Stocks & Partners

Consulting Engineers and Project Managers

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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
Inceptio
n Report
Part (2): Bridge
Engineering
Stocks & Partners
0
Highlands Highway Rehabilitation
Project (HHRP)
Preliminary Design (Yung Cree
!ainantu "egment)
Date o# "ubmission$ %
th
&une' ()*+
Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No. 01 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipients Catalog No.
4. Title and Sutitle
!reliminar" #esign $ %ig&lands %ig&'a" Re&ailitation
!ro(ect )%%R!*
)+ung Cree, - .ainantu Segment*
/. Report #ate
0. !er1orming 2rganisation Code
3. !er1orming 2rganisation Report No.
4. Aut&ors
SG. Consortium
5. !er1orming 2rganisation Name and Address
!.2 6o7
62R2.28 NC#
!apua Ne' Guinea
10. 9or, :nit No. )TRA;S*
11. Contract or Grant No.
12. Sponsoring Agenc" Name and Address
National #epartment o1 9or,s )N#o9*
under
%ig&lands %ig&'a" Re&ailitation !ro(ect )%%R!*
13. T"pe o1 Report and !eriod Covered
;nception Report
14. Sponsoring Agenc" Code
1/. Supplementar" Notes
10. Astract
T&e %%9 is !NGs economic li1eline and its position 'ill continue to remain 1or some time
"et8 'ell into t&e 1uture. 9&en it 'as constructed initiall"8 appropriate 1easiilit" stud"
involving options scoping 1or route and ridge selection 'as never carried out prior to
engineering design and construction. <lood e11ects o1 t&e ma(or river s"stem 'ere never
considered eit&er in t&e earl" da"s '&en ridges 'ere constructed.
T&e road eventuall" turned out to e a =&ig& cost - lo' returns underta,ing 'it& continuous
and 1re>uent landslips. ?aintenance o1 t&e e7isting road and its associated 1acilities
t&roug& recurrent udgets &ad proven to e ver" di11icult and e7pensive e7ercise. 2n t&e
ot&er &and8 'it& increasing resource development pro(ects activities in t&e &ig&lands part o1
t&e !NG8 t&e tra11ic 1lo' is increasing and is pro(ected to increase signi1icantl" 'it&in t&e
medium and long term.
T&ese 'arrant t&e upgrade o1 t&e e7isting 2$lane %%9 to 4$lane under t&e %ig&lands
%ig&'a" Re&ailitation !rogram )%%R!*. Apart 1rom containing t&e increased tra11ic 1lo'8
re$design options o1 prolematic sections o1 t&e %%9 to more stale 1ormation 'ill e
anot&er ma(or ene1it. T&e national government must e commended 1or realising t&e
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
1
economic signi1icance o1 %%9 and ma,ing t&e commitment under t&e %%R! to upgrade
t&e entire rout lengt& starting 1rom @ae8 ?oroe !rovince t&roug& to t&e &ig&lands
provinces.
T&is inception report onl" covers t&e segment o1 stud" et'een +ung Cree, - .ainantu.
