Sanskrit for L

A
T
E
X2

Version 2
Introduction
The package contains the font les and pre-processor for printing Sanskrit
text in both devanagar and transliterated Roman with diacritics.
Some features of the devanagar font:
Font available in three weights and two slopes.
The i-hooks connect to the consonants at the correct positions.
Accents for all Vedas (R
.
gveda, Samaveda, Taittirya), etc.
Accent marking in colour or grey shading.
Choice of character forms (e.g. 2/") and sam
.
yoga (e.g.

,
` /`).
Range of intra- and inter-syllable spacing.
Dynamic option selection.
Some features of the transliterated Roman:
Full accent marking and stacking in basic transliteration mode.
Four cases (as per SMKatre) in technical transliteration mode.
Each transliteration mode has four styles: Roman/italic bold/normal.
Indebtedness to the earlier work of Frans Velthuis and Dominik Wujastyk is
acknowledged: the overall structure and encoding is based upon theirs.
Upgrading from Version 1
Every le in this package diers greatly from the Version 1 release, so all need
to be replaced, and all related pixel les (e.g. skt*.pk) should be deleted.
While this is essentially a major upgrade to Version 1, there are some changes
that impact on the users les (those with a .skt extension):
The accent marking symbols, < and >, have changed.
The punctuation marks ! [ ] no longer pass through as Roman.
(But see page 12 for producing them in version 2.)
The option le (skt.opt) is no longer used; instead the selection of
options is included anywhere within the .skt le.
Any direct access of the skt font (e.g. \symbol{128}) should be checked
against the new font map.
Any direct use of the \Z* commands which are dened in the style le,
should be checked against their new denitions.
?
Illustrations of Input and Devanagar Output
The following brief samples demonstrate the available styles of devanagar
font and their encoding. In this mode upper case characters are disallowed.
Note that the larger option has been selected so that, in this 12pt document,
the devanagar is printed at 14pt.
{\sktb te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} `7`` `-` -`````~```````-_`
{\skt te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} `7` `-` -````````-`
{\sktf te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} - ----
{\sktbs te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} ``|`7|` |`=| -|`|`=|``|`|`|`|`| '
{\skts te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} ``7` `- -```````- '
{\sktfs te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} : - --- '
The intra- and inter-character spacing options give six steps of horizontal
density; the extremes are:
-``` ```+ ````+````````` ``7` ``-``` `?```````
-`` ``+ ``+``````` `7`` `-`` `?````
Illustrations of Basic Transliteration
The same input may also be used to produce transliterated output. Note
that the iitalic option is selected, but not xitalic.
{\sktx te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} tejasvi navadh

tamastu|
{\sktX te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} tejasvi navadh

tamastu|
{\skti te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} tejasvi navadh

tamastu |
{\sktI te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} tejasvi navadh

tamastu |
It can be seen from the above examples that sktX is a boldface version of
sktx (i.e. also upright), and that sktI is similarly a boldface version of skti
(also italic). The only dierence between sktx/X and skti/I is that they
may be independently selected as italic in the style le options.
0
The Western accent marking system may also be used:
{\skti tejasvi naavadhiitamastu|} tejasv navadh
`
tamastu |
In this basic transliteration mode (sktx/X or skti/I) uppercase characters
are allowed: these do not aect the transliteration encoding, but facilitate
the printing of capital letters, for example:
{\sktI Bhaarate Raamo vasati} Bharate Ramo vasati
Illustrations of Technical Transliteration
As in the basic transliteration mode, there are four font styles selected
through sktt/T or sktu/U; however, in this mode only the Western accent
marking is allowed. This technical (grammatical) mode follows the style of
SMKatre in his translation of the As
.
t
.
adhyay, having four cases of letters.
Uppercase is used to indicate IT letters (e.g. pratyahara aC): note that in
this mode a mahapran
.
a sparsa (e.g. Bha) must have the h in the same case
as the previous letter. In the example given above, Bhaarate would produce
an error: it needs to be bhaarate or BHaarate. The uppercase letters in this
mode are slightly smaller than those in the basic transliteration mode.
In this mode only, letters may also be preceded by the underscore character
_. The eect that this has depends upon the case of the following letter:
if the letter is lowercase, it will be underlined to indicate that its presence
is for the sake of pronunciation only (e.g. jhaL); before an uppercase letter,
it will reduce the size of the uppercase letter to the height of the lowercase
letters to indicate technical words (e.g. IT). For example, the Pan
.
ini s utra
`7``` + `````````` u 3 s0
may be encoded in the technical mode as
{\sktT c_a-j-o.h kU GH_I_T=.NyaT-o.h} to produce
ca-j-oh
.
kU GHIT=N
.
yaT-oh
.
This translates as: A substitute kU replaces c or j before N
.
yaT or [axes]
with GH as an IT marker.
3
Vedic Accent Marking
Since the signicance of the devanagar accent marking may dier between
Vedas (e.g. 2 is svarita in R
.
gveda, but udatta in Kat
.
haka), the character
used for encoding is, where possible, vaguely similar to the form used in the
devanagar, and this form is largely retained in the transliterated output.
R
.
gveda etc. marking system:
use option 6 to enable these in
the basic transliteration mode.
input skt skti sktt
a! 2

