Final Draft 27

th
Feb 2007
Delegation of the European Commission in Kenya,
Somalia Operations
Contract No: 514-NO-!1"-#4
Somali $nimal %ealth Ser&ices 'ro(ect
)i*-+erm 'ro(ect E&aluation ,eport
By
Professor Mark M. Rweyemamu
Mark.rweyemamu@btinternet.com
January 2007
1
LIST OF CONTENTS
List of Tables:
Table 1: Rinderpest (RP) Vaccination and Observed Antibody Prevalence in
Gedo, Middle Juba and o!er Juba re"ions o# $out%ern $o&alia
Table ': Result ( ) $urveillance Gap Analysis
Table (: $A*P$ $u&&ary o# +,penditure to (- .ov '--/
Table0: Veterinary 1ouncil o# Tan2ania
Table 3: Available $tatistics about Veterinary *u&an Resource in t%e
$A*$P Pro4ect Area
List of Figures:
5i" 1: $A*$P Role in Public6Private Partners%ip 7evelop&ent
5i" ': Principles o# Ris8 Mana"e&ent o# Transboundary Ani&al 7iseases
5i" (: A Vision #or a #uture Public6Private $yner"y #or $o&ali Veterinary
$ervices
5i" 0: A Proposed Pro"ra&&e $tructure #or a possible 5ollo!6up Pro4ect
ACRONYMS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
MAIN REPORT
SECTION A: PROJECT DESIGN
A1: Introu!tion an "a!#groun
A$: Genesis of SA%SP
A&: Pro'e!t Ob'e!ti(es an Design
A): Pro'e!t Design
A*: T+e Logi!al Fra,e-or#.
A*.1: Ini!ators

A*.$: Assu,/tions an Ris#s
A0: Pro'e!t Start12/
A3: 4et+o 2se in t+e E(aluation
SECTION ": 5E6 FINDINGS
2
"1: O(erall Assess,ent
"$: Su,,ar7 of 5e7 Finings b7 E8/e!te Results 9See Anne8 1 for
etails:
"$.1: E8/e!te Result 1: Ca/a!it7 of So,ali institutions to e;e!ti(el7
eli(er an regulate ani,al +ealt+ ser(i!es strengt+ene
"$.$: E8/e!te Result $: 4easures for t+e erai!ation of Riner/est
fro, t+e So,ali e!os7ste, i,/le,ente in !ollaboration -it+
A2<I"AR<PACE an neig+bouring !ountries.
"$.$.1: C+ronolog7 of riner/est e(ents:
"$.$.$: Riner/est sur(eillan!e results fro, t+e 5en7an sie of t+e
So,ali1e!os7ste,
"$.$.&: Inter/retation of results fro, t+e $==0 riner/est sur(e7 in
So,alia
"$.& E8/e!te Result &: 4e!+anis,s for reu!ing (ulnerabilit7 of
no,ai! So,ali li(esto!# to t+reats of ,a'or e/i>ooti!s
strengt+ene t+roug+ t+e establis+,ent of a sur(eillan!e s7ste,
SECTION C: PROJECT 4ANAGE4ENT
C1: Pro'e!t 4anage,ent Stru!ture
C$: Pro'e!t E8/eniture Pattern
C&: Pro'e!t Coorination
C): Pro'e!t Lin#ages
C*: 4onitoring an E(aluation
C0: Lin#ages bet-een Et+io/ia? 5en7a an So,alia @ an
e/ie,iologi!al !luster
C3: Intera!tion -it+ A21I"AR
CA: Intera!tion -it+ FAO
CB: Intera!tion -it+ OIE
SECTION D: PROJECT I4PACT AND EFFECTICENESS
D1: Pro'e!t I,/a!t @ Per!e/tion of Sta#e+olers
SECTION E: RECO44ENDATIONS FOR T%E DOR5 PLAN TO END OF
C2RRENT PROJECT
SECTION F: PROJECT S2STAINA"ILIT6 AND LONG1TER4 CISION FOR
SO4ALI ANI4AL %EALT% SERCICE
F1: Conte8t
F$: "asi! Con!e/ts for Ris# 4anage,ent of Trae Li,iting Diseases
3
F&: Publi! an Pri(ate Se!tor S7nerg7
F): Ani,al Disease Sur(eillan!e an Laborator7 Ser(i!es
F*: Ceterinar7 Legislation
F0: D+o Pa7s an +o- to Ensure Long1ter, Sustainabilit7
Se!tion G: RECO44ENDATIONS FOR A POSSI"LE FOLLOD12P PROJECT
SECTION %: ANNEEES:
Anne8 1: Pro'e!t E;e!ti(eness b7 t+e Log1fra,e
Anne8 $: Ile training fa!ilities at "uran? Sanaag Region in Puntlan
Anne8 &: Ga/s Anal7sis for t+e SA%SP Ani,al Disease Sur(eillan!e
Net-or#
Anne8 ): SA%SP Pro'e!t E8/eniture to &=
t+
No(e,ber $==0
Anne8 *: Ter,s of Referen!e
Anne8 0: List of Persons 4et
Anne8 3: Pro'e!te En1of1Pro'e!t 4anage,ent Arrange,ents
4
ACRONYMS
AU/IBAR African Union / InterAfrican Bureau of Anima! Resources
ARI" Anima! Resources Information "ystem
B#$A%PA Bena&ir %i'estock Professiona!s( Association
)A*) Community-Base Animal Health Care
CAHW Community-based Animal Health Worker
CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
CERELPA Central Regions Livestock Proessionals! Association
C"# Common "ervice #nit A#$%BAR PACE Pro&ect
C'L Central 'eterinary Laboratory
C'( Chie veterinary ()cer *+,irector o 'eterinary "ervices-
,. +irector ,enera!
+fI+ +e-artment for Internationa! +e'e!o-ment. U/ ,o'ernment
+01 +istrict 0eterinary 1fficer
+0" +irector of 0eterinary "er'ices 23)4ief 0eterinary 1fficer5
#) #uro-ean )ommission
#)*1 #uro-ean )ommission *umanitarian 1ffice
#)"A%I Enhancement o Capacity o "omali Agricultural and Livestock
%nstitutions Pro&ect
#)"U #uro-ean )ommission 6 "oma!ia Unit
#+MU #-i&emio!o7y an& +ata Mana7ement Unit
#MPR#" #mer7ency Pre'ention "ystem for 8ransboun&ary Anima! an& P!ant
Pests an& +iseases a -riority 7!oba! -ro7ramme of 9A1
#:)#%#: #;-ort an& Certi/cation o Livestock or E0port Pro&ect
EW Early Warning
1A( 1ood and Agriculture (rganisation o the #nited 2ations
1'3 1aculty o 'eterinary 3edicine
.,P .ross ,omestic Product - a measure o total economic activity o a
nation
.LEW" .lobal Early Warning "ystem or 4A,s and 5oonoses - at 1A( H6 on
behal o 1A(7 (%E and WH(
.P" .eographical Positioning "ystem
.REP .lobal Rinderpest Eradication Programme 8 coordinated by 1A(
%LR% %nternational Livestock Research %nstitute
%2.( %nternational 2on-.overnmental (rganisation
%4P %tinerant 4raining Programme
9AR% 9enya Agricultural Research %nstitute
9W" 9enya Wildlie "ervices
L%C#" Lo: %ncome Countries #nder "tress
3oL 3inistry o Livestock7 "omaliland
3oLAE 3inistry o Livestock7 Agriculture and Environment7 Puntland
3o# 3emorandum o #nderstanding
2AHA 2omadic Animal Health Assistant
2.( 2on-.overnmental (rganisation
(%E ()ce %nternational des Epi;ooties *World (rganisation or Animal
Health-
PACE Pan Arican Control o Epi;ootics
P," Participatory ,isease "earch
P3# Pro&ect 3anagement #nit
PPR Peste des Petits Ruminants
P#LPA Puntland Livestock Proessionals! Association
RP Rinderpest
RP4 Reporting
R'C Regional 'eterinary coordinator
R'1 Rit 'alley 1ever
5
R'( Regional 'eterinary ()cer
"AH"P "omali Animal Health "ervices Pro&ect
"C%# "omali Co-ordination and %mplementation #nit
"E,3# "omali Epidemiology and ,ata 3anagement #nit
"EREC# "omali Ecosystem Rinderpest Eradication Coordination #nit
"HA ":iss Humanitarian Aid
"(WELPA "outh Western Livestock Proessionals! Association
"oL2A'A "omaliland 2ational 'eterinary Association
"LP1 "omali Livestock Proessionals! 1orum
""" "omalia "upport "ecretariat
"4'" "heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "chool - located in "omaliland
"'P "omali 'eterinary Proessional
4A 4echnical Advisor
4A, 4ransboundary animal disease
4A,%no 4ransboundary Animal ,iseases %normation "ystem
4AW%R% 4an;ania Wildlie Research %nstitute
41. 4ransitional 1ederal .overnment o "omalia
4oR 4erms o Reerence
#LPA #nited Livestock Proessionals! Association
#2 #nited 2ations
#2,P #nited 2ations ,evelopment Programme
'%C 'eterinary %nvestigation Centre
'"1 'eterinaires sans 1rontiere
WAH, World Animal Health %normation ,atabase - o the (%E
WH( World Health (rganisation o the #nited 2ations
W4( World 4rade (rganisation
Pro'e!t basi! ata
Pro'e!t Title: "omali Animal Health "ervices Pro&ect *"AH"P-
Contra!t No: *1) @ NGO @ L1$1=)
Starting ate of !ontra!t: <
st
April =>>?
Ening ate of !ontra!t: @>
th
"eptember =>>A.
Re!i/ient Organi>ation: 4erra 2uova
Partners: #2A and C((P%
Lo!ation: County-:ide :ith /eld o)ces in "omaliland *Hargeisa-7 Puntland
*.aro:e-7 Central "omalia *Bo:har$Belet-Weyne- and "outhern "omalia
*,insor$Amado:-C
Total !ontra!te a,ount: Euro @7<?A7A<D
EC Contribution: Euro =7EEE7D@=
Ot+er Contributions: Euro <?A7DDF
6
4ID1TER4 ECAL2ATION OF T%E SO4ALI ANI4AL %EALT% SERCICES
PROJECT 9SA%SP:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4he "omali Animal Health "ervices Pro&ect *"AH"P- :as established as a contract
bet:een the European Commission7 represented by its ,elegation in 9enya7 and
the 4erra 2uova7 on behal o a consortium o @ 2.(s *4erra 2uova7 #2A and
C((P%- :ith over <> years e0perience in the livestock sector o "omalia during the
prolonged period o unsettled civil securityC 4he pro&ect became operational on <
st
April =>>? and is due to end on @>
th
"eptember =>>AC
4he speci/c ob&ective *iCeC purpose- o "AH"P has been de/ned by the contracting
parties asG H4o improve delivery and regulation o animal health services in order
to enhance livestock production7 domestic and e0port trade in livestock and
livestock productsIC Pro&ect (utputs are supposed to be delivered through @ main
E0pected Results7 namelyG
Capacity o "omali institutions to eJectively deliver and regulate animal
health services strengthenedC
3easures or the eradication o Rinderpest rom the "omali ecosystem
implemented in collaboration :ith A#$%BAR$PACE and neighbouring
countriesC
3echanisms or reducing the vulnerability o nomadic "omali livestock to
threats o ma&or epi;ootics strengthened through the establishment o a
surveillance systemC
4he contracting parties agreed to commission an independent mid-term
evaluation *34E- in order to assess the progress in implementation o the pro&ect7
the relevance o "AH"P ob&ectives and activities to the identi/ed needs and to
make recommendations or the remaining period as :ell as or any possible ollo:
up similar initiativeC 4he evaluation :as undertaken rom @
rd
to ==
nd
Banuary7 =>>AC
%t included /eld visits to Puntland and "omaliland rom F
th
to <?
th
BanuaryC Because
o the prevailing security concerns it :as not possible to visit Central and
"outhern "omaliaC %nstead7 the "AH"P 5onal Coordinators7 "AH"P 1ield ()cers
and representatives o the t:o proessional associations7 "(WELPA and CERELPA7
came to Hargeisa7 by road7 to meet the consultantC 4he consultant undertook a
literature revie: o documents and reports generated by the pro&ect and
conducted intervie:s :ith several stakeholders both in 2airobi and in the /eld in
"omalia as :ell as a gap analysis :ith speci/c reerence to the capacity or
surveillanceC 4he preliminary /ndings :ere presented to a stakeholder debrie/ng
session at the A#-%BAR H6 in 2airobi on ==
nd
Banuary =>>A and an Aide 3emoire
:as submitted through pro&ect management to the donor and the implementation
partnersC
5e7 Finings:
4he design o "AH"P built on the achievement o the "omali PACE pro&ect and the
e0perience o the implementing partners o having been involved in the "omali
livestock sector or some <> yearsC 4hree o the 4echnical Advisors had also been
involved in the implementation o the "omali PACE pro&ectC Accordingly7 both the
design and the implementation o "AH"P have ocused on consolidating issues
that had been identi/ed during PACE7 such as the surveillance that :ould
determine the rinderpest status o the "omali eco-system7 promoting service
delivery through the private veterinary sector by strengthening and collaborating
:ith the veterinary proessional associations as :ell as the nascent public sector
:here possibleC 4he pro&ect has also either consolidated or set up some strategic
interventions that :ould have a long term impact7 such as initiating a system or
7
disease surveillance7 disease inormation and disease emergency preparedness7
developing livestock policy documents7 3aster Plans and 'eterinary CodesC
4hereore7 both the design and implementation o "AH"P have ocused on priority
areas or the livestock sector bearing in the national and regional perspectivesC
"AH"P has also been driven by a long-term vision and thereby ocused in setting
in motion eatures o a uture national veterinary service system rather than by
simply concentrating on delivery o immediate animal health operationsC
4he continuing security uncertainty has meant that the Pro&ect 3anagement #nit
or "AH"P had to be maintained in 2airobiC 2evertheless7 the K 4hematic 4echnical
Advisors :ere located :ithin "omaliaC "o the coordination and management o the
pro&ect depended considerably on the availability o ECH( Lights bet:een 2airobi
and the diJerent pro&ect ;onesC
1rom the scienti/c perspective7 overall7 the pro&ect delivery :as ound to be
satisactory and the Muality o the outputs to be o a technically high standardC
Pro&ect delivery :as on schedule despite such e0traneous actors as continued
uncertainties about security7 disruptions in ECH( Lights and a :eaker than
e0pected capacity o the public sector counterpart in Puntland and "omaliland
plus an under-unding o t:o o the Results7 :hich has been recti/ed during the
course o pro&ect implementationC
4he pro&ect achievements can be summarised as ollo:sG
High calibre staJ - both "omali and 4echnical Advisors
.ood morale among staJ
"cienti/c (utput o high standard
"urveillance is better developed in Central and "outhern "omalia than in
Puntland and "omaliland Pro&ect 5ones
E0penditure is on target in relation to budget
%mpact o "AH"P is rated as high by stakeholdersN the pro&ect is valued and
respected
Consensus among stakeholders that "AH"P is vital to the "omali livestock
sector
Collaboration in "EREC# is regarded as highly valuable by "AH"P as :ell
as by the veterinary services o 9enya and Ethiopia
Current evidence does not rule out the possibility o lo: grade rinderpest
virus activity in "outhern "omaliaC
At pro&ect-end it can be e0pected that a rame:ork or disease surveillance and
animal disease inormation :ill be in place7 the rinderpest status o "outhern and
Central "omalia :ill have been determined and that this :ill have enabled the
"omali authorities to make an appropriate declaration to the (%E and thereby
embark on the (%E Path:ay or rinderpest eradication7 the livestock policy7 master
plan and veterinary codes :ould have been introduced into Puntland and
"omaliland and the use o private veterinary service providers :ould have been
consolidatedC "hort-term training o both public and private sector veterinary
personnel as :ell as some rehabilitation o basic veterinary inrastructure :ill also
have been undertakenC 4o achieve these targets it :ill be essential to ad&ust the
pro&ect :ork plan as recommended belo:C
4he activities o "AH"P are standard approaches or rehabilitating a national
veterinary serviceC "AH"P has started a process that :ill need to be consolidated
and be placed on a sustainable basis in a ollo:-up pro&ect as recommended
belo:C
Re!o,,enations for t+e Re,aining Pro'e!t Perio
4:o recommendations have been highlighted as the most crucial or the
remaining part o the current pro&ect cycleC 4hese are *a- the installation o a
8
:orking rame:ork or disease surveillance and animal disease inormation in
each o the pro&ect 5ones as :ell as at the P3# H6N *b- the undertaking o a
"EREC# coordinated rinderpest survey in collaboration :ith 9enya and Ethiopia in
such a :ay that the outcome :ould be an agreed de/nition o the status o
rinderpest viral activity in "outhern "omalia and a clear advice to the countries7
A#-%BAR and the donor on an action plan that should emanate rom such an
analysisC "everal proposals have been made in order to acilitate the ocus on the
t:o activitiesC 4hese include /nancial incentive payment in Puntland and
"omaliland to the public servants involved in the setting up o the Epidemiology
and ,ata 3anagement #nits *E,3#s- there and the training o the 2ational
Epidemiologist to enable him take an active role in setting up the disease
databaseC
With respect to the rinderpest status7 it is recommended that important or "AH"P
to develop and rehearse a !ontingen!7 o/erational /lan :ith appropriate
costing *:hich hopeully might not be activated- or a ocused rinderpest
vaccination in parts o "outhern "omalia *iCeC preparedness or a :orst case
scenario-7 should the "EREC# coordinated analysis o the planned rinderpest
survey conclude *:ith the collaboration o A#-%BAR and 1A(- that the risk or
rinderpest virus circulation in the previously suspected areas o "outhern "omalia
still e0ists and that such a ocus needs to be eliminated by blit; or immuno-
sterilisation vaccination as previously happened in northern 4an;ania in <EEA$ED
and in north-eastern 9enya in =>>@C %t should be emphasised that :hatever
conclusion the "EREC# analysis reaches7 it :ill still be necessary to maintain an
active rinderpest surveillance in "outhern "omalia until at least =><>$=><< to be
able to satisy the current stipulations o the (%E 4errestrial Animal Health Code or
reedom rom rinderpest inectionC
(ther recommendations areG
iC Having a common template bet:een "AH"P and E"CAL% or developing an
eJective public-private sector synergy in animal health delivery and in
developing associated policies and regulationsC
iiC Ad&usting the &ob description o the 2ational Coordinator to enable him to
actively participate in the development o the emergency preparedness
pro&ect portolioC
iiiC ,eerring the recruitment o the replacement Epidemiology Advisor until a
ollo:-on phase has eventually been approvedC
ivC 3odiying the design o the :ebsite that is in progress to reLect :ider
aspects o "omali Animal Health than &ust pro&ecting "AH"P activitiesC
vC %nstituting and convening a "teering Committee
viC % there are savings7 seeking a 2o-Cost-E0tension in order to allo: or
eJective completion o the t:o priority activities cited above and or :ide
stakeholder consultations as :ell as negotiations :ith 1A( about modalities
or uture 1A( backstopping by the normative 4echnical ,ivisions7
particularly the E3PRE" ProgrammeC
Re!o,,enations for a Possible Follo-1u/ Pro'e!t
"AH"P has laid a solid oundation or a long-term institutional capacity building
pro&ect :ith a vie: to long-term sustainabilityC %t is no: important to start a
dialogue among the various stakeholders on the vision o a uture veterinary
service system in "omalia :hich :ill also determine the shape o pro&ects in the
animal health /eldsC "uch a dialogue :ould need to be at policy level and is
probably best co-initiated by the E# and 1A(7 building on the =>>K report o the
Boint 1A(-E#-World Bank study on a uture livestock development strategy or
"omaliaC
At the pro&ect level7 the 34E recommends that there be a ollo: up "AH"P-=
pro&ect :ith the ollo:ing considerationsG
9
1. Assured =-cycle unding *iCeC F> -A= months- :ith unding rom one phase
to the ne0t being contingent on perormance evaluation o the on-going
phaseC
$. A negotiated ormal arrangement that :ill acilitate the technical support
and back-stopping by 1A( normative system *especially E3PRE"- to the
"AH"P-=C
&. "hould there be an e0tension to "AH"P7 as suggested above7 the end o
the present phases or both "AH"P and E"CAL% :ill be closeC %n such an
event consideration could be given to integrating the livestock policy
elements o E"CAL% into the ne: "AH"P-= pro&ect so as to have a coherent
approach by design rather than by coincidence as in the current phase7
:hich :orks :ell because 4erra 2ova is involved in the implementation o
both "AH"P and E"CAL%C % the implementation o E"CAL% had been
a:arded to a diJerent agency7 the close collaboration that no: e0ists
bet:een "AH"P and E"CAL% :ould have been ortuitousC 4he activities o
the ne: "AH"P-= can thereore be re-arranged along K technical themes7
:hile retaining the current administrative structure *HOR7 1inance and
Procurement- to underpin the technical inputsC 4he technical themes :ould
beG
"urveillance and Early Warning to coverG
o Lab F E/ie,iolog7 !a/a!it7G
o Riner/est sur(e7sG
o Ani,al isease infor,ation s7ste,G
o isease re/ortingG
o earl7 -arningG
o So,ali sur(eillan!e net-or#
Preparedness and Response systems to cover
o Pre/areness an Contingen!7 Plans
o Outbrea# in(estigations
o So,ali isease inter(ention net-or#
Livestock$'eterinary Policy to coverG
o Publi!1Pri(ate1Partners+i/sG
o RegulationsG
o Nor,s? Stanars an international
!on(entionsG
o "oarsG
o Asso!iationsG
o Cross1!utting issues e.g. so!io1e!ono,i!s?
gener? %IC<AIDS
9no:ledge 4ranser and 3anagement to coverG
o Training for all le(els?
o Co,,uni!ation F Sta#e+oler a-areness
). "trengthening the ne:ly ormed 'eterinary Boards to enable them to
become eJective custodians o ethics and standards7 registration o
private practices and promotion o public-private partnershipsC
*. "etting up a training scheme or veterinary assistants *iCeC = year animal
health course ater "econdary "chool-C 4here is a dire shortage o trained
primary animal health care and service delivery personnel in "omalia7
namely veterinary$animal health assistantsC 4:o approaches are
suggestedG
a. 4he /rst7 :hich :ould address a short term approach7 could be
achieved by making some ad&ustment to the curriculum o the
"heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "chool *"4'"- to allo: it to issue both
Certi/cate and ,iploma Muali/cationsC By this approach the "'4"
10
:ould be allo:ed a large intake o "econdary "chool leavers
primarily into a = year programme a leading to a Certi/cate in
Animal HealthC "ome o the Certi/cate graduates and some serving
animal health assistants could be oJered a < year specialist course
leading to a diploma in animal health or in commodity sanitary
inspections as already planned or the "'4"C
b. 4he second7 and more medium term approach7 :ould be to utilise
the dormant acilities at Buran in "anaag Region to run a dedicated
veterinary$animal health assistant training programme7 along the
lines o similar institutions in 9enya and 4an;aniaC %t :ill not
duplicate :hat is planned or the "heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "chool
as it caters or a diJerent ob&ectiveC
By instituting both Certi/cate and ,iploma programmes it :ill be possible
to start addressing the dire need or middle cadre technical personnel7 a
core issue or sustainable animal health service deliveryC Another
advantage is that the scheme :ill start bringing "omalia into line :ith
practices in East Arica and the de/nitions o the (%E 4errestrial Animal
Health Code or veterinarians *iCeC proessionals- and para-veterinarians
$para-proessionalsC
0. %n the short8term the shortage o ully Muali/ed veterinarians *as de/ned
by the (%E Code- in "omalia could be addressed through the provision o
scholarships7 preerably7 tenable at veterinary aculties in universities in
the rest o AricaC
11
MAIN REPORT
SECTION A: PROJECT DESIGN
A1: Introu!tion an "a!#groun
Livestock is the main stay o the "omali economyC %t contributes about F>P to the
incomes or subsistence o the "omali populationC Livestock e0ports are estimated
to account or about K>P o the national .,P and D>P o oreign currency
earningsC About F>P o the "omali population are nomadic pastoralistsC "omali
pastoralism diJers rom other orms o pastoral production in that it is a market-
integrated commercial system despite being subsistence-oriented in many areasC
E0porting livestock is a long standing traditionC #ntil <EA?7 "omalia :as the
:orld!s largest e0porter o live animals and in <ED? ranked third ater Australia
and 4urkey in the number o e0ported sheep and goatsC (ver E>P o livestock
e0ports are destined or the Arabian Peninsular and the .ul Countries
<
C %n recent
years a gro:ing diversi/cation has been the construction o large abattoirs and
e0port o meatC
With such a high dependence on livestock e0port7 it is not surprising that
:henever "audi Arabia and other 3iddle Eastern Countries have imposed import
bans or ear o disease introduction7 such bans have had serious conseMuences
on the economic perormance o "omaliaC
,espite the civil strie that has characterised "omalia during the last <F years7 the
livestock sector has continued to en&oy the most support rom the international
community and relie agencies7 including 2.(sC A ma&or actor or this continued
involvement has been the realisation that livestock plays a central role in the
livelihoods o the "omali peopleC
4he "omali Animal Health "ervices Pro&ect *"AH"P- is one such pro&ect :hich aims
at restoring a credible veterinary service that is underpinned by disease
surveillanceC 4he pro&ect time rame is <
st
April =>>? to @>
th
"eptember =>>AC 4his
mid-term evaluation *34E- o "AH"P :as launched in order to provide the donor
and the pro&ect implementation team :ith an assessment o the progress in
implementation o the pro&ectC Emphasis :as placed on the relevance o "AH"P
ob&ectives and activities to the identi/ed needs7 the e)ciency o its
implementation and its eJectiveness to dateC 4he potential and reMuirements or
institutionalisation and sustainability o "AH"P outputs by the bene/ciaries :as
also assessedC
A$: Genesis of SA%SP
4he "AH"P started on <
st
April =>>? and is a ollo: up to the "omali PACE pro&ect
:hich ran rom <
st
(ctober =>>< to @<
st
3arch =>>?C 4his in turn :as preceded by
a series o EC-unded pro&ects implemented by 4erra 2uova and its partners since
<EEKC 4he current "AH"P builds on a sustained e0perience o 4erra 2uova and its
partners in the /eld o animal health and livestock services delivery in "omalia
:hich e0tends over <> yearsC 4he genesis o "AH"P can be summarised as
ollo:sG
<EEK 8 <EEFG Private "ector "upport ProgrammeC ,evelopment o
therapeutic skillsN
1
The information in this paragraph is primarily derived from the Ph issertation of
r !" Tempia #2006$" The ynami%s of &inderpest in 'omadi% Pastoral !ystems( The !omali
!)rveillan%e *+ample" ,n partial f)lfilment of the re-)irements for the egree of o%tor of Philosophy
.olorado !tate /niversity 0ort .ollins1 .olorado
12
<EEA 8 <EEDG %tinerant 4raining Programme *%4P-phase <- 8 ocus on private
service delivery to livestock producersN E0port Related 'eterinary "ervices
Pro&ect in Puntland and "omaliland
<EEE-=>>< *%4P-=-G %nitiate disease surveillanceN some support to the public
sector in "omaliland 8 3aster Plan O 'et CodeN
=>>=-=>>? *%4P-@-G E0tend %4P to Central and "outh "omaliaN
<EED 8 =>>>G "omali Pan Arican Rinderpest Campaign *PARC- pro&ect
:ithin the conte0t o the Pan-Arican Campaign or Rinderpest Control
:hich ocused on both rinderpest control and establishing enabling
veterinary systems like reducing the role o the "tate in animal health
services deliveryC
=>>< 8 =>>?G "omali PACE Pro&ect 8 rinderpest surveillance linked to
Regional PACE programme under %BARN Consolidation o support to public
institutions and Livestock Proessionals! AssociationsC
=>>? to-dateG "AH"PC
4hus the "AH"P pro&ect is a successor pro&ect to initiatives that started some <>
years earlierC %t builds directly on the e0perience o both PARC and PACEC While
members o the current consortium o 4erra 2ova7 #2A and C((P% have
collaborated in the past7 "AH"P is the /rst initiative that binds all three together in
managing a common pro&ectC
%n designing "AH"P the implementation partners :ould also have taken into
account the contents o the 1A(-E#-WB study or a "omali livestock sector
=
7
:hich :as completed in April =>>K7 as :ell as the recommendations o the "omali
PACE Evaluation :hich took place in Banuary-1ebruary =>>KC
A&: Pro'e!t Ob'e!ti(e? Pur/ose an Strateg7
4he overall ob&ective o the pro&ect has been de/ned asG
4o contribute to the improvement o livelihoods by enhancing ood security
and income generation through the control and eradication o ma&or
epi;ootic diseases o livestockC
4he speci/c ob&ective *or purpose- o "AH"P has been de/ned asG
4o improve delivery and regulation o animal health services in order to
enhance livestock production7 domestic and e0port trade in livestock and
livestock productsC
1rom the above it can be deduced that the strategy o "AH"P :ould be to
acilitate the re-establishment o a public goods veterinary services system in
"omalia through addressing trade limiting transboundary animal diseases
@
*4A,s-7
developing codes o veterinary governance and regulatory systems that are
compatible :ith the (%E 4errestrial Animal Health Code7 engagement o the
livestock dependent communities in the understanding and risk management o
2
FAO-European Union-World Bank (29 April 2004). !2345,4( T264&! 4 5,7*!T2.8
!*.T2& !T&4T*9:" 0,'45 &*P2&T" Report No.: 0400! "#$%O&
3
Trans;o)ndary animal diseases are defined as( those infe%tio)s diseases of animals that are of
signifi%ant e%onomi%1 trade and<or food se%)rity importan%e for a %onsidera;le n)m;er of %o)ntries=
>hi%h %an easily spread to other %o)ntries and rea%h epidemi% proportions= and >here
%ontrol<management1 in%l)ding e+%l)sion1 re-)ires %ooperation ;et>een several %o)ntries"
13
4A,s and contracting o licensed private veterinary practitioners$service providers
in undertaking public good activities such as sampling o animals or
epidemiological surveillance7 disease noti/cation$reporting and inspections under
the supervision o either o)cial veterinary personnel or "AH"P staJ in the K
Pro&ect 5ones *iCeC Puntland7 "omaliland7 Central "omalia and "outhern "omalia-C
4his strategy is in line :ith modern thinking or the risk management o
transboundary animal diseases *4A,s-7 :hich are trade limitingC
A): Pro'e!t Design
4he design ocuses on laying the ground or strengthening the e0isting elements o
the public sector as :ell as continuing the development and strengthening o the
role o the private sector in the delivery o public goods veterinary servicesC 4he
pro&ect7 thereore7 lays the practical oundation or a uture veterinary
administration that :ill recognise the pivotal role o the private veterinary sectorC
4he pro&ect has been designed using an (utcomes based Logical 1rame:ork in
line :ith the guidelines o the European Commission or development pro&ectsC
Accordingly7 the pro&ect has set out @ 3ain (utputs as E0pected ResultsC 4hese
areG
<C Capacity o "omali institutions to eJectively deliver and regulate animal
health services strengthened
=C 3easures or the eradication o Rinderpest rom the "omali ecosystem
implemented in collaboration :ith A#$%BAR$PACE and neighbouring
countriesC
@C 3echanisms or reducing the vulnerability o nomadic "omali livestock to
threats o ma&or epi;ootics strengthened through the establishment o a
surveillance systemC
A*: T+e Logi!al Fra,e-or#.
4here are several aspects o the design o the logical rame:ork :here the
veri/able indicators have been set at an ambitious levelC 4hese :ere revised
do:n:ards Muite early in the pro&ect cycleC 2evertheless several e0traneous
actors are likely to compromise deliveryC 4he ollo:ing account summarises an
assessment o the %ndicators7 Assumptions and Risks given in the revised logical
rame:orkC
A*.1: Ini!ators