14. .e" 9ords 13. #istriution Statement
15. Securit" Class i1. )o1 t&is report*
:nclassi1ied
20. Securit" Classi1. )o1 t&is page*
:nclassi1ied
21. No o1 !ages 22. !rice
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
2
Table of Contents
Technical Report Documentation Page..................................................................................1
A7ecutive Summar".................................................................................................................2
@ist o1 <igures.........................................................................................................................5
@ist o1 Tales...........................................................................................................................5
1.0 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................6
1.1 !ro(ect #escription....................................................................................................6
1.2 2verall !ro(ect Scope...............................................................................................6
1.3 Summar" o1 ;n1ormation Revie'ed.............................................................................7
7.0 !I"TIN# $RID# %&I#N'NT %ND C%P%CIT( %""""'NT.................................8
4.1 !reamles...............................................................................................................8
4.1.1 2(ectives........................................................................................................8
4.1.2 Scope o1 Services.............................................................................................8
4.2 #etail Site ;nvestigation.............................................................................................8
4.1.1 General............................................................................................................8
4.1.2 #esign Criteria )To e populated " ?r. Stoc,s*..................................................9
4.1.3 Tec&nolog" )Anal"sis and #esign So1t'ares*.......................................................9
4.1.4 Alignment Report..............................................................................................9
4.1./ Site Surve".....................................................................................................10
4.1.0 %"drolog" and %"draulics................................................................................10
4.1.4 Anvironmental ;mpact Assessment....................................................................11
4.1.3 Geotec&nical ;nvestigation...............................................................................12
4.1.5 !ossile ;mprovement 2ptions.........................................................................13
4.1.3 !edestrian Tra11ic Consideration.......................................................................13
4.1.5 Construction Considerations.............................................................................13
4.2 !reliminar" 6ridge #esign.......................................................................................14
4.2.1 General..........................................................................................................14
4.2.2 Scope o1 Service )!reliminar" #esign and Costing*............................................14
4.2.2 6ridge #esign Standards B Codes....................................................................14
4.2.3 6ridge ?odel and Anal"sis Tec&ni>ues..............................................................14
4.2.3.1 ;n1luence @ine.................................................................................................14
4.2.3.2 @oading Con1igurations....................................................................................15
4.2.3.3 <ull and !artial @oading Con1igurations.............................................................15
4.2.3 Numerical ?et&ods )<inite Alement Anal"sis*.....................................................16
4.2.3 6ridge #esign Criteria......................................................................................16
4.2.4 @oad #istriution.............................................................................................18
4.3 Reporting Re>uirements..........................................................................................20
4.4 #ocumentation Standard.........................................................................................21
7.4.1 Drawings......................................................................................................21
7.4.2 Documents....................................................................................................21
4./ #esign Standards...................................................................................................21
7.5.1 Structure.......................................................................................................21
7.5.2 Hydrology, !ridge Site Hydraulics, Scour "rotection and #i$er %raining. .22
7.5.3 #oad &or's..................................................................................................23
7.5.4 (aintenance.................................................................................................23
%PPNDIC"......................................................................................................................24
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
3
Appendi7 )A* A7isting 6ridge ;n1ormation $ 1
st
Reconnaissance #ata )+ung Cree, -
.ainantu* 24
Appendi7 )6* ?ap s&o'ing Road Alignment B 6ridge @ocations )+ung Cree, - .ainantu*..24
Appendi7 )C* !&otograp&s o1 A7isting 6ridge Conditions.................................................24
R)RNC".....................................................................................................................24
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
4
@ist o1 <igures
@ist o1 Tales
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
5
A7ecutive Summar"
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Pro*ect Description
T&e intent o1 t&is report is to summarise t&e preliminar" route and ridge alignment surve" including
associated road 1eatures suc& as guard rails8 eart& retention 'all8 etc.8 on e7isting and note
alternate route and ridge alignment options 1or detail investigation.
A stud" 'as underta,en et'een 13
t&
- 14
t&
o1 ?a"8 2014 " SG. Consortium to set t&e p&ase 1or
detail investigation and its 1indings is presented in t&is inception report. T&is report is limited to
present segment o1 %ig&lands %ig&'a" )%%9* tas,ed to SG. Consortium et'een +ung Cree,
and .ainantu8 partiall" ?oroe and Aastern %ig&lands !rovince.
T&e %%9 is !NGs economic li1eline and its position 'ill continue to remain 1or some time "et8 'ell
into t&e 1uture. 9&en it 'as constructed initiall"8 appropriate 1easiilit" stud" involving options
scoping 1or route and ridge selection 'as never carried out prior to engineering design and
construction. <lood e11ects o1 t&e ma(or river s"stem 'ere never considered eit&er in t&e earl" da"s
'&en ridges 'ere constructed.
T&e road eventuall" turned out to e a =&ig& cost - lo' returns underta,ing 'it& continuous and
1re>uent landslips. ?aintenance o1 t&e e7isting road and its associated 1acilities t&roug& recurrent
udgets &ad proven to e ver" di11icult and e7pensive e7ercise. 2n t&e ot&er &and8 'it& increasing
resource development pro(ects activities in t&e &ig&lands part o1 t&e !NG8 t&e tra11ic 1lo' is
increasing and is pro(ected to increase signi1icantl" 'it&in t&e medium and long term.
