Ship Construction

1 Enumerate potentially hazardous situations when every

watertight door in a passenger vessel must be closed
except when a person is passing through it.
1)In the of fog
2)when manouvering
3)In congested seaways
oors would also be closed in the event of a collision! "re
and in #ooding
2 explain how the watertight door control system is
designed in order to ensure that the crew are not trapped
or in$ured by the door when it operates.
%he watertight door system is designed in order to
ensure that the crew are not trapped or in$ured by the
door when it operates by means of&
'udible and visual alarms when the door is in operation.
%here is also an operating lever by the door which will
allow you to stop the doors operation! plus close the door
and open it.
3 sketch in detail a bearing designed to transfer the full weight of the rudder
and stock to the ships structure.
sketch
4 explain why the thrust faces of the rudder carrier are so countered
The thrust faces of the rudder carrier are countered as they assist in the central location of
the rudder stock.
5 explain why a rudder may tend to lift and how this tendency is countered.
A rudder may tend to lift due to heay seas and weather. This is preented by fitting
!umping stops between the upper surface of the rudder and the stern frame.
" #ater ballast tanks of dry cargo ships and cargo tanks of oil tankers may be protected
from corrosion by sacrificial anodes.
describe how anodes preent corrosion$
Anodes preent corrosion by becoming a sacrificial metal. Anodes are less noble metals
in the periodic table than the cathode% which is steel in this case. The saltwater sets up a
galanic couple% galanic current attacking the sacrificial anodes% which coneys a
protectie coating around the steel work in the tank &the cathode'. The anodes eentually
waste away and hae to be replaced.
( state three suitable materials that can be used for anodes$
These three metals are suitable fore anodes as they are lower in the galanic series than
iron$
)inc% *agnesium% Aluminum
+ state any restriction on the use of these materials as anodes in oil tankers
,estriction on these materials as use as an anode in oil tankers is that *agnesium is
banned as there is a risk of sparks% fires and explosion with magnesium . .
- State the purpose of each of the following and describe where they are located in the
ship structure$
a'duct keel$
The duct keel is situated in the double bottom of some essels% it runs from the forward
engine room bulkhead to the collision bulkhead% they are used to carry pipework% making
accessible when cargo is loaded. See Sketch.
b'sternframe aft heel$
Sternframe aft heel is where the heel block is placed when the essel is in drydock% this
part of the essel has added strength to support the after end of the ship. See Sketch.
c'forward and after sheer$
.orward and after sheer is the rise of the deck at the forward end of the ship and at the
after end% this shape proides added strength% plus keeps water off the deck. See Sketch.
d'round of bilge
,ound of bilge is found where the side of the ship meets the bottom% it is rounded to gie
extra strength% plus it also reduces racking .&side motion of the ship ' See Sketch.
/0 State with reasons% the purpose of each of the following with regard to ship hull forms.
a'bulbous bow
The bulbous bow allows the ship to cut through the water better due to it1s shape% this
gie s the ship more speed and improes fuel economy% also it gies the ship more
bouancy. 2t does this by reducing the bow wae.
b'flare
.lare is the shape of the ships bow coming up from the water line% it helps keep the bow
aboe the water in heay weather% especially on smaller ships when pitching. 2t also
allows the anchor to be lowered without hitting the ships side.
c'bilge keels
3ilge keels hae the prime function of damping the rolling motion of the ship% they also
gie added longitudinal strength at the bilge.
d'sheer
Sheer is the curature of the ships deck from forward to aft% it gies increased strength
and keeps water off the deck.
e'camber
Camber is the curature of the ships deck from port to starboard% it keeps water off the
deck% it also gies added strength to the ships hull.
// 4escribe suitable methods for testing each of the following for watertight integrity$
a'a hollow rudder
A hollow rudder would be tested in drydock by filling the rudder with water and checking
it for leaks% a small pressure may be applied to aid this% ie a head of pressure from a stand
pipe of 5metres or 0.5 3A, air pressure.
b'a bulkhead
3ulkheads would be tested by means of a simple hose test. 6n construction% bulkheads
are hydrostatically tested.
c'a double bottom tank
4ouble bottom tanks are tested by filling them completely with water% including the
sounding pipe% by doing this% a small head of pressure is applied to the tank% ad!acent
tanks% cofferdams around the tank being tested would be checked.
d'a watertight door
A watertight door is checked for watertight integrity by means of a simple hose test% but
on construction are hydrostatically tested.
e'shell plating
Shell plating can be tested for watertight integrity by a acuum test% where in drydock% a
sealed box is placed oer welds and eacuated of air% loss of acuum showing leaks%
welds on ships plating may also be x7rayed to check the integrity of the weld.