a error
a!! 2

a error
a_ 2 a see note
a"1 2? a

1 error
a"3 23 a

3 error
a.1 2? a1 error
a.3 23 a

3 error
Note: The underscore character is
is used dierently in technical mode.
Western (and technical) marking.
input skt skti sktt
a^ 2
u
a
u
a
a error a a
a error `a `a
Samaveda and other accents:
use option 7 to enable these in
the basic transliteration mode.
input skt skti sktt
a<1> 2
1
a error
a<2> 2
2
a error
a<3> 2
3
a error
a<2r> 2
2r
a error
a<2u> 2
2u
a error
a<3k> 2
3k
a error
a<!!> 2

a error
a<u> 2

a error
a<w> 2

a error
a<_> 2

a error
a<.> 2

a error
a<..> 2


a error
a<!> 2

a error
a<^> 2

a error
a<s> 2 a
error
The pre-processor only allows accents after a vowel, Vedic anusvara, or n;
where the vowel is nasalised as well, the nasalisation must be after the accent,
i.e. a_# to produce 2.
8
The devanagar accent marks themselves may be printed in colour (red is the
tradition) or grey. This actually makes the text easier to read: the sample
text from the R
.
gveda on page ? has the accents in the rst four verses
the default black, and in the next four verses they are lightgray (using
pstricks). To set the accent colour redene the \ZK command anywhere in
the .skt le as \renewcommand{\ZK}[1]{{\lightgray #1}} for example.
In transiteration, the accents should stack correctly and track in italics, e.g.:

r
.
and

r
.
(signifying a long or short udatta r
.
used for pronunciation only).
Dynamic Option Selection
The selection and deselection of options may occur anywhere in the preamble
(but after \usepackage{skt}) or in the body of the text. By default all
options are deselected The options are used by the pre-processor and not
passed to the .tex output le: be aware of this when using L
A
T
E
X \include
or \input commands.
Each option comprises a numeric string in the range 0199 followed by a
+ or - to respectively select or deselect the option: the options must be
enclosed within square brackets to distinguish them from the rest of the
text. Multiple options within the same square brackets should be separated
by one or more spaces. For example, [40+] selects option 40, [40- 49+ 44+]
deselects option 40 and selects options 44 and 49. (Details of the eects of
the options are given in the next four sections.) The option selection must
necessarily be within a {\skt...} group since this is the only text that is
actually parsed by the pre-processor.
Note that both square brackets, [ and ], need to be on the same input text
line. For example:
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage[larger]{skt} This will
{\skt [40+]} % select alternate a print as:
\begin{document}
{\skt ak.sa.na [40- 49+ 44+]ak.sa.na[49- 44-]} "`$``` 27``^`
\end{document}
Note that once an option is selected (anywhere in the le), it remains in
eect until explicitly deselected, irrespective of {\skt...} groupings.
s
Control Options (011)
The control options are all those that do not aect character shapes in
transliteration or devanagar.
Option 0: Set all options to known state.
In documents such as this one, where the options are changed very often, it
is useful from time to time to reset all options to the default state. Option 0+
will select all options, and option 0- will deselect them all.
Option 1: Set intraspace less than interspace.
Option 2: Reduce interspace.
Option 3: Minimum interspace.
These three interact to set the horizontal space within devanagar words:
options 2 and 3 provide three levels of interspace (the space between
syllables), while option 1 selects the intraspace (space within a syllable,
i.e. when the syllable vowel adds an extra vertical bar).
Illustration: 1 2 3
2````````````$````` -`````
Option selection: + 2``````````$```` -`````
+ = selected; + 2`````$```` -```
= deselected; + + 2`````$```` -```
x = dont care. x + 2`````$``` -```
+ x + 2`````$``` -```
Option 4: Raise accents (less signicant bit).
Option 5: Raise accents (more signicant bit).
These two adjust the minimum spacing of devanagar accents above the
hortizontal line, and may be used to minimize or eliminate the variation in
the accents vertical position that arises due to vowel hooks etc. above the
horizontal line this is particularly important for the Samaveda accents.

Illustration: 4 5
``````+ ```` ```[`` "`-

````` -``-`
Option selection: + ````

``+

```

``[`

` "

`-

````

``-`
+ = selected; + ````

``+

```

``[`

` "

`-

````

``-`
= deselected; + + ````

``+

```

``[`

` "

`-

````

``-`
Option 6: Enable R
.
g/Tait

accents in basic transliteration mode.

