State Science Fair For Young Children 2013

First and foremost , we would like to thank our headmaster, science teachers,
parents, and friends for being so courageous throughout our science project and the
report preparation.

They did assist us on how to go about gathering relevant information regarding the
task given to us. Besides, our teacher adviser Mrs. Machap did advise us on what
should be done in order to accomplish our task without much hassle. Nevertheless,
he also did epose us on various elements which are re!uired in the making of our
project report before we go into the final draft.

"ence, we did surf the internet and successfully retrieved some information
re!uired that would help us to compose our project report to the utmost best
through some search engines that available.
#nd at last, $ would like to etend my gratitude to the "eadmaster and %&' ( for
rendering wonderful support for our dynamic group.
Thanking all of you for your spectacular anticipation.
K,Neshalenee, C. Lahvenyah,
V.Elango,W. Charles Metew,
M. Ruthran
( SJK(T) lor !a"ah)
#NTR$%&CT#$N
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
Science Fair
)cience is the systematic study of nature and the knowledge gained
thereby. *hile scientific facts are important, fact alone, divorced from methods
employed to discover them are incomplete, could in fact hammer scientific
progress.
$n this project students will learn science and its methods better if
science is more of hands+on or eperimental eperience, where students are path of
discovering scientific truths. S'(en'e )a(r is the an eciting component for the mid+
school science curriculum. )tudents bring science to life as they deal with
investigative !uestions trough hand+on eperiments, helping them develop and
demonstrate their interests and strengths in science.
The reason we participate in this )cience fair competition is we can
learn science and its methods better if science is more of hands+on eperience.
)ame time this will helps us to develop and demonstrate interests and strengths in
science. *e choose this title to get more information about the *RC+&TE
*ER,$RMNCE by manipulate the shapes and materials.
-a'.groun/ Resear'h
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
&arachutes are used for many things. They are used by race cars, space shuttles,
aircraft and skydivers to help them slow down to a safe speed. The parachute slows
the speeding body down because it causes air resistance, or drag. ,rag is the
friction between an object and the air that it is moving through. The larger an
object is, the bigger the surface area it will have. This larger surface area causes
more air molecules to be moved aside which leads to more drag. The more drag,
the slower the speed of descent. The air causing this drag pushes the parachute
back up, and creates a force opposite to the force of gravity or any force that is
moving forward. #s a skydiver falls slowly to the earth with a parachute, these
-push and pull- forces are nearly in balance. The drag force from the parachute is
slightly less than the force of gravity, so the skydiver floats slowly to the ground.
S(r #saa' Newton /es'r(0e/ several Laws o) Mot(on. +(s ,(rst Law o) Mot(on
states that () the )or'es on an o0"e't are (n 0alan'e, the o0"e't1s s2ee/ an/
/(re't(on o) 3ot(on won1t 'hange. Therefore if an object is not moving, it will
continue to stay still and if it is moving, it will continue to move in a straight line at
a constant speed. )kydivers go through periods of time on every jump where the
forces are not balanced therefore they are often accelerating. $t is known that the
force of gravity is pulling all objects towards the earth at an acceleration rate
of../m0s1. $n freefall 2without the parachute out3 the force of gravity is greater than
the drag on the body so it accelerates. The faster an object moves through air, the
greater the drag. This means that as the skydiver accelerates the amount of drag
increases. 4ventually, the drag will be e!ual to the force of gravity which means
that the person will no longer be accelerating, but moving at a constant speed just
as Newton described. This is called terminal velocity, and is roughly (15 miles per
hour. *ithout a parachute to help balance the forces, a person will hit the ground at
(15 miles per hour6 7nce a parachute has been deployed, the skydiver8s surface
area is increased. This leads to increased drag and a rebalancing between drag and
gravity. This balancing of the forces leads to a new constant velocity of 14
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
mph which is a much safer rate of descent. Parachute design
must take several things into consideration. The canopys stability
relies on allowing air to escape smoothly. Creating a vent at the
apex of the parachute that is between 1 and 1! of its "at
surface area will allow air to exit smoothly rather than on
alternating sides. #uspension lines will reduce the parachutes
surface area because they pull the canopy in and down.
$engthening the lines can decrease the descent speed. %eal
parachutes are made of a lightweight& reinforced nylon& much like
tent material and are very durable.
E4*ER#MENT T#TLE 5 *RC+&TE
*ro0le3 5 "ow does a parachute8s sha2e and 3ater(al affect
the speed at which it falls9
(3 6$0"e't(ve 5
(. To investigate the relationship between the materials of the
parachute and the speed of fall .
1. To investigate the relationship between the shapes of the
parachute and the speed of fall.
+y2othes(s 5 7.The octagon shape parachute took longer time to

reach the ground compared to rectangular and
s!uare shape parachutes.
8. The parachute made from plastic took longer time
to reach the ground then the parachute that made
from nylon and cotton cloth.
**RT&S NEE%E%
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
)cissor
)top *atch :alculator

&aper cup Marker pen Trash bag

Nylon 'loth Cotton 'loth Trans2arent ta2e
+ole 2un'h Stur/y str(ng Metal ruler
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
VR#-LES
Man(2ulate/
the sha2e o) the 2ara'hute
the 3ater(al o) the 2ara'hute
Res2on/(ng
T(3e ta.en 0y the 2ara'hute to rea'h the groun/
Constant
rea o) the 2ara'hute (79::'3;)
We(ght o) the "u32er

Length o) the str(ng (<:'3 )
+e(ght = /ro2 the 2ara'hute (>3 )

State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
E?2er(3ent *ro'e/ures
7. The sha2es o) a s@uare, re'tangle ,an/ o'tagon are /rawn on the trash
0ag.