/5 a'explain the purpose of fitting external anodes to a ships hull.
The purpose of fitting external anodes to a ships hull is to protect it against corrosion by
using a metal such as aluminum or 8inc to form anode of the corrosion cell% in preference
to the cathodic steel of the ships hull.
b'i'sketch a method of securing external anodes to the ship hull.
sketch
ii'show% with the aid of a sketch % where external anodes are placed.
sketch
iii'explain how it may be ascertained that anode replacement is necessary.
2t can be ascertained that anode replacement is necessary by haing an underwater
inspection% and checking the amount of anode material left. 3ut generally anodes are
designed to last from drydock to drydock% the si8e of anode used is determined by that
length of time.
/3a'sketch a simple cross section of the machinery space bilge in!ection ale and main
sea in!ection ale% showing$
i'details of how the main sea in!ection ale is fitted to the ship plating$
ii'details of their separate suction and common deliery arrangements$
b'compare the diameter of the bilge in!ection ale with that of the main sea in!ection
ale.
The diameter of the bilge in!ection ale is not to be less than two thirds the diameter of
the main seawater in!ection ale.
/4 9ie the reasons why each of the following conditions contribute to an increase in
propeller slip$
a'essel in ballast condition
#hen the essel is in ballast condition% the propeller will be close to the surface or in
some cases% cutting the surface% thus resulting in an increase in propeller slip.
b'heaily fouled hull
A heaily fouled hull will increase the resistance of the hull in the water and therefore
cause drag which will result in an increase of propeller slip.
c'damaged propeller blades
4amaged propeller blades will cause an increase in propeller slip as the pitch in the
blades will hae changed.
d'essel going astern
:essel going astern will increased the propeller slip as the blades are designed for going
ahead% not astern i.e mismatch between shaft res and most efficient propeller res.
/5 a'Sketch the fwd section of a ship to show the position of the following component
parts of the ships anchorage system$ hawse pipe% cable stopper% windlass and cable lifter%
spurling pipe and chain locker.
b'describe a chain stopper and state it1s purpose.
The chain stopper is used to hold the anchor chain in place once the anchor has been
lowered and it takes the strain on the anchor when the anchor is raised and in place.
c'show by means of a sketch how an anchor cable is attached to the ship.
The final link of the anchor chain is secured to a half shackle which is welded to a secure
point of the ships structure in the chain locker% bulkhead or deck and is known as the ;
bitter end ;.
d'describe how a chain locker is drained of water% sand and mud.
A chain locker is drained of water% sand and mud by means of a bilge eductor which is
normally drien by water from the fire main or general serice main.
The reason for using a bilge eductor is that sand and mud mixed with water would
damage a normal pump.
/" a'*ake a sketch of a watertight door
b'4escribe the procedure adopted for testing the watertightness of a watertight door.
The procedure adopted for testing the watertightness of a watertight door is normally to
gie the door a simple hose test.
3ut doors on passenger essels re<uire to be tested under a head of pressure extending to
the bulkhead deck. This is normally done hydrostatically by the manufacturer before the
door is fitted to the ship.
/( a'state why it may be desirable to fit a .in stabiliser system
2t may be desirable to fit fin stabilisation to greatly reduce the ship rolling by imposing an
e<ual and opposite motion using stabilising fins.
b'state why trailing flaps are fitted
Trailing flaps are fitted to gie the fin a more pronounced restoring tor<ue action than if it
had a plain surface.
c'draw a force diagram to show how the fin force opposes roll motion
Say if the ship were to roll to port% the port fin would be gien a signal to gie an upward
thrust% the leading edge aboe the axis of tilt% while the starboard fin would be gien a
signal to produce a downward thrust% the leading edge below the axis of tilt.