The pre-processor treats the use of these accents in the basic transliteration
mode as as an error unless this option is selected. The form of the accents
approximates those of the devanagar.
Illustration: ``````````-` -````` -````[` ` ````````7``````-` ` ``` `` ```-`
dhataray

antu sarvatah
.
svah

a | pratives

osi | pra m

a padyasya ||
Option 7: Enable Samaveda etc. accents in basic transliteration mode.
The pre-processor treats the use of these accents in the basic transliteration
mode without this option selected, as as an error. The form of the accents
follows those of the devanagar, but in Roman script.
Illustration:

````[

```

` 7

````

````-` ````

``+

```

``[`

` "

`-

````

``-`
m
1
ah
2
ivrat
3
ah
.
s
1
uc
2
ibandhuh
.
pav
3
ak
2
ah
.
p
3
ad
1
a v
2
ar
3
ah
2
o
3k
abhy
2r
et
3
i r
1
ebh
2
an||
Option 8: Enable sam
.
yoga warnings.
This enables the printing of warning messages by the pre-processor when
using a virama in forming a sam
.
yoga. Given the range of sam
.
yoga supported
by the font, this warning should only occur with very exotic syllables.
Option 9: Enable obey-lines.
Long lines to the output le are normally wrapped to limit their length to
eighty characters (i.e. the output le will have more lines than the input
le), but with this option enabled the output follows the input, line for line,
irrespective of the resultant line length: a warning message will be printed if
the line length exceeds 250 characters. It is helpful to have obey-lines active
so that L
A
T
E
X errors refer to the source line number of the .skt le.
u
Option 10: Enable discretionary hyphens.
Without this option enabled, the pre-processor will discard any discretionary
hyphens, \-, in the input text.
Option 11: Enable auto-hyphenation.
The auto-hyphenation is extremely crude (it adds a discretionary hyphen
after every vowel!), and should only be used for drafts.
Transliteration Options (2038)
The following table illustrates the transliteration options available:
option input default option
20 a~m a m
.
am
.
21 a~m a m
.
a m
22 a.m am
.
a m
23 a"m a m am
.
24 a"m a m an

25 .r/.r.r r
.
/r
.
r
.
i/r
.
Monier-Williams
26 .l/.l.l l
.
/

l
.
lr
.
i/ lr
.

27 "s s s transliteration
28 .s s
.
sh scheme
29 "d
..
d l
.
30 "d
..
d l

31 "d
..
d d

32 "h
..
h h

33 .o O m Om Where multiple options apply

34 .o O m OM to the same input (e.g. 3337)
35 .o O m OM the highest value of selected
36 .o O m AUM option will apply.
37 .o O m AUM
38 a# a a
The last option has a twofold application: rstly, depending on the font and
size used, it may be used to overcome the diculty distinguishing between
the macron and the tilde (i.e. a a a); and secondly, it may be used in technical
grammar to indicate an explicit short vowel (a) or long or short (

a)

Devanagar Character Options(4079)

The table illustrates the basic character forms available: where multiple
options apply to the same input (e.g. 65 and 75) the selected option with
the highest value will apply. Although ks
.
a and j na are strictly speaking
sam
.
yoga, they are nevertheless included here rather than in the next section.
option input default option
40 a 2 "
41 .r 7
42 jha 5`
43 "da = =`
44 .na ` ^`
45 tha -` `
46 la 7 7`
47 a~m 2 2`
48 a~m 2 2{
49 k.sa $` 7`
50 j~na ` 7`
51 "s - *
52 "s.r 7` -

`
option input default option
61 1 ? +
64 4 8
65 5 s
66 6 )
68 8
69 9 (
75 5 s
79 9 (
Devanagar Sam
.
yoga Options (100199)
The table illustrates the basic sam
.
yoga options available. In general, the
default sam
.
yoga is the most compact, and the options use a looser form:
the latter may be easier to read, particularly when the combination is more
unusual.
In forming a complex sam
.
yoga two or more options may interact: for example,
in forming the sam
.
yoga for ktya, options 103 and 108 both come into play
so that there are three possibilities ( 7.` 7` +` ). The Sam
.
yoga Table at
the end of this document illustrates all varieties available.
For those sam
.
yoga where it may appear preferable to use a virama (typically
those beginning with 7 7 5 5 or 7), braces may be used. For example,
{\skt a"nk.s.na a{"n}k.s.na} produces 2
_
,

2`7$`.
(
option input default option
101 kka

++
102 k"na

_ ` +7
103 kta 7 +`
104 ktra 7 +`
105 ktva q +`
106 kna

+-`
107 kma 6 +`
108 kya +.` +`
109 kla

+7
110 kva

+`
111 khna

` 7-`
112 gna
,

`` -`
113 ghna
_

`-`
114 cca ` `
115 c~na
,

` `
116 cna
,

` -`
117 chma
_
, ` 0~`
118 chya 0 0`
119 jja
.
.
` 5`
120 jna
.

` 7-`
121 ~nca

,
` `
122 ~nja

.

,`
123 ~n~na

` `
124 ~nna

` -`
125 .tma
_
, `` 7~`
126 .thma

, `` 5~`
127 .thya 5` 5`
128 .dma
_
, `` 5~`
129 .dya 5` 5`
130 .dhma
_
, ` 7~`
131 .dhya 7` 7`
132 .nna

` -`
133 .nra `
134 tta ?` `
135 tna =` -`
option input default option
136 thna -` --`
137 ddya ` `
138 ddvya

`
139 ddhma `
,

` ` ~`
140 ddhya ` `` ` `
141 dbhya ` , `` ` , `
142 dma , ` ~`
143 dya `` `
144 dhna

` `-`
145 nca ,

` -`
146 nja .

