Foundation Notes

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Grammar

Introduction

Grammar is a science of structure and usage of a language. English Grammar is the detailed
knowledge of the structure and usage of English language.

Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the rules of a
language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word rules, we suggest that
somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages
did not start like that. Languages were started by people, making sounds which evolved into
words, phrases and then into sentences. No commonly spoken language is fixed. All languages
change over time. What we call grammar is simply a reflection of a language at a particular
time. Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves.

The Alphabet
Print/Script Capital letters.
A B C D..
Print/Script Small letters.
a b c d
The Alphabet of English is divided into two classes namely

1. Vowels and Consonants.

Vowels: The five letters a, e, i, o, u are known as the vowels in English and we cannot
write even a single word without using a vowel.

Consonants: The remaining 21 letters of the alphabet are known as the consonants in
English. They are b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.

Syllable: A word or a part of a word which consists of a vowel sound is known as a syllable.
e.g.:EXA-MI-NA-TION. There are four syllables in the word examination.

The Articles.
An article is the word used before a noun and which states whether the noun is an indefinite or
a definite noun. The adjective a or an and the are called articles.

Types of Articles:
Article is classified into two types: 1) Definite. 2) Indefinite.
1. Definite Article
The is called the Definite Article, because it normally points out some particular person or
thing. e.g.: He saw the doctor, meaning some particular doctor.
2. Indefinite Article.
A or An are called the Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves indefinite the person
Or thing spoken of. e.g.: He saw a doctor, meaning and doctor.
The choice between a and an is determined by sound. Before a word beginning with a
Vowel sound a is used. E.g.: An enemy, an ink-pad.
There are some words such as university, union etc.
Begin with a consonant sound. Hence, a is used. Ex: A one rupee note, a university, a
Europe, There are some words which uses an before words beginning with consonant if the
first Syllable is not stressed. Ex: - an honest, an hour.

Parts of speech

English words can be categorized into 8 basic type or classes. These classes are called parts of
speech.

The Noun
Noun is the name of person, place, animal, bird, thing, quality, situation or an action. Ex:
Shakti, Home, Dog, Parrot, pencil, Empathy, Madness, Advic

There are five types of Noun
1. Proper Noun
It is a name given to a specific person, place or thing. Ex: - Her name is Preeti.
2. Common Noun
It is a name shared by everybody in common of the same class or group.
Ex: - Plants have flowers.
3. Collective Noun
It is a name given to a number of things as a whole, group or collection.
Ex: - Cattle, gentry, peasantry, police, people, poultry, majority.
4. Material Noun
It is a word used for a thing which is used to make other things.
Ex: - Gold, brass, silver.
5. Abstract Noun
It is a word used for an action, state or quality. Ex: - Corruption, laughter.

Distribution of Nouns
1. Countable Noun
It is a word which can be counted. Ex: - two pencils, three notebooks.
2. Uncountable Noun:
It is a word which cannot be counted. Ex: - Oil, Ghee, Flour.

The pronoun
It is a word in place of noun. Ex:Reeta is not coming today, she is on leave.

List of personal pronouns and their functions.

Person Number Gender Function
First
Subject Object Possessive
Singular Common I Me My, mine
Plural Common We Us Our, ours
Second
Singular Common You You Your, yours
Plural Common You You Your, yours

The Verb
A verb is a word that denotes an action. It is derived from the Latin word Verbum
which means a word.
Ex: - The boy runs, The cow eats.
The Preposition:
It is a word placed before noun or a pronoun to show its relation with another word in the
sentence.
Ex: at, by, for, from, in, on, out, through, tell, to, up, with, about, above, across, along, amidst,
among, amongst, around, before, beside, below, beneath, between, beyond, inside, etc.

The Conjunction:

It is a word used to join two words, phrases or sentences. The conjunctions are: - and, but, or,
nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless.
Ex: - Jack and Jill are true friends.

The Interjection:
It is a word which expresses some sudden actions, feelings or emotions. Interjection is usually
followed with an exclamation mark.
Ex: - Alas! Failed. Ouch! That hurts Oh! Ive got a toothache.

The Adjective:
It is a word which describes a Noun or a pronoun. It qualifies or modifies a noun.
Ex: - Sita is a clever girl. He gave me five mangoes.

The Adverb:
It is a word that modifies or describes a verb. Ex: - She speaks very loudly. He works well.

The Sentence:
English sentences are composed of a topic and something said about that topic, commonly
referred to as the subject and predicate.
Sentence = Subject + predicate. Ex: - Hair is late

Types:

Simple sentence:
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause is a one single sentence including a subject
and a verb which expresses a complete sense.
Ex: - Some student likes to Study in the mornings.