8. The sha2es are 'ut us(ng a 2a(r o) s'(ssors.
>. The e(ght e/ges at the en/ o) ea'h sha2e are 3ar.e/ us(ng a 3ar.er.
<. Re(n)or'e the 3ar.e/ area w(th the trans2arent ta2e.
A. hole (n ea'h 3ar.e/ area us(ng hole 2un'h (s 3a/e.
9. The str(ng (s t(e/ at ea'h o) the hole.
B. The str(ng (s )(?e/ w(th the "u32er.
C. The 2ara'hutes are rea/y )or the e?2er(3ent.
D. The 2ara'hutes are atta'he/ on the hanger 3a'h(ne wh('h hol/s the
2ara'hute (n 2os(t(ons.
7:.The hanger 3a'h(ne (s ra(se/ to 'erta(n he(ght.
77. The 2ara'hutes are release/ at the sa3e t(3e.
78. The t(3e ta.en 0y ea'h 2ara'hute to rea'h the groun/ (s re'or/e/.
7>. The e?2er(3ent (s re2eate/ )or A t(3es.
7<. nother e?2er(3ent (s /one 0y 3an(2ulat(ng the 3ater(al o) the
2ara'hutes.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
Result 5
E4*ER#MENT 7
Ty2e o)
3ater(als
T(3e ta.en to rea'h the groun/ verage
T(3e

S2ee/ T7 T8 T> T< TA
Cotto
n 'loth
7.:C 7.A9 7.8< 7.99 7.<D 7.<7 8.7>
Ny
lon 'loth
7.97 7.C7 7.99 7.C9 7.D7 7.BB 7.9D
*la
st(' -ag 8.8 8.8D >.A9 <.:7 <.77 >.8> :.D>
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
Discussions
To calculate the speed of the parachute we use the formula below'
#peed ( distance travelled )m*
Time taken )s*
The 2ara'hute w(th the l(ghtest 3ater(al ( trash 0ag ) too. longer t(3e to )all
an average an/ the 2ara'hute w(th the heav(est 3ater(al ( 'otton 'loth ) /(/
)all )aster an average.
C$NCL&S#$N 5
$ur 'on'lus(on (s that our hy2othes(s was su22orte/, the 2ara'hute w(th the
heav(est we(ght /(/ )all )aster than the 2ara'hute w(th the l(ghtest we(ght.
There)ore the s2ee/ o) the 2ara'hute was e))e'te/ 0y the 2ara'hute 3ater(als.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
RES&LT 5
E4*ER#MENT 8
Sha2e o) the
*ara'hute
T(3e ta.en to rea'h the groun/
verage S2ee/
T7 T8 T> T< TA
S
@uare
8.B9 >.D9 7.B9 7.D7 7.BD 8.<< 7.8>
Re't
angle
7.BA 8.8> 7.99 7.<> 7.79 7.9A 7.C8
$'
tagon >.:7 8.< 7.DA >.AC 8.D< 8.BC 7.:C
Discussions
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
To calculate the speed of the parachute we use the formula below'
#peed ( distance travelled )m*
Time taken )s*
The result shows that the 2ara'hute (n the sha2e o) a o'tagon have the slowest
/e'ent 0e'ause there w(ll 0e 3ore /rag an/ a(r res(stan'e a't(ng on the
o'tagon sha2e 'aus(ng (t to have the slowest /es'ent.
Con'lus(on 5
We 0el(eve the results we have 'olle'te/ are reasona0ly rel(a0le although there
are so3e 3(s'ellaneous results su'h as e))e't 0y the w(n/ )ro3 the
surroun/(ng an/ 2la'e. ny ware #t was 'on'lu/e/ that the o'tagon sha2e
2ara'hute /e3onstrate/ the slowest overall average /e'ent rate 'o32are to
tr(angular an/ s@uare sha2e 2ara'hutes.
)afety &recaution )afety &recaution
%o not use .n()e to 'ut trash 0ag
%o not 'l(30 any h(gh 2la'es to /ro2 2ara'hutes w(thout a/ult
su2erv(s(on.
L()e e?a32le 5
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
N#C ,ETER#S
PARACHUTE JUMPER A! A!"ETURER
$magine. ;ou take 7N4 step and are propelled into the most etreme environment on
earth. Turning back is not an option.
;ou are now in the vicinity of what it feels like to make a freefall parachute jump off a very tall
mountain. Nic Feteris jumps off mountains, and he asks his audiences to do that too.
<ike this= picture yourself thousands of feet up, toes hanging over the edge of a sheer vertical
drop, ready to jump. Think of the most focused you have ever been in your entire life. Now
!uadruple it. Now, jump. *hatever you were thinking about one minute ago has vanished.
)uddenly all that eists is what you see before you, and a set of actions to make your jump
successful and safe.
Now imagine Nic taking his audience on that jump, at your event. &reparing your team for its8
own giant leap forward. "elping them to concentrate on their challenge ahead.
Nic speaks about climbing and jumping off mountains 2plus other awe+inspiring pinnacles, like
the )tatue of <iberty3 in terms of the teamwork, planning, and solution selling that makes his
adventures achievable. "e does so while demonstrating the pioneering spirit, tenacity, and sheer
determination that are very often necessary to transform our dreams, visions or ideas into reality.
*hen Nic made his first pioneering jump from a mountain, 4l :apitan, at ;osemite National
&ark in :alifornia, he was alone, with no one to lead the way. "e had never even heard of >base+
jumping? back then, an adventure sport well established today.
"e was pioneering too, when he set the eisting world+record for the highest base+jump, by
parachuting from another very special and spectacular mountain, the 1(,@@@+foot high %reat
Trango Tower in &akistan. This time, however, it was a team effort.