` -,`
147 nna `

``
148 pta ` `
149 pna ` -`
150 pla

` 7
151 phna 7 1-`
152 phya 7.` 1`
153 bna

`` -`
154 bba

`` `
155 bva

`` `
156 bhna -

` --`
157 mna -

` -

-`
158 mla -

-7
159 yna ` -`
160 lla 5 77
161 vna

`` -`
162 vva

`` `
163 "sca - ,

` 7`
164 "sna -

` 7-`
165 "sla -

` 77
166 "sva -

`` 7`
167 .s.ta 7
168 .s.tha l 5
169 .sna

` -`
170 sna

` --`
?
option function
0 Set all to known state
1 Intraspace < interspace
2 Reduce interspace
3 Minimum interspace
4 Raise accents (lsb)
5 Raise accents (msb)
6 Enable R
.
g/Tait

accents
in basic transliteration
7 Enable Sama

etc. accents
in basic transliteration
8 Enable sam
.
yoga warnings
9 Enable obey-lines
10 Enable discr. hyphens
11 Enable auto-hyphenation
option input default option
20 a
~
m a m
.
am
.
21 a
~
m a m
.
a m
22 a.m am
.
a m
23 a"m a m am
.
24 a"m a m an

25 .r/.r.r r
.
/r
.
r
.
i/r
.

26 .l/.l.l l
.
/

l
.
lr
.
i/lr
.

27 "s s s
28 .s s
.
sh
29 "d
..
d l
.
30 "d
..
d l

31 "d
..
d d

32 "h
..
h h

33 .o O m Om
34 .o O m OM
35 .o O m OM
36 .o O m AUM
37 .o O m AUM
38 a# a a
option input default option
40 a 2 "
41 .r 7
42 jha 5`
43 "da = =`
44 .na ` ^`
45 tha -` `
46 la 7 7`
47 a
~
m 2 2`
48 a
~
m 2 2{
49 k.sa $` 7`
50 j
~
na ` 7`
51 "s - *
52 "s.r 7` -

`
61 1 ? +
64 4 8
65 5 s
66 6 )
68 8
69 9 (
75 5 s
79 9 (
Where an input has multiple options,
the highest value selected will apply.
SKT Options
Summary Sheet
??
The Pre-processor: skt.c
This ANSI C program processes the source text le (with a default .skt
lename extension) to produce a le suitable for L
A
T
E
X2

(with a default
.tex extension). For example, the command skt test will convert test.skt
to test.tex; fuller lenames may be used, e.g. skt foo.bar will produce
foo.tex, and skt foo.bar far.boo will produce far.boo from foo.bar. If
no lename is specied, you will be prompted for input and output lenames.
The program passes the text from the input le to the output le unaltered,
until it nds the string {\skt. It then checks the following character(s) for
the acceptable modiers b f s bs fs x X i I t T u or U, and this must
be followed by a space character: if this test fails it reports an error, otherwise
the program converts the following input text to devanagar or transliteration
format as required, until the matching }. The cycle is then repeated.
Within the skt text, the following punctuation characters will be passed to
the output as roman:
( ) * + , - / : ; = ?
Furthermore, two successive periods .. will be passed to the output as
a single roman period. This technique of repeating the character twice
to produce a single roman character applies to the four characters [] as
well; and the two-character string .! will pass through as a single roman
exclamation mark. You will need to use {\sktx a{}} to produce a
(see Supplementary Notes for explanation).
L
A
T
E
X command strings embedded within the skt text will be passed to
the output le unchangedbut beware: command parameters will be
converted! Thus commands without parameters (e.g. \clearpage) are safe,
but commands with parameters (e.g. \hspace{3mm}) will cause problems
unless the parameters are meant to be converted (e.g. \underline{naaman}).
A complete list of the input encoding scheme, together with the resultant
devanagar and transliterated output, is included at the end of this document.
Note: This program will stop passing text to the output
le as soon as an error in the source le is detected; it
will however, continue processing the input le until ten
or more errors are encountered.
?0
The skt package: skt.sty
The following statement needs to be in the preamble of the document:
\usepackage[options]{skt}
where options may be any or all or none of the following:
larger This will cause all devanagar text to be printed at a larger size than
the prevailing environment.
xitalic Text transliterated by sktx or sktX will use the italic font cmmit;
the default is the upright cmr font.
iitalic As for xitalic, but using skti and sktI.
titalic As for xitalic, but for the technical modes sktt and sktT.
uitalic As for titalic, but using sktu and sktU.
This document uses the rst, third, and fth options, that is to say it has
the statement \usepackage[larger,iitalic,uitalic]{skt}.
This style le also allows page numbering to be in devanagar by using
the L
A
T
E
X command \pagenumbering{skt} as has been done for this
document. The size of the numerals will follow the larger option.
This package makes use of David Carlisles ifthen.sty which is included
in the standard L
A
T
E
X2

distribution, and Donald Arseneaus relsize.sty

which you may need to get from the CTAN archives.
Supplementary Notes
The program can be simply fooled when necessary by inserting a L
A
T
E
X null
string {}: for example {{}\skt >} will not be seen by the pre-processor
and thus passed to the output unchanged. L
A
T
E
X will ignore the null string
but respond to the \skt command and print (which is the devanagar
character in the position of the ASCII > character). (A map of the font and
access codes is included at the end of this document.) This requirement may
arise (as for example in producing the font map) because the pre-processor
requires that there be a vowel before an accent or anusvara.