/+ a'Sketch a semi 7 balanced rudder showing
i'4etails of the pintles
ii'4etails of the rudder carrier ring
b'State the factors that determine whether a rudder is classed as
i'unbalanced
An unbalanced rudder is where there is no part of the rudder behind the rudder stock
ii'semi 7 balanced
A semi 7 balanced rudder is where 55= of the rudder is behind the rudder stock
iii'fully 7 balanced
A fully balanced rudder is where 50= of the rudder is on either side of the rudder stock
/- #ithregard to the roll motion of the ship in seaway$
a'explain why roll motion is considered more serious than pitch motion
,oll motion is considered more serious than pitch motion because with roll motion% the
ship can get into synchroni8ation with the wae and while the wae gets bigger% so will
the roll% also slack tanks can be a problem with roll motion% or can be a shift in cargo.
b'discuss the basic principles of roll damping utilised in the following anti7roll systems$
i'bilge keels
3ilge keels offer a damping effect against roll motion by their surface area acting against
the roll.
ii' actiated fins
Actiated fins work by offering a damping effect against the roll motion by creating an
opposite force to the roll% plus using the ships forward elocity to achiee this.
2e% if the ship were to roll to port% the port fin would be sent a signal by a gyroscope to
hae it1s leading edge aboe the axis of tilt% while the stbd fin is sent a signal to hae it1s
fin below the axis of tilt.
See sketch
iii'passie roll damping tanks
>assie rolling tanks dampen the roll motion of the ship by using the effect of water
moement in a tank.
The tank contains perforated baffles to slow the motion in the tank from side to side% thus
using the force of the water in the tank to act against the motion of roll.
50 #ith regard to ship construction details for watertight bulkheads
a'state the purpose of this type of bulkhead.
The purpose of a transerse watertight bulkhead is to diide the ship into watertight
compartments% thus restrict the olume of water which may enter the ship due to damage
to the shell plating. They also sere to separate different types of cargo. 2n the eent of a
fire% they greatly preent the spread. They also increase the strength of the ship
transersely.
b'state how the bulkhead1s are tested for watertightness.
The bulkheads are tested for watertightness by means of a simple hose test. 3ut initially
on building ship% they are hydrostatically water tested.
5/ a'sketch a steel hatch coer of the self7stowing type with rising and falling tracks
b'describe the hatch coer sketched
The sketch is of the *acgreogor rolling hatch coer% each coer is on a set of wheels
which can be !acked up or down% !acked down for opening the hatch coers and !acked up
when hatch coers are in place% the hatch coers are also chained together% so when one
coer is winched along the runway% the other coers follow suit to allow them to be
opened and stowed in the stowage area.
#hen the hatch coers are in place and closed% they are held in position by pins and
wedges. ?6T@A 3efore remoing any pins or wedges% the wire for opening or closing the
hatches must be taut to preent any accidents. Also before opening or closing% the runway
should be checked to be clear.
55 a'#ith regard watertightdoors% show details of the fastening arrangements to show
how watertightness is maintained.
b'4escribe the procedure adopted for testing the watertightness of a watertight door.
The procedure adopted for testing the watertightness of a watertight door is normally to
gie the door a simple hose test.
3ut doors on passenger essels re<uire to be tested under a head of pressure extending to
the bulkhead deck. This is normally done hydrostatically by the manufacturer before the
door is fitted to the ship.
53a'enumerate three potentially ha8ardous situations when eery watertight door must be
closed.
/'2n the eent of flooding
5'2n the eent of a collision
3'2n the eent of a fire
Also could be closed on stand7bys and in fog
b'sketch an electricallly operated watertight door
sketch
c'state adantages of a watertight door being operated by electrical means rather than
hydraulic means.
The adantages of haing an electrically operated watertight door oer a hydraulically
operated watertight door are$ that there are no chances of burst hydraulic hoses% there are
no hyrdaulic tank leels to keep an eye on% the operation of an electric door is <uicker
than a hydraulic door.
54a'sketch a bearing designed to transfer the full weight of the rudder to the ships
structure.
b'describe the conse<uences if the rudder carrier bearing surfaces become heaily scored.
The conse<uences of the rudder carrier becoming heaily scored are that it would put
extra load on the steering gear motors% increased amps% a !uddering noise would be
produced when maneuering or testing the gear% extra load would also be generated on
the bearing surfaces.
c'describe the conse<uences of and the action to be taken% if the carrier shatters.
The conse<uences and action to be taken if the carrier bearing were to shatter would be
that the rudder would probably !am% if in port% the essel would hae to be moed to
drydock with the aid of tugs% if at sea% assistance would be re<uired. ie a tow.
