Cell Fractionation- separation of major organelles

Prokaryotic- Bacteria, archaea, no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus

Nucleoid, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
Eukaryotic- Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
Features of all cells Plasma membrane, chromosomes, semifluid (cytosol), ribosomes
Nucleoid Location of DNA in prokaryotic cells (unbound)
Eukaryotic cells DNA in nucleus with membrane, membrane bound organelles cytoplasm
In region between plasma membrane and nucleus
Nucleus contains genes
Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus, double membrane with lipid bilayer
Chromatin in the nucleaus, dna and proteins form genetic material
This condenses to form discrete chromosomes
Nucleolus within nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
Ribosomes made up of rRNA and protein
Carry out synthesis in cytosol, and on the outside of the endoplasmic
Reticulum or the nuclear envelope
Endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic funtions
Made up of: Nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
Vacuoles, plasma membrane, connected via vesicles
Smooth ER lack ribosomes, synthesis of lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies poisons
Stores calcium
Rough ER has ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins, manufactures membranes for
Cell
Golgi apparatus made up of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
Modifies products of ER
Makes certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
Lysosome sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Enzymes hydrolize proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
Phagocytosis when cells engulfs another cells to form a food vacuole
Autophagy lysosomes use enzymes to recycle cells own organelles and macromolecu
Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of cells
Central vacuoles hold organic compounds and water
Mitochondria sites of cellular respiration, generation of ATP
Proteins made of free ribosomes
Have a double membrane, contain own dna
Chloroplasts sites of photosynthesis
Peroxisomes oxidative organelles
Cristae inner membrane with large surface area for enzymes to synthsize ATP
Mitochondrial matrix inside of inner membrane, some steps of respiration are catalyzed here
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other enzymes that permit photosynthesis
Thylakoids membrane sacs, stacked to form granum
Stroma internal fluid of chloroplast
Peroxisomes special metabolix compartments bounded by a single membrane
Produce hydrogen peroxides, to break down molecules
Cytoskeleton network of fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm
Supports cell, organizes cell structure and activities, anchoring organelles
Interacts with motor proteins to produce motility
Microtubules thick components of cytoskeleton, shapes cell, makes of cilia and flagella
Guides movement of organelles, separating chromosomes during cell
division
Microfilaments actin filaments are thinnest in 7mm diameter is a double chain to actin
subunits, form a cortex just inside the plasma membrane to support the
cell shape
Those involved in motility contain myosin and actin
In muscle cells, many actin filaments are parallel
Intermediate filaments 8-12 nm, support cell shape and fix organelles in place,
More permanent that microtubules
Centrosome microtubule organizing center near the nucleus with a pair of
Centrioles in the center with appendages coming off
Cilia and Flagella differ in beating patters, controlled by microtubules, anchored by basal
body, driven by dynein
Muscle cells contraction of acting and myosin drives amoeboid movement
Pseudopodia extends and contract through the reversible assembly and contraction of
actin
Cytoplasmic streaming circular flow of cytoplasm in cells
Cell walls of plants made up of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein
Primary cell wall, thin and flexible
Middle lamella, thin layer btw primary walls of adjacent cells
Secondary cell wall, added between plasma membrane and primary cell
wall
Plasmodesta are channels btw cells
Extracellular matrix In animal cells, made up of glycoproteins like collagen, proeroglycans,
fibronectin
Binds to receptor proteins in plasma membrane called integins
Functions: support, adhesion, movement, regulation

Intracellular junctions facilitate direct contact btw cells
Plasmodesta perforate plant cell walls, pass water and small solutes btw cells
Tight junctions membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage
Of extracellular fluid
Demosomes fasten cells together into strong sheets
Gap junctions provide cytoplasmic channels btw cells
Ch9
Fermentation partial degradation of sugars with O2
Aerobic resp consumes organic molecules and O2 to make atp
Anaerobic resp consumes compounds other than O2
Oxidation of Glucose is carried out by enzymes called dehydrogenases. These enzymes need the
help of coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD
Electrons are first transferred to NAD+
NADH is stored energy used to make atp
NADH passes the electrons to the electron transport chain
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm
This can be aerobic or anaerobic
Two phases: energy investment and payoff
Citric acid cycle breaks down glucose, aerobic, in mitochondrial matrix
Before citric acid cycle, pyruvate must be converted into acetyl CoA
In mitochondrial matrix
Oxidizes organic fuel into 1atp 3 nadh, 1 fadh per turn
Oxidative Phosphorylation accounts for most of the atp synth, in the inner mitochon
membrane