For those rare words that have two successive vowels in devanagar (such as in
``7`) that the pre-processor would misinterpret (and this only applies to the
?3
combinations au and ai which the encoding scheme denes as single vowels,
producing ````` for example), there are three ways to fool the pre-processor;
only the rst of these is carried through to the transliteration modes:
{\skt a{}iu.n| .r.lk| eo"n| aiauc|| pra{}uga pra{uga} pra%
uga||}
Note that, for the third method, there must be a newline immediately after
the % this is the T
E
X line continuation method.
2`[7` 73+ {` 2```7 {` 2```` ``7` ``7` ``7`
a
.
i
.
un
.
| r
.
.
l
.
k | e
.
o n| ai
.
auc || pra
.
uga prauga prauga ||
The same trick may be used to split any multicharacter input, provided that
what is either side of the {} is still valid, for example:
{\skt tha t{}ha} produces -` [.

Some L
A
T
E
X commands are fragile and balk at having skt commands
within their arguments, e.g. \section{\skt bahuvriihi} produces the
error message Undefined Control Sequence. To get around this sort of
problem, dene the skt argument outside the fragile command, e.g.
\newcommand{\bahuvriihi}{\skt bahuvriihi}
\section{\protect\bahuvriihi}

Finally, the simplest method of producing larger sizes of the font is to add
the command \font\bigskt=skt10 at 46mm for example, in the preamble
to the document, and then use {\skt \bigskt tattvamasi} in the text
body. The result (in lightgray to save ink) is:
`?```-`
?8
Installation
If sktbugxx.txt les exist, you may want to implement any changes or
patches rst.
Run the metafont program on the eight font source les (the typical
command would be mf "\mode=ljfour; mag=1; input skt8;") to produce
the .tfm les. If you are using dvips, then the .pk les will be produced
automatically on demand; if not, then you will need to (1) Convert the .gf
les with the command gftopk skt8.600gf (the number 600 depends upon
your printer resolution and the magnication) to produce skt8.600pk which
must be placed in the appropriate subdirectory. (2) Repeat this process with
all eight fonts. (3) For the six skt*10.mf les the whole process needs to be
repeated with the mag value in the mf command set to 1.095, 1.2, 1.44, 1.728,
2.074 and 2.488.
The mf_inputs path needs to point to the les with a .mf extension;
the tex_fonts path should point to the .tfm les; the tex_inputs path
should point to the les skt.sty and ot1skt.fd. The tex_exe (or other
appropriate) path should point to skt.exe.
To test the setup on this documentation le: rst run the pre-processor
skt sktdoc and then latex sktdoc. The les ifthen.sty, relsize.sty
and multicol.sty are also required. (If you are not using dvips and
pstricks then comment out line 12 in sktdoc.skt rst.)
The les in this package are:
readme.txt An ASCII version of these installation notes and part of the
introduction.
skt.sty Style le (L
A
T
E
X2

) for the skt-series fonts.

ot1skt.fd Font descriptor le for the skt-series fonts.
skt.c Pre-processor source program in ANSI C.
sktdoc.skt Source le of documentation and samples.
sktdefs.mf Common denitions of pens, macros, etc. for skt-series fonts.
sktchars.mf Common character source le for skt-series fonts.
sktligs.mf Ligature codes (in fact access codes for non-printing ASCII code
characters) for the skt-series fonts.
?s
skt8.mf metafont source le for skt font at 8pt upright.
skt9.mf metafont source le for skt font at 9pt upright.
skt10.mf metafont source le for skt font at 10pt upright.
sktb10.mf metafont source le for skt font at 10pt bold upright.
sktf10.mf metafont source le for skt font at 10pt feint upright.
skts10.mf metafont source le for skt font at 10pt slanted.
sktbs10.mf metafont source le for skt font at 10pt bold slanted.
sktfs10.mf metafont source le for skt font at 10pt feint slanted.
skt*.tfm Eight .tfm font les for above.
sktbugxx.txt There may be a series of such les, where xx is a two-digit
number, listing reported bugs and (possibly) xes or patches.
Suggestions and bug reports to:
wikner@nacdh4.nac.ac.za
17 February 1997.
A 600 kbyte 600dpi PostScript print le of the documentation and samples is
available by anonymous ftp from ftp.nac.ac.za/wikner/sktdoc.ps600.
Beware: there is a very thin piece of wire to South Africa, and it is stretched rather
taut, so the best time to ftp would be Sunday morning local time (GMT+2:00).
?
input skt skti
a 2 or implicit a
aa 2` or `` a
i [ or ``` i
ii [ or ```
u 7 or u
uu 3 or u
.r 7 or r
.
.r.r ] or r
.
.l 3 or _ l
.
.l.l \ or _