Compound sentence:
A compound sentence contains two independent classes joined by a coordinator. The co-
coordinators are: - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. [Hint: The first letter of each of the co-ordinates
spells FANBOYS].
Ex: - I played football and my friend went shopping.

Complex sentence:
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependant clause. A
complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although etc.
Ex: - I rushed to the hospital after I heard the news of the accident from your family.

The Tense.
A form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the completeness or continuation of
an action is the tense.
Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time past, present and Future.

1. Present Tense :
A verb that refers to present time is said to be in the present tense. Ex: - I write.
It is categorized into:

Simple present tense,.
Simple present tense is used to denote the action in general. Ex: - I write, I
live in New York.

Present continuous Tense:
Present continuous tense is used to denote the action happening now.
Ex: - I am writing. I am playing football.

Present perfect Tense:
Present perfect tense is used to indicate completed activities in the immediate past.
Ex: - I have written. He has just gone out.

Present perfect Continuous:
It is used for an action which began at sometimes in the past and is still continuing.
Ex: - I have been writing. He has been sleeping for five hours.

2. Past Tense:
A verb that refers to past time is said to be in the past tense. Ex: - I wrote
It is categorizes into:

Simple past Tense:
It is used to indicate an action completed in the past.
Ex: - I wrote. She received his letter.

Past continuous Tense:
It is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.
Ex: - I was writing. We were listening to the radio.

Past perfect Tense:
It describes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
Ex: I had written. I had done my exercise, when Hari came to see me.

Past perfect Continuous:
It is used for an action began before a continued up to that time.
Ex: - I had been writing. He had been teaching there for five years.

1. Future Tense:
A verb that refers to future time is said to be in the Future tense.
Ex: - I will write.
It is categorized into:
a) Simple Future Tense:
It is used to talk about thing which we cannot control. It expresses the future as fact.
Ex: - I will write. It will be Diwali in a week.

Future Continuous Tense:
It is used to talk about which will be in progress at a time in the future.
Ex: - I will be writing. This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach.

Future perfect Tense:
It is used to talk about actions that will be completed by a certain future time.
Ex: - I will have written. I will have worked here for four years.

Future perfect Continuous:
It is used for actions which will be in progress over a period of time that will end in
the future.
Ex: - I will have been writing. I will have been teaching for twenty years next July.

Voice:
There are two special forms for verbs called voice. They are:
1. Active voice:
The active voice is the normal voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. In the active
voice, the object receiver the action of the verb,.
Ex: - Cats eat fish.
S V O
Everybody drinks water.

1. Passive Voice:
The passive voice is less usual. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb.
Ex: - Fish are eaten by cats. Water is drunk by everybody.
The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Ex: - Rame helps Hari , Hari is helped by Rame.

Narration:
The art of reporting words of a speaker is called Narration.
Narration can be done in two ways:

1. Direct speech:
It is used to give the exact words used by another speaker. The words are given between
quotation marks () in writing.
Ex: - I am coming now, he said.

1. Indirect / Reported Speech:
It is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. The
tenses of the verb are often changed.
Ex: - He said that he is coming now.

Question tags:
Question tags are short additions to sentences, asking for agreement or confirmation. It a
common practice in conversation. If the statement is negative, use positive question tag.
Ex: - He is not clever, is he? If the statement is positive, use negative question tag.
Ex: - He is clever, isnt he?
Note: - The subject of the question tag is always a pronoun, never a noun.

Degrees of Comparison:
The adjectives change in from to show comparison. They are called Degrees of Comparison.

There are there Degrees of Comparison:

1. Positive Degree
The positive degree shows an adjective in its simple form, when no comparison is practically
made.
Ex: - Sam is clever. She is beautiful.

2. Comparative Degree
Comparative degree shows a comparatively more or less degree of the same quality of an
adjective. It is used when two thing are comparing.
Ex: - Sim is cleverer than Sam. This girl is more beautiful than her.

3. Superlative Degree.

Superlative degree shows the highest or the lowest degree of the same quality of an adjective. It
is used when more than two things are compared.
Ex: - He is the cleverest in the class. She is the most beautiful girl in the village.

Formation of comparative and Superlative:
1. Comparative and superlative are formed by adding Er and Est. to the positive.
Ex: - Bold Bolder- Boldest. Kind Kinder Kindest.
2. When the positive ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y is changed into I before adding
ER and Est..
Ex: - Happy Happier- Happiest. 3. When the positive ends in E, only R and st are added.
Ex: - fine- finer-finest.