T&ese 'arrant t&e upgrade o1 t&e e7isting 2$lane %%9 to 4$lane under t&e %ig&lands %ig&'a"
Re&ailitation !rogram )%%R!*. Apart 1rom containing t&e increased tra11ic 1lo'8 re$design options
o1 prolematic sections o1 t&e %%9 to more stale 1ormation 'ill e anot&er ma(or ene1it. T&e
national government must e commended 1or realising t&e economic signi1icance o1 %%9 and
ma,ing t&e commitment under t&e %%R! to upgrade t&e entire rout lengt& starting 1rom @ae8
?oroe !rovince t&roug& to t&e &ig&lands provinces.
1.+ O,erall Pro*ect "cope
T&e scope o1 t&e preliminar" design 1rom +ung Cree, - .ainantu upgrade re>uirements include t&e
1ollo'ing tas,sC
1. Rerouting option scoping stud" 1or prolematic sections )especiall" .asampass*
2. Collect and revie' pertinent in1ormation related to t&e 4$lane upgrade o1 %%9 roads and
ridges and conduct 1ield revie's o1 t&e e7isting ridge and drainage'a" conditions.
3. #etail geotec&nical investigation report
4. Revie' e7isting utilities o1 t&e segment under stud"
/. Revie' e7isting &"drologic anal"sis o1 eac& ridge sites and critical drainage sections
0. Revie' e7isting &"draulic in1ormation 1or eac& ridge sites
4. Assess impact o1 replacement structure )s* upon t&e 100$"ear 'ater sur1ace pro1ile 1or t&e
segment )s* o1 %%9 )+ung Cree, $ .ainantu* ad(acent to and upstream o1 eac& ridge
3. Assess impact on tra11ic8 constructailit"8 maintenance8 sc&edule and cost o1 upgrading
ridge and D or culvert t"pe at eac& site ot& e7isting and ne' sites
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
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5. !rovide recommendations 1or optimising t&e &"draulic capacit" 1or t&e upgrade or replaced
structures.
10. !er1orm engineering appraisal o1 t&e upgrade o1 e7isting 2$lane to 4$lane &ig&'a" and
underta,en preliminar" design 1or detail design and construction8 and
11. !repare 'ritten reports summarising 1inding and recommendations
1.- "ummar. of Information Re,ie/e0
T&e 1ollo'ing documents 'ere collected and revie' during t&e inception report and scoping stud"
p&ase.
1. Topograp&ic ?ap - .ainantu S&eet 303/ and .aiapit S&eet 313/
2. Geological ?ap - ?ar,&am S6 // $ 10
3. Geotec&nical Reports - Not availale
4. S?AC Road and 6ridge ;nventor" Assessment Report - Not availale at t&e time o1 report
/. Asset ?anagement Report 1rom #29 %E - Not availale at t&e time o1 report
0. %"drological and %"draulics Report - Not availale at t&e time o1 report
Topograp&ic mapping is prepared 1or t&e pro(ect at a scale o1 FFFmm to F.. mm &oriGontal and
a contour interval o1 FFFF.. m t&is mapping 'as used to la" out t&e location o1 e7isting ridge
and drainage'a" toget&er 'it& &ig&lig&ts o1 proposed roads8 ridges and drainaga'a"
improvements associated 'it& t&e road and ridge upgrade and suse>uentl"8 1or t&e
determination o1 c&annel cross$sections 1or t&e &"draulic anal"sis.
2n t&e ot&er &and8 geological map 'as used to ascertain t&e geotec& team o1 t&e li,el" 1ormation8
1aults and minerals anticipated 1or t&e segment under t&is stud". T&is in1ormation is also used to
set out t&e detail 1ield investigation plan.
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
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7.0 !I"TIN# $RID# %&I#N'NT %ND C%P%CIT( %""""'NT
7.1 Preambles
7.1.1 Ob*ecti,es
T&e o(ective o1 t&e ;nvestigation 'ill eC
To revie' t&e e7isting in1ormation8 inspect and report on t&e present condition8 e7plore t&e
options availale including upgrading e7isting ridge8 conduct &"drological studies and
river training investigation and assess environmental impacts to enale selection o1 t&e
est option to meet t&e 4$lane upgrade re>uirements.