Nic successfully eecuted his idea to make a documentary, with partner National %eographic
Television distributing it to over /@ countries. "e sold his film concept to corporate sponsors,
who also profited from its success. Most of all, he realised his vision to portray a sport many
regarded was for people with a >death wish?, as an inspiring professional adventure.
The professional skills Nic drew upon to make that and other dreams come true were developed
during a former career in media and advertising. "e worked in magaAine publishing for more
than a decade, mostly with media specialising in information technology, in positions ranging
from )ales 4ecutive to &ublisher.
These days Nic runs Bump &ty <td, his marketing and promotions business based in )ydney. #s
well as being the vehicle that promotes and coordinates Nic8s adventures, Bump is a consultant to
strategic and e!uity partners, for eample, adventure travel operator *ild "olidays, based in
$ndia.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
Bump is currently working on Nic8s latest adventure project, an epedition to traverse a remote
region of *est &apua, $ndonesia, through uncharted territory 2literally3, and one of the least+
eplored places on earth. $n search of as yet undiscovered mountains to jump from, of course.
Finally, after inspiring his audience to take pioneering steps to the brink of their own precipice of
outstanding personal achievement, Nic takes them right over the edge, with breathtaking film
footage of his world+record jump. $t is an unforgettable visual eperience that will raise the
eyebrows of your most >been there, done that? overachievers.
*hether your audience needs to jump into the record books, or step just outside their personal
comfort Aone, Nic leaves you with a fresh sense of courage and commitment to succeed.
*ara'hute Ju32er (7D>>)
Banuary 1C, (.DD
,ouglas Fairbanks Br. and Frank Mc"ugh Teamed in a )tory of #dventures in #ir and on 4arth.
By M7E,#FNT "#<<.
&ublished= Banuary 1C, (.DD
,ouglas Fairbanks Br. is the stellar performer in -&arachute Bumper,- the present film at the
*arnersG )trand. $t is a fast+moving tale of adventure in the air and on earth, and although it has
some unnecessarily coarse scenes it is for the most part a racy affair, with glimpses of airplane
crashes and others depicting men leaping from flying machines with parachutes.
$ts variety evidently pleased some in the audience at the initial showing. There are flashes of
marines in Nicaragua, and later the principal characters, Bill 'eller and Toodles, reach New ;ork
with hope of being employed by a commercial aircraft company. $t happens, however, that the
concern has vacated its offices and 'eller 2Mr. Fairbanks3 and Toodles 2Frank Mc"ugh3 are
forced to look for jobs elsewhere. 'eller, while bemoaning his bad luck somewhere in the
vicinity of :entral &ark, encounters a girl who prefers to be known as #labama. From then on
the trio have some unusual eperiences in %otham. 'eller is the leading light of the three. "e
finds employment as a chauffeur to a Mrs. Newberry, who takes a great fancy to him. $t is soon
revealed that this woman is the mistress of a man named *eber, a racketeer. 'eller drives *eber
and Mrs. Newberry to the theatre and then takes Toodles and #labama for a long ride. 'eller,
however, soon loses his position as chauffeur, for *eber, suspecting that Mrs. Newberry is !uite
impressed by the epert driver, returns suddenly to his mistressGs apartment, where he finds the
two in a compromising situation.
*eber might have ended 'ellerGs life then and there, but the bravado of the chauffeur causes the
gangster to change his mind. #fter dismissing Mrs. Newberry, *eber gives 'eller a job, perhaps
one of the most uni!ue positions on record in real life or on the screen. "e is paid to sit behind a
screen with two pistols ready to fire on any of *eberGs threatening callers.
This position leads to flying over to :anada, to shooting down government planes that 'eller
thinks are hijackers, and eventually to even more disastrous doings. )ometimes 'eller is
etraordinarily clever and on other occasions he seems rather dense. "ere and there one gleans
some of the ruses of racketeers and thugs, but little of the story is ever convincing. #t one
moment both 'eller and Toodles are in airplanes, 'eller with *eber as his passenger. The
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
gangster holds a threatening pistol at 'eller, who suddenly loops the loop and when the plane is
righted he seiAes the weapon, from the daAed racketeer.
Mr. Fairbanks acts with the necessary flair for his rHle. Bette ,avis is attractive as #labama, who
speaks with a most decided )outhern drawl. Frank Mc"ugh furnishes some effective comedy
and <eo :arillo plays the racketeer in a provocative fashion. :laire ,odd is cast as the strange
Mrs. Newberry, a part she acts as well as it is possible.
**EN%#45
+(story
There is some evidence that rigid, umbrella+like parachutes were used for entertainment in :hina
as early as the twelfth century, allowing people to jump from high places and float to the ground.
The first recorded design for a parachute was drawn by <eonardo da Iinci in (J.5. $t consisted
of a pyramid+shaped, linen canopy held open by a s!uare, wooden frame. $t was proposed as an
escape device to allow people to jump from a burning building, but there is no evidence that it
was ever tested.
&arachute development really began in the eighteenth century. $n (K/D <ouis+)ebastien
<enormand, a French physicist, jumped from a tree while holding two parasols. Two years later,
B. &. Blanchard, another Frenchman, used silk to make the first parachute that was not held open
by a rigid frame. There is some evidence that he used the device to jump from a hot air balloon.
There is etensive evidence that #ndre Bac!ues %arnerin made numerous parachute jumps from
hot air balloons, beginning in (K.K. "is first jump, in &aris, was from an altitude of at least 1,@@@
ft 2C@@ m3. $n (/@1, he jumped from an altitude of /,@@@ ft 21,J@@ m3L he rode in a basket
attached to a wooden pole that etended downward from the ape 2top3 of the canopy, which was
made of either silk or canvas. The parachute assembly weighed about (@@ lb 2J5 kg3. ,uring the
descent, the canopy oscillated so wildly that %arnerin became airsick. $n fact, he was once
!uoted as saying that he -usually eperienced Mpainful vomitingN for several hours after a descent
in a parachute.- $n (/@J, French scientist Boseph <elandes introduced the ape ventOa circular
hole in the center of the canopyOand thus eliminated the troublesome oscillations.