Wh Questions:
They begin with interrogative pronouns: - What, Who, Which, Whom and Whose.
Or with interrogative adverbs: Where, When, Why and How.
Or with interrogative adjectives: What, Which and Whose.
These 8 WHs asks question and also combines two sentences by showing the relation with the
noun before it.
Ex: - I met John who is very brave. I ate chocolate which she gave me yesterday.

The Formation of Words:
Words which are not derived or compounded or developed from other word are called primary
words. They belong to the original stock of words in the language.
Ex: Moon, light, under etc.
Compound words are words formed by joining two or more simple words.
Ex: Moonlight, undertake Chess- Board, armchair, Postman, railway, airman,
Manservant, jailbird, horse, Power, shoemaker, ringleader, Screwdriver,tax-payer teaspoon,.
Primary Derivatives are formed by making some change in the body of the simple word.
Ex: Bond- bind; Advise Advice; Bear- Bier; Break-Break Break- Breach; Gape - Gap;
Gold- Gild; Grass- Graze, Knot- Knit; Price- Prize; Tale- tell.
Secondary Derivatives are formed by an addition to the beginning or the end.
i. An addition to the beginning of a word is a prefix.
Ex: Unhappy, forgive, forecast, overflow, untrue, with hold.
ii. An addition to the end is a suffix.
Ex: Goodness, boundless, boldness.
Punctuations .,
The proper use of punctuation marks, capital letters give more clarity and sense to the passage
or speech. Punctuation is derived from the Latin word Punctum a point. Punctuation means the
right use of putting in points or stops in writing.
There are14 main marks of punctuation. They are:
The comma (,)
The comma is used to indicate a pause between parts of a sentence.
Ex: - England, France and Russia formed an alliance.
The semi- colon (;)
It is used to represent a pause of a greater importance than that shown by the comma.
Ex: - She led a noble life; she died a noble death.
The colon (:)
The colon is used to illustrate and to explain a statement. It marks a still more complete
pause than that expressed by semi colon.
Ex: - The major types of diseases are:
The Full stop or period (.)
It marks the end of a declarative or imperative sentence.
Ex: - Get up and walk.
The Question Mark (?)

It is used in place of a full stop after a direct question.
The question mark is never used in indirect narration.
Ex: - Who are you?
The exclamation mark (!)
The exclamation mark is used after interjections and after phrases and sentences
expressing sudden feelings and emotions.
Ex: - What a wonder!
Inverted commas/ Quotation mark ( )
Quotation marks are used to quote the exact words of a speaker. They are used to
indicate Direct speech.
Ex: - Hari said, we are free.
The Apostrophe ( )
The apostrophe is a mark indicating the possessive case.
Ex: - Cannot Cant
The Hyphen ( - )
Its a shorter line than the Dash. It is used to connect the parts of a compound word.
Ex: - Home made and Air conditioner.
The Dash ( ___ )
It is used to indicate a sudden stop in the speakers or writer thought and the
introduction of another thought.
Ex: - I had decided to go to England ------ but why should I day dream and build up
castles in the air.
The parentheses [ () ]
Parentheses are used to separate a phrase or clause from the main part.
Ex: - He got a clever idea ( it was all he wished ) to defeat his enemy.
The Brackets ( [ ] )
Brackets are used to enclose a parenthetical matter with in parentheses.
Ex: - Shakespeares most difficult tragedy (Hamlet [1600] ) has been performed numerous
times.
The Virgules (/)
A virgule is used between two words to indicate that the meaning of either word could
apply.
Ex: - My brother / my sister will be there to receive you.
The Ellipses ()
It is used to indicate that a word or words have been omitted. It indicates that word a
have been omitted at the beginning, middle or at the end of a sentence.
Ex: - i) the governess.Took care of them devotedly.
ii) The boy played with the cats and dogs

Capitalization:
Capitals are used:
1. Every sentence should begin with a capital letter.
2. Proper Nouns and Adjectives derived from them begin with a capital letter.
EX: - India, Shakespearean, Ram, Sunday, Islam, August etc.
3. For all nouns and pronouns which indicate the Deity begins with a capital letters.
Ex: - The Lord, He is the God.
4. The first personal pronoun I is always written in capital letters.
5. Interjections and the beginning of quotations are capital letters.
Ex: - Oh! Alas! My god!
6. Degrees and titles begin with a capital letter.
Ex: - M.A, M.SC, Reverend Etc.
7. Each line a poem begins with a capital letter.


