
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/.

o'js Wjh hL=;L= -@)^*_ afln pkrf/ lalw df]8"on -! / @ g]kfn

;/sf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s[lif ljefu, afnL ;+/If0f lgb]z
{ gfno,
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/.

36 ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

n]vs
8f= o'js Wjh hL=;L=

k|sfzg qmdM !@@)^*@)^(

k'l:tsf qmdM ^

k|sfzs tyf d'b|0f

g]kfn ;/sf/
s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb|
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/, kmf]gM (&&!%%@%^!&, %%@@@$*
ofS;M (&&!%%@@@%*
Od]nM agroinfo@wlink.com.np
j]aM www.aicc.gov.np