Earth and Environmental Science Reviewer First Grading

1. Science the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and
behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
2. Technology the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry
3. Earth Science the branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the earth and its atmosphere
4. Geology the science that deals with the earths physical structure and substance, its history, and the
processes that act on it
5. Meteorology the branch of science concerned with the processes and phenomena of the atmosphere
especially as means of forecasting the weather
6. Oceanography the branch of science that deals with the physical and biological properties and phenomena
of the sea
7. Astronomy the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, and the physical universe as a whole

Tornado rating system:
Difference Rating Speed
52 F-0 64-116 kph
63 F-1 117-180 kph
72 F-2 181-253 kph
77 F-3 254-331 kph
86 F-4 332-418 kph
93 F-4 419-512 kph

Name of Scientist Dr. Raymundo S.
Punongbayan
Dr. Robert Ballard Dr. Tetsuya Theodore
Fujita
Dr. Susan
Wyckoff/Edmund
Halley
Field of Study Geology Oceanography Meteorology Astronomy
Topics How to avoid
earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions
Looking at the ocean Provide better
warnings for
tornadoes
Comets
Major Contribution/s -They investigated
areas where any
unusual activities
occur
-He warned the public
about the fault line
-He advised the
people living along the
fault line to take
precautions
-He urged the public
officials to inspect
bridges, buildings, and
other public structures
-He informed the
population of the
Philippines that it is an
earthquake country
-Made many dives to
the bottom of the
Atlantic/Pacific oceans
-Discovered new kinds
of underwater
creatures
-Discovered the
Titanic wreck
-Uses a submarine
research vessel called
a submersible Alvin
-Along with Alvin, a
remote controlled
camera called Jason Jr.
explored and
photographed the
ship
-1 mid-ocean ridge
-Studied paths of
almost 26 000
tornadoes
-He discovered the
rating system on how
to classify thousands
of tornadoes that
occur each year
-He researched the
movement and
behaviour of
tornadoes
-He studied tornadoes
in 2 basic ways: by
analysing the path of
destruction; by
observing model
tornadoes
-Invented tornado
machine
E.D.
-Calculated the orbit
of a certain comet
named after him
-Studied the
composition of
Halleys Comet
-Predicted the comet
will return every 76
years
S.W.
-Led a group of
scientists to study the
comet
-Researched about
comet. She theorized
that they may contain
evidence on how the
solar system formed
4.6 billion years ago
1. Stereoscope used for viewing a stereoscopic pair of separate images, depicting left eye and right eye of the
same scene, as a three dimensional image
2. Telescope instrument that aids the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation
such as visible light
3. RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) an object detecting system that uses radio waves to determine the
range, altitude, direction, and speed of objects
4. Computer a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out set of arithmetic or logical
operations automatically
5. Super Computer a computer at the frontline of contemporary processing capacity particularly speed of
calculation which can happen at speeds of nano seconds
6. Remote Sensing Satellite used for the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without
making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to in situ observation *in situ a latin phrase
translates to in position
7. LANDSAT Satellite used to take specialized digital photograph of the earths continents and surrounding
coastal regions for over 3 decades, enabling people to evaluate the dynamic changes caused by both natural
processes and human practices
8. SPOT Satellite (Satellite Pour lObserbation dela Terre [French] Satellite for Observation of the Earth) a
commercial high resolution imaging earth observation satellite system operating from space
9. Rock Hammer/Hand Lens used for collecting and examining rocks

Mineral an element or compound that occurs naturally in rocks or soil
Gems precious prized minerals that are used as ornaments, jewelries, and decorations
Characteristics of Minerals
-All minerals are solid
-Minerals form naturally
-The substances that make up minerals were never part of living things nor were formed by living things
-Each mineral have definite chemical composition or a limited range of composition
-The atoms of minerals are connected in a repeating and orderly manner
-A crystal is the outward sign of the orderly atomic arrangement of a mineral
Crystallization a process occurring when liquid containing minerals cool to form solid minerals
Rock-forming minerals make up 95% of the earths crust.
Silicates contain silicon and oxygen
Ferromagnesian denser than other rock forming minerals
Feldspar most abundant silicate material
Clay used in making ceramics
Quartz the last mineral to crystallize in rock that is forming from cooling magma
Large Quartz crystals dont usually form in such rocks
Pure Quartz is colourless and is made entirely of silicon and oxygen


OTHER MINERAL GROUPS
Oxides
-forms when an element combines with oxygen
-some oxides form deep in the earths crust when melted rock hardens
Sulfides
-contains sulphur
-found very deep in a mine
Halides
-when certain elements combine with chlorine (Cl), Iodine (I), Bromine (Br), and Fluorine (F)
-salt or Halite is the best known halide
Carbonates
-compunds that contain a single carbon atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms
-soft and light colored
Sulfates
-minerals containing 1 sulfur atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms

Mohs Scale of Hardness








USES OF MINERALS
Galena (PbS) Chief ore of lead
Magnetite (Fc
3
O
4
) Ore of iron
Graphite (C) Lubricant, pencil lead
Chalcopyrite (C
4
FeS
2
) Ore of copper
Pyrite (FeS
2
O
3
) Sulfur ore, used in Sulfuric Acid
Hematite (Fe
2
O
3
) Major iron ore, Pigment
Quartz (SiO
2
) Form of pure sand
Halite (NaCl) Table salt and Road salt
Calcite (CaCo
3
) Fertilizer, soil conditioner
Muscovite [(KF)(AlO)(SiO)] Wallpaper, paint

2 WAYS TO FORM MINERALS
-ores crystallize from magma
-form when hot water and gases cool
Talc 1
Gypsum 2
Calcite 3
Fluorite 4
Apatite 5
Orthoklase 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
a. Crystal Shape used to determine minerals internal structure
b. Hardness-minerals resistance to being scratched; Friedrich Mohs Scale of Hardness
c. Colour most obvious property; determines minerals ability to absorb, emit, and reflect light
d. Streak colour of a mineral when ground to a fine powder
e. Cleavage tendency of a mineral to break into flat sheets
f. Fracture tendency of a mineral to break in irregular shapes
UNUSUAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Color Change
Double Image/Double Refraction
ORE-mineral/group of minerals which a useful material can be extracted at a profit
ROCK-In geology, a rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids
TYPES OF ROCKS
Rock Type Defenition Sub-groups
Igneous Rocks Formed from the cooling of lava/magma -Intrusive
-Extrusive
Sedimentary Rocks -Formed from sediments that are buried for a long
period of time
-From the process of compaction, cementation, and
weathering
-Clastic
-Chemical
-Organic
Metamorphic
Rocks
-Rocks formed from rocks in which extreme heat and
pressure is applied
-from chemical reaction
-Foliated
-Non-foliated

ROCK CYCLE











DIFFERENCES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS








FISSURE when magma pours out onto the earths surface through a volcano or through a large crack in the ground
LAVA magma that reaches the earths surface
3 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Type Description Examples
Clastic Rocks Made from bits of
mineral fragments
or sediments
-Conglomerate
-Breccia
-Sandstone
-Shale
Chemical Rocks Made up of
dissolved minerals
-Rock Salt
-Rock Gypsum
-Chert
Organic Rocks Made up of plants
and animal fossil
-Limestone
-Coquina
-Chalk
-Coal

Clastic Chemical Organic
1. Conglomerate
-formed far away from the source of
pebbles
-made from boulder/pebble sized
fragments
2. Breccia
-made from boulder/pebble sized
fragments
-made of sharp angular fragments
3. Sandstone
-sand sized particles cemented
together
-very hard
-can be yellow, red, or brown
because of the presence of Iron
4. Shale
-most common sedimentary rock
-made of fine mud, clay, etc.
-form when layers squeeze out water
and air
1. Rock Salt
-made entirely of Halite
-formed from evaporation of
seawater
2. Rock Gypsum
-made from Gypsum
-formed from evaporation seawater
3. Chert
-very hard
-made of tiny quartzite grains
-does not form layers
1. Limestone
-50% calcite
-made of sea shells
-has Iron Oxide
2. Coquina
-found along the beaches of florida
3. Chalk
-limestone mad of shells
-white cliff of dover
4. Coal
-made from debris of decayed plants
and animals
Igneous
Rock
Description Texture Examples
Intrusive
Rocks
Formed
beneath
the earths
surface
-Coarse
grained
-Big
crystals
Diorite
Gabbro
Granite
Peridotite
Extrusive
Rock
Formed
above the
earths
surface
-Fine
grained
-None
or
small
crystals
Basalt
Andesite
Rhyolite
Scoria
Pumice
Obsidian
SPECIAL FEATURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Bedding -most obvious feature
-contains sediments of different types or sizes
-most often associated with sedimentary rocks
Fossils -evidence of past life
-very common in sedimentary rocks
Geove -forms when mineral-rich water enters a round hole
-(butas)
Concretion -grows in rounded layers or dissolved materials and are
deposited around a real central object
-(bilog)
Mudcracks -bare soil often show much mud cracks if rain has not
fallen for the past few days
Ripple Marks -caused by water or air that forms patterns on loose
sediments such as sand