a

able

about

above

according

account

acquaintance

across

act

added

advantage

affection

afraid

after

afternoon

again

against

age

ago

ah

air

all

allow

allowed

almost

alone

along

already

also

although

altogether

always

am

among

an

and

angry

answer

answerd

anxious

any

anything

appear

appearance

are

arm

around

art

ask

as

asked

at

aunt

aware

away

back

bad

be

bear

beautiful

because

become

bed

before

began

begin

behind

being

believe

below

bent

beside

besides

best

better

between

beyond

bit

black

blood

blue

body

book

books

born

both

bound

box

boy

boys

break

breakfast

breath

bright

bring

broken

brother

brought

brown

brust

business

but

by

call

called

came

can

care

carriage

carry

case

,

cast

cause

certain

chair

chance

change

chapter

character

charge

child

children

church

circumstances

clear

close

closed

clothes

cold

colour

come

comfort

coming

common

companion

company

condition

conduct

consequence

consider

conversation

corner

could

countenance

country

course

court

cousin

creature

cry

cut

danger

dare

dart

daughter

day

dead

deal

dear

death

deep

degree

delight

desire

did

die

different

difficulty

dinner

direction

distance

do

doctor

dog

doing

done

door

doubt

down

dress

drink

during

duty

each

early

earth

easily

easy

eat

effect

eight

else

,

end

engage

enough

especially

even

evening

ever

every

everything

evil

except

eye

face

fact

fair

fall

family

fancy

far

farther

fast

father

favour

fear

feel

fell

fellow

felt

few

field

figure

find

fine

fire

first

fit

five

floor

follow

fond

fool

foot

for

force

forget

form

former

forth

fortune

forward

found

four

free

fresh

from

front

friend

full

further

future

garden

gate

general

gentle

gentleman

get

girl

give

glad

glass

go

god

going

gone

good

got

grave

great

green

ground

,

had

hair

half

,

hall

hand

handsome

happiness

happy

hard

has

hat

have

he

head

health

hear

hearing

heart

heaven

heavy

help

her

here

high

hill

him

himself

his

history

hold

home

honest

honour

,

hope

horse

hot

hour

house

how

however

,

human

husband

hurt

hundred

idea

if

ill

impossible

in

indeed

instead

interest

into

is

it

its

itself

journey

joy

justice

keep

keeping

kind

,

king

kitchen

knew

know

knowledge

know

lady

land

large

last

late

laugh

law

lay

least

leave

left

legs

length

lie

letter

,

let

less

light

like

line

little

live

living

long

look

lord

lose

loss

lost

love

low

lying

made

make

making

man

manner

many

marriage

marry

master

matter

may

me

mean

meaning

means

meet

meeting

mention

mere

middle

,

might

mind

mine

minute

miserable

miss

mistress

moment

money

month

,

more

morning

most

mother

mouth

move

Mr.

Mrs.