Purpose *or speci/c ob&ective-G
4he purpose o improving the delivery o animal health services is Muite
pertinentC
4he indicator o a ?>P increase by 3arch =>>A o the number o pastoralist
communities and livestock traders accessing proessionally supervised
animal health services could not readily be veri/ed Muantitatively as the
pro&ect reports do not readily report on such statistics and the sources o
veri/cation indicated in the logical rame:ork :ere not readily available to
the 34EC %n any case it :ould have been di)cult to assess a ?>P increase
as the baseline data :ere not given in the logical rame:orkC Also pro&ect
reports do not sho: e0plicitly the statistics regarding household incomes7
disease prevalence reductions and number o pastoralists accessing
proessionally supervised animal health servicesC "o only a Mualitative
14
assessment :as possibleC 4his could only be deduced rom stakeholder
perceptions7 :hich :ere all positive as discussed under "ection ,<C
Result <G
4he indicators are reasonableC Ho:ever the timerame is optimistic in
several casesC 1or e0ample7 the target or a ?>P *originally D>P-
implementation o recommendations o the 3aster Plan :ithin => months
ignores the /nancial implications o the recommendations and the act that
the document that :as prepared by the "omali PACE Pro&ect or Puntland
:as only advisory7 the public sector had to adopt the concepts7 transorm
the recommendations into a government document and submit to
parliament beore implementation can commenceC %t is also ambitious to
orecast the completion o laboratory rehabilitation7 training o staJ7
purchase and installation o eMuipment and have the laboratories
operational :ithin <K monthsC 3ost o the indicators should have been
targeted or eJective operation during the last F months o the pro&ectC
4he reerence o the Epidemiology and ,ata 3anagement #nits *E,3#s-
seems to be misplacedC 4his should be under Result @C
Result =G
4he indicators are reasonableC Ho:ever they emphasise technical activities
rather than links to speci/c rinderpest eradication targets in relation to the
(%E Path:ay and the 1A(-.REP Blueprint to:ards global rinderpest
eradication by =><>C 4he caution :as probably dictated by the security
uncertaintiesC
Result @G
4he surveillance targets7 including the operational capacity o the E,3#s
:ere set at an ambitious level considering that this activity :as being
introduced into the K pro&ect ;ones or the /rst timeC A more realistic target
:ould have been to ensure that the rame:ork *iCeC basic elements- or the
E,3# system is in place in all the K ;ones by pro&ect end7 rather than
being ully operationalC Countries in the rest o 4ropical Arica7 :ith stable
and unctioning public sectors7 have taken longer than =F months to have
a unctional systemC
A*.$: Assu,/tions an Ris#s
4he "AH"P pro&ect is primarily an institutional capacity building pro&ectC %t is
unrealistic that the purpose o the pro&ect7 :hich basically is improved veterinary
services to a sustainable level can be ully realised in @> monthsC A ma&or
assumption should be continued donor support and "omali stakeholder
collaborationC 2either o these t:o assumptions is listed in the logical rame:orkC
4he pro&ect :as designed and is being implemented by highly dedicated
personnel7 :ho e0pect to achieve results not:ithstanding some obvious risks and
assumptions that are e0traneous to the pro&ect operationsC 1or e0ample7 although
inter-clan rivalry is cited by many outside observers as a risk actor in pro&ect
implementation7 the "AH"P logical rame:ork makes no reerence to such a riskC
4his probably reLects the e0pertise that has evolved over a <>-year engagement
by members o the "AH"P consortium in the "omali livestock system that has
created a level o trust and con/dence in the operations o "AH"P7 :hich are
taken to be purely technical :ithout impinging on political or inter-clan rivalryC
Pro&ect staJ has evolved this relationship :ith the "omali stakeholders that they
no longer seem to regard it as a ma&or risk mitigation achievementC
4he assumptions and risks listed in the logical rame:ork are Muite validC
Ho:ever7 there is no mention o risk mitigation actorsC 1or e0ample7 many o the
15
activities under Results = and @ reMuire an eJective outreach system despite
unsettled securityC Both the "omali PACE and "AH"P pro&ects have developed
mitigation systems :hich rely on engagement o "omali resident proessionals
and community animal health :orkers *CAHWs- or the outreach system7 :hich
unctions :ellC Qet this is taken or granted and is not reLected in the assumptions7
risks and risk mitigation measuresC
4here are also e0traneous actors :hich depend on the counterpart capacity o
the public sector :hich :ere not adeMuately reLected in the assumptionsC 4hree
actors stand out as the most prominentG the non-eJectiveness o the 4ransitional
1ederal .overnment :hich :as ormed /ve months beore "AH"P *iCeC in (ctober
=>>K- and to-date is not yet ully operational in the livestock sectorN a much
:eaker than e0pected counterpart public sector in both Puntland and "omaliland7
and thirdly7 an under-unding o some (utputsC 4his last actor has been partly
addressed either by supplementary unding o Result @ *Preparedness- or by the
unding o the Pro&ect or Enhancement o Capacity o "omali Agricultural and
Livestock %nstitutions *EC"AL%- :hich complements Result < o "AH"PC
4he targets or disease emergency preparedness plans make no reerence to
access to a contingency und or preventing initial disease spreadC As "AH"P is not
primarily a disease intervention pro&ect7 eJective disease emergency control
:ould depend on interaction and collaboration :ith other partners :hose primary
activity is the control o disease emergenciesC "uch an assumption and measures
or veri/cation need to be reLected in the logical rame:orkC
Apparently7 the Rit 'alley ever risk prediction model :as intended to be
developed &ointly :ith 1A(7 and thereore :as contingent upon an agreement :ith
1A(C 4his is not indicated in the assumptionsC
A0: Pro'e!t Start12/
4he .rant Contract 2oC ?<K-2.(-L<=->K :as signed in ,ecember =>>K bet:een
the European Community7 represented by the EC ,elegation in 9enya and 4erra
2uova or a total o R@7<?A7A<D as part o the E,1 ?
th
Rehabilitation Programme
or "omaliaC 4he e0pected start date or implementation o the Action covered by
the contract :as <
st
April =>>?C %ndeed the Pro&ect 3anagement #nit *P3#- :as
set up on <
st
April =>>? :ith the Chie 4echnical Advisor7 the Pro&ect Epidemiology
Advisor7 the Pro&ect Administrative and Human Resources Advisor and the 2ational
AdministratorC By the end o August =>>? all pro&ect staJ at the P3# and in the
5onal ()ces :ere in placeC 4he pro&ect :as able to produce a detailed inception
report or the initial K months in August =>>?C
While the start up :as uneventul7 e0patriate and P3#-based pro&ect staJ have
had to be either evacuated or relocated temporarily on si0 occasions bet:een
August =>>? and Banuary =>>A7 totalling about D? eMuivalent :ork daysC
2evertheless as the 4As are e0pected to spend A>P o their time a:ay rom their
duty stations7 it :as possible to reschedule their programme o :ork
appropriatelyC
A3: 4et+o 2se in t+e E(aluation
4his evaluation :as undertaken rom @
rd
to ==
nd
Banuary7 =>>AC %t included /eld
visits to Puntland and "omaliland rom F
th
to <?
th
BanuaryC Because o the
prevailing security concerns it :as not possible to visit Central and "outhern
"omaliaC %nstead7 the "AH"P 5onal Coordinators7 "AH"P 1ield ()cers and
representatives o the t:o proessional associations7 "(WELPA and CERELPA came
to Hargeisa7 by road7 to meet the consultantC
16
1rom the 4erms o Reerence *Anne0 ?-7 it could be synthesised that the
evaluation :ould ocus on K main thrustsG
4he design and relevance o the pro&ect
4he processes including implementation schedule o activities and pro&ect
delivery in accordance :ith the logical rame:ork and the .rant Contract
4he path:ay to:ards an institutionalised and sustainable system or public
sector animal health management through the oversight o the risk
management o trade limiting 4A,s7 including the competencies or
veterinary operations and institutional capacity building
Linkages that "AH"P is developing :ith "omali institutions7 other
internationally unded animal health related pro&ects in "omalia7 :ith
veterinary services in the 4A,s epidemiologically linked areas o Ethiopia
and 9enya under the umbrella o A#-%BAR as :ell as linkages :ith the
normative guidance o A#-%BAR7 (%E and 1A(-Animal Health *especially
E3PRE"-C
4he consultant undertook a literature study o the pro&ect documents and reports7
undertook intervie:s :ith various stakeholders *"ee Anne0 FG List o Persons met-
and undertook a gaps analysis :orkshop directly :ith pro&ect personnel rom
"omaliland7 Central "omalia and "outhern "omalia plus representatives o
livestock proessional associations rom these ;onesC 4his :as &oined by the C4A7
the 2ational Coordinator7 the 4A or "urveillance and the 4A or Policy O
CommunicationC 4he 4A rom Puntland took part remotelyC
17
SECTION ": 5E6 FINDINGS
"1: O(erall Assess,ent
(verall7 the pro&ect delivery is satisactory and the Muality o the outputs is
ackno:ledged as being o a technically high standardC 4he e0traneous actors
cited above and the unavailability o one 4A has slo:ed do:n some aspects o
pro&ect deliveryC
4he pro&ect achievements can be summarised as ollo:sG
High calibre staJ - both "omali and 4echnical Advisors
.ood morale among staJ
"cienti/c (utput o high standard
"urveillance is better developed in Central and "outhern "omalia than in
Puntland and "omaliland Pro&ect 5ones
E0penditure is on target in relation to budget
%mpact o "AH"P is rated as high by stakeholdersN the pro&ect is valued and
respected
Consensus among stakeholders that "AH"P is vital to "omali livestock
sector
Collaboration in "EREC# is regarded as highly valuable by "AH"P as :ell
as the veterinary services o 9enya and Ethiopia
Current evidence does not rule out the possibility o lo: grade rinderpest
virus activity in "outhern "omaliaC
4he detailed consolidated pro&ect achievements on activity-by-activity basis
according to the logical rame:ork are given in Anne0 <C
4he account belo: provides a narrative o the key /ndings or each o the three
ma&or resultsC
"$: Su,,ar7 of 5e7 Finings b7 E8/e!te Results 9See Anne8 1 for
etails:
"$.1: E8/e!te Result 1: Ca/a!it7 of So,ali institutions to e;e!ti(el7
eli(er an regulate ani,al +ealt+ ser(i!es strengt+ene
a- Ca/a!it7 builing: 4he stakeholder and other training :orkshops have
been held on scheduleC 4hese have included the training o representatives
o 'eterinary Proessional Associations in elements o business
management and pro&ect proposal preparationsC 4he Hargeisa laboratory
has been reurbished and eMuipped or basic activitiesN some training has
also taken placeC Ho:ever7 the reurbishing and eMuipping o the
laboratory in Puntland has been delayedC 2evertheless our laboratory
technicians rom Puntland have undertaken the basic training in Hargeisa
alongside the personnel rom "omalilandC
1rom 3ay =>>F7 "AH"P started ocusing also on additional aspects o the
institutional capacity buildingG human resources and /nancial
managementC 4hese t:o aspects :ere considered essential tools in
enhancing ministerial management and transparency7 :hich are important
preconditions to improve service delivery7 public trust and to help the
government to re-build a sustainable modern e)cient$eJective public
administrationC
Puntland has the :orst capacity or Muali/ed veterinary personnel o all the
K pro&ect 5onesG 4here are only ? Muali/ed veterinarians7 the youngest o
:hom is ?> yearsC P#LPA :hose membership is by veterinarians7
veterinary assistants and animal production scientists started at FK and
18
no: stands at ?@ :ithout any resignationsC 4here is a most #R.E24 need
to train veterinary assistants *a course o = years ater secondary school-
especially or Puntland7 as the baseline o the veterinary cadre or primary
animal health careC 4:o approaches have been recommended *"ection .-
:hich on the one hand could involve some ad&ustment o the curriculum o
the "heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "chool to allo: it to oJer both Certi/cate
and ,iploma courses and on the other :ould involve the use o the idle
acilities at Buran in "anaag Region *Anne0 =- :ith buildings that appear to
be structurally sound7 running :ater and electricity in order to run a
dedicated animal health certi/cate programme or veterinary$animal
health assistantsC
b- Regarding the /oli!7 an regulator7 fra,e-or#? a livestock policy
document or "omaliland :as prepared by a 4ask 1orce comprising
representatives o the public and private sectors under the guidance o the
4A responsible or Policy and CommunicationC 4his :as submitted to the
3inister o Livestock in ,ecember =>>FC %n Puntland the 'eterinary Code
has been enacted and the 'eterinary Board has been partially constitutedC
4he 3aster Plan advisory document prepared by the "omali PACE Pro&ect
or Puntland has been converted into a government document entitledG
%nstitutional Procedures and Regulations o the 3inistry o Livestock7
Agriculture and EnvironmentC Ho:ever7 so ar7 it has not been debated and
approved by ParliamentC 4he 3inister has asked or a cost-bene/t analysis
o the implication o implementing the 3aster PlanC 4he "AH"P has
commissioned a consultancy or the study :hich is e0pected to be
completed by April =>>AC %n "omaliland the enactment o the 'eterinary
Code has been delayed by a series o amendments in parliament and
revisions in the 3inistryC %t is hoped that the process :ill be completed
during the ne0t @ monthsC
4his Result :ill be supplemented by the ne:ly launched EC"AL% pro&ect :hich
:ill ocus on the Enhancement o "omali Agriculture and Livestock %nstitutions
:hich :ill include policy and regulatory rame:orks as :ell as promoting
public-private sector partnerships in the delivery o veterinary services
*R<7<<<7<<< or =K months-C 4his pro&ect :ill :ork closely :ith "AH"P and by
design :ill ollo: the "AH"P 5onal structureC
"$.$: E8/e!te Result $: 4easures for t+e erai!ation of Riner/est
fro, t+e So,ali e!os7ste, i,/le,ente in !ollaboration -it+
A2<I"AR<PACE an neig+bouring !ountries.
"$.$.1: C+ronolog7 of #e7 riner/est e(ents
1rom the scienti/c perspective this (utput has had a remarkable achievementC
4he :ork o the Pro&ect Epidemiology Advisor *,r "teano 4empia- under both
"omali PACE and "AH"P has resulted in the a:ard o the degree o ,octor o
Philosophy *Ph,-
K
by the Colorado "tate #niversity7 at 1ort Collins7 Colorado7 #"AC
1rom this thesis7 the published literature and the 4echnical Reports o both the
"omali PACE Pro&ect and "AH"P the ollo:ing chronology o suspected or
con/rmed rinderpest in the "omali eco-system o "omalia and 9enya can be
deducedG
4
Tempia1 ! #2006$" The ynami%s of &inderpest in 'omadi% Pastoral !ystems( The !omali
!)rveillan%e *+ample" ,n partial f)lfilment of the re-)irements for the egree of o%tor of Philosophy
.olorado !tate /niversity 0ort .ollins1 .olorado
19
iC <ED>-<ED@G a moderately severe epidemic o suspected RP entered
3andera and spread to e0tensive areas o "outhern "omalia *no laboratory
con/rmation-C
iiC <ED?-<EDDG a second :ave o suspected RP aJected the 3iddle and Lo:er
Buba Regions o "omalia *no laboratory con/rmation-C
iiiC <EE<-<EE@G coincident :ith the onset o drought in <EE<7 t:o :aves o
suspected RP spread out rom Wa&ir ,istrict7 9enya and eventually spread
to Lo:er Buba causing moderate to severe mortality *@> to A>P- at 4abta7
Bilis 6ooMaani7 Amado:7 and Badhade in "omalia *no laboratory
con/rmation-C
ivC <EEK-<EEFG "uspected RP in 3andera ,istrict persisted and assumed a
mild ormC 1rom 3andera the disease spread to no-mans-land bet:een El
Wak7 9enya and El Wak7 "omalia :here it :as sighted by "omali veterinary
personnel in mid-<EEK *no laboratory con/rmation-C "ubseMuently this
:ave seems to have spread up to .edo in "outhern "omaliaC
vC <EEF7 lo: to moderately severe outbreaks occurred in border regions on
both sides o the 9enya-"omalia border until the onset o the rains in early
<EEFC (cular and nasal s:abs rom aJected cattle at 1ino and Hashino
:ere /ositi(e for t+e /resen!e of RP antigen in AGID tests
conducted by the 9AR% 2'RC 3uguga laboratory7 9enyaC 2BG 4he <EEK 8
<EEF :ave in the "omali eco-system may :ell have been the origin o
rinderpest Lineage-= *(irus isolation an geneti! !+ara!terisation- in
:ildlie *buJalo and eland- in the 4savo 2ational Park *<EEK-?- south-
eastern 9enya and the 2airobi 2ational Park *<EEF-C
viC %n <EED 8 <EEE clinically mild cases o RP :ere detected in several
locations o Amado: ,istrictC %n Lo:er Buba7 3iddle Buba and .edo Regions
o southern "omalia <7FE@ serum samples :ere tested using the RP
!ELISA % test and <?= :ere detected antibody positive *DCEP-C
viiC %n April <EED7 a boat rom "omalia carrying inected cattle :as turned
a:ay rom the port o ,ubai and is believed to have unloaded the animals
at 9ismayu in southern "omaliaC %n early <EEE7 there :ere reports o an
outbreak among cattle in southern "omalia and high mortality among
:arthogsC %n the Lo:er Buba Region7 clinical signs :ere observed in cattle7
:hich :ere suggestive o mild rinderpestN no deaths :ere observedC
viiiC %n <EEE7 vaccination ceased in .edo and Lo:er BubaN vaccination in 3iddle
Buba had ceased in <EE@C
i0C %n <EEE-=>>< serological investigations
?
carried out on unvaccinated young
stock sho:ed positive results *using the RP cEL%"A H- in various locations
o Hiran7 and .algadud Regions o Central "omaliaC
0C %n (ctober 8 2ovember =>>< an outbreak o mild RP :as detected and
con/rmed *geneti! !+ara!teri>ation- in buJalo in the 3eru 2ational
ParkC
0iC ,uring =>>= - =>>@ a cross-sectional sero-survey based on a =-stage
cluster sampling design sho:ed a RP sero-prevalence especially in .edo
*<DP-7 3iddle Buba *<FP- and Lo:er Buba *<AP-C
5
4ll res)lts of sero?s)rveys -)oted relate to yo)ng %attle ;et>een the ages of 1 and 3 years1 )nless
other>ise stated"
20
0iiC %n 1ebruary =>>@ a participatory disease search *P,"- :as carried out in
3iddle BubaC "ome cases :ith signs resembling mild rinderpest :ere
rinderpest positive in t+e /en1sie test o the WRL PirbrightC Ho:ever
these results :ere not con/rmed by PCR testing at 9AR%7 3uguga7 9enyaC
0iiiC %n "eptember =>>@ participatory disease searches in north-east 9enya
detected clinical signs suggestive o mild rinderpest in .arissa ,istrict o
north-east 9enyaC "amples collected rom aJected cattle tested positive in
the PCR at 9AR% 3uguga but seMuence data at the World ReC Lab at
Pirbright indicated a relationship :ith the RB(9 vaccine strain rather than
Lineage-=7 the e0pected causeC 4he 9enyan authorities carried out ring
vaccination *<?>7>>> doses- and "omali-PACE vaccinated the contiguous
part o Lo:er Buba *?>7>>> doses-C
0ivC %n =>>? another cross sectional sero-survey also demonstrated sero-
positive results in the same cluster o .edo *?P-7 3iddle Buba *=P- and
Lo:er Buba *KP-C 4he sero-prevalence percentages :ere lo:er than those
detected in the =>>=-=>>@ surveyC
0vC Banuary =>>F participatory disease search and purposive sero-survey :as
undertaken in Central and "outhern "omalia *but not .edo-C Animals :ith
suspicious clinical signs o mild rinderpest :ere sampled or virus testingC
All samples :ere negative or rinderpestC With respect to serology all the
sera *<7>@?- rom Hiran7 3iddle and Lo:er "hebele in Central "omalia :ere
negative or RP antibody7 as :ere those rom Bay *=ED- in "outhern
"omaliaC "ero-positive sera :ere detected in 3iddle Buba *=C@P- and Lo:er
Buba *>CKP-C
0viC Buly 8 August =>>F a cross-sectional random survey :as carried out in
"outhern "omalia concurrently :ith similar surveys in the 9enyan and
Ethiopia parts o the "omali eco-systemC 4he activities in 9enya and
Ethiopia :ere unded by the PACE programme and the survey in the entire
eco-system :as coordinated by "EREC# to ensure harmonised proceduresC
While 9enya and Ethiopia reported a ;ero sero-prevalence7 the results rom
"omalia sho:ed some sero-prevalence especially in .edo *=CFP-7 3iddle
Buba *=CEP- and Lo:er Buba *<C=P-C
Table 1: Riner/est 9RP: Ca!!ination an Obser(e Antibo7 Pre(alen!e
in Geo? 4ile Juba an Lo-er Juba regions of Sout+ern So,alia
Region Rinderpest 'accination RP (bserved Prevalence and E?P Con/dence
21
interval *P-
Last
'accination
Coverage "ero-
conversi
on *P-
=>>= - =>>@ =>>? 1eb
=>>F
Buly =>>F
.edo Ban <EEE
*4erra 2uova-
DA7@?F$
F<=7E>>
*<KC=P-
FE <ACD
*<?C@8=>CAP-
?C=
*=C?8ACD-
2ot
done
=CF
*<CF 8 @CF-
3iddle
Buba
<EE@
*%nternational
Red Cross$
Crescent-
SS SS <FC>
*<@CD8<DCK-
@CA
*<CA8?CA-
=C@ =CE
*<C> 8 KCD-
Lo:er
Buba
3arch <EEE
*4erra 2uova7
"omali PACE-
<>@7A>@ $
EEE7K?>
*<>C@P-
AD <FCE
*<KCF8<ECF-
<CA
*<C>8=C@-
>CK <C=
*>C@ 8 =C>-
*2BG surveys in =>>@7 =>>? and Buly =>>F :ere randomised cross-sectionalN
survey in 1ebruary =>>F :as non-randomised samplingN it :as purposiveN this :as
accompanied by participatory disease search-
"$.$.$: Riner/est sur(eillan!e results fro, t+e 5en7an sie of t+e
So,ali1e!os7ste,
4he 9enyan veterinary authorities kindly allo:ed the consultant access to the
results o the P," and sero-survey results on the 9enyan side o the "omali eco-
system since =>>KC Although the "EREC# coordinated survey o Buly =>>F :as the
/rst time that 9enya undertook a cross-sectional random survey7 records do sho:
an increasingly intense surveillance activity on the 9enyan side o the "omali eco-
system especially since =>>@C Prior to the random survey o =>>F7 purposive
surveys in 9enya had indicated some rinderpest sero-positive prevalenceC 1or
e0ample in =>>K moderate RP antibody prevalence in cattle in 3andera *=CD<P-
and 4ana River *=CF?P-7 in =>>? lo: prevalence in 4ana River *>C@AP- and %&ara
,istricts *<C<<P-C As already remarked in =>>F the results rom the 9enya side o
the "omali eco-system :ere RP sero-negativeC %nvestigations by 9enyan
veterinary teams had attributed such results to either mis-aging o cattle *iCeC
inclusion o animals that had been vaccinated in =>>@- or to laboratory alse
positivesC Also there had been some lo: rinderpest sero-positive prevalence in the
Rinderpest ,isease 1ree 5one o 9enyaC %nvestigations related such results to
bleeding T@ year old animals that :ould have been vaccinated beore the
,eclaration o ,isease 1reedomC 4here :as no evidence o clustering o sero-
positive results repeated during successive surveysC 4he 9enyan results are not
dissimilar to those previously obtained in 4an;ania :ithin = years o cessation o
vaccination :hen some lo:-grade RP sero-prevalence could be detected or
similar reasons as advanced by 9enyaC 4hereater7 in 4an;ania7 results o sero-
surveys in cattle have consistently been RP negative
F
C %n the time available the
consultant :as unable to ascertain to :hat e0tent the "AH"P and 9enyan survey
teams :orked in tandem in the border regions so as to ensure uniorm coverage
6
The %ons)ltant is gratef)l to the ire%tor of 7eterinary !ervi%es of Tan@ania for permission to a%%ess
Tan@aniaAs rinderpest s)rveillan%e data"
22
o the homogeneous cattle population that transcends the 9enya-"omali borderC
"o the sharp distinction bet:een a ;ero RP sero-prevalence on the 9enyan side
and a positive sero-prevalence on the "omali side remains an enigma that should
be addressed dispassionately by the "EREC# team7 hopeully :ith the support o
the 1A(-.REP e0pertiseC (ne area to start :ith may be to segregate the
serological results rom "outhern "omalia bet:een those rom the area that :as
vaccinated in =>>@ :ith the rest and compare such results :ith those o the truly
contiguous part o 9enyaC %ncidentally7 it should be noted in passing that all the
P," surveys in the eco-system since =>>K on both sides o the 9enya-"omali
border have consistently ailed to demonstrate clinical signs o rinderpest that
resulted in laboratory con/rmation7 ollo:ing the =>>@ vaccinationsC 4hereore7
there has been no evidence o either vaccination or clinical rinderpest in the eco-
system or more than @ yearsC 4his has been the basis or both 9enya and "omalia
to resolve to declare Provisional Rinderpest 1reedomC
4he consultant did not visit Ethiopia and thereby had no direct access to Ethiopian
rinderpest surveillance dataC
"$.$.&: Inter/retation of results fro, t+e $==0 riner/est sur(e7 in
Sout+ern So,alia
4here :as no consensus on the interpretation o the obtained results by the three
countriesC Both 9enya and Ethiopia7 :hich recorded negative sero-prevalence7
concluded that rinderpest :as absent rom their side o the "omali eco-systemC
Ho:ever the "omali results sho: a prevalence *albeit lo: compared :ith results
obtained previously in =>>= and =>>?- o sero-positive results in .edo7 3iddle and
Lo:er Buba7 areas that are contiguous to 9enya and EthiopiaC 4he tendency in
"EREC# seems to be that the declining prevalence indicates a progressive
disappearance o rinderpest virus rom the eco-systemC
%t is possible that the =>>@ vaccinations in north-east 9enya and in the
neighbouring part o "outhern "omalia7 iCeC Lo:er Buba7 may :ell have eliminated
the primary endemic ocus or the "omali eco-system and hence the declining
sero-prevalence and absence o sero-positive results in 9enya in =>>FC As
rinderpest transmission depends on close contact and mild rinderpest o Lineage-
= is supposed to spread slo:ly *iCeC lo: basic reproduction number-7 the
e0pectation :ould be that the inection :ill die out on its o:n accordC Ho:ever7 it
is di)cult to comprehend ho: there could be such a sharp distinction bet:een
contiguous herds in 9enya and "omalia that mi0 regularlyC 1urthermore7 there :as
no vaccination in either .edo or 3iddle Buba in =>>@N the last vaccination there
:as respectively in <EEE and <EE@C 1or the =>>? and =>>F surveys7 there is a
remote possibility or mis-aging in lo:er Buba :here vaccination :as carried out in
=>>@C Ho:ever7 it is di)cult to envisage that such mis-aging could account or the
regular clustering in .edo7 3iddle and Lo:er Buba7 especially that it is not al:ays
the same individuals that carry out sampling in these areasC %n any case7 or .edo
any animals bet:een < and F years o age and or 3iddle Buba animals aged
bet:een < and <@ years old should be e0pected to be rinderpest sero-negativeC
"AH"P staJ discounted the possibility o clandestine vaccination in .edo and
3iddle Buba as it :ould be very di)cult to hide such inormation consistently over
the ? years o repeated surveys and participatory rural appraisal inMuiriesC ,uring
the 34E7 it :as brought to the notice o the consultant that one 3iddle Eastern
livestock importing country insists on having sheep and goats vaccinated against
Rit 'alley ever in the Bosasso portC 4his is carried out by veterinary inspectors
rom the importing country and any residual vaccine is destroyed in the portC
4here :as no indication that rinderpest vaccination :as taking place even in the
23
portC 4he practice o vaccination at port is not con/ned to the Bosasso PortC %n
"omaliland7 the 34E consultant :as inormed that an importing country rom the
Arabian Peninsular insists on cattle being vaccinated against 13, in the port o
Berbera beore boardingC 4his :as openly undertaken by "omaliland veterinary
authorities and the consultant :as sho:n a stock o the vaccine in a cold store in
HargeisaC (nce again there :as no indication o rinderpest vaccination in the portC
%n contrast :ith cattle7 :ildlie surveys in 9enya and "outhern "omalia during
=>>F :ere rinderpest sero-negative7 :hich :as consistent :ith repeated sero-
negative results that 9enya had obtained in =>>K and =>>?C %t should be noted
that :ith respect to :ildlie surveillance7 systematic studies in the entire "omali
ecosystem have only been carried out in 9enya over the last << years7 principally
by the 9enya Wildlie "ervices *9W"- and A#-%BAR PACE programmeC 4hereore7
these orm the point o reerence or the ecosystem or :ildlie surveillanceC
Ater e0tensive discussions :ith various stakeholders and e0amining data rom
"omali PACE7 "AH"P and the thesis by ,r 4empia7 this Evaluation has concluded
that the available evidence does NOT e8!lue the possibility o lo:-grade
rinderpest viral activity in cattle in "outhern "omalia during an inter-epidemic
periodC 3ariner and his colleagues estimated in =>>? that such an inter-epidemic
period or the Lineage-= mild rinderpest in the "omali eco-system :ould be about
? years
A
C
3embers o "EREC# have agreed to undertake a repeat survey in Bune-Buly =>>AC
4he design by ,r 4empia is scienti/cally sound and should once again be the basis
o the surveyC But it is important or "AH"P to persuade "EREC# and the other t:o
countries that the design be ollo:ed meticulously and that each country
undertakes the veri/cation o the process as is detailed in the (ctober =>>F
"AH"P 4echnical ReportC % the security conditions permit7 the survey should allo:
or teams rom the three countries to :ork in tandem in the border areas in order
to ensure uniorm coverage o the homogeneously mi0ing cattle populationC %t
:ould be advisable to include an agreed common guideline or aging cattle in this
eco-systemC %t should be noted in any case that it :ill be KC? years ater the last
rinderpest vaccination in the 9enya-"omali ecosystemC All animals bet:een the
ages o < and @ years :ould be e0pected to be sero-negativeC "ero-positive
results in this age category :ould indicate rinderpest viral activity in the /eldC
4hereore7 "AH"P should persuade "EREC# management and the partner
countries to agree on a contingent line o action in advance should rinderpest
sero-positivity continue to be detected in "outhern "omalia7 as has been the case
during the last ? yearsC %t :ould be advisable to seek .REP e0pert advice also in
advanceC
"$.& E8/e!te Result &: 4e!+anis,s for reu!ing (ulnerabilit7 of
no,ai! So,ali li(esto!# to t+reats of ,a'or e/i>ooti!s
strengt+ene t+roug+ t+e establis+,ent of a sur(eillan!e s7ste,
a- Sur(eillan!e: 4he /eld disease reporting system and 5onal Epidemiology
and ,ata 3anagement #nits have been set up in Central "omalia and
"outhern "omaliaC A gap analysis :orkshop *Anne0 @- :ith staJ rom these
5ones7 :hich :as acilitated by the consultant7 demonstrated that the
7
3ariner1 B"."1 3%ermott 1B"1 Ceester;eeD 1 B"4"P"1 .atley1 4" and &oeder1 P" #2005$" 4 model of
lineage?1 and lineage?2 rinderpest vir)s transmission in pastoral areas of *ast 4fri%a" Preventive
7eterinary 3edi%ine 69( 245E263
24
activity :as on schedule in these 5onesC Ho:ever it :as behind schedule
in "omaliland7 although the initial progress :as satisactory and practically
it had not taken oJ in Puntland on account o the 3inistry there having not
appointed and placed key persons both in the /eld and in the designated
E,3#C 2evertheless7 "AH"P has started to submit "omali consolidated
animal disease reports rom the our pro&ect ;ones to A#-%BAR derived rom
all the 5onal reportsC "AH"P has also undertaken retrospective surveys or
PPR and CBPP on stored seraC (verall the :orkshop rated the activities in
Puntland as very lo:7 in "omaliland as lo: and those in Central and
"outhern "omalia as respectively moderate and good7 as sho: in 4able =
belo:C
4he underlying reasons seem to relate to an over-estimate o the capacity
o the public sectors in Puntland and "omalilandC 4he sta)ng levels o the
E,3#s in both areas are inadeMuate and practically non-e0istent in
PuntlandC
4here have also been problems encountered :ith the use o the AR%"
sot:are7 :hich seem to be intrinsic in the sot:are con/guration itselC
"ome o these could not be readily resolved by the A#-%BAR PACE groupC
"hould the sot:are problems persist "AH"P :ould be :ell advised also to
e0periment :ith the 1A( 4A,%no system7 at least as a back-up systemC
1ortunately the 4A "urveillance is amiliar :ith both the AR%" and 4A,%no
systemsC %t should thereore be possible to install the 4A,%no as a back-up
systemC
4he K-stage animal disease inormation system that has been selected by
"AH"P or "omalia is valid and is in line :ith other countries7 such as
4an;ania7 that have a ;onal approach to disease surveillanceC
b- Pre/areness: 4his Result is behind schedule on account o the absence
o a 4AC 2evertheless7 several key achievements have been attainedC
E0amples include the preparation o the rinderpest contingency plan7
:hich has been submitted to A#$%BAR or scrutiny7 a document has been
developed as a guide to the "AH"P preparedness strategyC "everal
25
investigations o suspected disease outbreaks have been undertaken
promptly upon receipt o reports o suspicion *eCgC avian inLuen;a7 Camel
disease7 PPR and R'1-C
26
SECTION C: PROJECT 4ANAGE4ENT
C1: Pro'e!t 4anage,ent Stru!ture
Pro&ect staJ is recruited by the @ consortium partners *4erra 2uova7 #2A and
C((P%-C %n theory this could have led to problems o multiple allegiancesC %n order
to create a coherent chain o pro&ect management and to avoid such potential
conLicts7 the Consortium signed a speci/c 3emorandum o #nderstanding to
govern the administrative and /nancial relationships in the operations o the
pro&ectC 4he day-to-day management o the pro&ect has been entrusted to a
Pro&ect 3anagement #nit :hich is headed by a Chie 4echnical Advisor *C4A-C 4hus
all pro&ect staJ is accountable to the C4A or all aspects o the pro&ect
implementationC
Pro'e!t Sta; at t+e P42 %H in Nairobi
Chie 4echnical Advisor 2ational Coordinator
Epidemiology Advisor 2ational Epidemiologist
Human Resources and 1inancial Advisor 2ational Administrator
Plus K 9enyan support staJ comprising a secretary7 an accountant7 a driver and a
receptionist
4he structure or staJ based in the K pro&ect 5ones is as ollo:sG
Ione Sta; Categor7
"outhern "omalia
4A "urveillance and disease
reporting
5onal 'eterinary Coordinator
1ield 'eterinary ()cer
5onal Administrator
"ecretary$data entry clerk
Central "omalia
4A Policy and Communications
5onal 'eterinary Coordinator
1ield 'eterinary ()cer
5onal Administrator
"ecretary$data entry clerk
Puntland
4A %nstitutional Capacity Building
and 4raining
5onal 'eterinary Coordinator
5onal Administrator
"ecretary
,river
"omaliland
4A Emergency Preparedness and
response
5onal 'eterinary Coordinator
5onal Administrator
"ecretary
,river
27
,uring the period o revie: the ull complement o staJ o "omali and 4echnical
Advisors :as in place e0cept orG
4he 5onal Coordinator or Puntland7 :ho sadly passed a:ay on @<
st
,ecember =>>FC
4he 4A or ,isease Emergency Preparedness7 :ho had resigned on <
st
Buly
=>>F and had not been replaced7 although the recruitment process or the
replacement :as in trainC A candidate had been identi/ed and is e0pected
to start in 3arch =>>AC 4he recruitment process appears to have been
unduly longC Ho:ever this is mitigated by the act that the pro&ect made an
attempt to recruit somebody :ith "omali e0perience and an understanding
o "omali cultureC
%t :as also learnt that the Epidemiology Advisor :ould be leaving the pro&ect on
the <E
th
o Banuary =>>AC
4he consultant :as impressed by the level o competence and morale o the
pro&ect team as :ell as positive interaction :ithin the teamC (n several occasions
the 4As :ho are ordinarily resident in "omalia had to be either evacuated or
relocated on account o security but none appeared to be unduly distressedC
All proessional staJ have more than the reMuisite Muali/cations and e0perienceC
4he team is both highly Muali/ed and competent and compares avourably :ith
peers in the regionC %n this regard7 the pro&ect is likely to eel the loss o the
current Epidemiology Advisor :ho :ill soon be &oining the C,C out/t in R:andaC %t
:ould be advisable or "AH"P to seek to secure his services as a consultant to
support the ne: team and to ensure continuity7 particularly as he :ill be :ithin
the East Arican RegionC
4here are7 ho:ever7 @ underlying discrepancies :hich pro&ect management and
the donor need to address regarding the technical sustainability o the pro&ect
outputsG
1or both Puntland and "omaliland there has been an assumption that the
public sector :ould provide staJC 4his has resulted in the diJerence in the
unctions o the 5onal Coordinators in these t:o ;ones rom their
counterparts in "outhern "omalia and Central "omaliaC 4he 5onal
Coordinators in the latter = ;ones carry the primary responsibility or the
E,3#s in their ;ones o responsibilityC 1urthermore7 they are assisted each
by a ully Muali/ed veterinarian as a /eld o)cer7 :ho also has
responsibility or the E,3# and the secretary doubles up as a data entry
clerkC %n contrast7 the pro&ect does not take primary responsibility or the
E,3#s in Puntland and "omaliland beyond training o government
assigned staJC ConseMuently the E,3#s in Puntland and "omaliland are
under-staJedC
"urveillance and Preparedness are key unctions or a uture public sector
veterinary service in "omaliaC Qet there are no "omali counterparts or
these t:o key unctionsC
4he 2ational Coordinator and 2ational Epidemiologist at the P3# do not
seem to have speci/c primary areas o technical responsibilityC Even in a ?-
year pro&ect period7 it is di)cult to envisage ho: the t:o individuals could
shit rom under-study to ull technical responsibility o the respective
portoliosC At best they can only be e0pected to assume general
administrative and coordination rolesC Accordingly7 the 34E has
recommended that the t:o individuals also :ork as counterpart personnel
to the 4As or Preparedness and "urveillance respectully so that they can
start assuming some skills in these t:o key areas o the pro&ectC
4he 5onal Coordinators and the 2ational Administrator at the P3# are e0pected to
take over primary administrative and coordination roles in their areas o
responsibilityC 4he process is proceeding :ellC #nortunately the process in
28
Puntland has been put back by the recent death o the 5onal CoordinatorC
4hereore7 e0cept or the special conditions o Puntland7 the 34E is satis/ed that
the administrative and coordination targets at the 5onal level :ill be attained by
the end o the current pro&ect phaseC
C$: Pro'e!t E8/eniture Pattern
4he e0penditure analysis :as possible only up to 2ovember =>>F7 the time o the
reMuest o the @
rd
/nancial instalment rom the ECC 4his represents FAP o the
total period and thereore at that point there :as still some @@P o the contracted
period remainingC E0penditure up to that moment :as some ?AP and a orecast
o K@P or the remaining periodC 4hereore as o 2ovember the pro&ect had a <>P
savingC While it :as not intended that this 34E :ould be an accounts audit
e0ercise7 the consultant :as satis/ed that the level o e0penditure :as in line :ith
budget *"ee 4able @ belo: and Anne0 K-C As already remarked t:o Results have
bene/ted rom additional budget allocations either in the orm o supplement
*R<F>7>>> or emergency disease preparedness- or the ne: complementary
pro&ect E"CAL% *R<7<<<7<<<- or Result <C 4he overall e0penditure reLects the
:eight o activity :ith K?P o the e0penditure being or the most costly activity7
namely rinderpest *Result =- and K>P or Results < :hich encompasses @ outputs7
namelyG capacity building7 policy and regulatory rame:orkC 4he relatively lo:
*<?P- e0penditure or Result @ reLects both the K months :ithout the cost o the
4A or this Result and an under-budget that has no: been recti/ed by the
supplement reerred to aboveC
Table &: SA%PS Su,,ar7 of E8/eniture to &= No( $==0
EDF Co,/onent 1 Contra!t No. *1)1NGO1L1$1=)
.E2ERAL "#33ARQ 1rom ><$>K$>? to @>$<<$>F
INSTAL4ENTS
RECEICED
Received
ReJueste