l
.
e {` or e
ai {` or ai
o 2` or ` o
au 2` or ` au
a.m 2 am
.
a"m 2 a m
a
~
m 2 a m
.
a.h 2 ah
.
input skt skti
ka + ka
kha 7` kha
ga ` ga
gha `` gha
"na 7 na
ca ` ca
cha 0 cha
ja 7` ja
jha 5` jha
~
na ` na
.ta 7 t
.
a
.tha 5 t
.
ha
.da 5 d
.
a
.dha 7 d
.
ha
.na ` n
.
a
ta ` ta
tha -` tha
da da
dha `` dha
na -` na
pa ` pa
pha 7 pha
ba ` ba
bha -` bha
ma ` ma
ya ` ya
ra ra
la 7 la
va ` va
"sa 7` sa
.sa ` s
.
a
sa -` sa
ha [ ha
input skt skti
0 0
1 ? 1
2 0 2
3 3 3
4 8 4
5 s 5
6 6
7 u 7
8 8
9 ( 9
input skt skti
.a

| |
|| ||
.o 2 O m
"h
..
h
"da =
..
da
"dha =[
..
dha
a@ 2
,
a

.. . .
a# 2 a
a! 2

a
a!! 2

a
a 2 a
a"1 2? a

1
a"3 23 a

3
a.1 2? a1
a.3 23 a

3
a^ 2
u
a
a a
a `a
a<1> 2
1
a
a<2> 2
2
a
a<3> 2
3
a
a<2r> 2
2r
a
a<2u> 2
2u
a
a<3k> 2
3k
a
a<!!> 2

a
a<u> 2

a
a<w> 2

a
a< > 2

a
a<.> 2

a
a<..> 2


a
a<!> 2

a
a<^> 2

a
a<s> 2 a

Encoding and Transliteration Scheme.
(default options)
?u
Sample Text from R
.
gveda 10.125.
"[

``-``-``-`- ,

``-`[````` ```-

`` `
"[ `````` ^``-`` ```-`-`[``-

`
,

```` "[``-

``-``-`` ?
"[ -`````[

-`-

` ```-`-`[ ```

``

``^` -```
"[ ````

```^` [

```` -````3 `7```-``` -`-`` 0

"[ ` `` -```-``` `-`-`` ````+ ```` `-``` ``````-```
`` `` `` `` ``` -`` `--```` -``

``7``-```` 3
``` -`` "```?` `` ````7``` ` ```^``` ` [

`^``

`7`
"`-``` `` ` 7` ``$`` `-` -

``` -`` -``` ` ` ```` 8

"[`` -```` ```` 7`

``-`` ``-```-`
` +``` ``

`` +

^```` ` ``^`` ````` ` -````` s

"[

`` ``-

`` `-```` `

` ` 7` `` [-``` 7
"[ 7`-``` -`` +

^``-`[ `````

``-```` "` ````7`

"[ -`` ```` ``-`

``--

`` ```-``-`? `-` -`

``` ``` ```l -``-``-

` ```-

`````` ``` ``^``` -

`7```` u
"[`` ``` [` ` ``-```-```^`` -``-```-` ```-

``
`` ```` ` {`-``

``-```````` ``[

-`` -` `-``
?
Sample Text from Samaveda
Samaveda Sam
.
hita (Kauthuma), verses 523528.

` `

```

`7

` ``-

` `

``-

` `-`

`-`

` "

`-

` ``7

```
"

` -

` `

` `

``7

`-

`7

`-`

`0

`[

`7

`-`

``-

`-`` `-` s03

` +`

`7

`-

``

```^`

`-`

` 7

``-

``` `````7

``[

` 7

``

``-` ``

`+

``

`[

` "

``

`-

`-` s08
``

`-

` ``

` [ ````

` ``

`-

` ``

``

` `

^`` `-`

``

``
`

``

` ` `-

` `

```

`0

`-`

` -`

` ` `-`

``

` ```7`

`-`

` s0s
"

``

` [

`-`

``

`-``

``-

` -

`7

`-

``
-

``

``

`-

` `--

` -

`, `

`7

` `-

` [

``` s0
-`

` ``` 7``-

``

``

`-`

` 7

``-

``

` ``

` 7

``-

``

``-

``

`
7

``-``

`-`7

``-

``

` -`

`-` 7``-

`-

`-` 7``-

``

`` ```^`

` s0u
"

`-

` ``

`l

`^` ``

``

`
_
,

``

`^