much

must

my

name

natural

nature

near

nearly

necessary

neck

need

neither

never

new

news

next

night

no

noble

nobody

noise

none

nor

note

nothing

notice

now

number

Ape

Ass

Bear

Bitch

Buffalo

Bull

Calf

Camel

Cat

Chimpanzee

Cow

Dear

Dog

Donkey

Elephant

Fawn

Fox

Frog

Giraffe

Goat

Hare

Hippopotamus

Horse

Hound

Hyena

Jackal

Kangroo

Kitten

Lamb

Leopard

Loin
,

Mare

Mole

Mongoose

Monkey

Mouse

Musk-rat

-

Ox

Panther

Pig

Puppy

Rhinoceros

Sheep

Swine

Tiger

Wolf

Zebra

Ant

Bee

Bug

,

Butterfly

Boa

Crocodile

Cobra
,

Cocon

Conch

Centipede

Centipede

Cod-fish

Drone

Earthworm

Fire-fly

Frog

Fly

,

Flea

Grasshopper

Louse

Leech

Lizard

Mosquito

Nit

Oyster

Snail

Spider

Shark

Scorpion

Silk-worm

Serpent

Tadpole

Tadpole

Turtle

Termite

Wasp

Bat

Chicken

Cock

Crow

Cuckoo

Dove

Drake

Duch

Duch
Duckling

duckling

Eagle

Hawk

,

Hen

Heron

Jay

Nightingale

,

Ostrich

Owl

Parrot

Partridge

Pea-cock

Quail

Stork

,

Vulture

Wood-pecker

pecker

Daisy

Jasmine

Knop

Knop Knop
Lotus

`
Lily

Magnolia

Motia Motia Motia Motia
Mushroom

Rose

Sun-Flower

Touch-me-not

-

Apple

Apricot

Almond

Berry

Betel-nut

Banana

Beet root

Black berry

Chest-net

Cherry

Currant

Currant

Custard Apple

Cashew nut

Coconut

Citron

Date

Fig

Guava

Grape

Ground-nut

Loquat

Loquat

Lilac

Lichi

Lichi

Mulberry

Melon

Musk-melon

-

Mosambi
Mosambi
Mosambi
Mosambi
Mango

Mimusops

Mimusops
Mimusops
Olive

Okra

Okra

Orange

Palm

Pomegranate

Plum

Pyrus malus

Malus
Pear

,

Pine-apple

Peach

Pistachio

Papaya

Plantain

Raisin

Sour Cherry

Sapodilla

Sapodilla

Sugarcane

sole

Water-melon

Water-nut

Yam

Amaranthus

Amaranthus

Arum

Arum
Arum
Beat

Beat
Beat
Bitter Gourd

Brinjal

Cabbage

Cauliflower

Carrot

Chilli

Citron

Clocasia
Clocasia
Clocasia
Clocasia
Coriander

Cow pea

,

Cucumber

Cucurbit
Cucurbit
Cucurbit

Fenugreek

Garlic

Ginger

Gourd

Greens

Jack-fruit

Lady-finger

Lady-finger
Lady-finger
Lemon

Lettuce

Luffa
luffa
luffa

Mint

Mushroom

Onion

Pea

Potato

Pumpkin

Radish

Silk Cotton

Spinach

Sweet Potato

Tamarind

Tomato

Turnip

Yam

,

Azure

Black

Blue

Brown

Crimson

Carmoson
Carmoson
Carmoson
Carmoson
Dusky

Grey

Golden

Green

Indigo

Lemon

Maroon

Mauve

Mauve

Orange

Orange
Pink

Pale

,

Purple

Rosy

Red

Saffron

Scarlet

,
Scarlet
Violet

White

Yellow

Bacon

-
Beef

Biscuit

Bread

Butter

Break-fast

Cake

Castor Seed

Chapati

Cheese

Clarified Butter

Cluster bean

Coffee

Condensed milk

Corn-ear

Cream

Curd

Curry

Dinner

Drink

Feast

Filed pea

Fine Flour

Floor

Food

Ghee

Grain

Gram

Gruel

Honey

Ice

Ice-Cream

Jam

Kidney Bean

Lemon Juice

lentil

,

Loaf