#mericans became involved in parachute development in (.@( when :harles Broadwick
designed a parachute pack that was laced together with a cord. *hen the parachutist jumped, a
line connecting the cord with the aircraft caused the cord to break, opening the pack and pulling
out the parachute. $n (.(1, :aptain #lbert Berry of the F.). #rmy accomplished the first
parachute jump from a moving airplane. &arachutes did not become standard e!uipment for
#merican military pilots until after *orld *ar $ 2%erman pilots used them during the final year
of that war3.
&arachutes were widely used during *orld *ar $$, not only as life+saving devices for pilots, but
also for troop deployment. $n (.JJ, an #merican named Frank ,erry patented a design that
placed slots in the outer edge of the canopy to make a parachute steerable.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
The world record for the highest parachute jump was set in (.C@. Boe 'ittinger, a test pilot for
the F.). #ir ForceGs &roject 4celsior ascended in a balloon to an altitude of (@1,/@@ ft 2D( km3
and jumped. Fsing only a Cft 2(./ m3 parachute to keep him in a stable, vertical position, he
eperienced essentially free fall for four minutes and D/ seconds, reaching a speed of K(J mph
2(,(5@ km0h3. #t an altitude of (K,5@@ ft 25.D km3, his 1/+ft 2/.5+m3 parachute opened. $n all, his
fall lasted nearly (J minutes.
Raw Mater(als
&arachute canopies were first made of canvas. )ilk proved to be more practical because it was
thin, lightweight, strong, easy to pack, fire resistant, and springy. ,uring *orld *ar $$, the
Fnited )tates was unable to import silk from Bapan, and parachute manufacturers began using
nylon fabric. The material turned out to be superior to silk because it was more elastic, more
resistant to mildew, and less epensive. 7ther fabrics, such as ,acron and 'evlar, have recently
been used for parachute canopies, but nylon remains the most popular material. More
specifically, parachutes are made of -ripstop- nylon that is woven with a double or etra+thick
thread at regular intervals, creating a pattern of small s!uares. This structure keeps small tears
from spreading.
7ther fabric components such as reinforcing tape, harness straps, and suspension lines are
also made of nylon. Metal connectors are made of forged steel that is plated with cadmium to
prevent rusting. Eipcords are made from stainless steel cable.
7ne parachute manufacturing plant lists its monthly materials use as eceeding J@@,@@@ s! yd
2DD@,@@@ m
1
3 of fabric, 5@@,@@@ yd 2J55 km3 of tape and webbing, 1.D million yd 21,@@@ km3 of
cord, and D,@@@ lb 2(,J@@ kg3 of thread.
%es(gn
# dome canopy may consist of a flat circle of fabric, or it may have a conical or parabolic
shape that will not lie flat when spread out. $t has a vent hole at the ape to allow some air to
flow through the open canopy. )ome designs also have a few mesh panels near the outer edge of
the canopy to aid in steering the descent. )ome designs use continuous suspension lines that run
across the entire span of the canopy and etend to the harness on each end. 7thersOas described
in -The Manufacturing &rocess-Ouse segments of suspension lines that are attached only to the
outer edge of the canopy 2and across the ape vent3.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
The Manu)a'tur(ng *ro'ess
A##e$%ling
( Eipstop nylon cloth is spread on a long table and cut according to pattern pieces. The
cutting may be done by a computer+guided mechanism or by a person using a round+
bladed electric knife.
1 Four trapeAoidal panels are sewn together to form a wedge+shaped -gore- about (D ft
2D..C m3 long. # two+needle industrial sewing machine stitches two parallel rows,
maintaining consistent separation between
A typical dome canopy parachute.
the rows. To provide sufficient strength and enclose the raw fabric edges, a -French fell-
seam is usedL an attachment on the sewing machine folds the cloth edges as a highly
skilled operator feeds the material through it. ,epending on the parachuteGs specific
design, a few of the gore sections may be sewn using mesh rather than ripstop nylon
fabric for the largest panel.
D # number of gores 2typically 1J3 are sewn together, side by side, to form a circular
canopy. The seams are sewn in the same manner as in )tep 1.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
J 4very panel and every seam is carefully inspected on a lighted inspection table to make
certain that the seams are correctly folded and sewn and that there are no flaws in the
cloth. $f any weaving defects, sewn+in pleats, or an incorrect number of stitches per inch
is found, the canopy is rejected. The problems are recorded on an inspection sheet, and
they must be repaired before additional work is done.
. French fell seam. -. Needle hem. C. I+tab. %. 7utside view of stitched v+tab.
Fini#hing
5 # tape the same width as the original seam is sewn on top of each radial seam using two
more rows of stitching. This tape strengthens the canopy.
C The top of each gore is a few inches 2several centimeters3 wideL after the gores are sewn
together, their tops form a small open circle 2the vent3 at the center of the canopy. To
reinforce the vent and to keep the cloth from fraying, the fabric is rolled around a piece of
webbing and sewn with a four+needle sewing machine, which stitches four parallel rows
at once.
K The bottom of each gore is 1+D ft 2@.5+( m3 wide. )ewn together, these edges form the
outer edge 2the skirt3 of the canopy. This edge is finished in the same manner as the vent,
as in )tep C.
/ # short piece of reinforcing tape is sewn to the skirt at each radial tape. $t is folded into
a -I- pointing outward from the canopy. # specialiAed automatic sewing machine,
designed for this specific operation, is used to sew precisely the same number of stitches
in eactly the same pattern every time.