`````7`-

` `

`^`

`-`

`-`

`-`

^`

` -

` ``-`-

``

`=

``

` `

``

``^` s0
?(
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
00 ` ` ` `
10 3 7 ] 3 \ - {
20 + 7 1 ] - * -
30 ? 0 3 8 s u ( ` 2
40 2 - 0 5 [ 5 7 = {
50 7 7 - _ 7 $ =
60 ` 7 [ , 7 + 7 - 7
70 5 - _ 7 = - - 7
80 7 q 6 0 5 ? = 5 l
90 ~ .
A0
B0 + ) q " 7 7 ^
C0 , _ _ _ , , ,
D0 _ , , , _
E0 , _ , . ,
F0 _ , .
Font Table: skt-series fonts (at 17.28pt).
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
00 i0 i3 i4 i5 i6 i7 i8 i9 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 o x X w W r8 r9 >
20 R2 8 r1 k1 j1 P1 h1 r2 ( ) * + , - . /
30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
40 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
50 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ L1 ] H1 R1
60 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
70 p q r s t u v w x y z r4 L2 m1 s1 l1
80 k2 k3 k4 c1 C1 j2 t1 t2 t3 d1 n1 p1 l2 S1 S2 h2
90 t4 d2 m2 y1 y2 y3 h3 h4 h5 ! s u w
A0
B0 @0 @1 @2 r @4 @5 @6 R @8 @9 A [ ] J N T
C0 @A @B @C @D @E @F @G @H @I @J @K @L @M @N @O
D0 @P @Q @R @S @T @U @V @W @X @Y @Z
E0 @a @b @c @d @e @f @g @h @i @j @k @l @m @n @o
F0 @p @q @r @s @t @u @v @w @x @y @z
Font Access Codes: skt-series fonts.
0?
Sam
.
yoga Table
This lists the sam
.
yoga tested by the font: the rst shown is the default; where
it is aected by user-selectable options, all the possible forms are shown. The
sources used in compiling this table, in order consulted, are:
c
Michael Coulson, Teach Yourself Sanskrit, pp 22-24.
m
Monier-Williams, A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, p 2.
p
S.C.Vasu, As
.
t
.
adhyay of Pan
.
ini, (Riddled with typos.)
a
J E Agenbroad, Dicult Characters: A Collection of Devanagari Conjunct
Consonants, Int. Assoc. of Orientalist Librarians, Bulletin 38, pp. 1753.
1
c
kka

++
2
a
kkn
.
a ++` ++^`
3
a
kkya

.`

`` ++`
4
a
kksa ++7`
5
c
kkha +7`
6
a
kkhya +7`
7
p
k na

_ ` +7
8
c
kca +`
9
p
kcha +0
10
a
kja +7`
11
p
kt
.
a +7
12
a
kt
.
ra +7
13
p
kt
.
ha +5
14
c
kn
.
a +`
15
c
kta 7 +`
16
a
ktca +`
17
c
ktya 7.` 7` +`
18
c
ktra 7 +`
19
c
ktrya 7 .` 7 ` +`
20
c
ktva q +`
21
p
ktha +-` +`
22
p
kthna +-` +`
+-` +--`
23
p
kthya +-` +`
24
a
kda +
25
c
kna

+-`
26
c
knya

.`

`` +-`
27
p
kpa +`
28
p
kpra +`
29
p
kpha +7
30
c
kma 6 +`
31
a
kmya 6` +`
32
c
kya +.` +`
33
c
kra +
34
c
krya + .` + `
35
c
kla

+7 +7`

,
36
a
klya

``

``

,` +7`
37
c
kva

+`
38
c
kvya

.`

`` +`
39
p
ksa +7`
40
p
ksla +-

` +-,` +*,`
+*

` +77 +77`
41
a
kssa +77`
42
c
ks
.
a $` 7`
43
m
ks
.
n
.
a $` 7`
7^` $^`
44
p
ks
.
n
.
ya $` 7`
7^` $^`
45
c
ks
.
ma $` 7`
46
a
ks
.
mya $-` 7-`
47
c
ks
.
ya $` 7`
48
a
ks
.
ra $` 7`
49
a
ks
.
la $7 77
77` $7`
50
c
ks
.
va $` 7`
51
p
ksa +-`
52
a
kst
.
a +-7
53
a
kst
.
ra +-7
54
a
ksd
.
a +-

5
00
55
p
kstra +-`
56
a
kspra +-

`
57
a
kspla +-

` +-

7
+-

7` +-

,`
58
p
ksra +-

`
59
p
ksva +-`
60
a
khkha 77`
61
a
khta 7`
62
a
khna

` 7-`
63
a
khnya

`` 7-`
64
a
khma 7`
65
c
khya 7`
66
c
khra 7`
67
a
khla 77 77`
68
a
khva 7`
69
a
khsa 77`
70
a
khsa 7-`
71
a
gga `
72
p
ggha `
73
a
gghya `
74
a
gja ,`
75
x
gj na ` 7`
76
a
gjya ,`
77
a
gjha 5`
78
a
gd
.
a 5
79
a
gd
.
ha 7
80
a
gn
.
a ` ^`
81
p
gda
82
a
gddha `
83
a
gddhva `

84
a
gdya `` `
85
a
gdva
86
a
gdha `
87
a
gdhya `
88
a
gdhra `
89
a
gdhva `
90
m
gna
,