!er1orm preliminar" design and documentation including dra'ings8 speci1ications8 cost
estimates 'it&in approved standards and proposal o1 detail investigation 1or t&e detail
design and construction p&ase
7.1.+ "cope of "er,ices
i* Revie' all in1ormation and documentation availale at #o9 %ead>uarters and in t&e
!rovincial #o9 211ices )!#o9*8 and in t&e !rovincial Government 9or,s 211ices
)!G92* on e7isting ridges to e reconstructedDreplaces8 or on t&e location 1or ne'
ridges
ii* Consult t&e sta11 o1 t&e !#o9 and #o9 and an" ot&er relevant aut&orit" on river 1lo'
data8 rain1all8 geological data and ot&er relevant mattersH
iii* Consult 'it& local police8 truc,ing companies and !?I$2perators on tra11ic and ot&er
related mattersH
iv* A7amine t&e structural condition o1 t&e e7isting ridges
v* Recommend an" 1urt&er investigations on t&e &"drolog" or geolog" o1 t&e area '&ic&
are re>uired 1or t&e 1inal design and sumit proposals 1or carr"ing out additional
investigations 'it& t&eir costH and
vi* !rovide 1ull investigation and preliminar" design 'it& recommendation o1 optimum
structure at eac& ridge sites 'it&in t&e segment o1 stud". !articular re>uirements o1
eac& site 'ill e mapped and included in t&e preliminar" design report to e
incorporated in t&e detail design and construction p&ase.
7.+ Detail "ite In,estigation
7.1.1 #eneral
Scope o1 initial visit 'as to ascertain t&e SG. Consortium o1 e7isting road and ridge alignment
conditions and to 1ormulate scope8 met&ods and 'or, plan o1 stud" 1or t&e detail investigation
p&ase. ?a(orit" o1 t&e e7isting ridges et'een +ung Cree, - .ainantu are o1 Steel Girder
Concrete #ec, )SGC#* predominantl" o1 single lane )SD@* - Single Span )SDS*. ;n lig&t o1 t&e
increasing tra11ic 1lo'8 t&e current capacit" is not ade>uate ot& in terms o1 volume and carr"ing
capacit" 1or t&e 4$lane upgrade re>uirements.
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
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T&e scope o1 service under t&e detail investigation 'ill includeH
i* #es,top stud" o1 e7isting geotec&nical and geological condition in1ormation 1or t&e site
ii* Revie' o1 aerial p&otograp&" and mapping o1 t&e site as an aid to site selection and to
identi1" an" constraints on t&e design )e.g. c&annel movements8 landslips8 etc*.
iii* Revie' o1 availale in1ormation on e7isting crossing structures )ridge* at t&e site8 and
inspection and reporting on t&e condition o1 t&e structures. T&e investigation 'ill report
a recommended load rating 1or an" e7isting structure
iv* 2ptions considered 1or ridging o1 t&e site 'ill include retaining and upgrading t&e
e7isting ridge )'&ere one e7ist*
v* %"drolog" and &"draulics stud"
7.1.+ %lignment Report
To supplement t&e in1ormation t&at 'ill e provided " #o9 and t&e !rovincial Administrations8
SG. Consortium 'ill underta,e site inspections as necessar" to canvas and assess local
communit" needs and complete site evaluation8 alignment selection and preliminar" design. As a
minimum8 'e 'ill allo' 1or relevant design sta11 to inspect t&e site at least t'ice during t&e
;nvestigation. T&is 'ill lead to inspection o1 t&e site and assessment o1 e7isting ridge prior to
sumission o1 t&e ;nvestigation Report );R*.
T&e initial stud" 'as underta,en using ve&icle mileage and &and &elp G!S )G010* 'it& preloaded
!NG ase map. All locations o1 e7isting ridge8 culverts8 specialist eart& retaining structure and
ot&er important road 1eatures 'ere captured.