. 7ne end of a 1@ ft 2C m3 long suspension line is threaded through each I+shaped tab,
which will distribute the load from the line to a section of the skirt hem. Fsing a special
AigAag pattern that is both strong and elastic, the suspension cord is sewn to the canopyGs
hem tape and to the canopy seam for a length of J+(@ in 2(@+15 cm3.
(@ #fter the 1J suspension lines are sewn to the canopy, (1 ( ft 2D@ cm3 long ape lines
are similarly sewn to the central vent. 7ne end of each line is stitched into a I+tab, then
the line crosses the vent to the opposite seam where the other end is stitched into a I+tab.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
Rigging
(( The canopy is attached to the harness by tying the suspension lines to steel connector
links on the harness. The lines must not be twisted or tangled if the parachute is to
function properly. #ttaching the lines to their correct se!uential positions on the
connecting links of the harness and making certain that the lines are straight is called
rigging the parachute. The line end may be knotted at the harness link, or the end may be
threaded back inside the line like a -:hinese fingertrap.-
(1 To keep the attaching knot or fingertrap from untying, the end of each suspension
. Two half hitches. -. :love and half hitch. C. Braided suspension line.
line is AigAag stitched to the main section of the line.
(D 4very assembly operation, every seam, even every stitch is reviewed for completion
and correctness. *hen the parachute is approved, it is marked with a serial number, the
date of manufacture, and a final inspection stamp.
(J # parachute rigger licensed by the Federal #viation #dministration 2F##3 assembles
the component parts 2e.g., canopy, suspension lines, pilot chute3 and carefully folds and
arranges them in the pack, securing it with the appropriate activation device such as a
ripcord.
Eual(ty Control
The !uality control systems used by parachute manufacturers must meet the re!uirements for
civil and0or military aviation e!uipment established by the federal government, under the
supervision of the F##. $n addition to the lighted inspection tables mentioned, other types of
testing e!uipment include tensile test machines 2to measure strength of fabric and seams while
being pulled3, permeameters 2to test the amount of air that can pass through the fabric3, and basic
measuring devices 2e.g., to count stitches per inch3.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
The ,uture
<ike other manufacturers, parachute makers continually search for better materials and designs.
&erhaps the most intriguing future development for parachutes, however, is their potential use to
control the emergency descent of entire aircraft. #t least one company, Ballistic Eecovery
)ystems $nc. 2BE)3, is already manufacturing such %eneral #viation Eecovery ,evices
2%#E,s3 for use on small airplanes.
Fsing an etremely low+porosity, strong, lightweight fabric for the canopy, the manufacturer
bakes a (,C@@+s!uare+foot 2(5@+m
1
3 canopy and vacuum+packs it into a (5P(@PC+in 2D/P15P(5+
cm3 bag weighing 15 lb 2(@ kg3. The pack is installed inside the roof liner of the airplane near its
center of gravity. To ensure that the parachute will deploy even in low+altitude emergencies, it is
activated by a small rocket device.
By the late (..@s, more than (J,@@@ light and ultralight airplanes have already been e!uipped
with %#E,s costing Q1,@@@+QJ,@@@ each. #s of Bune (../, BE) had documented (1( lives
saved by the devices. The F## has approved a %#E, system for two models of :essna
airplanes.
# system of five parafoils has been proposed for use on Boeing KJK commercial airliners. The
comple system would allow the pilot to control the deployment of each canopy. Eather than
dropping the airplane straight down, the system would establish a glide path that would allow the
pilot to control and land the craft. The practicality of the proposed system has not yet been
proven.
3a?(3u3 surv(val t(3e an/ 3(n(3u3 /(stan'e when a "u32er o2ens h(s 2ara'hute.
E?2la(n the reasons.
''ura'y Lan/(ngs
F >: Stan/=&2 Lan/(ngs w(th(n 7: 3eters o) the target
'enter, 'ons(st(ng o)5
F (7:) No w(n/6l(ght w(n/ a''ura'y
F (7:) A=7: 32h
F (7:) 7:=7C 32h
F ,ull ,l(ght 22roa'h
F -ra.e/ 22roa'h (A=7: 32h w(n/, no tur0ulen'e)
The a0(l(ty to lan/ 2re'(sely (n a 2lanne/ lo'at(on (s essent(al )or sa)e 2ara'hut(ng.
Th(s allows the 2(lot to negot(ate 'onstra(ne/ lan/(ng areas (n the event o) an o))=)(el/
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
lan/(ng, el(3(nat(ng the nee/ )or last 3(nute 'orre't(ons /ue to a )aulty a22roa'h. Su'h
3(sse/ a22roa'hes (n t(ght lan/(ng areas o)ten result (n a''(/ents. Re2l('at(on o) the
a22roa'h (n var(e/ 'on/(t(ons (s also an (32ortant 2art o) the /e3onstrat(on o) th(s s.(ll,
an/ (s re@u(re/ )or the )ul)(ll3ent o) th(s s.(ll 'ategory.
Lan/(ng har/ on target (s not the goal o) th(s e?er'(se. There)ore (t (s also 2art o) the
re@u(re3ent to lan/ so)tly w(thout the nee/ )or a *L,. Th(s re@u(res a 3ore a/van'e/
un/erstan/(ng o) the 2ara'hute so that the /es'ent rate 'an 0e negate/ 2r(or to lan/(ng.
G,lare/ Lan/(ngH re@u(res a''o33o/at(on o) the hor(Iontal G)loatH, so the target o) the
a22roa'h 3ust 0e /ownw(n/ o) the a'tual lan/(ng 2o(nt.