`` -`
91
m
gnya
,

``` -`
92
a
gba `
93
a
gbha -`
94
m
gbhya -`
95
p
gma `
96
a
gmya -`
97
c
gya `
98
c
gra `
99
c
grya `
100
m
gla 7 7`
101
p
gva `
102
a
gsa -`
103
a
g+ha [
104
c
ghna
_

`-`
105
c
ghnya
_

` `-`
106
c
ghma ``
107
c
ghya ``
108
c
ghra ``
109
a
ghrya ``
110
a
ghla `7 `7`
111
p
ghva ``
112
c
nka
_

113
c
nkta
_

114
c
nktya
_

`
115
a
nktra
_

116
a
nktrya
_

`
117
a
nktva
_

,

118
a
nktha
_
.
`
_
.
``
119
c
nkya
_
.

``
120
p
nkra
_

121
p
nkva
_

122
c
nks
.
a
_

_
,

123
a
nks
.
n
.
a
_
,

,
_
,


,
_
,

_
,

124
a
nks
.
n
.
va
_
,

,
_
,

,
_
,

_
,

125
a
nks
.
ma
_

,
`
_
,
,

`
126
a
nks
.
ya
_

`
_
,

``
127
a
nks
.
ra
_

_
,

128
c
nks
.
va
_

_
,

129
c
nkha
_

`
130
a
nkhna
_

`
131
c
nkhya
_

``
132
a
nkhra
_

03
133
c
nga
_
,

134
a
ngma
_
,,

``
135
c
ngya
_
,
`
136
a
ngra
_
,

137
a
ngla
_
,

_
,
,
`
138
p
ngva
_
,

,
139
c
ngha
_
_

140
c
nghya
_
_

`
141
c
nghra
_
_

142
c
n na
_
_
143
p
nca
_
,

`
144
p
nja
_
.

145
p
nn
.
a
_
,


_
,

146
p
nn
.
va
_
,

_

,

`
147
p
nta
_

148
p
ndha
_

149
c
nna
_

150
p
npa
_

151
p
npra
_

152
p
nbha
_
, `
153
p
nbhya
_
,
`
154
c
nma
_
,

`
155
c
nya 7`
156
a
nra 7
157
a
nrva 7

158
a
nrvya
_
`
159
p
nla
_

_
,

160
p
nva 7

161
p
nsa
_
_

162
a
ns
.
a
_

163
p
nsa
_
,

`
164
p
nstha
_
,

`
_
,

``
165
p
nspa
_
,

166
p
nsva
_
,

167
p
nha
_

168
p
nhya
_

`
169
p
nhra
_

170
p
cka +
171
p
ckta 7 +`
172
p
ckha 7`
173
c
cca ` `
174
a
ccya ` `
175
c
ccha 0
176
m
cchya 0 0`
177
c
cchra 0
178
p
cchla
_

_
,
179
p
cchva 0

180
c
c na
,

` `
181
p
cta `
182
p
ctrya ``
183
a
cna
,

` -`
184
p
cpa `
185
p
cpra `
186
p
cpha 7
187
c
cma `
188
c
cya `
189
a
cra `
190
p
cla 7 7`
191
p
cva `
192
p
cvya `
193
a
cs
.
a `
194
p
csa -`
195
p
csva -`
196
a
chna
_

197
a
chma
_
, ` 0~`
198
c
chya 0 0`
199
c
chra 0
200
a
chrya 0 0 `
201
a
chla
_

_
,
202
a
chva 0

203
p
jka 7+
204
c
jja
.
.
` 5`
205
a
jj na 7

` 77`
206
a
jjya
.
.
`` 5`
207
p
jjva 5`
208
c
jjha 75` 7
209
a
jjhra 75` 7
210
c
j na ` 7`
211
c
j nya ` 7`
212
a
j nra ` 7`
213
a
jt
.
a 77
08
214
a
jd
.
a 75
215
p
jda 7
216
a
jna
.

` 7-`
217
a
jpa 7`
218
p
jba 7`
219
p
jbhya 7-`
220
p
jbhra 7-`
221
c
jma 7`
222
c
jya 7`
223
c
jra 7`
224
a
jla 77 77`
225
c
jva 7`
226
a
jhjha 55`

227
a
jhna
_
` -

`
228
a
jhma 5`~`

`
229
a
jhya 5`` `
230
a
jhra 5`
231
a
jhla 57

,

,

`` 57`
232
a
jhva 5`
233
p
nka +
234
p
nkva

+`
235
p
nkta 7 +`
236
p
nkha 7`
237
p
ngra `
238
c
nca

,
` `
239
a
nccha

,0 0
240
c
ncma

,`~` `
241
c
ncya

,
`` `
242
a
ncva

,

` `
243
c
ncha 0
244
a
nchya 0 0`
245
a
nchra 0
246
c
nja

.

,`
247
p
nj na ` 7`
248
a
njma

.

~` ,`
249
c
njya

.

` ,`
250
p
njva
.

` ,`
251
a
njha 5`
252
p
n na

` `
253
p
n nya

`` `
254
p
nt
.
ha 5
255
p
nn
.
a ` ^`
256
p
nda
257
p
ndva
258
p
nna

` -`
259
p
npa `
260
p
nbha -`
261
p
nbhya -`
262
p
nma `
263
p
nya `
264
a
nra `
265
a
nla 7 7`
266
p
nva `
267
p
nsa 7`
268
p
nsa -`
269
p
nsna

` --`
270
p
t
.
ka
_

271
a
t
.
kha
_

272
p
t
.
ca
_
,

273
p
t
.
cha
_
_
274
c
t
.
t
.
a
_
_
275
p
t
.
t
.
ya
_
_`
276
p
t
.
t
.
ha
_

277
a
t
.
t
.
hya
_
`
278
a
t
.
d
.
ha
_
_
279
a
t
.
n
.
a
_
,

_
,

280
p
t
.
ta
_

281
p
t
.
tra
_

.
282
a
t
.
tsa

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