Re!ei(e
Consortiu,
!ontributio
ns
EDF
Instal,ents
TOTAL K
=?$>?$=>>? > EEE7?>> EEE7?>>
<<$><$=>>F K<7?A? > K<7?A?
<<$>K$=>>F > EEE7DKE EEE7DKE
>@$><$=>>A A>>7?>> A>>7?>>
> > >
TOTAL K )1?*3* $?0BB?A)B
$?3)1?)$
)
K $?3)1?)$)
EEPENSES S2"4ITTED "pent
Re/ort
No.
u/ to Consortiu, EDF TOTAL K
<st @>$>E$=>>? <F7E=FC<D @=<7?EAC@K @@D7?=K
=nd @<$<=$=>>? <A7><@CDK @=@7=F@C>> @K>7=AA
@rd - a @<$><$=>>F =7E=FCKE ??7F>@C== ?D7?@>
@rd - b @<$>@$=>>F <@7?=KCED =?F7EAKCFD =A>7?>>
Kth @>$>F$=>>F <K7=FDCD> =A<7<>AC== =D?7@AF
?th @>$>E$=>>F <D7FKAC?< @?K7@>=CAK @A=7E?>
29
Fth - a @>$<<$=>>F F7@@<CE= <=>7@>FC?= <=F7F@D
Fth - b @<$<=$=>>F >C>> >C>>
Ath >C>> >C>> >
Total K AB?0&B.3$
1?3=&?1*).3
1
1?3B$?3B
)
K 1?3B$?3B)
"ALANCES Balance
Consortiu, EDF TOTAL K
Total K 1)A?=0* BB0?0B) B)A?0&= K B)A?0&=
L $1*.0 0&.1 0*.) L 0*.)
Perio re(ie-e 9$= ,ont+: as L of
total 03
E8/eniture as L total buget
9i.e. K1.3B$?3B)<&?1*3?A&$: *3
C&: Pro'e!t Coorination
"o ar7 the "teering Committee or "AH"P has not been constituted and convenedC
Also the consultant has not been made a:are o in-country coordination
mechanisms among the diJerent livestock related pro&ects in @ o the K pro&ect
5ones *iCeC "omaliland7 Central and "outhern "omalia-C %n Puntland7 the 3inistry o
Livestock7 Agriculture and Environment *3oLAE- convenes regular coordination
meetings involving public and private sector institutions7 international 2.(s and
international agencies involved in the livestock sectorC %n "omaliland7 the 3inister
or Livestock con/rmed the absence o such a mechanismC 4his is an aspect that
"AH"P :ill need to :ork out in collaboration :ith other partnersC %deally such
coordination should be through the 3inistries responsible or Livestock or suitable
alternative "omali institutions :here such 3inistries are not yet unctionalC
C): Pro'e!t Lin#ages
4he pro&ect has developed close collaboration :ith several organisations and
institutions in the region through either ormal 3o#s or simply interpersonal
relationshipsC %n this regard the role o the veterinary laboratory institutions in
9enya *Central 'eterinary Laboratory at 9abete and the 9enya Agricultural
Research %nstitute 'eterinary Research Centre and the Biotechnology Centre
Laboratories- have been crucial in enabling "AH"P to realise several o the
E0pected Results7 particularly Results = and @7 through the testing o all samples
collected rom the /eld in "omaliaC
"AH"P has collaborated :ith and been part o the "omali Ecosystem Rinderpest
Eradication Coordination #nit *"EREC#- in A#$%BAR as :ell as PACE Coordination
also at A#$%BARC 4he "AH"P Epidemiology Advisor has taken the leading role in
designing the cross-sectional random survey that has been undertaken
concurrently by the "EREC# participating countries7 namely 9enya7 Ethiopia and
"omaliaC
Although there has been no speci/c 3o# bet:een "AH"P and pro&ects
implemented by 1A(-"omalia7 there has been a close collaboration bet:een the
t:o7 or e0ample in sharing the cost o rehabilitation and eMuipping the Hargeisa
veterinary laboratoryC 4erra 2uova$"AH"P has also been sub-contracted by 1A(-
"omalia to provide a laboratory training consultant in =>>F and to undertake /eld
30
surveillance or Rit 'alley ever *R'1-C 2BG 4his latter contract :as being
processed during the course o this EvaluationC "AH"P and 1A(-Animal Health
"ervice in Rome tried to develop a collaborative arrangement particularly :ith the
.REP "ecretariat :ithin the %nectious ,iseases-E3PRE" .roupC Ho:ever7 up to
the time o the 34E *nearly t:o years later- the @ administrative systems *1A(7
EC-"omalia and 4erra 2uova-7 had not been able to settle a mutually agreeable
/nancial arrangementC
"AH"P has close collaboration :ith t:o other E,1 unded and 4erra 2uova
implemented pro&ects7 namely the %mprovement and ,iversi/cation o "omali
Livestock 4rade and 3arketing pro&ect and the EC"AL% pro&ectC 4he latter has
particular complementarity :ith Result < o "AH"PC
At the 2airobi level7 "AH"P is a member o the Livestock Working .roup o the
"omalia "upport "ecretariat *"""-C
C*: 4onitoring an E(aluation
Although the pro&ect does not include an internal 3OE7 there is close monitoring o
activitiesC 4he 4echnical Advisor responsible or Livestock and Environment :ithin
the EC "omalia (perations in the EC ,elegation in 2airobi has a close interaction
:ith the P3# and is regularly up-dated both ormally and inormallyC 4he pro&ect
has Muarterly :ork plansN it produces Muarterly summary technical reports and
si0-monthly interim technical and /nancial reportsC 4here are speci/c technical
reports or speci/c tasks such as surveys7 trainings and :orkshops :hich7
incidentally7 are :ritten in the ormat o a scienti/c paperC 1or each ma&or activity
the pro&ect develops :ritten strategies7 :hich again are :ritten in the orm o a
research proposal and thereore is sub&ect to peer scrutiny beore undertaking the
:orkC Both o these eatures are uniMue to "AH"P in the regionC 4he pro&ect
produces a Muarterly Bulletin :hich is :idely circulated to stakeholders and
partners and is currently developing a :ebsiteC Also in its eJort to engage the
livestock dependent communities in the understanding and risk management o
4A,s7 the pro&ect has carried out regular a:areness creation campaigns through
the British Broadcasting Corporation *BBC- "omali radio programme and other
local "omali radiosC
C0: Lin#ages bet-een Et+io/ia? 5en7a an So,alia @ an
e/ie,iologi!al !luster
As an oJ-shoot o the .lobal PACE pro&ect under A#-%BAR7 a special pro&ect :as
set up in =>>? to coordinate the rinderpest eradication process in the "omali eco-
system that includes the :hole o "omalia *but :ith an emphasis on "outhern
"omalia- plus 5one ' o "outh-east Ethiopia and 2orth-eastern 9enyaC 4he pro&ect
is kno:n by the acronym o "EREC# *"omali Ecosystem Rinderpest Eradication
coordination #nit-C 4he "AH"P rinderpest activities are totally linked to
complementary :ork in 9enya and Ethiopia through "EREC#C
4his is the /rst epidemiological cluster based pro&ect or dealing :ith a
transboundary animal disease in AricaC Whilst this 34E is not e(aluating
SEREC27 it must be stated that it :ould be a tremendous development i the
countries that participate in "EREC#7 as :ell as the A#-%BAR7 :ere to consider
:ays o institutionalising and e0tending the ob&ectives o "EREC# beyond
rinderpestC 4he eco-system that is being addressed or rinderpest is
epidemiologically important or a :ider spectrum o transboundary animal
diseases *4A,s- including R'17 13,7 PPR7 CBPP and CCPPC It wou!& be im-ortant
for t4e subre7ion to rank suc4 8A+s accor&in7 to a common!y a7ree& 8A+s risk
mana7ement strate7y. A common -ractice is to rank suc4 a !ist of &iseases into <
cate7ories=
84e first wou!& be Strategic Diseases= 84is wou!& be a set of one or two
&iseases for w4ic4 t4ere wou!& be a common!y a7ree& !on7term
31
-ro7ramme for coor&inate& -ro7ressi'e contro!. At t4e moment rin&er-est
wou!& fa!! into t4is cate7ory.
A secon& cate7ory wou!& be referre& to as +actical Diseases- 84is wou!&
inc!u&e a set of 8A+s i&entifie& as re>uirin7 a sur'ei!!ance strate7y to
estab!is4 a base!ine of acce-tab!e risk -!us a -re-are&ness -ro7ramme
em-4asisin7 re7iona! ca-acity for ear!y &etection/ ear!y warnin7 an& for
ra-i& reaction in case of an outbreak. Rift 0a!!ey fe'er. PPR. ))PP an& t4e
came! &isease 2w4ic4 so far is of un&etermine& aetio!o7y5 wou!& seem to
fa!! rea&i!y into suc4 a cate7ory.
84e t4ir& cate7ory wou!& be referre& to as E.otic or Emerging Diseases
of 4i74 risk to t4e subre7ion. 84e re>uire& action for suc4 a set of 8A+s
wou!& be &iseases t4at &eman& a 4i74 a!ert. -re-are&ness an& ear!y
warnin7. 84is cate7ory wou!& a!so -rom-t access to a s-ecia!ise&
!aboratory2ies5. -referab!y in t4e subre7ion wit4 a -ractica! ca-acity for
ear!y &etection an& i&entification of suc4 &iseases 2i.e. &etection of t4e
une;-ecte& &isease5. A'ian inf!uen?a rea&i!y fa!!s into t4is cate7ory an&
4o-efu!!y in t4e ne;t few years rin&er-est can fin& its -!ace into t4is
cate7ory.
A precedent or such an approach already e0ists in the "A,C region
D
C
C3: Intera!tion -it+ A21I"AR
Apart rom pro&ect coordination and involvement7 A#-%BAR serves a very important
regional role in animal health strategic issues or AricaC "AH"P as a pro&ect that
helps to restore a public sector veterinary service in "omalia must al:ays keep a
close contact and collaboration :ith the normative side o %BAR both directly and
through any uture public veterinary sector that emerges in "omaliaC (ne such
important side is disease reporting and collaboration in regional disease
intervention systemsC
CA: Intera!tion -it+ FAO
As already remarked "AH"P has a close collaboration :ith the 1A( emergency and
rehabilitation programme through the activities o pro&ects implemented by 1A(-
"omaliaC
(ver and above that7 "AH"P is trying to introduce into the K pro&ect ;ones
concepts o 4A,s risk management based on the prime elements o the 1A(-
E3PRE" programme :hich include the coordination o the .lobal Rinderpest
Eradication Programme *.REP-C %t is important7 thereore7 that "AH"P /nds a
mechanism or ormal linkage :ith the normative activities o 1A(7 especially
through the E3PRE" ProgrammeC 4his is particularly important especially as there
is no other institutional back-stopping mechanism or "AH"PC
CB: Intera!tion -it+ OIE
All national veterinary services in the :orld do have a reporting obligation to the
(%E and have to operate :ithin the guidelines o this World (rganisation or
Animal Health7 especially the (%E 4errestrial Animal Health CodeC
4his is :ell recognised by the various stakeholders o "AH"PC %t is gratiying to
note that the EC "omalia (perations has agreed to acilitate the back-payment o
/nancial dues to the (%EC 4his :ill enable "omalia to participate legitimately in the
8
3)sisi1 0"5" #2003$" 042 &egional 6orDshop of 'ational .hief 7eterinary 2ffi%ers on 03 and 2ther
Trans;o)ndary 4nimal iseases in !o)thern 4fri%a1 Pretoria 21 ?22 B)ly 2003? organi@ed ;y 042
thro)gh proFe%t T.P<&40<2809" pp 129"
32
(%E7 including disease reporting and to participate in the (%E Path:ay to:ards
veri/ed rinderpest eradicationC
33
SECTION D: PROJECT I4PACT AND EFFECTICENESS
D1: Pro'e!t I,/a!t @ Per!e/tion of Sta#e+olers
Although no Muantitative analysis has been carried out7 the results o intervie:s
:ith various stakeholders sho: that "AH"P has a high visibility and is highly
regarded by allC (ne indication is that the C4A o "AH"P is the Co-chair o the
Livestock Working .roup o the """ in 2airobiC %n the /eld7 "AH"P is rated as
higher than the average 2.( pro&ectC "everal stakeholders are already seeing
value adding by "AH"P activities to their o:n ob&ectivesC All :ere categorical that
a cessation o "AH"P at this stage :ould have gross negative conseMuences on
the "omali livestock sectorC 4he ollo:ing e0amples are an indicationG
iC 4he 3oLAE 3inister in Puntland regards "AH"P 4As as his best
technical advisorsN
iiC 4he 3oL 3inister in "omaliland e0plicitly stated that "AH"P and the
1A( pro&ects in "omaliland :ere the most important pro&ects or his
3inistryN
iiiC A private veterinarian :ho is a member o "(WELPA ound that the
disease reporting and surveillance that "AH"P undertakes helped
members o the Association to plan their purchase o medicines or the
treatment o endemic diseasesN
ivC An 2.( told the 34E consultant that the disease surveillance and
survey results including prevalence or risk maps that "AH"P circulates
provide the 2.(s a science based evidence or planning their disease
control interventionsC 2.(s no longer simply rely on community
assessment schemes to de/ne their intervention strategyC
vC 1A(-"omalia regards the :ork o "AH"P as an absolutely necessary
complementC 1A(-"omalia is trying to install inspections and
certi/cations along the trade chainC 4hey realise ho:ever that health
assurance must start at the arm levelC 4he surveillance that "AH"P is
putting into place ul/ls that roleC
viC A Livestock e0port trader in Bosasso responded that all pro&ects7
including "AH"P are D>P uselessC When the same Muestion :as
repeated listing the activities o "AH"P :ithout disclosing their source7
he rated every one o them as very useul to the Puntland livestock
sectorC When it :as disclosed to him that the activities he had rated
highly :ere all :hat "AH"P had been doing7 he retorted by saying that
that :as :hat constituted the =>P useulness o pro&ectsC "o even such
a critic regards highly the :ork o "AH"PC
viiC 4he ,irector o 'eterinary "ervices in 9enya regards the :ork o "AH"P
and "EREC# as providing a useul interlocutor :ith "omalia in matters
o animal healthC
"ome areas o enhancing the impact and visibility could include the ollo:ingG
4he surveillance gaps analysis by "AH"P staJ rom "omaliland7 Central
and "outh "omalia identi/ed the need or posters and pamphlets in the
"omali language plus a "omali edition o the "AH"P Bulletin to improve the
disease recognition kno:ledge o the pastoralists and livestock tradersC
%t :ould also be useul to have a :ider cross-section o 1A( 3anuals that
have been produced by 1A(-E3PRE" since <EEFC
A useul addition :ould be to subscribe to the internet version o the A'%"
3ultimedia system or the ma&or animal diseases7 including access to the
1A(-E3PRE" program on .ood Emergency 3anagement Practices in
Animal Health - see :::CaviscollegeCcom C
34
Consideration could be given to launching a "(3AL% A2%3AL HEAL4H
:ebsite instead o &ust the pro&ect siteC 4his :ill encourage all stakeholders
to participateC
35
SECTION E: RECO44ENDATIONS FOR T%E DOR5 PLAN TO END OF
C2RRENT PROJECT
,uring the remaining part o the current pro&ect cycle7 it is strongly recommended
that pro&ect management ad&ust the :ork-plan in order to ensure the realisation o
t:o crucial activities *a- the installation o a :orking rame:ork or disease
surveillance and an animal disease inormation system in each o the our pro&ect
;ones as :ell as at the P3# H6N *b- the undertaking o a "EREC# coordinated
rinderpest survey in collaboration :ith 9enya and Ethiopia in such a :ay that the
outcome :ould be an agreed de/nition o the status o rinderpest viral activity in
"outhern "omalia and a clear advice to the countries7 A#-%BAR and the donor on
an action plan that should emanate rom such an analysisC %n this regard7 it is
important or "AH"P to develop and rehearse a !ontingen!7 o/erational /lan
:ith appropriate costing *:hich hopeully might not be activated- or a ocused
rinderpest vaccination in parts o "outhern "omalia *iCeC preparedness or a :orst
case scenario-7 should the "EREC# coordinated analysis o the planned rinderpest
survey conclude *:ith the collaboration o A#-%BAR and 1A(- that the risk or
rinderpest virus circulation in the previously suspected areas o "outhern "omalia
still e0ists and that such a ocus needs to be eliminated by blit; or immuno-
sterilisation vaccination as previously happened in northern 4an;ania
E
in <EEA$ED
and in north-eastern 9enya in =>>@C %t should be emphasised that :hatever
conclusion the "EREC# analysis reaches7 it :ill still be necessary to maintain an
active rinderpest surveillance in "outhern "omalia until at least =><>$=><< to be
able to satisy the current stipulations o the (%E 4errestrial Animal Health Code or
reedom rom rinderpest inectionC
4he speci/c recommendations are as ollo:sG
iC As surveillance is a highly valued activity o "AH"P7 it is recommended to
concentrate eJort during the remaining part o the current phase o "AH"P
on having the skeleton E,3#s set up in Puntland and "omaliland to at least
the current level in Central "omalia and "outhern "omaliaC Also set up the
basics o the consolidated "omali E,3# at the "AH"P H6C 4he ollo:ing
measures are recommended in order to accelerate the processG
aC Proceed :ith the recruitment o the 4A Emergency PreparednessC
Ho:ever7 or the rest o the pro&ect period he should also :ork
closely :ith the surveillance and disease reporting 4A to set up a
:orking E,3# in HargeisaC
bC Agree :ith the 3inistry o Livestock7 Agriculture and environment in
Puntland that the ne: "AH"P 5onal Coordinator :ill have as his$her
primary responsibility the supervision o the Puntland E,3# or the
rest o the current pro&ect periodC
cC Consider employing "AH"P 1ield ()cers or Puntland and
"omaliland as in Central and "outhern "omaliaC 4hese 1ield ()cers
should also be posted in the E,3# and additionally should :ork
:ith the respective 3inistries on systems or disease data Lo: rom
the /eldC
dC Consider a perormance related bonus or the t:o public sector
veterinarians posted to the E,3# in both Hargeisa and .aro:eC %t
should be noted that other 2.(s already operate a similar scheme
or the use o public sector staJC
eC 4he 4A surveillance and disease reporting and the "omali 2ational
Epidemiologist at the P3# to collaborate in setting up the "omali
E,3# at H6C %t :ill be necessary or the 2ational Epidemiologist to
undergo some training not only in the operation o the AR%"
9
Taylor 6"P"1 &oeder1 P"5"1 &>eyemam)1 3"3"1 3ele>as1 B"'"1 3aF)va1 P"1 8imario1 3ollel1 B"'"1
3tei1 G"B"1 6am;)ra1 P"1 4nderson1 B"1 &ossiter1 P"G"1 8o%h1 &"1 3lengeya1 T" and 7an den *nde &"
#2002$" The %ontrol of rinderpest in Tan@ania ;et>een 1997 and 1998" 'rop. Ani(. )lt* +rod 34:4,!-
4-,
36
sot:are but also to have some basic training in data management
and .eographical %normation "ystems *.%"- as :ell as disease
mappingC
iiC Prepare or and undertake the ne0t cross-sectional rinderpest survey as
outlined under Result = aboveC
iiiC #se both the rinderpest surveillance and the R'1 investigations to stimulate
disease data collection rom the /eldC
ivC 4he &ob description o the 2ational Coordinator should be ad&usted to allo:
him to :ork closely :ith the 4A Emergency Preparedness in terms o both
developing e0pertise and acilitating the understanding and adoption o the
disease emergency preparedness concept by both the "omali stakeholders
and those implementing partners7 including 2.(s7 that have a disease
emergency relie portolioC
vC "AH"P and EC"AL% to collaborate closely in setting up a common template
or public-private partnerships in all the K "AH"P pro&ect ;onesC "AH"P!s role
in developing public-private sector synergies has been underrated by
stakeholdersC 4he perception is that it is not readily apparent that "AH"P has
actually either been strengthening nascent public sectors or putting into
place structures and practices that can readily be incorporated into a uture
public sector veterinary servicesC 4his is the unsung song o the activities o
"AH"P in developing public-private partnershipsC 4he model that has been
developed by "AH"P seems to be appropriateC 4his can be summarised by
the chart belo: *1ig <-G
Fig 1: SA%SP Role in Publi!1Pri(ate Partners+i/ De(elo/,ent