%e2en/(ng on the s(Ie o) the lan/(ng area, a )ull s2ee/ a22roa'h 3ay or 3ay not 0e
a22ro2r(ate. There)ore (t (s ne'essary to /e3onstrate the a0(l(ty to 3a.e stee2er 0ra.es
a22roa'hes as well. Su'h a 3etho/ 0e'o3es 'ru'(al )or s3all lan/(ng .
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
-CK!R$&N% $, T+E #NVENT#$N
Stat(' l(ne 2ara'hutes are ty2('ally e32loye/ )or relat(vely low alt(tu/e "u32(ng
a22l('at(ons, su'h as 0elow 7A:: )eet a0ove groun/ level. ty2('al stat(' l(ne 2ara'hute
syste3 (n'or2orates a 3e'han(s3 (the stat(' l(ne) )or auto3at(' /e2loy3ent o) the 2r(3ary
2ara'hute, 0e'ause o) the relat(vely low alt(tu/e. Su'h a 3e'han(s3 (s use/ as a 3eans o)
(n'reas(ng 2ara'hute /e2loy3ent rel(a0(l(ty 0e'ause the "u32er woul/ otherw(se have a
very short t(3e to 3anually /e2loy the 2r(3ary 2ara'hute at a sa)e alt(tu/e.
,#!. 7 (llustrates a /(agra3 o) an e?e32lary stat(' l(ne 2ara'hute /ev('e 7::. The stat('
l(ne 2ara'hute /ev('e 7:: 'o32r(ses a stat(' l(ne 7:8, a /e2loy3ent 0ag 7:<, a 0rea.a0le
te?t(le loo2 7:A, a 'ano2y 7:9, a 2lural(ty o) sus2ens(on l(nes 7:B an/ r(sers 7:C, a 2a'. tray
77:, an/ a harness 778. The stat(' l(ne 7:8 has a )(rst en/ )or atta'h3ent to the "u32(ng
2lat)or3, su'h as an a(r2lane, hel('o2ter, et'., an/ a se'on/ en/ atta'he/ to the /e2loy3ent
0ag 7:<. The /e2loy3ent 0ag 7:< (s, (n turn, t(e/ to the a2e? o) the 'ano2y :9 us(ng a
0rea.a0le te?t(le loo2 7:A. The 'ano2y 7:9 (s, (n turn, atta'he/ to the harness 778 0y way o)
the 2lural(ty o) sus2ens(on l(nes 7:B an/ r(sers 7:C. The harness 778 (s atta'he/ to the 2a'.
tray 77:, an/ (s use/ to se'urely atta'h the "u32er to the2ara'hute/ev('e7::.
#n the non=/e2loye/ state, the /e2loy3ent 0ag 7:< en'loses the 'ano2y 7:9 an/
e?ternally stows the sus2ens(on l(nes 7:B (n an or/erly )ash(on to a(/ 2ara'hute
/e2loy3ent, wh('h l(nes 'onne't to the r(sers 7:C, all o) wh('h are t(ghtly 2a'.e/ w(th(n the
2a'. tray 77:. #n a//(t(on, (n the non=/e2loye/ state a 2ort(on o) the stat(' l(ne 7:8 (s also
s(tuate/ w(th(n the 2a'. tray 77: 0ut e?ternal to the /e2loy3ent 0ag 7:<. When the "u32er
/e2arts )ro3 the "u32(ng 2lat)or3, the 2ort(on o) the stat(' l(ne 7:8 (ns(/e the 2a'. tray
77: 0eg(ns to unstow )ro3 the 2a'. tray 77:. )ter the unstow(ng o) the stat(' l(ne 7:8 (s
'o32lete, the tens(on )or'e on the stat(' l(ne 7:8 'ause/ 0y one en/ 0e(ng )(?e/ to the
"u32(ng 2lat)or3 an/ the other en/ atta'he/ to the )all(ng /e2loy3ent 0ag 7:<, 2ulls the
/e2loy3ent 0ag 7:<, 'ano2y 7:9, sus2ens(on l(nes 7:B an/ r(sers 7:C out )ro3 the (ns(/e o)
the 2a'. tray 77:. s the "u32er 'ont(nues to )all an/ the /e2loy3ent 0ag 7:<, 'ano2y 7:9,
sus2ens(on l(nes 7:B, an/ r(sers 7:C are )ully e?ten/e/, the tens(on on the 0rea.a0le te?t(le
loo2 7:A (n'reases to a 2o(nt at wh('h the 0rea.a0le te?t(le loo2 7:A 0rea.s /ue to (ts low
strength 'hara'ter(st('s. The 'ano2y 7:9, now )ully e?ten/e/ outs(/e o) the 2a'. tray 77:,
en'ounters aero/yna3(' /rag wh('h )or'es the 'ano2y to )ully (n)late to an o2en 'on/(t(on,
wh('h, (n turn, nor3ally slows the rate=o)=/es'ent o) the "u32er to a sa)e level.
#n the 3a"or(ty o) stat(' l(ne "u32s, the 2ara'hute /e2loys (n the (nten/e/ way as /es'r(0e/
a0ove. +owever, there are 'ases where the 2ara'hute /e2loys (n an (rregular 3anner, an/
wh('h 'an so3et(3es lea/ to (n"ur(es an/ even lethal results )or the "u32er. So3e o) these
'ases relate to 3al)un't(ons 'on'ern(ng the stat(' l(ne. ,or (nstan'e, one su'h 'ase (s
re)erre/ to (n the relevant art as a Jtowe/ "u32erJ wh('h o''urs when a "u32er 0e'o3es
tangle/ (n the stat(' l(ne. #n a//(t(on, other l(nes, su'h as the ru'. sa'. lower(ng l(ne 'an
also get 'aught on the "u32(ng 2lat)or3, lea/(ng to a Jtowe/ "u32erJ 3al)un't(on.