Loaf Suger
Suger

Lunch

Maize

Mash

Meat

Meal

Mid-day-meal

Mustard

Oat

Oil

Oryza sativa

Parched Rice

Pea

Peal Millet

Pickle

Pigeon Pea

Porridge

Pudding

Puffed rice

Pulse

Rice

Sago

Sauce

semolina

Sesame

Suger

Suger candy

Supper

Sweet Candy

Supper

Sweet-meat

Syrup

Tea

Treacle

Treacle

Vegetables

Vinegar

Wheat

Whey

Wine

Yeast

SPICES

Aloe

Aniseed
Aniseed
Aniseed

Asafoetida

Asafoetida

Basil

Betal-nut

Betal

Black Petter

Caraway

Cardamom

Cassia

Chilli

Cinnamon

Cloves

Cumin seed

Dry Ginger

Fenugreek seed

Ginger

Hog plums

Liquorice

Liquorice

Mangosteen

mangosteen
mangosteen
Menthol

Musk

Nigella

Nigella
Nigella
Origanum

Origanum
Origanum
Poppy seed

Saffron

Salt

Sandal

Soap-nut

Turmeric

Vinegar

Ankle

Anus

Arm

Armpit

Artery

,

Back

Back-bone

Ear-drum

-
Elbow

Embryo

,

Eye-brow

Eye-lash

,

Eye-lid

Face

Fist

Foot

Forehead

Gullet

Gum

Hair

Hand

Heart

Heel

Index Finger

Intestine

Jaw

Joint

Kidney Bean

Knee

Lap

Lip

Little Finger

Liver

Lock

Lung

Middle-finger

Moustache

Mouth

Muscle

,

Nail

Navel

Neck

Nostril

Palate

Palm

Phalnage
Phalnage
Phalnage

Pore

Pulse

Rib

Ring-finger

Shoulder

Skin

Skull

Sole

,

Soul

Spleen

Stomach

Temple

, ,

Thigh

Throat

Thumb

Toe

Trachea

trachea

Trunk

,

Vein

Waist

whisker

Womb

Wrist

ALIMENTS & Body
condition

ALIMENTS

Ague

Ague

Acidity

Asthma

Acne

Albino

Anorexia

Bronchitis

Beri-Beri

-
Boil

Bald

Blind

Cough

Coryza

Coryza
-
Abortion

Anaemia

Anaemia

Flu

Gland

Gripping

gripping

Giddiness

Hunch-backed

Hurt

Hunger

Hiccup

Hernia

Hoarseness

Hoarseness

Headache
-

Itch

Constipation

Cancer

Chill

Cholera

Dandruff

Dislocation

Dumb

Dengue

Eczema

Facture

Facture
Facture
Fever

Pimple

Phlegm

Prickly-Heart

-
Pain

Pneumonia

Pites
Pites
Pites
Pites
Paralysis

Pyorrhoea
Pyorrhoea
Pyorrhoea

Indigestion

Inflammation

Insomnia

Jaundice

Lean

Lame

Lunacy

Leprosy

Mad

Nausea

Obesity

One-eyed

Ottorrhoea
Ottorrhoea
Ottorrhoea
Ottorrhoea
Small-pox

Sprain

Sore eye

Tumors

Tonsil

Stomach-ache

-
Sweat

Ulcer

Vomit

Wound

Yawning

Almirah

Ash

,

Ash-tray

Attache case

Axe

Balance

,

Basket

Bed

Bed sheet

Bed-Stead

Bench

Blanket

Bobbin

Bobbin

Bolster

Bottle

Bowl

Box

Broom

Broom stick

Brush

Bucket

Bulb

Button

Cabinet

Candle

Canister

Carpet

Casket

Cauldron

Cauldron

Censor

Chair

Chimney

Chinese-ware

Churn

Clock

Comb

Cooking Gas

Cot

Couch

,

Cup

Cup-board

Curtain

Cushion

Drawers

Electric Stove

Electricity

Fan

Filed pea

Fire pan

Fire place

Flagon

Flagon

Flour mill

Flower-vase

fork

,

Frying pan

Fuel

Funnel

Hammer

Hand-pump

Hubble Bubble

Iron

Iron Box

Iron plate

Jar

Jug

...