4he ne: approach by "AH"P and E"CAL% should start taking into account
issues o long-term sustainability as discussed in "ection 1 belo:C
viC ,eer the recruitment o the replacement Epidemiology Advisor until a
ollo:-up phase has eventually been approvedC 4he savings could be used
or short term consultancies to provide analytical capacity and$or support
the setting up o the emergency preparedness portolioC
viiC As it seems likely that the pro&ect might have some savings at the end o the
current phase7 reMuest the EC or a no-cost e0tensionC Apart rom the
37
technical :ork indicated7 this period could be used or stakeholder
consultations about the content and priorities to be taken into account in the
ne: pro&ectC Also this period could be used or a tripartite negotiation
bet:een 4he EC7 4erra 2uova Consortium and 1A( about modalities or 1A(!s
normative support and back-stopping o the ne: "AH"P-= pro&ect in order to
avoid the rustrations o the current phaseC 1inally7 the e0tension :ill bring
the pro&ect end or "AH"P close to that o E"CAL%7 :hich :ould acilitate a
uture integration o the livestock policy and regulatory activities o E"CAL%
and "AH"P in the ne0t pro&ect cycle7 should there be a ollo: up pro&ect
implemented by the same consortiumC
viiiC Consider launching an umbrella "omali Animal Health :ebsite instead o
simply a pro&ect :ebsiteC 4his is important in terms o pro&ect credibility and
disease inormation transparency rom the K "AH"P pro&ect ;onesC %t :ill also
help in persuading other partners to provide data to the disease database
that is being set up by "AH"P as :ell as to participate in the disease
response and intervention net:orkC
i0C A steering committee should be ormed and convened to advise not only on
the direction o current activities but also on strategies or the ollo:-up
pro&ectC
38
SECTION F: PROJECT S2STAINA"ILIT6 AND LONG1TER4 CISION FOR
SO4ALI ANI4AL %EALT% SERCICE
F1: Conte8t
4he intrinsic :eaknesses in the "omali institutions that :ere pointed out by the
"omali PACE Evaluation Report
<>
some @ years ago are largely still validC "AH"P
has been addressing the identi/ed :eaknesses remarkably :ell considering the
security uncertainties that have prevailed up to no: and the intrinsic :eaknesses
o the nascent public sector already discussed aboveC 3uch has been done to
strengthen the operational and ethical capacity o the Livestock Proessional
AssociationsC
%t is important or "AH"P to be perceived as primarily supporting a uture public
sector :hich recognises the pivotal role o the private sector in veterinary services
delivery at the /eld levelC "o "AH"P should be perceived as either modernising
the public sector or setting in place best practices that promote public-private
sector synergies and developing a capacity that :ill be taken over readily by a
uture veterinary administrationC
Accordingly7 this section ocuses more on the issues or long-term sustainability
rather than repeating issues that :ere recently covered by the "omali PACE
Evaluation Report and are being attended by "AH"PC 4he issues o long-term
sustainability :ere not adeMuately covered by the "omali PACE Pro&ect Revie:C
F$: "asi! Con!e/ts for Ris# 4anage,ent of Trae Li,iting Diseases
A recent 1oresight paper on uture control strategies or animal diseases
<<
has
listed @ actors as the most areas o impact by transboundary animal diseasesC %t
sates as ollo:sG
HEpidemic or transboundary animal diseases *4A,s- are generally accepted
as a primary impediment to the economic development o livestock7
mainly rom three perspectivesG *i- they aJect livestock viability as ma&or
animal killersN *ii- they are an impediment to sustained market accessN and
*iii- some o them can cause disease or even death in humansC As the
realisation gro:s that livestock constitute a ma&or path:ay out o poverty
and ood insecurity7 the control o 4A,s and other diseases :ill increasingly
be seen as a necessary risk management tool or the livestock-dependent
goals o rural poverty reduction and ood security in sub-"aharan AricaCI
4his statement is no:here more relevant than or "omalia :here pastoralism is
deeply involved in tradeC 4he impact o sanitary related trade bans by countries o
the Arabian Peninsular and the .ul region on "omali livestock commodity imports
is elt by a :ide cross-section o communities in "omalia7 including pastoralists7
livestock traders7 transporters7 abattoir o:ners and commerce at largeC
10
!omali Pan?4fri%an Programme for the .ontrol of *pi@ooti%s #P4.*$" *val)ation
3ission draft final report 0e;r)ary 2004" Prepared ;y( agrisystems limited E agri%onsorti)m
lead mem;er frame>orD letter of %ontra%t nH I)in%e<17<2003<8*<T*&
11
&>eyemam)1 3"3"1 3)siime1 B"1 Thomson 9" Pfeiffer and Peeler * #2006$" Future control
strategies for infectious animal diseases. Case study of the UK and sub-Saharan Africa. "n:
0oresight ,nfe%tio)s iseases( preparing for the f)t)re" 2ffi%e of !%ien%e and ,nnovation1 5ondon"
http(<<>>>"foresight"gov")D<Previo)sJProFe%ts<ete%tionJandJ,dentifi%ationJofJ,nfe%tio)sJiseases<&
eportsJandJP);li%ations<0inalJ&eports<<d3J2"pdf
39
1or "omalia7 thereore7 the most crucial elements in planning the risk
management o trade related 4A,s need to encompass the ollo:ingG
A disease surveillance *passive and active- that is transparent and that
reports regularly to the (%E7 other regional and international organisations
as :ell as to the trading partnersC "uch a surveillance system should be
underpinned by access to a laboratory service *in-country or outside the
country-C %t is important or "omalia to establish sanitary credibility :ith its
trading partners and the international animal health communityC
4his :ill lead to an agreed level o risk that :ill be acceptable to the
trading partners and :hich :ill take account o international norms as
de/ned in the (%E 4errestrial Animal Health CodeC
%t is important that "omalia has a credible system or disease control not
only o endemic diseases but also one that can intervene promptly to
investigate ne: disease outbreaks7 :hich threaten the acceptable level o
disease risk7 and that can mount a response intervention in accordance
:ith pre-determined disease emergency preparedness criteriaC A disease
emergency preparedness plan should be underpinned by speci/c disease
contingency plans and contingency undingC
A sanitary certiying system in the marketing chain rom pasture to market
and slaughterC
2o: that the prospects or a lasting peace are beginning to look hopeul7 it :ill be
important to start developing a dialogue among the various stakeholders7
including the nascent public sector7 on the vision o a uture veterinary system
that is based on public-private sector synergies :ithin the (%E norms o veterinary
governance as :ell as on its long-term sustainabilityC "uch a dialogue should start
rom a realisation o the conditions that prevail in "omalia7 learning rom recent
e0perience and not simply unMuali/ed translocation o e0perience rom
else:here7 even in AricaC 4he approach needs to be both innovative and rooted in
the realisation o the importance o the private sector to the eJectiveness o a
uture veterinary serviceC