nother 'ase (s when the stat(' l(ne 0rea.s (J0ro.en stat(' l(neJ), )or e?a32le, 0y ru00(ng
aga(nst a shar2 e/ge 2ort(on o) the "u32(ng 2lat)or3 wh(le a towe/ "u32er os'(llates u2
an/ /own /ue to vary(ng aero/yna3(' )or'es. So3et(3es, the stat(' l(ne o) a towe/ "u32er
0rea.s 0y (32a't )ro3 a su0se@uent "u32er e?(t(ng the "u32(ng 2lat)or3.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
$ther 'ases relate to 3al)un't(ons w(th the 'ano2y an/6or the sus2ens(on l(nes. ,or
(nstan'e, one 'ase relates to a J/a3age/ 'ano2yJ 'ause/, )or e?a32le, 0y tears or 0ro.en
sus2ens(on l(nes, wh('h /a3age results (n an e?'ess(ve rate=o)=/es'ent. //(t(onally,
another 'ase 'on'erns a Jsus2ens(on l(ne entangle3entJ wh('h l(3(ts the 2ara'hute )ro3
0e(ng a0le to )ully (n)late, result(ng aga(n (n an e?'ess(ve rate=o)=/es'ent. ,urther3ore,
another 'ase /eals w(th a Jl(ne over entangle3entJ where so3e sus2ens(on l(nes /e2loy
(32ro2erly over the to2 o) the 'ano2y, result(ng (n (na/e@uate, or l(3(te/ (n)lat(on o) two
or 3ore s3aller 'ano2(es hav(ng re/u'e/ /rag 'aus(ng aga(n an e?'ess(ve rate=o)=/es'ent.
Most, () not all, stat(' l(ne 2ara'hutes have a reserve 2ara'hute (n 'ase 3al)un't(ons o''ur
w(th the /e2loy3ent o) the 2r(3ary 2ara'hute. +owever, (n these e?(st(ng stat(' l(ne
2ara'hutes, the reserve 2ara'hute 3ust 0e /e2loye/ 3anually 0y the "u32er. 2ro0le3
w(th su'h a 3anually=/e2loya0le reserve syste3 (s that the "u32er 3ay 0e (n'a2a0le o)
/e2loy(ng the reserve 2ara'hute (), )or e?a32le, he 'oll(/es w(th another "u32er an/
0e'o3es un'ons'(ous. nother 2ro0le3 'on'erns the /es(re )or "u32s at lower e?(t
alt(tu/es. t su'h lower alt(tu/es, the "u32er 3ay not have su))('(ent t(3e to re'ogn(Ie a
2ro0le3 has o''urre/ w(th the 2r(3ary 2ara'hute, an/ rea't to su0se@uently /e2loy the
reserve 2ara'hute at a sa)e alt(tu/e.
$ther ty2es o) auto3at(' a't(vat(on /ev('es are ava(la0le )or )ree=)all 2ara'hutes. They
)un't(on 0y releas(ng a reserve 2ara'hute at a 2reset alt(tu/e when a "u32er1s rate o)
/es'ent e?'ee/s a 2reset s2ee/. Ty2('ally, these /ev('es )un't(on 0ase/ on an at3os2her('
2ressure 'orres2on/(ng to the 2reset a't(vat(on alt(tu/e an/ 'al'ulate/ (n relat(on to the
e?2e'te/ groun/ 2ressure where the "u32ers w(ll lan/. %yna3(' 2ressure /(stur0an'es,
wh('h o''ur as a "u32er e?(ts the a(r'ra)t, 'an 0e as 3u'h as the e@u(valent o) a <::=)oot
alt(tu/e 'hange, /e2en/(ng on the a(r'ra)t s2ee/, /(re't(on o) the 2ressure sensor relat(ve to
the w(n/, an/ other 2ara3eters. Conse@uently, these ty2es o) )ree=)all auto3at(' a't(vat(on
/ev('es ty2('ally re@u(re a 3(n(3u3 alt(tu/e o) 7,A:: )eet or 3ore 0etween the e?(t alt(tu/e
an/ the groun/ to ena0le the /ev('e to )un't(on 2ro2erly. Su'h re@u(re3ents 2revent us(ng
)ree=)all /ev('es )or stat(' l(ne 2ara'hute a22l('at(ons at low e?(t alt(tu/es.
Thus, there (s a nee/ )or a new syste3 an/ 3etho/ to (32rove the sa)ety o) stat(' l(ne
2ara'hute "u32(ng. Su'h nee/ an/ others are 3et w(th the stat(' l(ne 2ara'hute auto3at('
a'tuat(on /ev('es an/ relate/ 3etho/s as /es'r(0e/ here(n (n a''or/an'e w(th the
(nvent(on.