Critical road and ridge conditions 'ere also noted 'it& terrain 1eatures 1rom +ung Cree, t&roug&
to .ainantu To'ns&ip. T&e initial ridge in1ormation otained 'as cross$c&ec,ed 'it& S?AC
previous report )F..re1F.*8 and t&e details o1 '&ic& is presented in %ppen0i1 233.4. T&e G!S
coordinate site otained during initial 1ield investigation 'as used to plot t&e ridge and road
alignment including ot&er important 1eatures using google eart& so1t'are and an astract is
attac&ed in %ppen0i1 2%4.
#uring t&e detail investigation p&ase8 t&e e7isting alignment 'ill e surve"ed in more detail
determining s,e' angle8 realignment options to improve road alignment and potential e7pansion to
4$lane ridge.
7.1.- "ite "ur,e.
A reputale surve"ing 1irm 'ill e engaged to per1orm #igital Terrain ?odelling )#T?* Surve" on all
e7isting and proposed ridge alignment. T&e o(ect o1 t&is e7ercise is to produce topograp&ic
maps 'it& closer$spaced contour intervals at various appropriate scales. T&e maps 'ill e used 1or
=structure contouring during detail geotec&nical investigation to produce in1erred geotec&nical
models and suse>uent engineering ridge and approac& road design. T&e maps 'ill also serve
as ase plans 1or 1ield data plots during &"drological investigation and &"draulics design.
7.1.5 6.0rolog. an0 6.0raulics
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
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%"drolog" studies and 1lood &eig&ts determination 1or ridging options o1 all t&e ridge sites8 ot&
e7isting and ne' 'ill e determined using t&e procedure set out in JS?AC <lood Astimation
?anualK. T&e investigation 'ill include assessment o1 scour at t&e site and o1 t&e e7tent o1 re>uired
protection 'or,s. A rational 1or t&e design o1 protection 'or,s 'ill e developed in con(unction 'it&
t&e design o1 t&e ridge structure. %"draulic studies and river training investigations 'ill e
underta,en " Angineer 'it& &"draulic >uali1ications and e7tensive e7perience in ridging o1
streams 'it& similar c&aracteristics to t&at at t&e pro(ect crossing.
T&e topograp&ic map to assist t&is computation is otained 1rom ?ineral Resource Aut&orit"
)?RA*. !resented in Tale 1.0 elo' are t&e initial estimates o1 pea, disc&arge 1or eac& ridge site
under stud" and 'ill e veri1ied during detail investigation e1ore preliminar" design sensitivit"
anal"sis.
Table 1.0 "ummar. of Pea7 Discharges
&ocation 108.ear 2m
-
9s4 1008.ear 2m
-
9s4
Coor0inates Name
"outhings 2"4 asting 24:
0.10504 140.04453
+ung Cree,
0.213/4 140.02343
:nduno
0.22/4/ 140.01/5/
!itiruna
0.2/002 14/.53034
Ramu River )+on,i
#am*
0.23245 14/.524/3
Camp )Aroma* Cree,
!unano )#aramei*
0.241/3 14/.51034
Co'in
0.24013 14/.51432
2.4m dia. Single urrel
culvert crossing )Steel
corrugated*
0.2/431 14/.33423
;amupim
0.25043 14/.34310
.ainantu )6arepa*
9it&in t&e segment o1 stud"8 all e7isting ridge and culverts sites properties 'ill e investigated
suc& as8 la"out con1iguration8 roug&ness8 velocit" and 1lo' regime e7panding 1rom previous reports
)i1 an"*. T&e &"draulic anal"sis 'ill include t&e revie' o1 e7isting &"drolog" 1or eac& ridge site8
revie' o1 e7isting planning studies8 and t&e &"draulic anal"sis o1 e7isting and proposed structures.
T&e &"draulic anal"sis 1or 3 ridges sites and 2 culverts 'ill e conducted in t'o steps. <irst t&e
&"draulic grade line 1or t&e e7isting site conditions and t&e current topolog" 'ill e evaluated.
T&e second step 'ill e to evaluate t&e drainage'a" &"draulics 'it& replacement structures in
place. T&e &"draulic anal"sis 'ill e developed 1or t&e e7isting and proposed conditions using a
comination o1 t&e :.S Arm" Corps o1 Angineers %AC$2 Water Surface Profile program and t&e
<ederal %ig&'a" Administration %+#RA;N computer model.