4he 1A(-E#-World Bank study o =>>K highlighted @ main areas o technical
intervention7 namely animal health7 marketing$trade and animal productionC 4he
/rst t:o are interlinked7 since the most pressing issue is sanitar7 assuran!e to
acilitate market access and tradeC A secured market :ill have a conseMuential
demand or Muality animal productionC While the 1A(-E#-WB study provides a
starting point7 it is not su)ciently detailed to deal :ith the critical issues o risk
management o 4A,s so as to provide a sanitary assurance to sustained livestock
and livestock commodity trade rom "omaliaC 2evertheless7 the 1A(-E#-WB
document has provided the basic guideline to the various agencies that are
involved in livestock development activities in "omaliaC %n order to acilitate the
emergence o sustainable animal health delivery systems7 the 34E believes that it
is no: important to start a dialogue among the various stakeholders on the vision
o a uture veterinary system in "omalia :hich :ill also determine the shape o
pro&ects in the animal health /eldsC "uch a dialogue :ould need to be at
(eterinar7 te!+ni!al /oli!7 le(el an is /robabl7 best !o1initiate b7 t+e
E2 an FAO? building on the =>>K report o the Boint 1A(-E#-World Bank study
on a uture livestock development strategy or "omaliaC
4he basic principles or a risk management strategy or transboundary animal
diseases *4A,s- can be summarised in the diagram belo:C
Fig $: Prin!i/les of Ris# 4anage,ent of Transbounar7 Ani,al Diseases
40
1igure = above emphasises on-arm risk management7 :hich :ill need to be
complemented by sanitary assurance measures in the market chainC
%t :ill be important that the proposed stakeholder dialogue not only ocuses on
the technical interventions but also covers the development o a common concept
or the enabling structuresC 4he underlying considerations include the ollo:ingG
<F years o unsettled security have resulted in :eak or practically absent
public veterinary "ervices
3uch valuable e0pertise has let the Public "ector
4he proessional human resource has declined
Contact :ith pastoral communities has become much reduced
"ut a robust /ri(ate (eterinar7 se!tor +as e(ol(e
Qet7 Public 'eterinary "ervices are reMuired as a national certiying
authority or animal health assurance and human health protectionC
F&: Publi! an Pri(ate Se!tor S7nerg7
Beore <EE<7 the veterinary service in "omalia :as highly centralised and the
"tate provided or all livestock services ree o chargeC %t is unlikely that there :ill
be much desire to revert to such a systemC 4he gro:th o the "omali Livestock
Proessional Associations and a strong private sector or animal health delivery
should be seen as a ma&or development on :hich to buildC
4here is also beginning to be a realisation o the boundaries o responsibilities
bet:een the public and private sectorsC Ho:ever7 these are still couched in Muite
generic termsC (ne should not under-estimate the inertia on the one hand or a
private sector that has remained largely unregulated or <F years and on the
other a nascent public sector administration that might eel comortable :ith the
amiliar systems o the old days :hich emphasised the supremacy o the "tate in
every operationC %t is not clear7 even rom Puntland and "omaliland7 that there is a
determined eJort or building a lean but e)cient and :ell Muali/ed public
veterinary sectorC "o it must be Muestioned :hether at this stage it is realistic to
plan or placement o a veterinary o)cer *iCeC Muali/ed veterinarian in the public
service- in every districtC And :hat is the most appropriate :ay to provide
eJective outreach systems or animal health service delivery and disease
41
surveillance at the local level :hich incorporates community animal health
:orkers *CAHWs- into the chain o delivery by the private veterinary sectorS
(ne vision that the stakeholder consultation might :ish to consider :ould be to
deliberately limit the physical presence o a public sector veterinary o)cer *iCeC
Muali/ed veterinarian- to the Regional 'eterinary ()ce *R'(- or Coordination
*R'C- and to encourage7 through a variety o incentives7 the development o
district based veterinary practices :ith a registered private veterinarian at the
ape0 o such a practice :hich :ill include veterinary assistants and CAHWs in the
outreachC 4he district private veterinary practice :ould earn its income rom both
private goods veterinary activities such as pharmacies7 clinical treatment or
endemic diseases as :ell as rom assured public sector contracts to include
vaccinations and other mass treatments7 sample collection or public sector
determined surveys and or disease reporting rom the ,istrict to the R'($R'CC
"uch district based veterinary practices :ould need to be registered by the
'eterinary Board and be regularly inspected or their ethical dispositions as :ell
as maintenance o proessional standards and competenceC 4heir public goods
:ork7 :hich :ould be contracted rom the public sector7 :ould be supervised and
controlled by the R'($R'C7 operating on behal o the ,irector o 'eterinary
"ervices$Chie 'eterinary ()cer$3inisterC
Fig &: A Cision for a future Publi!1Pri(ate S7nerg7 for So,ali Ceterinar7
Ser(i!es
"uch a system should be able to unction irrespective o the political system that
is eventually agreed uponC %t cannot be over-emphasised that the risk
management o the trade limiting 4A,s has to be approached as a purely
veterinary technical issue7 in accordance :ith the basic de/nition o
transboundary animal diseases
<=
7 :hich stipulates collaboration bet:een
countriesC
F): Ani,al Disease Sur(eillan!e an Laborator7 Ser(i!es
12
Trans;o)ndary animal diseases are defined as( those infe%tio)s diseases of animals that are of
signifi%ant e%onomi%1 trade and<or food se%)rity importan%e for a %onsidera;le n)m;er of %o)ntries=
>hi%h %an easily spread to other %o)ntries and rea%h epidemi% proportions= and >here
%ontrol<management1 in%l)ding e+%l)sion1 re-)ires %ooperation ;et>een several %o)ntries"
42
4hese are public goods activities under the overall leadership o the public sectorC
4he animal disease inormation system that is being installed by "AH"P
recognises K levels o operationG the /eld7 the district or region7 the 5one and the
"omali-:ide nodesC As already remarked7 this is a valid structureC %n the public-
private sector synergy described above7 it is envisaged that the private district
veterinary practice :ill be responsible or primary data collection under contract
and supervision by the public sectorC %t is also important to develop mechanisms
that :ill ensure that all disease data7 including those collected by 2.(s and other
pro&ects *irrespective o source o unding- be channelled to a common disease
database at the 5onal E,3#s and "omali E,3# in order that the disease
database :ould be comprehensiveC
Animal disease surveillance and inspections need to be underpinned by a
laboratory serviceC %t is reasonable to target having a basic laboratory in each o
the "AH"P pro&ect 5onesC But it is also important to ensure that the "omali animal
disease surveillance net:ork has access to a competent reerence laboratory to
provide credible specialist diagnostic service7 on contractC 1rom the perspective o
eJective disease surveillance7 it is more important to have a net:ork o ;onal
laboratories that are capable to undertake primary diagnosis o the most common
diseases7 than to have one ma&or national laboratory :ithout such an outreachC %n
the short-term the specialised laboratory service could continue to be outsourced
through the mechanisms that have been set up by "omali PACE and "AH"PC
Ho:ever support to primary diagnosis and inspection cannot readily be
outsourcedC
F*: Ceterinar7 Legislation
4he /rst stage o re-establishing a regulatory system in Puntland and "omaliland
has rightly ocused on dra:ing rom e0perience that is amiliar to the veterinary
personnel in the areasC Ho:ever7 in the :ider sector consultation that is
advocated in this report7 there may be need to e0tend the catchments or
e0emplarsC 1or e0ample7 the current 'eterinary Code is a bit too comprehensive
covering issues that :ould normally be included in = or three Acts *separating
Animal ,iseases rom Regulation o the 'eterinary Proession and rom 1ood and
,rugs Regulation- and incorporates issues that :ould normally be relegated to
enabling regulationsC 4he independence o the 'eterinary Board is vagueC %t :ill be
important to envisage a stronger 'eterinary Board that :ill be able to e0ercise
eJective regulatory supervision over both the private and the public sectorsC An
e0ample o the unctions o a recently reconstituted 'eterinary Board in the region
is that or the 'eterinary Council o 4an;ania *4able K-
+a/le4: 0eterinary Council of +an1ania
httpG$$:::CmiugoCgoCt;$council$inde0Cphp
84e 0eterinary )ounci! of 8an?ania 4as been estab!is4e& un&er t4e
0eterinary Act $o @A of 200<.
Accor&in7 to t4is Act t4e 0eterinary )ounci! is res-onsib!e for re7u!ation
of t4e -erformance of 'eterinary -rofessiona!s 2i.e. 'eterinarian5.
-ara-rofessiona!s 2-ara'eterinarian5 an& -ara-rofessiona! assistants.
an& for re7u!ation of 'eterinary -ractice faci!ities. 84e )ounci! 4as a
secretariat w4ic4 is 4ea&e& by t4e Re7istrar res-onsib!e for faci!itation of
t4e fo!!owin7 acti'ities for t4e )ounci!=
8o effect re7istration. enro!ment an& en!istment of 'eterinary
-rofessiona!s. -ara-rofessiona!s an& -ara-rofessiona! assistants.
8o monitor t4e -erformance of 'eterinary -rofessiona!s.
-ara-rofessiona!s an& -ara-rofessiona! assistants.
43
8o re7ister an& re7u!ate t4e 'eterinary -ractice faci!ities
)oor&inate formu!ation u-&atin7 an& &issemination of 7ui&e!ines
an& stan&ar&s for t4ese -ractices
8o a&'ise an& make recommen&ations to t4e Minister on any
matters re!ate& to 'eterinary -ractice
8o reco7ni?e >ua!ifications trainin7 faci!ities trainin7 institutions
an& co!!e7es
8o co!!aborate wit4 ot4er re!e'ant institutions or bo&ies in
accre&itin7 courses of trainin7 curricu!um. w4ic4 -ro'i&e
>ua!ifications for re7istration. enro!ment an& en!istment of
'eterinary -rofessiona! an& -ara-rofessiona! an& -ara-rofessiona!
assistants
#;ercise effecti'e &isci-!inary contro! o'er t4e -rofessiona! et4ics
an& con&uct of 'eterinary -ractice
Arran7e an& con&uct >ua!ifyin7 e;aminations to estab!is4
com-etence in t4e 'eterinary e&ucation an& -ractice
8o -romote an& encoura7e e&ucationa! a&'ancement wit4 re7ar&
to -ractice of t4e 'eterinary -rofession
"o the ne: veterinary legislation in Puntland and "omaliland covers :ell the
current situationC Ho:ever7 there may be need to e0amine its uture adeMuacy in
the light o the visionary consultation that is advocated in this 34EC 4he
e0periences o 2amibia7 Bots:ana7 4an;ania7 9enya and Ethiopia might oJer
additional insights rom :ithin AricaC
F0: D+o Pa7s an +o- to Ensure Long1ter, Sustainabilit7
%n "omalia7 rehabilitation is still paramountC Ho:ever7 as the 1A(-E#-WB study
sho:ed7 it is important to start planning or a stable "omalia and to embed some
basic guiding principles into such planningC "ustainability evolves around
technical and /nancial capacity and a :ill to pursue a public-private sector
engagement in a synergistic :ayC 4he developments that have taken place in the
private sector means that the ma&or considerations :ould not be so much o
/nding service providers as putting into place a regulatory and Muality assurance
system by the public sectorC
4here seem to be e: reliable data on the economic value o the "omali livestock
industryC Ho:ever7 an indirect measure can be gleaned rom the impact o import
bans resulting rom perception o disease outbreaksC 1or e0ample7 the import ban
that :as imposed by "audi Arabia in <EEA7 because o Rit 'alley ever7 :as
reported by various agencies as having resulted in an e0port drop rom nearly
three million head in <EEA to &ust over one million in <EED7 eMuivalent to around
#"U<>> million o lost e0ports rom the port o Berbera aloneC "ince then the
volume o e0port rom both Berbera and Bosasso has increased to about @ million
head a year and there has been a ma&or development in e0porting slaughtered
carcassesC Livestock e0port also impinges on other areas o commerce as it is also
used to acMuire goods rom the Arabian Peninsular and the .ulC %t is thereore
possible that the economic value o the livestock commodity e0port rom "omalia
may be in the region o U<?A million annually
<@
C
With such :ealth it should be possible to evolve a mechanism that allo:s the
private sector *especially the livestock trading sector- to make a contribution to
the long-term /nancing o a competent veterinary public sector service either
through a levy system or by direct disbursementC "uch unding should not be
13
ed)%ed from .,4 6orld 0a%tGooD !omalia
https(<<>>>"%ia"gov<%ia<p);li%ations<fa%t;ooD<geos<so"htmlK*%on
44
simply or the running o a large bureaucracyN it should go a long :ay to:ards
unding such public goods activities as disease surveillance and promoting the
type o public-private sector synergy that is described above :hereby a lot o /eld
operations :ould actually be undertaken by the private veterinary sector on
contact by the public sectorC 4he contribution by the private sector *especially the
livestock trading sector- can also be in the orm o direct payment or such
services as inspections7 laboratory testing and certi/cationC %t is important that
the revenue rom such service charges be ploughed back into the operation and
improvement o the veterinary service system rather than be assimilated into the
general revenue o the 4reasuryC %n any case7 it is imperative to start engaging the
private sector in the discussions o long-term unding o the public goods aspects
o the animal health service at an early stage in the processC 4he private sector is
likely to cooperate i it is engaged at the planning stage and i it can be assured
that its contribution :ill acilitate the development o a credible and sustainable
animal health assurance system or the bene/t o sustained access to the
international livestock commodity markets7 especially o the 3iddle EastC 4he
Livestock Boards that have recently emerged as :ell as the "omali Livestock
Proessionals 1orum provide a mechanism or such consultations7 although it
needs to be pointed out that the uture viability o the "LP1 :as in Muestion at the
time o the 34EC %n passing7 it should be noted that the veterinary services o
countries like Bots:ana and 2amibia are unded through livestock e0port levies
on livestock commoditiesC 1or e0ample7 in 2amibia the annual value o the
livestock commodities e0ports :as estimated at about U<>> million in =>>@C
3aintaining this kind o market access means that 2amibia has to maintain a
veterinary service public sector costing the country some #"U F-A million per
annumC 4he 2amibian livestock industry recognises that the money invested in
'eterinary "ervices is yielding a dividend ar out o proportion to the si;e o the
investment
<K
C Accordingly7 there has been a positive dialogue bet:een
government and the 2amibian 3eat Board on the level o levy that is necessary to
sustain a credible veterinary serviceC Both Bots:ana and 2amibia have had a
shortall in the number o Muali/ed indigenous veterinariansC 4hey have used their
livestock :ealth to be able to attract competent oreign veterinarians to buttress
the national veterinary serviceC
%ntrinsically7 in a peaceul "omalia7 it can be envisaged that or the livestock
sector7 there :ill be a greater need or technical assistance than or /nancial
assistance per se7 i a proper analysis can be made o the value o the livestock
industry and the long-term cost o sustaining an eJective and credible public
sector veterinary serviceC %n the short-term7 o course7 "omalia :ill continue to
reMuire both /nancial and technical assistanceC But it is important that discussion
on a long-term vision o a uture veterinary service be initiated airly soon so that
"omali institutions can be prepared adeMuately or a time :hen e0ternal donor
unding :ill eventually phase out as more and more "omali unding phases in
:ithout creating either shocks or gaps in technical competenceC
4his 34E did not set out to analyse the human resource capacity in the animal
health services sectorC Ho:ever7 it :ould be inadeMuate to discuss sustainability
:ithout reerence to the potential or post pro&ect human resource capacityC An
important consideration is that or <F years there have been no ne: veterinary
graduates and no ne: veterinary assistantsC "o the proessional and technical
category is an ageing groupC 1or e0ample7 in Puntland the 34E :as inormed that
there :ere only ? Muali/ed veterinarians and the youngest :as ?> years oldC 4he
most recently available statistics rom the "omali 'eterinary Associations indicate
that the :hole o "omalia has a total o E< veterinarians *4able ?-C 4his is to be
compared :ith over ?>> and nearly <>>> respectively or 4an;ania and 9enyaC %n
14
Paskin, R. !""#$. *%onomi% and !o%ial 6elfare ,mportan%e of Trans;o)ndary 4nimal iseases" ,n(
3)sisi1 0"5" #2003$" 042 Regional %orksho& of 'ational Chief (eterinary )fficers on F*+ and
)ther ,ransboundary Animal +iseases in Southern Africa, Pretoria !- -!! .uly !""#- organi/ed
by FA) through &ro0ect ,CP1RAF1!2"3. && -!3.
45
both 9enya and 4an;ania it can be e0pected that the ratio o veterinarian to
veterinary technicians *diploma and certi/cate- :ould be < GT ?C 4he
corresponding ratio or "omalia is about <G=C 4his indicates that in "omalia there is
already a gross de/cit in the technical capacity or primary animal health care and
deliveryC 4here is an urgent need7 thereore7 or launching at least < training
programme or a =-year post secondary school training in basic animal health or
the cadre o veterinary$animal health assistant in order to avoid uture
proessional$technical breakdo:n in animal health service provision by a trained
cadreC
Table *: A(ailable Statisti!s about Ceterinar7 %u,an Resour!e in t+e
SA%SP Pro'e!t Area (7erived #ro& t%e $VP databases and records available
!it%in $A*$P)9
Pro'e!t
Ione
Ceterinaria
ns
Cet
Di/lo,a
9& 7r (et
!ourse
after Se!
Eu!atn
Cet<Ani,
Assistants
9$7r (et
training
after Se!
Eu!atn
Ani,.
Prou!tn
S!ientists in
(et a!ti(ities
Ceterinar
7
Au8iliari
es
9CA%Ds
et!:

"outhern
"omalia <F - ?< ? K<?
Central
"omalia =< - ?@ @ <<@
Puntland ? = <F - K
"omalilan
d @F - KD K =>F
3ogadish
u <@ - =A F <
So,ali
TOTAL B1 $ 1B* 1A 3&B
TANIANI
A
(1ourtesy
o# t%e
Re"istrar
Veterinary
1ouncil o#
Tan2ania)
**3 $?=== Ca. )?===