S&MMRK $, T+E #NVENT#$N
general 'on'e2t o) the (nvent(on relates to a 3etho/ to (32rove the sa)ety o) stat(' l(ne
2ara'hute "u32(ng. ''or/(ng to the 3etho/, a sa)ety /ev('e s(tuate/ on a "u32er
'ont(nuously or 2er(o/('ally senses the /(stan'e o) the "u32er )ro3 the "u32(ng 2lat)or3
(e.g. an a(r'ra)t). The sa)ety /ev('e 'o32ares th(s /(stan'e to a 2re/eter3(ne/ /(stan'e
threshol/. When the /(stan'e 0etween the "u32er an/ the "u32(ng 2lat)or3 rea'hes or
e?'ee/s the 2re/eter3(ne/ /(stan'e threshol/, the sa)ety /ev('e ena0les the reserve
2ara'hute /e2loy3ent /ev('e, wh('h auto3at('ally /e2loys the reserve 2ara'hute () at su'h
t(3e the "u32er1s rate=o)=/es'ent (s at or greater than a 2re/eter3(ne/ rate=o)=/es'ent
threshol/. Thus, a general 'on'e2t o) the (nvent(on (s the ena0l(ng o) the reserve 2ara'hute
/e2loy3ent syste3 when the "u32er (s at least at a 2re/eter3(ne/ /(stan'e )ro3 the
"u32(ng 2lat)or3.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
se'on/ as2e't o) the (nvent(on relates to a 3etho/ o) /e2loy(ng a reserve 2ara'hute,
'o32r(s(ng /eter3(n(ng whether a /(stan'e 0etween a "u32er an/ a "u32(ng 2lat)or3 (s at
or greater than a 2re/eter3(ne/ /(stan'e threshol/, () the /(stan'e (s at or greater than the
2re/eter3(ne/ /(stan'e threshol/, /eter3(n(ng whether a rate=o)=/es'ent o) the "u32er (s
at or greater than a 2re/eter3(ne/ rate=o)=/es'ent threshol/, an/ /e2loy(ng the reserve
2ara'hute () the rate=o)=/es'ent o) the "u32er (s at or greater than the 2re/eter3(ne/ rate=
o)=/es'ent threshol/.
th(r/ as2e't o) the (nvent(on relates to an a22aratus )or auto3at('ally /e2loy(ng a
reserve 2ara'hute, 'o32r(s(ng a )(rst '(r'u(t to generate a )(rst 2ara3eter (n/('at(ve o) a
/(stan'e 0etween a "u32er an/ a "u32(ng 2lat)or3L a se'on/ '(r'u(t to generate a se'on/
2ara3eter (n/('at(ve o) a rate=o)=/es'ent o) the "u32erL a th(r/ '(r'u(t to /e2loy the
reserve 2ara'hute () the se'on/ 2ara3eter (n/('ates that the rate=o)=/es'ent o) the "u32er
(s at or greater than a 2re/eter3(ne/ rate=o)=/es'entL an/ a )ourth '(r'u(t to ena0le the
th(r/ '(r'u(t () the )(rst 2ara3eter (n/('ates that the /(stan'e 0etween the "u32er an/ the
"u32(ng 2lat)or3 (s at or greater than a 2re/eter3(ne/ /(stan'e threshol/.
)ourth as2e't o) the (nvent(on relates to a 2ara'hute e@u(23ent 'o32r(s(ng a 2r(3ary
2ara'huteL a reserve 2ara'huteL an/ an a22aratus )or auto3at('ally /e2loy(ng a reserve
2ara'hute. The auto3at(' reserve 2ara'hute /e2loy3ent a22aratus, (n turn, 'o32r(ses a
)(rst '(r'u(t to generate a )(rst 2ara3eter (n/('at(ve o) a /(stan'e 0etween a "u32er an/ a
"u32(ng 2lat)or3L a se'on/ '(r'u(t to generate a se'on/ 2ara3eter (n/('at(ve o) a rate=o)=
/es'ent o) the "u32erL a th(r/ '(r'u(t to /e2loy the reserve 2ara'hute () the se'on/
2ara3eter (n/('ates that the rate=o)=/es'ent o) the "u32er (s at or greater than a
2re/eter3(ne/ rate=o)=/es'entL an/ a )ourth '(r'u(t to ena0le the th(r/ '(r'u(t () the )(rst
2ara3eter (n/('ates that the /(stan'e 0etween the "u32er an/ the "u32(ng 2lat)or3 (s at
or greater than a 2re/eter3(ne/ /(stan'e threshol/. $ther as2e'ts, )eatures an/ te'hn(@ues
o) the (nvent(on w(ll 0e'o3e a22arent to one s.(lle/ (n the relevant art (n v(ew o) the
)ollow(ng /eta(le/ /es'r(2t(on o) the (nvent(on.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
RE,ERENCES
http=00en.wikipedia.org0wiki0&arachute
http=00martlets+skydive.co.uk0other+types+of+parachute+jumps0
http=00www.raes.org.uk0raes0careers0education0educationRparachute(.htm
http=00www.globalsecurity.org0military0systems0aircraft0systems0parachute+history.htm
http=00www.kbears.com0sciences0science+fair0sfparachute.htm
%eneral 7perating <imitations for B&) &ersonnel :anopies
The ,esign and ,evelopment of New 4mergency &arachute :anopies FtiliAing the
B#T )ombrero )liderS + # (... &$# Technical &aper, by Manley :. Butler, Br.
,esign, ,evelopment and Testing of a Eecovery )ystem for the &redator
TM
+ # (..5
#$## Technical &aper, by Manley :. Butler, Br. and Troy <oney
The ,esign, ,evelopment and Testing of &arachutes Fsing the B#T )ombrero )lider
TM
+ # (... #$## Technical &aper by Manley :. Butler, Br. and Michael ,. :rowe
#dditional #pplications of B#T )ombrero )lider
TM
Technology
+ # 1@@( #$## Technical &aper by Manley :. Butler, Br.
"ow To )elect #n 4mergency &arachute
+ by Manley :. Butler, Br.
4verything ;ou #lways Needed to 'now #bout 4mergency &arachutes
+ by Manley :. Butler, Br.
# %eneral $ntroduction to #ircraft 4mergency ,eceleration &arachutes and ,eep
)tall0)pin Eecovery &arachute )ystems
+ by Manley :. Butler, Br.
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
State Science Fair For Young Children 2013
CONTENT CONTENT PAGE PAGE
Acknowledgement i
Introduction 1 - 3
Experiment Detail !
Apparatu !
"aria#le $
Procedure %
&eult and concluion ' - 1(
)a*et+ Precaution 1(
,emorie o* t-e experiment 11 . 13
Appendix 13 - //
&e*erence /3