%AC$2 'ill e used to model 'ater sur1ace pro1ile ot& upstream and do'nstream. T&e %+#RA;N
model 'ill e used to estimate t&e &"draulic grade line at t&e inlet to t&e e7isting culverts 1or onl"
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
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t&e e7isting condition case. T&e &"draulic line otained using %+#RA;N 'ill t&en e inputted into
t&e %AC$2 model 1or t&e e7isting drainage'a" condition. Cross sectional data 1or t&e %AC$2
program 'ill e otained 1rom t&e topograp&ic mapping prepared 1or t&is pro(ect.
7.1.; n,ironmental Impact %ssessment
Site in1ormation 'ill e gat&ered to estalis& aseline environmental conditions and assess impact
o1 ridging options on t&e environment. A preliminar" Anvironmental ;mpact Assessment )A;A* 1or
t&e prepared ridge option 'ill e prepared. T&is 'ill involve underta,ing aseline studies 1or
dra'ing up Anvironmental ?anagement and ?onitoring !lan to monitor ma(or environmental
c&anges andDor damage as result o1 t&e ridge construction and associated 'or,s.
:nderta,e environmental aseline studies noting t&e natural stage o1 t&e p&"sical and iological
environment )1lora and 1auna*8 its 'ater'a"s and river s"stems 'it&in t&e possile a11ected areas
and ot&er areas in t&e near" vicinit". T&is data 'ill e ver" important 1or 1uture comparisons o1 t&e
environment prior to construction8 during construction and post construction periods 1or
ascertaining natural and induced causes o1 damage to t&e natural environment and instailit" o1 t&e
area.
7.1.; #eotechnical In,estigation
#uring detail investigation under t&e current preliminar" design e7ercise8 no e7tensive ridge site
)e7isting* geotec&nical condition investigation suc& as ore&ole drilling 'ill e conducted. T&is
e7ercise 'ill e underta,en in t&e detail design and construction p&ase. T&us8 t&e scope under
t&ese terms o1 re1erence 'ill e limited toC
Carr"ing out sur1ace assessment8
#evelop engineering assumptions ased on visual inspection o1 e7isting site geotec&nical
conditionsH
#evelop design criteria to e incorporated in t&e detail design p&ase
#uring t&e detail design p&ase8 e7tensive geotec&nical investigation s&all e conducted to de1ine
t&e susur1ace soil8 ground'ater and edroc, conditions " emplo"ing core drill ore&oles along
t&e entire ridge alignment at appropriate interval not more t&an 10m 'it& at least 20m o11sets 1rom
eac& autments to develop geotec&nical engineering conclusions and recommendations regarding
eart&'or, construction8 reuse o1 e7isting soil as ac,1ill material8 de'atering8 1oundation support8
road'a" and approac& reconstruction. T&is scope o1 t&e e7ercise s&all e to produce in1erred
geotec&nical models 1or eac& ridge sites to assist sustructure detail design and s&all include t&e
1ollo'ingC
1. 6ore&oles s&all e laid out on$site s"stematicall" according to set drill plan.
2. 9&ere re>uired8 arrangements 'ill e made 1or locating and clearing o1 underground
services prior to advancing t&e ore&oles.
3. ;1 re>uired8 permits 1or t&e 1ield'or, s&all e applied 1or8 and otained 1rom t&e #epartment
o1 Anvironment B Conservation )#AC*.
4. T&e susur1ace conditions s&all e e7plored " drilling8 sampling and logging a total o1 si7
)0* e7plorator" ore&oles as 1ollo'sC
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
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a* T'o )2* ore&oles augered to 3 meters elo' e7isting grade )meg* or practical
re1usal 'it&in t&e e7isting approac&esH
* At least 1our )4* ore&oles to a dept& o1 10 meg )or practical re1usal* 1or ridge
structure8 as 1ollo'sC
i. T'o )2* ore&oles located e&ind t&e e7isting autments8 Jin t&e dr"K )i.e.
not intersecting an" open 'ater*H and
ii. T'o )2* ore&oles advanced t&roug& t&e e7isting ridge dec, and do'n
into t&e open 'ater8 'it& suse>uent sampling o1 t&e cree,Driver ottom
minerals
c* At least 1./m o1 diamond coring s&all e conducted upon encountering practical
re1usal in eac& o1 t&e 1our deeper ore&oles8 to con1irm and c&aracterise t&e
edroc,.