Not liste as
t+ese are an
e8tension an
not a
(eterinar7
!are
4an7G
but not
liste
4hrough the activities o various 2.(s as :ell as pro&ects that have been
implemented in "omalia by members o the "AH"P consortium7 there has been a
tremendous eJort to train community based animal health :orkers *CAHWs-C
While the CAHWs are a very valuable asset to the outreach system7 they cannot
constitute a credible stand alone serviceC 4hey need to be supervised by the
better Muali/ed cadreC %n Arica7 the core o primary animal health care is the
'eterinary *or Animal Health- Assistant cadreC 4he veterinary diplomates and
veterinarians *or veterinary doctors- are the specialists :ho provide guidance7 a
specialist secondary service and manage the animal health delivery systemC 4he
CAHWs are the grassroots task-speci/c au0iliariesC %t is the 'eterinary$Animal
Health Assistant cadre that is at the core o primary animal health care and
service deliveryC
46
4he training plans that have been available to the 34E consultant do not seem to
include the generation o ne: 'eterinary$Animal Health AssistantsC 4he "heikh
4echnical 'eterinary "chool *"4'"- in "omaliland7 :hich is a regional training
centre or "omalia7 Ethiopia7 ,&ibouti and 9enya under the auspices o A#-%BAR7 is
intended to produce diplomates in Animal Health %nspection and Livestock
Commodity *meat7 milk7 eggs7 hides and skins- %nspection or the entire regionC %t
is intended that the "4'" :ill also run short reresher courses or serving
veterinarians7 veterinary assistants and laboratory techniciansC %t can also be
envisaged that ultimately this "chool7 :hich is linked to the 'eterinary 1aculty o
the Bologna #niversity in %taly7 could end up producing veterinary graduates
*veterinary doctors-C %n the short-term the shortall o ne: veterinary graduates
could readily be covered by a system o scholarships to veterinary aculties o the
universities in the Eastern Arican regionC All such most pertinent and :elcome
initiatives still leave a serious gap at the veterinary assistant level7 the core or
primary animal health service deliveryC %n Puntland7 the 34E became a:are o a
vacant acility under the 3inistry o Livestock7 Agriculture and Environment
located at Buran in "anaag RegionC 4his acility could readily be reurbished into a
training centre or veterinary$animal health assistantsC Whether this or another
acility is considered7 the important issue is that the long-term sustainability o a
credible public and private veterinary service provision :ill crucially depend on
the training and production o a cadre o animal health$veterinary assistants7 iCeC a
=-year course ater secondary schoolC 4his issue needs to be addressed in the
proposed stakeholder consultation and it could be a candidate or piloting public-
private unding *"ee Recommendations VF and A o "ection .-C
47
Se!tion G: RECO44ENDATIONS FOR A POSSI"LE FOLLOD12P PROJECT
"ection 1 above provides a strategic rame:ork or uture pro&ect engagement
that :ill take into account the need or the sustainability o the pro&ect
interventionsC %t is clear that another pro&ect phase :ill be necessaryC 4hereore7
the 34E re!o,,ens t+at t+ere be a follo- u/ SA%SP1$ /ro'e!t :ith the
ollo:ing considerationsC
<C 4he "AH"P pro&ect is primarily an institutional capacity building aiming at
the development o a ne: veterinary serviceC 4his is likely to take longer
than the traditional @>-@F month E,1 pro&ect cycleC 4here is thereore a
strong case or an assured =-cycle unding *iCeC F> -A= months- :ith
unding rom one phase to the ne0t being contingent on perormance
evaluation o the on-going phaseC
=C 4here is a need to have a ormal arrangement that :ill acilitate the
interaction o "AH"P :ith the 1A( systemC 4here are t:o reasons that are
pertinentG
a. 4he "AH"P pro&ect and pro&ects that are implemented by 1A(-
"omalia target complementary aspects o the "omali public sector
:ith 1A(-"omalia ocusing on Muality assurance and certi/cation o
livestock and meat trade :hile "AH"P ocuses on veterinary
surveillance and service delivery at the /eld levelC 4here :ill be
areas o overlap in policy7 the regulatory rame:ork and laboratory
support to both systemsC 4here is already a good collaboration
bet:een "AH"P and the 1A(-"omalia pro&ectsC %t is important7
ho:ever7 to have this collaboration placed on a ormal ooting7
especially as the same donor *EC- is unding large measures o both
aspectsC
b. "everal activities o "AH"P :ould bene/t rom the back-stopping
and collaboration :ith the 1A( normative 4echnical ,ivisionsC "ome
o the areas o collaboration :ere already identi/ed in the current
pro&ectC 4hese concerned the back up by E3PRE" in rinderpest
surveys7 development o emergency preparedness competencies in
"omalia7 disease early :arning systems and disease modelling
*especially :ith respect to prediction o Rit 'alley ever- and on
such cross-cutting issues as livestock and the environment *an
important consideration in Puntland-7 gender and H%'$A%," as :ell
as in acilitating the training and ormation o "omali technical
personnel in a :ider net:ork beyond 9enyaC A mechanism :ould
need to be established at the time o the preparation o the ne0t
pro&ect cycleC A mechanism or engaging the e0pert services o 1A(
and access to :ider e0pertise through the 1A( system :ould have
to be pre-agreed :ith 1A( at the time o ormulating the ne0t
pro&ect cycle rather than try to negotiate such an arrangement ater
a ne: pro&ect has been agreed and signed bet:een the donor and
an e0ecuting consortiumC
@C 4he current pro&ect structure is in some :ays activity driven and Results <
and @ each address more than one themeC %t is7 thereore7 recommended to
re-arrange the activities along the ollo:ing K overlapping technical
themes7 :hile retaining the current administrative structure *HOR7 1inance
and Procurement- to underpin the technical inputsG
"urveillance and Early Warning to coverG
o Lab F E/ie,iolog7 !a/a!it7G
o Riner/est sur(e7sG
o Ani,al isease infor,ation s7ste,G
o isease re/ortingG
o earl7 -arningG
o So,ali sur(eillan!e net-or#
48
Preparedness and Response systems to cover
o Pre/areness an Contingen!7 Plans
o Outbrea# in(estigations
o So,ali isease inter(ention net-or#
Livestock$'eterinary Policy to coverG
o Publi!1Pri(ate1Partners+i/sG
o RegulationsG
o Nor,s? Stanars an international
!on(entionsG
o "oarsG
o Asso!iationsG
o Cross1!utting issues e.g. so!io1e!ono,i!s?
gener? %IC<AIDS
9no:ledge 4ranser and 3anagement to coverG
o Training for all le(els?
o Co,,uni!ation F Sta#e+oler a-areness
Fig ): A Pro/ose Progra,,e Stru!ture for a /ossible Follo-1u/ Pro'e!t
"hould there be an e0tension to "AH"P7 as suggested in "ection E above7
the end o the present phases or both "AH"P and E"CAL% :ill be closeC %n
such an event consideration could be given to integrating the livestock
policy elements o E"CAL% into the ne: "AH"P-= pro&ect so as to have a
coherent approach by design rather than by coincidence as in the current
phase7 :hich :orks :ell because 4erra 2ova is involved in the
implementation o both "AH"P and E"CAL%C % the implementation o
E"CAL% had been a:arded to a diJerent agency7 the close collaboration
that no: e0ists bet:een "AH"P and E"CAL% :ould have been ortuitousC %t
is thereore preerable that in the ne0t phase the livestock policy theme in
"AH"P-= :ould combine the current activities o E"CAL% and "AH"P :ith
respect to the livestock policy and regulatory rame:orkC
KC 4he current pro&ect has employed and developed a cadre o competent
5onal Coordinators :ho are progressively assuming increasing areas o
responsibility both on the technical and administrative$/nancial aspects o
the pro&ectC Hopeully this process :ill have matured su)ciently by the end
49
o the current pro&ect so that the ne0t pro&ect phase :ill be designed :ith
the "AH"P 5onal Coordinators assuming all the administrative and
/nancial aspects o /eld operations in their respective ;ones right rom the
start o the pro&ect *anne0 A-C 4his :ould mean that the thematic 4As
:ould concentrate on developing the technical capacity in each o their
respective domainsC 4hese aspects in time :ill be progressively handed
over to their "omali counterpartsC
?C %n the ne: "omali animal health service provision conglomerate7 the ne:ly
ormed 'eterinary Boards are the :eakest link7 yet they are supposed to
be the custodian o ethics and standards7 registration o private practices
and promotion o public-private partnershipsC 4hereore7 the ne0t "AH"P
pro&ect should seriously consider proactively supporting the nascent
'eterinary Boards in order or them to become operational and
authoritativeC
FC As already remarked there is a serious shortage o veterinary personnel7
especially in PuntlandC %t is recommended that a high priority be given to
the reurbishing o the acilities at Buran in "anaag Region and provision o
technical assistance in order to open a school or training veterinary
assistants7 the core o primary animal health care by trained personnelC
4his could be complemented by a short-term intervention that :ould
introduce an animal health certi/cate course into the curriculum o the
"heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "choolC 4hereore7 the ollo:ing t:o
approaches are suggestedG
c. 4he /rst7 :hich :ould address the short term approach7 could be
achieved by making some ad&ustment to the curriculum o the
"heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "chool *"4'"- to allo: it to issue both
Certi/cate and ,iploma Muali/cationsC By this approach the "'4"
:ould be allo:ed a large intake o "econdary "chool leavers
primarily into a = year programme a leading to a Certi/cate in
Animal HealthC "ome o the Certi/cate graduates and some serving
animal health assistants could be oJered a < year specialist course
leading to a ,iploma in Animal health or Commodity sanitary
inspections as already planned or the "'4"C
d. 4he second7 and more medium term approach7 :ould be to utilise
the dormant acilities at Buran in "anaag Region to run a dedicated
veterinary$animal health assistant training programme7 along the
lines o similar institutions in 9enya and 4an;aniaC %t :ill not
duplicate :hat is planned or the "heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "chool
as it caters or a diJerent ob&ectiveC
By instituting both Certi/cate and ,iploma programmes it :ill be possible
to start addressing the dire need or middle cadre technical personnel7 a
core issue or sustainable animal health service deliveryC Another
advantage is that the scheme :ill start bringing "omalia into line :ith
practices in East Arica and the de/nitions o the (%E 4errestrial Animal
Health Code or veterinarians *iCeC proessionals- and para-veterinarians
$para-proessionalsC
3. %n the short8term the shortage o ully Muali/ed veterinarians *as de/ned
by the (%E Code- in "omalia could be addressed through the provision o
scholarships7 preerably7 tenable at veterinary aculties in universities in
the rest o AricaC
50
SECTION %: ANNEEES
Anne8 1: Pro'e!t E;e!ti(eness b7 t+e Log1fra,e
A!+ie(e,ents to-ars Result 1
E8/e!te Result Targets A!+ie(e,ents against targets Co,,ents
Result 1: Capacity
o "omali
institutions to
eJectively deliver
and regulate animal
health services
enhanced
E>P o "'Ps resident in
"omalia are members o the
5onal associations and the
umbrella body- "LP1 by end o
the action
All 5onal Associations operate
under the umbrella o "LP1C (n
average D<P o "'Ps are
registered :ith 5onal AssociationsC
(verall7 an estimated at E>P
achievement has been met
E>P are member o CERELPA 7 F>P
"(WELPA7 D>P in "omaliland and <>>P in
PuntlandC
4he "LP1 :as not ully unctional at the
time o the 34EC 4he "AH"P needs to
pro&ect itsel more as ul/lling a public
sector role than simply :orking :ith "'PsC
4he :ork :ith the "'Ps7 including the "LP17
should be seen as acilitating the
development o responsible private
veterinary sector rather than a counterpart
entityC
4:o public sector
administrations prepare annual
:ork plans7 budgets O reports
rom mid =>>F
4his is behind schedule as the
training to enable this is currently
on-goingC
Achievement to:ards this activity
is estimated at ?>P
Both "omaliland and Puntland
administrations have some annual plans
and rudimentary budgets or their
ministriesC Ho:ever7 these budgets are not
rationally derived hence the ongoing
training in budgetingC 4he ma&or constraint
in Puntland is human capacityCC
4:o veterinary laboratories
providing basic diagnostic
services operational by August
=>>FC
Behind scheduleC (ne laboratory at
Hargeisa rehabilitated and
eMuipped and staJ training is on-
goingC 4his laboratory :ill not be
ully unctional or the limited
Personnel rom this laboratory and rom
Bosasso are undergoing trainingC
Construction o a laboratory in .alkayo :as
delayed resulting is reduced momentum
to:ards this activityC
51
ob&ective beore mid =>>AC
4enders or construction o a
laboratory in .alkayo and
rehabilitation at Bossaso a:arded
in ,ecember =>>F
Estimated at K>P achievement
C
'eterinary codes enacted and
enorced in t:o ;ones by
,ecember =>>?
'eterinary codes are drated in
both Puntland and "omalilandC %n
Puntland7 the code has been
seriali;ed and enacted into la:C
4his activity has achieved an
estimated ?>P successC
%n "omaliland7 the 'eterinary la: codes are
under discussion by Council o Elders beore
seriali;ationC
Enorcement o the la: codes in Puntland is
a challenge because o lo: capacity in the
regionC
'eterinary Boards inaugurated
in t:o ;ones by Bune =>>FC
'eterinary Board :as inaugurated
in Puntland in Bune =>>FC
K>P achievement
(:nership o the Board by the Puntland
authorities is a:aited by completing
appointments to the Board by 3oLAE and
receiving a Presidential ascentC Again7 like
most other sector areas in Puntland7
capacity to attract competent personnel to
appointments by 3oLAE to the Board may
prove a challengeC
4he 'eterinary Board in Puntland :ill need
to be acilitated by the "AH"P beore it can
be eJectiveC At present it is nominally in
placeC
By end o =>>F7 "'Ps operating
clinics and pharmacies
%ncrease outreach through
CAHWs by <>PC
Assessments not yet completed to
provide data to measure
achievementsC
A trainer o trainers *4o4- course :as carried
out or <= out o a total o <>> *e0cluding
Benadir region- selected "'Ps operating
clinics to enable them outreach to CAHWsC
52
4he number o "'P" operating clinics in
Central "omalia are @F7 "outh-:estern is
=F7 Puntland <= and "omaliland =FC 4he
trainees :ere derived rom all regions
e0cept "omaliland :hich did not :ish to
promote the CAHWs conceptC
1eedback rom the persons trained is
a:aitedC
4:o public administrations
develop animal health
strategies in consultation :ith
stakeholders by 3arch =>>AC
Estimated at K>P %n Puntland7 the veterinary board has
already been ormed and inauguratedC
Ho:ever7 in "omaliland7 ormation o the
veterinary boards still a:aits enactment o
the veterinary code by the "omaliland
.overnmentC
4he process or developing the livestock
policies in both Puntland and "omaliland
has been slo:er than anticipatedC %t is
unlikely that a coherent animal health
strategy :ill have been developed by either
administration by 3arch =>>A as envisagedC
4he target should be to:ards the end o the
current pro&ect phaseC Even then the
strategy :ill still be rudimentaryC
Cost-bene/t analysis o
improved animal health
services in PuntlandC
A>P completed 4his is the sub&ect o a consultancy study
currently being undertaken to be completed
by 3id 8 1ebruary =>>A
E,3#s operational in K ;ones
by 3arch =>>AC
F>P completed E,3# operational in "omaliland7 Central
and "outhern "omaliaC Ho:ever7 the
reporting levels are very lo: in "omaliland
and improvements are needed in all 5onesC
4he installation in "outhern "omalia and
Central "omalia so ar has covered = o the
? modules o the standard sot:areC 4his is
53
normal progress even or countries :ith
ully unctional public serviceC
4he progress in "omaliland is lo: and that
in Puntland has been assessed to be very
lo:
A!+ie(e,ents to-ars result $
E8/e!te Result Targets A!+ie(e,ents
against targets
Co,,ents
Result $: 3easures
or the eradication o
rinderpest rom the
"omali Ecosystem
implemented in
collaboration :ith
A#$%BAR$PACE
Rinderpest ;oning based on available
data completed and noti/ed to (%E by
April =>>FC
5onations completed
but a noti/cation
a:aited appointment
o the C'( or
"omaliaC
1ollo:ing the C'( appointment7 a decision
:as made to prepare a provisional
declaration o reedom or disease on a
country-:ide basisC
4he ;onation :ill serve surveillance and
rinderpest risk managementC %t :ould have
been inappropriate or (%E recognitions
"tatus o active RP virus circulation
con/rmed through t:o rounds o P," in
Central and "outhern "omalia by April
=>>FC
P," activities
completed did not
detect active virus
circulationC <>>P
achievementC
"erological results rom P," detected
clusters o RP sero-positivity in 3iddle and
Lo:er Buba RegionsC
F "'Ps trained in :ildlie sampling
techniMues by August =>>FC
3ore than <>>P
achieved
D "'Ps trained in 1ebC =>>F in collaboration
:ith A#$%BAR$PACE$"EREC#
Wildlie surveys completed in = ;ones by
August =>>F and results contribute to
delineation o areas or the /nal
eradication o rinderpest by (ctober
=>>FC
?>P achieved "urveys conducted only in "outhern
"omalia!
Rinderpest emergency preparedness plan
endorsed by A#$%BAR$PACE by 3arch
=>>FC
,elayedC A#$%BAR$PACE$"EREC# comments received
in Banuary =>>A :ill be incorporated in /nal
document
At least D>>> sera tested rom = cross-
sectional surveys in inected and
<>>P achieved Results analysed and discussed :ith
partners under "EREC#C But no consensus
54
surveillance ;ones by "eptember =>>FC has been reached among the parties on the
interpretation o dataC
%t is important that a consensus be reached
:ithin "EREC#7 preerably :ith the
technical support o 1A(-.REP$E3PRE"7 on
the signi/cance o rinderpest sero-positive
cattle detected in "outhern "omalia7 i
these continue to be detected in the ne0t
round7 :hich has been agreed or Bune$Buly
=>>AC
"trategy or the /nal eradication o
rinderpest rom the "omali ecosystem
endorsed by "EREC#7 Ethiopia7 "omalia
and 9enya by ,ecember =>>FC
D>P achieved "EREC# ollo: on pro&ect agreed by
,ecember =>>F but /nal strategy
dependent on results o orthcoming
surveysC
= e0change visits to /eld sites in 9enya
and Ethiopia to see delivery systems
undertaken by end o =>>?C
<>>P completed Activity implemented by "EREC#
consultants
55
A!+ie(e,ents to-ars Result &
E8/e!te Result Targets A!+ie(e,ents
against targets
Re,ar#s
"AH"P emergency preparedness
intervention strategy endorsed by
stakeholders in all 5ones by April =>>FC
<>>P achieved Lack o an emergency preparedness
4echnical Advisor has hampered
operationalisation o the strategy
E,3#s operational in all 5ones by 3ay
=>>F
F>P achieved E,3# operational in "omaliland7 Central
and "outhern "omaliaC Ho:ever7 the
reporting levels are very lo: in "omaliland
and improvements are needed in all 5onesC
4he installation in "outhern "omalia and
Central "omalia so ar has covered = o the
? modules o the standard sot:areC 4his is
normal progress even or countries :ith
ully unctional public serviceC
4he progress in "omaliland is lo: and that
in Puntland has been assessed to be very
lo:C
F>P o Regions in "omaliland O Puntland
and ?>P o the Regions in Central$"outhern
"omalia provide monthly disease reports by
"eptember =>>FC
=EP in "omaliland7
<=C?P in Puntland7
FEP in Central and
E@P in "outhern
"omalia
.reater e)ciency o reporting achieved in
regions :ith reporting through private
Associations than those through the public
sectorC
At least ?>P o outbreaks reported to
E,3#s investigated and ollo:ed up :ithin
<> daysC
E>P achievedC All outbreaks reported to E,3#$"AH"P :ere
investigated :ithin = 8 @ :eeksC
Perormance indicators or 5onal disease
surveillance systems operational by (ctober
=>>FC
<>>P achieved Progress made in "omaliland7 Central and
"outhern "omaliaC
Risk analysis model developed to predict 2ot done A:aits contractual arrangements :ith 1A(-
56
Rit 'alley ever outbreaks in = ;ones by
3arch =>>AC
E3PRE"
Baseline prevalence data or R'17 CBPP and
PPR in K ;ones established using stored sera
and ollo:-up surveys designed by Buly
=>>FC
?>P completed R'1 and PPR baseline data available or
"omaliland and PuntlandC CBPP data
partially available or "outhern "omalia and
R'1 and PPR surveys planned or Ban$1eb
=>>A
4here is a need or publishing the results o
such surveys in the interest o transparencyC
"AH"P should establish an agreed position
:ith the stakeholders including the public
sectorC
Emergency plans and responses ormulated
in consultation :ith stakeholders in K ;ones
by 3arch =>>AC
2ot done Lack o an emergency preparedness
4echnical Advisor has hampered progressC
57
A!+ie(e,ents to-ars !ross1!utting issues
E8/e!te Result Targets A!+ie(e,ents
against targets
Re,ar#s
Environment %ntegration o a:areness on environmental
issues into "AH"P activitiesC
?>P Environmental issues :ere included in all
the activities o "AH"PC 4his :as especially
the case during stakeholder!s :orkshops
and in livestock sector policies that :ere
ormulated in "omalilandC
4his activity :as undertaken through
mutual agreements rather than contractual
obligation
*:V;A:7$ A:areness creation A>P H%'$A%," has al:ays been included in
a:areness creation activities7 especially in
ma&or centres :here the risk o spread is
highC %n Central "omalia7 the pro&ect staJ
has been actively involved in distribution o
H%'$A%," a:areness creation materials
prepared by health-sector 2.(s
4his activity :as undertaken through
mutual agreements rather than contractual
obligation
Gender:
Participation o#
#e&ale sta8e%olders
in $A*$P activities
%nclusion o vulnerable members o
communities in "AH"P activitiesC
D>P %n all the ;ones7 the pro&ect made a
deliberate attempt to have Women and
youth represented in all the "AH"P
activitiesC
4his activity :as undertaken through
mutual agreements rather than contractual
obligation
58
Anne8 $: Ile training fa!ilities at "uran? Sanaag Region in Puntlan
Ile training fa!ilities at "urang? Sanaag Region in Puntlan7 :hich could
be readily reurbished as a 4raining %nstitute or Animal Health$'eterinary
Assistants - iCeC = years basic animal health training ater secondary educationC
2BG 'eterinary$ Animal health Assistants are the core o primary animal health
care and service delivery in "ub-"aharan AricaC
,dle 0a%ilities in G)ran1 !anaag &egion1 P)ntland !tr)%t)res for .lassrooms1 8it%hen1 dining 1 >ashing1
toilets are in reasona;le %ondition
!eparate 9irlsA and GoysA dormitory ;)ildings 6orDing solar ele%tri%ity and r)nning >ater