Kerosene Oil

Kettle

Key

Knife

Ladle

Ladle
Lamp

Lancet

Lantern

Lid

Lock

Looking Glass

mackintosh

Mackintosh

Mallet

Mallet

Mat

Mat
Match Stick

Matchbox

Mattress

Mirror

Mortar

,

Needle

Newspaper

Nut-cracker

Oil

Pad-lock

Palanquin

Pan

Paper

Pastry Board

Pastry Roller

Pen

Pitcher

Picture

Pillow

Pilloe-case

Plane

Plate

Pot

Probe

Quilt

quilt

Radio

Razor

Rope

Safe

Sauce-pan

Saucer

Saw

Scissors

Screw Driver

Sewing Machine

Shelf

Shovel

Sickle

Sieve

Object

Oblige

Observe

O'clock

Of

Off

Offer

Often

Soap-nut

Soapcase

Sofa

Spade

Spoon

Stick

Stove

String

Swing

Switch

Table

Table Fan

Table Lamp

Tap

Telephone

Tongs

Tooth Brush

Tooth-powder

Tray

Tumbler

,

Umbrella

Vase

Wardrobe

Wick

Yard

Oh

Old

On

Once

One

Only

Open

Opinion

Opportunity

Opposite

Or

Order

Other

Others

Otherwise

Ought

Our

Out

Outside

Over

Own

paid

Pain

Pair

Pale

Paper

Pardon

Part

Particular

Particularly

Party

Pass

Passing

Passion

Past

Pay

People

Perfect

Person

Piece

Pity

Place

Plain

Play

Pleasant

Please

Pleasure

Pocket

Point

Poor

Position

Possible

Pound

power

,

Pray

Presence

Present

Presently

Pretty

Pride

Private

probably

Proceed

Promise

Proper

Proud

Public

Purpose

Put

Quarter

Question

Quick

Quiet

Quite

Rain

Raise

Rather

Read

Reading

Ready

Real

Really

Reason

Receive

Red

Regard

Remain

Remember

Repeat

Reply

Resolve

Respect

Rest

Return

Rich

Right

Rising

Room

Rose

Round

Run

Running

Sad

Safe

Said

Sake

Same

Satisfaction

Satisfied

Save

Saw

Say

Scarcely

Scene

School

Sea

Seat

Second

See

Seeing

Seemed

Seems

Send

Sense

Serious

Servant

Service

Set

Settled

Seven

Several

Shame

Share

Sharp

She

Short

Should

Shoulder

Show

Shut

Side

Sight

Silence

Silent

Simple

Since

Single

Sir

Sister

Sit

Sitting

Situation

Six

Sleep

Slowly

Small

Smile

Smiling

So

Society

Some

Somebody

Something

Son

Soon

Sooner

Sorry

Sort

Soul

Sound

Speak

Speaking

Speech

Spent

Spirit

Spite

Spoke

Spoken

Spot

Stand

Started

State

Stay

Step

Still

Stone

Stop

Story

Strange

Stranger

Street

Strength

Strong

Struck

Subject

Such

Sudden

Sun

Spper

Suppose

Sure

Surprise

Sweet

Table

Take

Taken

Taking

Talk

Talking

Taste

Tea

Tears

Tell

Temper

Ten

Than

Thank

That

The

Their

Them

Then

There
,

Therefore

These

,
They

Thing

,
Things

Think
,

Third

This

Those

,
Though

Thought

Thought

Thousand

Three

Through

Throw

Thus

Till

Time
,

Tired
,

To

Together

Told

Tomorrow

Tone

Tongue

Too

Took

Top
,

Touch
,

Towards

Town

Tree

Trouble

TRUE

Trust

Truth

Try

Turn

Twenty

Twice

Two

Uncle

Under
,

Understand

Unless

Until

Up

Upon

Us

Use

Used

Usual
,

Very

View
,

Visit

Voice

Wait
,

walk
,

Wall

Want
,

Wanted

Warm
,

Was

,
Watch
,

Water
,

Way
,

we

Weather
,

Week

Well

Went

were

What

Whatever
,

When
,
,
Whenever
,

Where

,
Whether
,

Which
?