55 4escribe with the aid of sketches% the method of and reasons for the closure ofA
a'the spurling pipe
The spurling pipe is closed to preent the ingress of water into the chain locker from
heay seas. 2n the past% the spurling pipe was closed with cement% but most ships now use
sliding plates to close around the chain as shown in sketch. Closing the spurling pipe will
also preent anyone accidentally falling down it.
b'the hawse pipe
The hawse pipe is closed to preent any one falling down it% or preent anyone who is
unwanted boarding% such as pirates% stowaways. The closing method is the same as for the
spurling pipe.
5" #ith reference to the preention of hull corrosion% describe$
a'surface preparation and painting of new ship plates
?ew ships plates are first shot blast to remoe any rust B corrosion% then a coat of primer
is applied and left to dry completely% note before applying the first coat of primer that the
plates must be clean and dry. An undercoat is then applied% then a topcoat% the type of top
coat depends if the plates are situated aboe or below the water line.
b'design of the ships structure and it1s maintenance
The structure is designed in such a way as not to collect water% each leel of the structure
including the main deck has scuppers allowing any accumulation of water to drain away.
*aintenance inoles remoal of corrosion by chipping% if seere by needle gunning%
then applying a protectie coating of paint% followed by primer% undercoat and topcoat.
3asically the structure is painted regulary to preent corrosion. >lus scuppers should be
kept free of debris at all time allowing water to drain away.
c'cathodic protection by sacrificial anodes% of the internal and external areas of the ship.
#ith regards internal protection with sacrificial anodes% ships ballast tanks hae anodes to
preent corrosion% the anodes being blocks of magnisium or 8inc% they are either bolted or
welded in place in the tanks. Another example of internal protection% are where anodes
are fitted to seawater coolers i.e seawater side of engine lub oil coolers% !acket water
coolers% air coolers etc.
@xternal sacrificial anodes are also fitted to the ships hull below the water line to preent
corrosion% they are fitted all the way around the hull% and also the rudder% they are
normally welded in place.
5(a'state the purpose of cofferdams
The purpose of cofferdams are to preent leakage of one tank or double bottom to another
ie% there would be a cofferdam between fuel tanks and fresh water tanks. They also allow
for inspection of tanks% cofferdams should also be sounded regularly to check for leaks.
b'state where cofferdams are most likely to be found in each of the following$
i'dry cargo essels
6n dry cargo essels% cofferdams would be found between fuel tanks and cargo % ballast
tanks and cargo% also found around the main engine C6 drain tank.
ii'oil tankers
6n oil tankers% cofferdams would be found between the oil cargo tanks and the
accommodation or engine room% in some cases this can be the pump room% also there will
be a cofferdam around the main engine C6 drain tank.
c'identify% with reasons% the general precautions which must be obsered before and
during entry to cofferdams and state official guidance on entry into oid spaces is gien$
>recautions taken before entry into an enclosed space are as follows$ An entry permit
must be obtained from a responsible officer% you may be the issuing officer. The space is
to be well entillated and oxygen leels tested by an 05 meter. Safety gear% such as self
contained breathing apparatus sets must be at hand% rescue lines% communications. Also
while anyone is in the enclosed space% someone must be on standby at the entrance who
must be in communication with the people in the space and also must be able to raise the
alarm if they are to get into difficulties.
6fficial guidance on entry into enclosed spaces can be found in ;*; notices and also in
the ;Code of
Safe working practices;.
5+a'describe with the aid of a sketch% how an oil cargo tank pressure B acuum ale
operates.
The sketch shows a pressure B acuum ale which preents oer pressure or under
pressure in cargo tanks. They are usually set to 0./4 3A, pressure for lifting and ent to
atmosphere ia a gau8e flame trap. A small drop in pressure inside the tank will cause the
acuum ale to operate% e<ualising internal and external pressures. As seen in the
design of this >B: ale % the acuum ale seats inside the pressure ale% the pressure
ale haing more surface area than the acuum ale.
b'explain why the deice sketched is fitted.
The ale is to preent oer pressure and under pressure of the oil cargo tanks% as a
moderate pressure acting on large surface areas of li<uid cargo tanks are sufficient to
rupture the tank. Similary pressure drop on the inside of the tank can cause damage due
to greater atmospheric pressure% therefore pressure B acuum ales are fitted.