59
Anne8 &: Ga/s Anal7sis for t+e SA%SP Ani,al Disease Sur(eillan!e
Net-or#
GAP ANAL6SIS FOR T%E PROPOSED ANI4AL DISEASE INFOR4ATION
S6STE4
"7
SA%SP Coorinators fro, So,alilan? Central So,alia an Sout+ern
So,alia an Re/resentati(es of SODELPA an CERELPA? /lus t+e SA%SP
CTA an TAs for Disease Sur(eillan!e an Poli!7<Co,,uni!ation
At
SA%SP Ional OM!es? %argeisa 11 to 1* Januar7 $==3.
4he ollo:ing scheme :as accepted as being in line :ith the aspirations o setting
up a "omali surveillance net:ork or 4A,s
4his scheme :as compared :ith that in 4an;ania7 :hich also operates on a ;onal
basisC 4he "AH"P design o the "omali system is comparable to that in 4an;ania7
e0cept that in the "AHP pro&ect area does not yet capture data rom other
pro&ectsC
60
1. Ga/s an Dea#nesses at Fiel Le(el
Lack o public$private veterinarians or veterinary assistants in remote
pastoral areasN Weak veterinary outreach in the pastoral areasN
,isease reporting is voluntaryC Hence it is di)cult to assure regular
reporting rom the /eldC
2eed to improve the a:areness among stakeholders7 especially
pastoralists and traders7 or recognition and importance o ma&or animal
diseases in the pro&ect area - 4he impact o stakeholder :orkshops could
be augmented by posters and pamphlets in "omali plus a "omali edition o
the "AH"P BulletinC
Livestock armers getting a serum collection atigueN repeated surveys
:ithout either a clear eed back to them or a disease management
intervention do not e0cite the collaborationC "o livestock armers not
associating surveys :ith their o:n interestsC "ome remedial measures
identi/ed includedG
o A:areness campaigns to emphasise the practical value o surveys
to livestock armers *eCgC producing evidence or combating the
bans by livestock importers- N
o %nstitute a eed back mechanism or inorming livestock armers o
:hat is done :ith the data arising rom the surveys and reporting
*eCgC planning timely disease prevention interventions-N
o 'isible evidence that survey results and the entire surveillance
system is helping to de/ne disease response interventions by a
:ide range o service providers *'eterinary Associations7 Private
veterinary clinics7 2.(s-C
o "AH"P *or related pro&ect- to include a modest element or outbreak
investigations and initial responseN
o "urveillance data to be analysed into guidelines or Proessional
Associations to help their members to plan drug purchases7
vaccinations and treatments or endemic diseasesC
$. Ga/s an Dea#nesses at Distri!t<Regional Le(el
61
ReportingG
Pro'e!t
Ione
Nu,be
r of
Distri!t
s
Nu,ber
of
Distri!ts
sub,ittin
g
Re/orts
Per
!ent
re/ortin
g
A(erag
e
nu,ber
of
re/orts
in a
,ont+
D+o
re/orts
D+o
!oorinat
es
re/orting
fro, Nel
O(erall
rating
b7
,tg.
Puntland @= K W <=C?P D
reports
in total
rom K
districtsW
W
Public
"ector
,'($R'(
Public
'ery
lo:
"omalila
nd
K= 1$ $B 1$ Public
"ector
,'($R'C
Public Lo:
Central
"omalia
=A =< AD 0B Private
vets$ vet
assistant
members
o 'et
Associati
on
Private and
"AH"P
3oderat
e
"outh
"omalia
@= @= <>> B& Private
vets$ vet
assistant
members
o 'et
Associati
on
Private and
"AH"P
.ood
(verall collection o /eld disease reports is better in Central and "outhern
"omaliland than in Puntland and "omalilandC "ome o the contributing actors
include the use o motivated and organised private veterinary associationsC 4he
t:o Pro&ect 5ones also have more e0perience at /eld disease surveys7 disease
searches since they have been involved in such :ork also during the "omali PACE
pro&ectC
"ome members o the veterinary associations in Central and "outhern "omalia
are beginning to identiy disease reporting data as useul or their planning o the
purchase o inputs *drugs and vaccines- as :ell as planning or the control o
endemic *private goods- diseasesC
1urthermore there is an understanding that all being eMual the 'eterinary
Associations :ould tend to avour the selection o those members :ho also have
a good record or disease report returnsC
62
&. Ga/s an Dea#nesses at ED42 Le(el
"ta)ng o 5onal E,3#s
Pro&ect
5one
Who runs
E,3#
2umber and grade o
staJ
EMuipment
"tatus
Puntland 3inistry
(ne 'eterinarian7
designated but not yet
in postN
(ne data entry clerk
yet to be appointed
(ne
computerN
AR%"
sot:are
Practically non-
unctionalN training
o /eld staJ
undertakenN
eMuipment installedN
but training o E,3#
staJ has not started
"omaliland 3inistry (ne veterinarianN
(ne data entry clerk
(ne
computerN
AR%"
sot:are
Beginning to
unction in one
moduleN had
sot:are problems
resulting in data
lossN
2o: data entry and
production o
summary table o
results
Central
"omalia
"AHP
*5onal
Coordinator-
4:o veterinariansN
(ne data entry clerk
(ne
computerN
AR%"
sot:are
1unctional at data
entry7 report
generation and initial
e0perience in
generation o maps
"outh
"omalia
"AH"P
*5onal
Coordinator-
4:o veterinariansN
(ne data entry clerk
4:o
computers
N
AR%"
sot:are
1unctional at data
entry7 report
generation and initial
e0perience in
generation o maps
CommentG
4he e0perience rom Central and "outhern "omalia indicates that the
minimum sta)ng level reMuired is @ persons7 one o :hom should be a
ully Muali/ed veterinarian7 preerably :ith some epidemiology
backgroundC
4he sta)ng levels *actual or planned- in "omaliland and Puntland are
inadeMuate even or the current phase o relatively lo: throughput o
reportsC
4he authorities in Puntland and "omaliland lack resources to employment
and oJer competitive remunerations to E,3# staJ *2BG sentiment also
repeated by the 3inister o Livestock in "omaliland-C
All E,3#s7 e0cept Central "omalia7 have only one computerC 4here is also
no system or data back-upC 2ote "omaliland has already lost all data on
the hard disk :hen the AR%" sot:are &ammed and could not be recti/ed by
%BAR :ithout loss o dataC
63

). Ga/s an Dea#nesses at So,ali1ED42 9SED42: Le(el
4his has not been set up yet and the sta)ng level has not been determined
ormallyC %ts reMuirement is not e0plicitly stated in the pro&ect
document$contract although there is an e0pectation :ithin the P3# or the
"E,3# to be set up at the "AH"P H6
4he immediate target or the :hole animal disease inormation system at both
the ;onal and H6 levels appears to be improvement o disease reportingC
%t is uncertain :hether an early :arning and use o data or designing disease
control interventions :ill be achieved beore the end o the current pro&ect
phase
*. Dillife Sur(e7s
4hese have been con/ned to "outh and Central "omalia :here there is a
substantial number o rinderpest susceptible :ildlieC
0. Natural Counter/art of SA%SP
4here :as general consensus that the natural counterpart or "AH"P is the
public sector 3inistries responsible or Livestock ,evelopmentC
4he current arrangements in Central and "outhern "omalia should be vie:ed
as transientC Ho:ever it should be noted that "AH"P has laid do:n good
practices or a public-private partnership system or managing and delivery o
veterinary servicesC 4hereore the current unctions o "AH"P need to be seen
as building the elements o a modern veterinary service that acilitates7
contracts7 supervises and regulates the private sector as currently represented
by the Proessional AssociationsC
4he meeting recommended that the development and management o E,3#s
in "outhern and Central "omalia should remain under "AH"P until :hen the
unctions and units can be transerred to the public sectorC
4he E,3#s in Puntland and "omaliland7 :hich are already :ithin the public
sector7 need to be strengthened urgently through ne: arrangements bet:een
the 3inistries o Livestock and "AH"PC
3. Long1ter, role of SA%SP Ional Coorinators
4he consensus :as that the current "AH"P 5onal Coordination should be seen
as destined or eventual assimilation into the public sectorC 4he 5onal
Coordinators :ill have gained e0perience not only in pro&ect management but
also in understanding and operating public-private partnerships in veterinary
service delivery and they :ill have developed high competence in managing
disease reporting7 disease data analysis and the coordination o animal
disease surveillance all o :hich are public sector responsibilitiesC
64
A. Soft-are @ ARIS atabase
4he AR%" modules *Passive surveillance7 Active surveillance7 'eterinary
services etc- are appropriate or the "omali epidemiological data
managementC Ho:ever7 the ollo:ing problems have been encountered :hich
seem to be intrinsic to the sot:are itselG
%nstabilityG 1ailure o AR%" to start and run7 possibly due to
conLict bet:een (racle and other programsC 4he ,ata
3anagement #nit in A#$%BAR has not been able to e0plain thisC
When AR%" ails to run7 it is di)cult to recon/gure 8
Recon/guration can not be done by E,3# personnelC Recently
the E,3# in "omaliland lost passive disease data entered
bet:een April and Buly =>>F because :e had to ormat the
computer and reinstall AR%"C
,ata entered in the database cannot be accessed again or
editing or update *iCeC it is not possible to recall and edit data
:hen there is a need to do so-C
With the current design o AR%"7 automatic data upload rom
E,3#s *or receiving data rom ;ones- at 1ederal$2ational level
is not possibleC Hence7 consolidation o data rom E,3#s has to
be done manually
65
66
Anne8 ): SA%SP Pro'e!t E8/eniture to &=
t+
No(e,ber $==0
CODE DESCRIPTION S/ent in Euro RE"#L4 < RE"#L4 = RE"#L4 @
4otal result
<X=X@
1 CAPACIT6 "2ILDING
&0$?)B3
%24AN RESO2RCES P42 1$B?3=& <>@7AF@ <E7K?? F7KD? <=E7A>@
%24AN RESO2RCES FIELD 1)&?3&* <<K7EDD =<7?F> A7<DA <K@7A@?
1= DOR5S%OPS $=) =>K =>K
<>> 5(2AL L%'E"4(C9 P(L%CQ ,E'EL(P3E24 >
11 TRAINING &A?=*) @D7>?K @D7>?K
<<@ "'Ps 4RA%2%2. %2 B#"%2E"" 3A2A.E3E24 >
<<K %2"4%4#4%(2AL CAPAC%4Q B#%L,%2. 4RA%2%2. >
<<? 4o4 4RA%2%2. %2 CE24RAL "(3AL%A "EP>F >
<<F CAHW" A""E""3E24 4RA%2%2. >
1$ ST2D6 TO2RS &B& @E@ @E@
<=< 9'A A22#AL 3EE4%2. APR>F >
1& INFRASTR2CT2RES 1)?=AA <K7>DD <K7>DD
<@> REHAB%L%4A4%(2 W(R9 *P#24LA2, LAB- >
<@< REHAB%L%4A4%(2 3(L HAR.EQ"A - "(3AL%LA2, >
1) ADARENESS CREATION 1A?3$$ <D7A== <D7A==
<K> <st AWARE2E"" CREA4%(2 W(R9"H(P - ,EC>? >
1*
ADARENESS 94ATERIAL? "2LLETIN AND
P2"LICATIONS: 0?1A) F7<DK F7<DK
<?> 6#AR4ERLQ "AH"P B#LLE4%2 >
<?< "ER%AL%5A4%(2 (1 4HE 'E4C C(,E %2 P#24LA2, >
<?= PR(,#C4%(2 (1 AWARE2E"" 3A4ER%AL >
67
CODE DESCRIPTION S/ent in Euro RE"#L4 < RE"#L4 = RE"#L4 @
4otal result
<X=X@
13 TAS5 FORCES )?B13 K7E<A K7E<A
<A> "#PP(R4 L(BBQ 1(R 'E4C C(,E E2AC43E24 *"L- >
<A< 1(R3A4%(2 (1 'E4C B(AR," *"L$PL- >
<A= P(L%CQ ,E'EL(P3E24 >
1A S2PPORT SLPF AND IONAL ASSOCIATIONS 0?)B0 F7KEF F7KEF
<D> 2A4%(2AL 'E4 A""(C%A4%(2 (1 "$LA2, >
<D< "LP1 RE'%4AL%"A4%(2 3EE4%2. >
<D= "4RE2.4HE2%2. "LP1 "$LA2, >
& DISEASE S2RCEILLANCE 9GENERAL: ***?$0* >
%24AN RESO2RCES P42 1B$?=&* <@K7K=? ?A7F<< <E=7>@?
%24AN RESO2RCES FIELD $=B?031 <KF7AFE F=7E>< =>E7FA<
&= TRAINING 3?1=* A7<>? A7<>?
@>> 4RA%2%2. PA""%'E ,%"EA"E REP(R4%2. >
@>< 4RA%2%2. ,%"EA"E REP(R4%2. 1(CAL P(%24 >
&1 CROSS SECTION RINDERPEST S2RCE6S B=?1*1 E>7<?< E>7<?<
@<> <st RP "#R'EQ - C$"(3AL%A A#.>? >

7+$:G. O5 1RO$$6$+1T:O. $<RV+= 5OR
R:.7+RP+$T, A>AR+.+$$ 1R+AT:O. O. RP
$<RV+=, PR+PARAT:O. 5OR T*+ 1RO$$ $+1T:O.
$<RV+=, TRA:.:.G O. RP $<RV+= (1+.TRA ?
$O<T*+R.), $<RV+= 5OR R:.7+RP+$T,
PR+PARAT:O. O5 7ATA@A$+ 5OR RP, $AMP+
$<@M:$$:O. A.7 A@ T+$T:.G >
@<<
=nd RP "#R'EQ - C$ A2, "$"(3AL%A BA2>F
*P("4P(2E, %2 B#2-B#L>F- >
7+$:G. O5 1RO$$6$+1T:O. $<RV+= 5OR
R:.7+RP+$T, A>AR+.+$$ 1R+AT:O. O. RP
>
68
CODE DESCRIPTION S/ent in Euro RE"#L4 < RE"#L4 = RE"#L4 @
4otal result
<X=X@
$<RV+=, PR+PARAT:O. 5OR T*+ 1RO$$ $+1T:O.
$<RV+=, TRA:.:.G O. RP $<RV+= (1+.TRA ?
$O<T*+R.), $<RV+= 5OR R:.7+RP+$T,
PR+PARAT:O. O5 7ATA@A$+ 5OR RP, $AMP+
$<@M:$$:O. A.7 A@ T+$T:.G
&) SCREENING OF ACAILA"LE SA4PLES &0?*1* ==7F<? <@7E>> @F7?<?
@K> 4E"4%2. (1 "A3PLE" >
&* DILDLIFE S2RCEILLANCE 1&?$13 <@7=<A <@7=<A
@?> W%L,L%1E "#R'EQ >
@?< W%L,L%1E 4RA%2%2. >
&3 DATA COLLECTION AND DISTRI"2TION 0?*3$ F7?A= F7?A=
@A> E,3# "(3AL%LA2, >
) DISEASE S2RCEILLANCE 9PDS: $=?A&* =>7D@? =>7D@?
K>< <st P," RP C$ O "$ "(3AL%A 1EB>F >
K>= =nd P," RP C$ O "$ "(3AL%A 3AR>F >
*
DISEASE S2RCEILLANCE 9O2T"REA5
INCESTIGATIONS: A?003 D7FFA D7FFA
?>< (#4BREA9 %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 3ERERE% APR>? >
?>= (#4BREA9 %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 B(R(3A "EP>? >
?>@ W%L,L%1E %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 BAR,ERE - ,EC>? >
?>K (#4BREA9 %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 3$"HABEL% (C4>? >
?>?
PPR (#4BREA9 %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 "(3AL%LA2,
1EB>F >
?>F (#4BREA9 %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 P#24LA2, 1EB>F >
?>A A'%A2 1L# %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 C$"(3AL%A 3AR>F >
?>D A'%A2 1L# %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 P$LA2, APR>F >
?>E A'%A2 1L# %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 "$LA2, B#L>F >
69
CODE DESCRIPTION S/ent in Euro RE"#L4 < RE"#L4 = RE"#L4 @
4otal result
<X=X@
?<> A'%A2 1L# %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 "$"(3AL%A B#L>F >
?<<
R'1 %2'E"4%.A4%(2 %2 "(#4HER2 A2, CE24RAL
"(3AL%A BA2>A >
B CO1ORDINATION< S+are !ost A)*?*&= >
%24AN RESO2RCES CO1ORD AND AD4 P42 $*&?)*1 <=F7A=F <><7@D> =?7@K? =?@7K?<

%24AN RESO2RCES CO1ORD AND AD4IN
FIELD 13&?AB0 DF7EKD FE7??E <A7@E> <A@7DEF
B= OFFICES R2NNING COSTS &AB?*31 <EK7AD? <??7D=D @D7E?A @DE7?A<
E>> R#22%2. "(3AL%A BA"E" =F@7K?? >
E>< R#22%2. P3# 2A%R(B% <=F7<<? >
B$ INTERNATIONAL DOR5S%OPS 1&?*1B >
E=>
PACE A22#AL C((R, 3EE4%2. ,A9AR - B#L>? -
Result $ an & F@K @<A @<A F@K
E=<
A2%3AL EYP(R4 R%"9 A2ALQ"%" L%L(2.WE - B#L>?
1 Result & ?7AF< ?7AF< ?7AF<
E== %"'EE Y% CA%R2" *A#"4RAL%A- - A#.>F 1 Result $ D= D= D=
E=@
PACE C((R,%2A4%(2 3EE4%2. - A,,%" ABABA -
3AQ 1 Result $ an & <7K<F A>D A>D <7K<F
E=K
PACE C((R,%2A4%(2 3EE4%2. - BA3A9( - B#2>F
1 Result $ an & <7DKD E=K E=K <7DKD
E=?
PACE C((R,%2A4%(2 3EE4%2. - ,#ALA - B#L>F 1
Result $ an & <7?=F AF@ AF@ <7?=F
E=F (%E .%" C(21ERE2CE - %4ALQ - "EP>F 1 Result & =7=?= =7=?= =7=?=
B& 4EETINGS 3?=B& =7@FK =7@FK =7@FK A7>E=
E@> "AH"P .E2ERAL PLA22%2. 3EE4%2. >
E@< "AH"P A,3 .E2ERAL 3EE4%2. >
E@@
A4H C(21ERE2CE (1 3%2%"4ER"7 RWA2,A -
2('>? >
70
CODE DESCRIPTION S/ent in Euro RE"#L4 < RE"#L4 = RE"#L4 @
4otal result
<X=X@
B* A2DITS AND RECIEDS A?=== =7FFA =7FFA =7FFA D7>><
E?> 3%,-4ER3 RE'%EW >
E?< A,3 C(24RAC4#AL A#,%4 >
TOTAL EEPENDIT2RES 1?3B$?3B) 3$1?$BB A=&?0$= $03?A3* <7AE=7AEK

Per !ent of Total 1== )= )* 1* 1==
71
Anne8 *: Ter,s of Referen!e
TER4S OF REFERENCE FOR T%E 4ID1TER4 ECAL2ATION OF T%E SO4ALI
ANI4AL %EALT% SERCICES PROJECT
A. Introu!tion
Pro'e!t Title: "omali Animal Health "ervices Pro&ect *"AH"P-
Contra!t No: *1) @ NGO @ L1$1=)
Starting ate of !ontra!t: <
st
April =>>?
Ening ate of !ontra!t: @>
th
"eptember =>>A.
Re!i/ient Organi>ation: 4erra 2uova
Partners: #2A and C((P%
Lo!ation: County-:ide :ith /eld o)ces in "omaliland *Hargeisa-7 Puntland
*.aro:e-7 Central "omalia *Bo:har$Belet-Weyne- and "outhern "omalia *,insor-C
Total !ontra!te a,ount: Euro @7<?A7>>>
EC Contribution: Euro =7EE?7>>>
Ot+er Contributions: Euro <F=7>>>
". Ob'e!ti(es of t+e e(aluation
4he mid-term evaluation *34E- o "AH"P :ill assess the progress in
implementation o the pro&ectC Emphasis :ill be placed on the relevance o "AH"P
ob&ectives and activities to the identi/ed needs7 the e)ciency o its
implementation and its eJectiveness to dateC 4he potential and reMuirements or
institutionalisation and sustainability o "AH"P outputs by the bene/ciaries :ill
also be assessedC
4he 34E is intended to provide the European Commission "omalia (perations
*EC"(-7 the "AH"P implementing 2.( consortium *4erra 2uova7 #2A and C((P%-7
the "AH"P management team7 1A($.REP and A#$%BAR$PACE$"EREC# :ith an
independent evaluation o progress in the implementation o "AH"PC %t :ill assess
pro&ect progress and the accountability o the pro&ect7 identiy lessons learnt or
orthcoming activities7 and advise on possible need or re-orientation to assure the
achievement o its ob&ectives in the remaining time-rame o implementationC
(ther key partners including the 3inister o Livestock o the 4ransitional 1ederal
.overnment o "omalia7 the 3inistries o Livestock in "omaliland7 the 3inistry o
Livestock7 Agriculture and Environment in Puntland and the "omali Livestock
Proessionals! Associations :ill bene/t rom the /ndings o this evaluationC
C. "a!#groun
Conte0t and evolution o "AH"P
"ince <EEK several relie7 rehabilitation and development pro&ects have been
undertaken to enhance the proessional competence o "omali 'eterinary
Proessionals *"'Ps-7 provide support or the establishment and operation o
'eterinary Proessionals! Associations and public sector animal health institutions
in "omaliland and PuntlandC Bet:een <
st
(ctober =>>< and @<
st
3arch =>>?7 the
EC unded the implementation o the "omali PACE Pro&ect that supported capacity
building or public and private sector animal health :orkers7 the strengthening o
public sector institutions through development o master plans and support or
enactment o veterinary la: codes7 the strengthening o /ve livestock
proessional Associations and a national umbrella organi;ationC 4he "omali PACE
pro&ect also conducted training o "omali veterinary proessionals or subseMuent
engagement in large-scale epidemiological surveys or ma&or transboundary
diseases o livestockC Ho:ever7 by the end o the "omali PACE Pro&ect7 the
72
veterinary sector master plan :as yet to be implemented in Puntland and :as
only partially implemented in "omalilandC 4he veterinary codes :ere not yet
enacted in both "omaliland and PuntlandC Epidemiological surveillance or
livestock diseases and emergency preparedness planning :ere not
institutionali;ed :ithin the nascent public sector institutions and the ear o
negative economic conseMuences resulting rom trade bans prevented the
transparent dissemination o some disease survey resultsC 4o date7 suspicions
persist that "outhern "omalia represents the last ocus o endemic Rinderpest
that prevents the global eradication o the diseaseC 4he Livestock Proessionals!
Associations had revised constitutions and developed strategy papers to guide
their uture development but still lacked the ability to independently mobili;e their
members as animal health service providersC