While
,

White

Who

Whole
,

Why

Wife
,

Wild
,

Will
,
,

Wind
,

Window

Wine

Wish
,

with
,

Within
,

Without
,

Woman
,

Wonder

Wood
,

Word
,

Work

World
,

Worse
,

Worst
,

Worth
,

Write
,

Wrong

Year

,
Yes

Yet
,

You

Young
,

Your

Yours
,

Yourself

Youth
,

Banian
,

-

Belt

Blanket
,

Bodice
,

Border

Brassiere

Breeches

Braces

Cloth

Collar

Gown

Handkerchief

Half - Paint
-
-
-
Jacket
,

Jersey
,

Knicker
Lining

Chester

Cap

Crape
Cushion

Chemise

Darn

Diaper

Glove

Gauge

Pocket

Scarf

,

Shawl

Saree

Shirt

Silk

Stockings

Sleeve

,

Laces

Mattress

Muslin

Mat

Socks

Towel

Turban

Uniform

Veil

Tiring- Room

-

Tiring - Women
-
-
-
Cat's Eye

Diamond

Emerald

Opal

pearl

Pebble

Ruby

Sapphire

Turquoise

Topaz

Zircon

Anklet

Armlet

Bracelet

Belt

Bangle

Clip

Ear stud

Ear ring

Gold
,

Girdle
,

Head Locket

( )
Brooch
,

Chain
,

Necklace

Opal

Pearl
,

Ring

Silver

Stud
,

Jewellery

Locket
,

Medal

Nose-Ring

Nose -Pin

Tiara

Wreath
,

Wristlet
- ,

Aunt

Adopted Daughter

Adopted Son

Client
,

Daughter

Daughter -in -law

Disciple

Father

Friend
,

Father -in-law

Grand-Son

Guest
,

Grand -mother

Bride -groom

Bride

Brother
,

Customer
,

Concubine

Mamma

Nephew
,

Niece

Own

Patient

Pupil

Preceptor

Pleader

Relative

Son

Sister
,

Step- daughter

Grand - daughter
-
-
-

Heir

Husband
,

Lover
,

Landlord

Mother-in-law

Maternal grand -father

Maternal Uncle

Mistress

Mother

Maternal Grand -Mother
-

Step-Son

Step-Father

Step-Mother

Step-brother

Step-sister

Son-in-law

Sister-in-law
, ,

Teacher

Uncle

Wife

Actor

Actor
Agriculturist

Artist

Astrologer

Auctioneer

Advocate

Accountant

Author

Blacksmith

Baker

Brokerage

Baker

Book-binder

Butler

Beggar

Broker

Butcher

Barber

Bankrupt

Bookseller

Betelseller Betelseller Betelseller Betelseller
Brasier

Braisier

Confectioner

Chemist

Contractor

Cook

Clerk

Constable

Carpenter

Carpenter
Compounder Compounder

Cobbler

Cloth-merchant

Compositor

Cashier

Doctor

Darner Darner Darner

Dentist

Dramatist

Dyer

Druggist

Drummer

Editor

Examiner

Engineer

Fisherman

Grocer

Gardener

Green-grocer

Goldsmith

Glazier

Glazier

Hawker

Inspector

Jeweller

Juggler

,

Lawyer

Milkman

Mid-wife

Merchant

Miner

,

Magician

Musician

Nurse

Peon

Priest

Postman

Potter

Photographer

Poet

Publisher

Retailer

Sculptor

Stamp-Vendor
-

Shop-keeper

Shepherd

Sweeper

Surgeon

Tanner

Tanner

Tailor

Tenant

Tin-man

Treasurer

Trader

Watchman

Washerman

Wholesaler dealer

Watch-maker

Writer

Waiter

Weaver

Aviary

Barrack

,

Booking-office

Customer

Concubine

Maamaa

Nephew

Niece

Own

Patient

Pupil

Preceptor

Pleader

Relative

Son

Sister

Step- daughter

Grand - daughter
-
-
-
Heir

Husband

Lover

Landlord

Mother-in-law

Maternal grand -father

Maternal Uncle

Arch

Courtyard

,

Chimney

Door

Door-frame

Drain

Dome

Floor

Foundation

Fountain

Gutter

Peg

Plaster

Railing

,

Roof

Steeple

,

Shed

Store-room

Stair

Storey

Threshold

Terrace

Underground cell

Ventilator

Verandah

Window

Almirah

Blank-paper

Blotting-paper

Bench

Bodkin

Call-bell

Clip

Crayon

Carbon-paper

Drawing-pin

Dictionary

Daily-paper

Eraser

Easy-chaif
chaif

Gum

Ink

Ink-pot

Ink-pad

Ledger

Map

Nib

Packing paper

Paper-cutter

Punch

Protractor

Receipt book

Rubber-stamp

Tracing Cloth

Tape

Tracing paper

Writing pad

Waste-paper basket

Axe

Balance
,

Begging hook

Blow-Pipe

Drill

File
,

Gauge

Hammer

Hand Saw

Lancet

Oil mill

Plough

Razor

Rasp

Rudder

Sickle

Scissors

Screw-driver

Syring

Saw

Spade

Screw

Spanner

Army

Armaments

Ammunition

Atom bomb

Aggression

Auxiliary Force

Atomic warfare

Armour

Attack

Anti-aricraft gun
aricraft
aricraft
aricraft
Battle field

Battle ship

Bombardment

Belligerent Nation

Battle

Bllod-shed
Bllod
Bllod-
Bllod-
Bomb

Brute force

Bullet

Cartidge Cartidge Cartidge Cartidge
Cavalry

Cannon-ball

-

Campaign

Commander-in-chief

Conscription

Civil-war

Cannon

Cease-fire

Combatants

Demobilization

Demobilization

Defence ministry

Destroyer

Defence Service

Expedition

Enemy

Explosive Bomb

Fortification

Field Marshal

Fighter

Guerilla

Gas-mask

Gun-powder

Land-force

Mutiny

Magazine

Machine-gun

Navy

Operation

Prisoners of War

Provisions

Recruitment

Seize

Stategy

Sub-Marine

Troops

Treaty

Torpedo-boat

Acacia

Bamboo

Banyan

Birch

Cactus

Cypress

Fir

Oak

Palm

Pine

Polyalthia

Shisham

Sandal

Teak

Bark

Branch

Bulb

Coir

Flower

Fruit

Fibre

Graft

,

Gum

Juice

Leaf

Pollen grain

Pollen tube

Pulp

Pistil

-
Root

Root-stalk

Sprout

Stamen

Skin

Stone

Seed

Stem

Thorn

Wood

Marble

Mercury

,

Mica

Muscovite

Mine

,

Natron

Orpiment

Plastic clay

Rock oil

Red ochre

Shale

Silver

Steatite

Steel

Sulphur

Tin

Touch-stone

Vermilion

White lead

Yellow ochre

Bag Pipe

Banjo

Bell

Bugle

Cymbal

Clarion

Drumet

Flute

Guitar

Gong

Gourd Flute

Harp

Harmanium

Jew's harp

Piano

English

Sanskrti

Urdu

Geography

Mathematics

Geometry

Science

Chemistry

:

Sociology

Commerce

Hindi

Punjabi

History

Arithmetic

Algebra

Physics

Home Scinece

Scinece

Econmics

Political Science

Philosophy

Agriculture

Botany

Anatomy

Horticulture

Medical Science

Language

Linguistic

Palmistry

Hockey

Goal keeper

Penalty corner

Cricket

Bowler

Innings

Sixer

Stump

L.B.W L.B.W L.B.W L.B.W
Captain

Volley Ball

Base Ball

Tennis

Billiards

Polo

Shooting

Rowing

Wrestling

Chess

Bridge

Carom Board

High jump

Tug of war

Race

Stick

Bully

Short corner

Batsman

Spinner

Runs

Four

Wicket

Wicket keeper

Catch

Football

Basket ball

Badmintion

Table tenis

Tenis
Croquet

Golf

Swimming

Boxing

Horse racing

Athletics

Playing card

Kabaddi

Long jump

Ring throw

Days

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Months

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Seasons

Autumn

Spring

Summer

Rainy season

Winter

Directions

,

North

East

South

West

North-east

North-west

South-east

-
South-west

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