Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Lighting
Name : S.P.M. Sudasinghe
Index No : 100523G
Field : Electrical Engineering
EE 3202
Individual Project
CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction 1
2. Light
Measurements of Light 3
3. Lighting Technologies
Incandescent Lamp
Tungsten Halogen Lamp
Fluorescent Tubes
CFL
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
LED Lamps
Improving Technologies
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
4. Strategies for energy efficient lighting
Define light requirements
Choose efficient light source
Select best light fitting
Lighting Maintenance
Maximum use of day light
Lighting Control
Other methods to improve efficiency
9
10
11
12
12
13
14
5. Conclusions 14
6. References 15
1. INTRODUCTION
Providing light by means other than the sun is called Artificial Lighting. In early days people use artificial
lighting to get the sight when there is no sun light, but today it is used not only for get the sight but also for
Aesthetic purposes. From around 70000 BC people use fire to get light. Romans produce the first candle with
wick and gas lighting was common in 19
th
century. As time passes the era of electric lighting began. The first
electric lamp was the arc lamp in which an electric current was made to jump across two carbon electrodes.
After that Sir Joseph Swann of England and Thomas Edison both invented the first electric incandescent lamps
during the 1870s. After that various electric lighting technologies were introduced to the world. People concern
very much on the efficient lighting technologies in the past few decades.
Estimates indicate that energy consumption by lighting
is about 15 - 30% of a commercial buildings total
energy consumption and about 3 - 10% in an industrial
plants total energy consumption.
According to the Reports of CEB,
street lighting contributes to about
2% of the electricity consumption
of Sri-Lanka. Considerable
percentage of Domestic and
religious electricity consumptions
are also for artificial lighting. In
Sri Lanka the peak demand is in
between 6:30-8:30 PM. This is
mainly due to electric consumption
of domestic consumers and street
lighting. Lighting load is greater at
night and this contributed very
much to the peak demand on that
period. Power plants with high
operating costs such as coal and
diesel plants have to be used to
provide this high demand at the
peak and it affects not only to the economy of the consumers but also for the economy of the country.
Due to the high demand for the energy in the present world cost of energy increases rapidly as well as the
electricity bill. So it is essential to use energy efficiently for the day to day work, for the interest of both
consumers and the country. Efficiency in lighting usage plays a major role in the energy saving due to the above
reasons. We have to find the ways of efficiency without sacrificing the quality of the lighting output.
The main objective of this project is to find the ways of energy efficiency and reduce the energy wastage from
electric lighting. Study of energy efficiency depends on the purpose of lighting such as Domestic, Commercial,
Industrial, Street lighting, Hotels, Public places etc. But in our country majority of the energy wastage is done
by the domestic consumers. Hence the study is limited to the energy efficiency of domestic lighting.
Figure 1: Energy consumption of a typical building
(Source:SLEMA)
Figure 2: Daily load curve of Sri-Lanka and contribution of different loads to
the demand
1
Objectives:
Use energy efficiently for lighting purposes in Domestic sector
Reduce energy wastage from electric lighting in domestic consumers
Save on electricity bill and save on demand
Methodology:
In the very beginning of the project, the scientific literature relevant to the project such as the basics of
Illumination Engineering and photometry are studied. After that the study is about the lighting technologies in
the word, and about their advantages, disadvantages and suitability for the domestic lighting purposes.
Incandescent, Fluorescent and LEDs are the common lighting technologies used in the domestic usage. Typical
data about these technologies such as cost, efficacy and life time are collected from trusted sources and from the
local market. Then a comparison of these technologies is carried out to select an efficient one through them
based on the cost effectiveness.
Selecting an efficient light source is not enough to increase the efficiency of a lighting system. It is essential to
minimize the energy wastage and use the energy with maximum efficiency as possible. So the ways of energy
wastage in the domestic lighting system is find out and also the solutions to minimize them.
Some of these solutions can be applied at the designing and construction process of the building such as the
ways to maximize the use of natural day light. There are many architectural solutions to maximize the use of
natural day light without increasing the load on the air conditioning system and without sacrificing the comfort
of the residents. And then the study is about the methods of improving the efficiency of the building after the
construction process such as maintenance of a lighting system and adding automatic controllers.
2
2. LIGHT
Visible Light is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of
sight. Visible light has a wave length in the range of about 380 740 nm between the invisible infrared, with
longer wave lengths and the invisible ultraviolet with shorter wave length
Measurements of Light
Light has an intensity that is determined by the amplitude of the radiation and determines the perception of the
brightness of the light. It also has a wave length or frequency that determines the colour. Light may include a
range of different frequencies or colour.
The sensitivity of the human visual system is not the same at all wavelengths in the range 380 nm to 780 nm.
This makes it impossible to adopt the radiometric quantities conventionally used to measure the characteristics
of the electromagnetic spectrum for quantifying light. Hence another two systems have introduced to measure
light.
a) Photometry System
In this system light quantities are measured with wave length weighted with respect to a standardized
model of human brightness perception. The Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) has introduced
two major standard observers to represent the sensitivity of the human visual system to light at different
wavelengths, in different conditions. They are Photopic Observer and Scotopic Observer.
These functions are used to measure the light quantities and the
photopic observer is widely used.
Luminous Flux (Lumen): The quantity of radiant flux which
express its capacity to produce visual sensation.
Luminous flux =
Where