4he "omali Animal Health services pro&ect *"AH"P- :as designed to consolidate
the achievements o the "omali PACE Pro&ectC %t aims to enhance access by "omali
livestock sector stakeholders to improved animal health services that comply :ith
internationally acceptable standards or participation in sae domestic and e0port
trade in livestock and livestock productsC 4he overall ob&ective is to contribute to
the improvement o livelihoods at household level by enhancing ood security and
income generation through the control and eradication o ma&or epi;ootic diseases
o livestockC 4he speci/c ob&ective is to improve delivery and regulation o animal
health services to enhance livestock production7 domestic and e0port trade in
livestock and livestock productsC
4he Pro&ect has three e0pected results as ollo:sG
Result <G Capacity o "omali institutions to eJectively deliver and regulate
animal health services enhanced
Result =G 3easures or the eradication o Rinderpest rom the "omali
Ecosystem implemented in collaboration :ith A#$%BAR$PACE
Result @G 3echanisms or reducing the vulnerability o "omali livestock to the
threats o ma&or epi;ootics strengthened through the establishment o a
disease surveillance systemC
"AH"P has operated country-:ide through our ;onal o)ces in Hargeisa
*"omaliland-7 .aro:e *Puntland-7 Bo:har *Central "omalia- and ,insor *"outhern
"omalia-C 4his 5onal approach to implementation takes into account the socio-
political diJerences bet:een the ;ones and allo:ed continuation o pro&ect
activities even :hen the security situation deteriorated in one or t:o ;onesC 4he
Pro&ect 3anagement #nit *P3#- :as established and maintained in 2airobi as a
central coordination unit to provide technical7 administrative and logistical support
to the 5onal ()cesC 4o acilitate the smooth implementation o activities7 the
Pro&ect signed memoranda o understanding *3o#s- :ith the 3inistry o Livestock
in "omaliland and the 3inistry o Livestock7 Agriculture and Environment in
PuntlandC Contact :as also established :ith the 3inister o Livestock7 1orestry and
Range o the 4ransitional 1ederal .overnment o "omalia and dialogue initiated on
the needs or capacity building to revitali;e public sector institutions under the
41. 3inistry o Livestock7 1orestry and RangeC
Activities to:ards the eradication o rinderpest entailed regional cooperation7 and
harmonisation o approaches :ith 9enya and Ethiopia under the overall
coordination o the A#$%BAR$PACE$"omali Ecosystem Rinderpest Eradication
Coordination #nit *"EREC#-C A memorandum o understanding :as signed
bet:een "AH"P and A#$%BAR to acilitate this cooperationC
,ue to the absence o laboratory testing acilities in "omalia7 a memorandum o
understanding :as developed :ith the 9enya Agricultural Research %nstitute
*9AR%- to acilitate testing o samples collected in "omalia or Rinderpest7 Pest des
petits ruminants *PPR-7 Rit 'alley 1ever *R'1-7 Contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia *CBPP- and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia *CCPP-C
73
Current state o implementation
%n all the 5ones7 the pro&ect convened stakeholders! :orkshops to obtain inputs in
strengthening o animal health delivery systemsC "upport or building the capacity
o public sector institutions is still limited to "omaliland and Puntland as the
development o public sector institutions in Central and "outhern "omalia is yet to
be undertakenC %n "omaliland7 the pro&ect supervised the completion o
rehabilitation :orks on buildings o the 3inistry o Livestock and the construction
o ne: buildings to house a laboratory7 o)ces and library at the 3inistry o
Livestock HeadMuarters in HargeisaC 4he pro&ect also purchased o)ce urniture or
the ne: premises and computer eMuipment installed :ith the A#$%BAR$PACE AR%"
programme or the Epidemiology and ,ata 3anagement #nit *E,3#-C %n Puntland7
the planned rehabilitation o laboratories and a Regional 'eterinary ()ce in
.alkaiyo :as delayed due to di)culties in securing the targeted public buildings
rom unauthori;ed occupants coupled :ith a cabinet reshuZe that interrupted the
continuity o the activity as there :as no eJective handover bet:een the out-
going and in-coming 3oLAE 3inistersC 4he process o rehabilitation o public
premises to house a veterinary laboratory and Regional 'eterinary o)ce in
.alkaiyo7 Puntland is currently under:ayC
%n Central and "outhern "omalia7 "AH"P consulted the 41. 3inister o Livestock7
1orestry and Range on modalities or enabling livestock sector stakeholders in the
t:o ;ones to contribute to discussions on needs or institutional development or
the sectorC 4he 3inister convened an initial brie/ng meeting :ith 2.(s and
international agencies operating in the livestock sector in 2airobi on <K
th
Bune
=>>FC
4raining o 3oL personnel to operate the E,3# :as initiated in Hargeisa and plans
are under:ay to conduct training or E,3# personnel in Puntland7 Central and
"outhern "omaliaC
4he establishment o /nancial and human resources management systems to
enhance e)ciency and transparency in 3oL and 3oLAE :as initiated and :ill be
e0tended to the Livestock Proessional Associations i successul in the public
sectorC
"AH"P provided support and guidance or the establishment o a 'eterinary Board
in Puntland ollo:ing enactment o the 'eterinary Code by ParliamentC 4his
included acilitation o a visit by the Chairman o the 9enya 'eterinary Board to
attend a stakeholders! meeting in Puntland :here he outlined the purpose and
operations o a 2ational 'eterinary Board as a regulatory bodyC 4he Pro&ect also
provided unds and technical support or the serialisation o the 'eterinary Code in
the Puntland ne:spapers7 radio stations and various "omali :eb-sites to enhance
understanding o the reMuirements or its enorcement among stakeholdersC %n
both "omaliland and Puntland7 "AH"P encouraged the implementation o the
3aster Plans or 3oL and 3oLAE respectivelyC Ho:ever7 inadeMuate budgetary
allocations prevented the ull implementation o the recommendations o the
3aster plansC %n "omaliland7 the budgetary allocation or 3oL operations in =>>F
:as increased t:o-old as a result o intense lobbying o the 3inistries o Planning
and 1inance by the 3inster o LivestockC
4he pro&ect conducted training in business management and contract
preparations or @< selected private "'Ps operating pharmacies and clinicsC
%n both Central and "outhern "omalia7 the pro&ect implemented participatory
disease search *P,"- activities as part o the Rinderpest surveillance activities
agreed &ointly :ith A#$%BAR$PACE$"EREC#7 PACE 9enya and PACE EthiopiaC A total
o =E= samples :ere collected rom suspected clinical cases tested negative or
rinderpest :hile =7<<< sera :ere tested or rinderpest antibodiesC A ma&or random
74
serological survey or rinderpest that :as initially scheduled or implementation in
Banuary-1ebruary =>>F :as postponed to Bune-Buly =>>F due to severe drought
conditions :ith resultant concentration o livestock in areas :ith pasture and
:aterC A total o ?7AF> to F7?=D sera :ere targeted or collection during this
surveyC #sing the results so ar obtained rom earlier surveys or rinderpest7
"AH"P reMuested A#$%BAR to make a declaration to the (%E o provisional reedom
rom rinderpest on a ;onal basis or "omaliaC A drat emergency preparedness
plan or rinderpest or "omalia :as submitted to A#$%BAR or revie: and approvalC
4o acilitate planned rinderpest surveillance activities in :ildlie7 eight "omali
'eterinary Proessionals :ere trained in :ildlie capture and sampling techniMues
in 1ebruary-3arch =>>FC "election o the "'Ps :as done by "AH"P in consultation
:ith "(WELPA :hile the training :as arranged by the A#$%BAR$PACE$"EREC# in
collaboration :ith the 9enya Wildlie "erviceC 4he training :as carried out during
:ildlie surveillance /eld activities in 9enyaC %n "omaliland7 the Pro&ect supervised
and supported epidemiological assessments o a PPR outbreak in preparation or a
vaccination interventionC Ho:ever7 the vaccination :as not carried out due to
disagreements bet:een the 3inistry o Livestock and #LPA on modalities or its
implementationC %n Puntland7 "AH"P provided logistical and /nancial support or
/eld interventions led by '"1-"uisse ollo:ing outbreaks o pneumonia in camels7
sheep and goatsC "AH"P also supported /eld investigations o three disease
events suspected to be CCPP and avian Lu in Central "omalia and Rinderpest in
"outhern "omaliaC
4he testing o stored sera to obtain baseline data on key diseases aJecting
livestock trade :as initiated :ith the testing o D7?== sheep7 goats and camel
sera collected in "omaliland and Puntland during earlier Rit 'alley 1ever surveys
or PPR virus antibodiesC 4he testing o all stored sera collected rom cattle in
Central and "outhern "omalia or CBPP sero-prevalence :as initiatedC
Constraints
%mplementation o "AH"P activities :as constrained by the ollo:ingG
,elayed recruitment o the some e0patriate and 5onal 4echnical staJ and the
later resignation o one 4echnical Advisor delayed pro&ect start-up and
implementationC
A cabinet reshuZe :ith resultant loss o institutional memory at 3oLAE that
slo:ed the pace o activities in PuntlandC
Recurrent incidents o insecurity that necessitated the temporary evacuation
o 4echnical Advisors and relocation o a 5onal o)ceC
,ormancy o the "omali Livestock Proessionals! 1orum denied the pro&ect an
eJective local partner and presented challenges or the mobilisation o the /ve
5onal Associations to:ards the establishment o a national umbrella
organisationC
ConLict bet:een 3oL and the #LPA E0ecutive Committee prevented &oint /eld
interventionsC
4he temporary suspension o ECH( Lights to some locations in "outhern
"omalia prevented access o "AH"P staJ to some /eld locationsC
"evere drought conditions caused the postponement o a large-scale random
cross-sectional serological survey or rinderpest scheduled or Banuary =>>FC
E0pectations by stakeholders that "AH"P should produce rapid results :ith
tangible short-term impacts indicated lack o understanding or long-term
institutional capacity building approachesC
4he lack o /nancial allocations or the 3inistries responsible or Livestock
development in "omaliland and Puntland to enable the timely employment
and deployment o staJ recommended in the respective master plansC
4he lack o structured livestock institutions under the 41. presented
challenges to "AH"P approaches in Central and "outhern "omaliaC
75
D. Issues to be stuie
4he 34E should e0amine the achievements and constraints e0perienced during
the implementation o "AH"P since its inception on <
st
April =>>?C 4he relevance
o "AH"P ob&ectives and activities to the identi/ed needs7 the e)ciency o its
implementation and the eJectiveness o its approaches should be assessedC 4he
34E should also provide guidance on the potential or institutionalisation and
sustainability o "AH"P outputs by the bene/ciariesC 4he lessons learnt should
enable recommendations on any changes reMuired to assure the attainment o
"AH"P results and speci/c ob&ectiveC
E. 4et+oolog7
4he consultant :ill be e0pected to be amiliar :ith the ollo:ing documentsG
Pro&ect /nancing agreement *including the "AH"P Pro&ect document-7 the "AH"P
inception report7 all the pro&ect summary and interim technical reports7 the "omali
PACE 1inal Pro&ect report7 and the "omali PACE 3id-term revie: report7 "EREC#
Pro&ect documents and reportsC 4he "omalia livestock sector strategy document
*April =>>K- commissioned by World Bank7 1A( and the European Commission :ill
make valuable reading or the consultantC %t is anticipated that the consultant :ill
interact :ith "AH"P personnel and bene/ciaries and collect data and inormation
or the evaluation through various methods including key inormant intervie:s7
ocus group discussions :ith selected bene/ciaries7 Muestionnaire intervie:s7 and
personal observation o pro&ect activities or outputs o their implementationC 4he
consultant :ill be e0pected to consult other key stakeholders rom regional and
international organi;ations :ith an interest in the outcomes o "AH"P
implementationC 4hese :ill include A#$%BAR7 "EREC#7 1A(-.REP and the
veterinary authorities in 9enya and EthiopiaC 4he consultant should provide every
possible opportunity or "AH"P stakeholders and bene/ciaries to participate in
and contribute to the 34EC 4he consultant should revie: the pro&ect logical
rame:ork and make suggestions or its revision to realistically ocus pro&ect
outputs to:ards achievement o the purpose in the remaining time-rame o its
implementationC
Evaluation criteria
4he evaluation should assess the "AH"P Pro&ect or its rele(an!e7 the eM!ien!7
o its implementation and its e;e!ti(eness and the sustainabilit7 of its
out/uts. 4he ollo:ing key issues should be e0aminedG
Relevance o "AH"P
4he 34E should assess the appropriateness o "AH"P and its approaches in the
conte0t o "omalia
Are "AH"P ob&ectives consistent :ith the needs o the bene/ciaries7 regional
and global priorities and donor!s policiesS
What is the internal coherence o the "AH"P logical rame:ork *relationships
bet:een overall ob&ective7 purpose and the results de/ned in the log-rame-S
Particular attention should be given to the log-rame in the pro&ect proposal
and the :orking log-rames ollo:ed during implementationC
Was the pro&ect purpose realistic and relevant to the overall ob&ectiveS
What are the institutional linkages bet:een "AH"P and other Pro&ects carrying
out related activities in the "omali livestock sectorS Ho: did these aJect the
relevance o "AH"PS
E)ciency and eJectiveness o "AH"P
4he e)ciency o "AH"P implementation :ill be assessed against its speci/c
ob&ectiveC
76
4he 34E should assess ho: pro&ect resources$inputs *unds7 e0pertise7 eMuipment7
time etc- have been converted into results and to :hat e0tent have "AH"P
ob&ectives been achieved or are likely to be achieved on a priority basisC
4he 34E should pay particular attention to the ollo:ingG
Evaluate "AH"P implementation at all levels *P3# and 5onal ()ces and the
/eld levels-C
Assess "AH"P /nancial and logistics management aspects at P3# level7
2airobiC
Evaluate the coherence o "AH"P activities in order to achieve the e0pected
resultsC
Evaluate the relationships bet:een the activities and the results so ar
achieved by "AH"P taking into account the resources mobili;edC
Evaluate the need or any eventual e0tension to assure attainment o the
planned results given the remaining time-rame or "AH"P implementationC
Priority areas o :ork should be clearly identi/ed7 the cost eJectiveness o any
additional support demonstrated and the time-rame de/nedC
9ey issues pertaining to "AH"P co-ordination and cross-cutting issues :ill also be
addressed includingG
Analysis o ho: "AH"P approaches and strategies have contributed to
attainment o the ob&ectives and ho: they have translated to pro&ect activities
and :ork-plansC
Assess the internal monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and the timeliness
and adeMuacy o pro&ect reportingC
Assess the contribution o the Pro&ect implementing 2.( consortium *4erra
2uova7 #2A and C((P%- to the attainment o "AH"P e0pected results and
purpose to dateC
Assess the perormance o the technical assistance provided by the various
4echnical Advisors and consultants assigned to speci/c aspects o the pro&ectC
4he 34E should also assess the appropriateness7 e)ciency and eJectiveness o
the organi;ation7 management and reporting systems established under "AH"PC
Potential or sustainability o "AH"P outputs
4he 34E :ill assess the potential or sustainability o the results o "AH"P and
suggest mechanisms that need to be put in place to assure thisC 9ey issue to
address :ill includeG
4he absorption capacity o local *counterpart- institutions and their ability to
sustain outputs rom the pro&ectC ,o the local counterpart institutions have
su)cient human and /nancial resources to carry out the roles e0pected o
them ater the end o "AH"PS What needs to be done to enhance the ability o
counterpart institutions to eJectively perorm their roles in the prevailing
socio-political circumstancesS
Has su)cient attention been given to the development o the public and
private sector institutions and the establishment o mutually bene/cial and
productive linkages bet:een themS
%s the mi0ture o e0patriate and "omali staJ eJective in addressing the needs
o the pro&ect and its bene/ciaries and are there adeMuate arrangements in
place to ensure hand-over o responsibilities rom e0patriate to "omali
personnelS
F. Re/orting an feeba!#
4he consultant :ill be e0pected to present an inception report or approval by the
EC "omalia (perations *EC"(-C 4his report :ill outline the methods proposed or
77
carrying out the evaluation and the timing o /eld visits and presentation o
eedback and reports to the EC"(C 4he consultant :ill then conduct the evaluation
o "AH"P both at the P3# level in 2airobi and in the /eld o)ces in ,insor7 Beled-
Weyne7 .aro:e and HargeisaC
1ollo:ing completion o the /eld evaluations7 the consultant :ill debrie 42 and
EC"( through presentation o an Aide-3emoire *this should be a de-brie/ng
presentation at EC o)ce- o their provisional /ndings and likely recommendationsC
4he consultant :ill then prepare a drat /nal report o the key /ndings and
recommendations or submission to 42 and EC"( not later then <K days ater
completion o the /eld evaluationC 4he drat /nal report :ill be circulated by 42
or comments by stakeholders as appropriateC
4he consultant :ill then /nali;e the report and resubmit the /nal report to 42
*:ho :ill copy it to EC or approval- not later then A days ater receipt o
consolidated comments rom 42C
iii- Planned outputs
%nception report */ve hard copies and one electronic version in Word ormat-7 @
days ater arrival o mission in 2airobi
Aide-3emoire */ve copies hard copies-7 ollo:ing completion o /eld activities and
beore leaving 9enya *i applicable-
,rat /nal report */ve hard copies and one electronic version in Word ormat-7
latest <> days ater completion o /eld evaluation
1inal report */ve hard copies and one e-copy on C,-R(3 in Word and P,1 ormat-7
latest A days ater receipt o comments rom 42
G. E8/ertise reJuire
4he consultant should be a veterinarian :ith a post-graduate degree in
epidemiology or an animal health related disciplineC He$she should have at least
<> years e0perience and kno:ledge in establishment o livestock disease
surveillance and emergency response systemsC 4he consultant should also have
at least ? years e0perience in animal health institutional capacity building in
developing countriesC Additional e0perience and kno:ledge in development o
livestock sector legislation and policy as :ell as pro&ect management :ill be
desirableC 4he consultant should be amiliar :ith the Pro&ect 3onitoring Cycle
*P3C- approach and the European Commission *EC- rules7 procedures and ormats
that relate to pro&ect evaluationsC 4he consultant must be Luent in EnglishC
%. Dor# Plan an Ti,e s!+eule
4he evaluation should be carried out or a total o @> calendar days commencing
not later than @rd Banuary =>>AC 4his process :ill entail the ollo:ingG
%nternational travel *i reMuired- = days
Revie: o the literature *@ days-
1ield :ork *<Adays including travel to and rom "omalia and meetings in 2airobi-
Report :riting and presentations *D days-C
4he consultant :ill be e0pected to undertake visits as ollo:sG
EC "omalia (perations *EC"(- in 2airobiC
"AH"P P3# o)ce in 2airobi or meetings :ith the pro&ect management
team and the Representatives o the "AH"P implementing 2.( consortium
78
*4erra 2uova7 #2A and C((P%-C 1urther meetings :ill be arranged
separately :ith each o the partners as reMuiredC
Arican #nion %nter-Arican Bureau or Animal Resources *A#$%BAR-
including the "omali Ecosystem Rinderpest Coordination #nit *"EREC#-
1ield visits to "omaliland7 Puntland7 Central and "outhern "omalia to visit
"AH"P 5onal ()ces and to contact various "AH"P stakeholders and
bene/ciaries in the ;onesC
'isits to the 9AR% laboratories and the Central 'eterinary Laboratory7
9abete

4he consultant should provide a detailed and time bound :ork schedule to cover
all these aspects in his$her oJerC
79

Anne8 0: List of Persons 4et
.@: T%e consultant !is%es to t%an8 all t%e persons listed belo! #or t%eir 8ind
collaboration and assistance durin" t%e course o# t%is MT+9
SA%SP Pro'e!t 4anage,ent 2nit 9P42:? Nairobi
,r Henry Wam:ayi7 Chie 4echnical Advisor7 *2BG ,r Wam:ayi
accompanied the 34E Consultant to all meetings listed belo:-
,r 3ohamad 1arah ,irie7 "AH"P 2ational Coordinator
,r "teano 4empia7 Epidemiology Advisor
,r 3ohamud Hagi Hassan Ali7 2ational Epidemiologist
3r ,ario 5ecchini7 Pro&ect Administrative and Human Resources Advisor
3r 3ohamed Haibe7 2ational Administrator
EC Delegation to 5en7a? So,alia O/erations
,r 1riedrich 3ahler7 4echnical Advisor in charge o Livestock and
Environment
Terra Nuo(a Eastern safri!a
3rC 1ederico 'eronesi7 Ag Regional Representative
3rC Riccardo Costagli7 Pro&ect 3anager Livestock 4rade7 3arketing and
,iversi/cation Pro&ect
,r (lare %saya (uma7 Pro&ect 3anager7 E"CAL% Pro&ect - Livestock
3rC Phares Rag:a7 4A E"CAL% - Agriculture
3s Lucy Wood7 Educationist "heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "chool7
3rC "am (gola7 Educationist7 "heikh 4echnical 'eterinary "chool
COOPI: Coo/era>ione Internationale
3s Paola .rivel7 Regional Representative
3s Emmanuella (lesambu7 Programme 3anager7 Pastoral Emergency
%nterventions
2NA Consortiu,
3rC RaJaele ,el Cima7 Regional Representative
De/art,ent of Ceterinar7 Ser(i!es? 5en7a
,r Boseph 3usaa7 ,irector o 'eterinary "ervices *,'"-
,r "imon 2C 9imani7 Chie 'eterinary 1ield ()cer
,r Harry (yas7 PACE 9enya7 2ational Coordinator
5en7a Agri!ultural Resear!+ Institute 95ARI:? National Ceterinar7
Resear!+ !entre? 4uguga
,r Bohn 3ugambi7 Centre ,irector
,r Eunice 2dungu7 "erologist
,r Peter 3irangi7 Head o 'irology ,ivision
A21I"AR? Nairobi
,r 3odibo 4raore7 ,irector
,r 9ebkiba Bid&eh7 PACE Epidemiologist
,r Boseph Litamoi7 1A( Advisor Avian %nLuen;a Epidemiology
A21I"AR<PACE<So,ali E!o1S7ste, Riner/est Erai!ation Coorination
2nit 9SEREC2: at A21I"AR
,r ,ickens Chibeu7 "EREC# Coordinator7
,r Eli;abeth Wamb:a7 Wildlie E0pert
,r Annie Le:a7 "pecialist in Animal Health ,elivery "ystems
,r Ahmed 3ohamed Hashi7 Liaison ()cer or "omalia *and AgC "omali
delegate to the (%E-
,r Bernard 3ugenyo7 Liaison ()cer or 9enya
80
,r 2esru Hussein7 Liaison ()cer or Ethiopia
FAO So,alia
3rC .raham 1armer7 1A( Representative to "omalia
,r 3assimo Castiello7 Livestock E0pert
,r Botham 3usiime7 Livestock Consultant
Puntlan? "osasso
HCEC 3rC "aid Bama Ali H6orshalI7 3inister or Livestock7 Agriculture and
Environment
,r "amuel Wakhusama Wanyangu7 "AH"P 4echnical Advisor7 %nstitutional
Capacity Building and 4raining *Based in Puntland-
,r 1rancis "udi7 "AH"P 4echnical Advisor7 ,isease "urveillance and
Reporting *2ormally based in "outhern "omalia-
,r Ernest 2&oroge7 "AH"P 4echnical Advisor7 Policy and Communication
*normally based in Central "omalia-
3rC 3ohamed Bama7 "AH"P 5onal Administrator7 Puntland
,r Abdusalaam 3ohamed Warsame7 1ormer Port veterinary ()cer7 :ho
had &ust been designated to head the Puntland E,3# and Laboratory
"ervices
,r Abdulra;ak Bama7 Chairman Puntland 'eterinary Board
3rC 2ur 1arah7 Private "ector Representative on the Puntland 'eterinary
Board
,r Abdulrashid Hashi7 Public "ector Representative on the Puntland
'eterinary Board
,r Liban Chairman o P#LPA
,r 1aduma Hussein 'ice-Chair P#LPA
3rC 3ahad7 Chairman Puntland Livestock Board
3rC 2oor Ali 3ohamed7 3anager 3andeeM 3ilk 1actory 6hardo
Plus = traders at Bosaso Livestock market and various individuals at Port
loading livestockC
Plus representatives o the Buran Community in "anaag Region
So,alilan? %argeisa
HCEC ,r %dris %brahim Abdi7 3inister o Livestock
,r Abdullahi ,irector o Animal Health
,r 3ohamoud %smail Ali *"hire-7 Head o Hargeisa Laboratory
,r Abdillahi Adan Bama7 Head E,3#7 Hargeisa
,r Ahmed Ha&i Abdullahi7 Chairman o the Board o 3anagement o #LPA
3rC %smael Wasame7 Chair #LPA
3rC Ali 3ohamed Ali7 "ecretary7 #LPA
3rC ,audi %saac 2uru7 4reasurer7 #LPA
,r Elmi %brahim Wais7 Chair "(L2A'A
,r %brahim (mar (sman7 Livestock 4rade7 3arketing and ,iversi/cation
Pro&ect *4erra 2uova-
,r %brahim "aid %smael7 Chairman o the Chamber o Commerce
81
,r 3ohamed 3use Qusu *Arika-7 "AH"P 5onal Coordinator7 "omaliland
3rC Bibri Ahmed7 "AH"P 5onal Administrator7 "omaliland
,r 3ohamed Ali Hamud7 AgC "AH"P 5onal Coordinator and 1ield ()cer7
Central "omalia
,r Abdul 9adir Abdi 3ohamed7 3ember E0ecutive Committee o CERELPA
,r (mar ,irie 3umir7 3ember o CERELPA
,r Ahmed Abdi .edi7 "AH"P 5onal Coordinator7 "outhern "omalia
,r Ali Roble 3ohamed7 "AH"P 'eterinary 1ield ()cer7 "outhern "omalia
,r Abdirashid "heikh Ahmed7 Chairman "(WELPA
,r Ali "heikh 3ohamed7 Administrative ()cer and E0ecutive Committee
3ember o "(WELPA
,r 3ohamad 1arah ,irie7 "AH"P 2ational Coordinator at the P3#
,r 1rancis "udi7 "AH"P 4echnical Advisor7 ,isease "urveillance and
Reporting *2ormally based in "outhern "omalia-
,r Ernest 2&oroge7 "AHP 4echnical Advisor7 Policy and Communication
*normally based in Central "omalia-

82
Anne8 3: Pro'e!te En1of1Pro'e!t 4anage,ent Arrange,ents
83