/. 9ater levels s&all e otained directl" 1rom t&e open ore&oles during 1ield operations.
0. @aorator" anal"sis o1 minerals encountered s&all e per1ormed8 including grain siGes and
moisture content test on t&e soil sample8 and compressive strengt& testing o1 edroc, core
samples.
4. <or eac& e7isting ridge site8 geotec&nical engineering anal"sis o1 ac>uired 1ield and
laorator" data s&all e per1ormed toget&er 'it& preparation o1 a geotec&nical investigation
report outlining our relevant 1indings8 conclusions and recommendations. Results 'ill e
primaril" used 1or t&e preliminar" design and made availale 1or 1inal design and
construction.
;n summar"8 1ield investigation s&all e conducted under t&e supervision o1 e7perience geotec&
engineer engaged as su$consultant. T&e nominated geotec& consultant 1ield'or, s&all consist o1
susur1ace e7ploration " means o1 drilling and sampling a total o1 si7 )0* e7plorator" ore&oles8 to
dept&s ranging 1rom aout 3.0 to 4.0 metres elo' e7isting grade )meg* on eac& ridge site. To
con1irm t&e edroc, and its properties8 1./m o1 diamond coring s&all e conducted in t&ree )3*
ore&oles8 and 3.0m o1 diamond coring s&all e per1ormed in one )1* ore&ole. A detail log o1 eac&
ore&ole s&all e maintained8 and representative samples o1 t&e materials encountered s&all e
otained.
Soil and edroc, samples otained 1rom t&e ore&oles s&all e inspected in t&e 1ield immediatel"
upon retrieval 1or t"pe8 te7ture8 and colour. Ground'ater level measurements s&all e otained
1rom t&e open ore&oles immediatel" 1ollo'ing drilling operations. T&e ore&oles s&all e
ac,1illed 1ollo'ing completions o1 t&e 1ield'or,.
Ground'ater data s&all e provided on individual ore&ole logs. @aorator" testing s&all e
completed on selected soil and ed roc, samples8 and consisted o1 moisture content tests on all
recovered samples8 gradation anal"ses on t'o representative soil samples8 and compressive
strengt& testing.
7.1.< Possible Impro,ement Options
<or eac& ridge site8 alternative improvement options 'ill e presented toget&er 'it& a
recommended option meeting ot& engineering and economics. %o'ever8 engineering 1actors 'ill
govern due to continuous prolems eing e7perience '&ic& suse>uentl" impacted on t&e
maintenance cost o1 t&e ridges.
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
13
7.1.= Pe0estrian Traffic Consi0eration
Special consideration 1or design o1 pedestrian 'al,'a" 1or ridges near densel" populated sites 'ill
e considered in t&e preliminar" design. As muc& as possile8 t&e 'al,'a" 'ill e design to attac&
to t&e ridge. 2nl" on instances '&ere8 space is limited and or over&ead pedestrian ridge is
'arranted8 it 'ill e design separatel".
7.1.< Construction Consi0erations
Constructailit" issue 'ill e assessed in detail under t&is e7ercise during t&e detail investigation
p&ase. Assessment 'ill e made on di11icult terrain 1eature8 scares construction material 'it&in
construction pro7imit" and importantl"8 local contractor capacit" to underta,e construction using
specialist construction tec&ni>ues. Given t&e upgrade re>uirements8 specialist construction
materials and 1aricating tec&ni>ues is anticipated to construct ridge8 pre1eral" o1 Steel Girder
Concrete #ec, )SGC#* composite s"stem and post$tension rein1orced concrete ridge o1
incremental launc&ing tec&ni>ues. <urt&er investigation 'ill e conducted on t&e sustainailit" and
economics o1 post$tensioning rein1orced concrete ridges 'it& special emp&asis on construction
re>uirements.
7.+ Preliminar. $ri0ge Design
7.+.1 #eneral
6ridge is a simple "et possesses comple7 stress distriution pro1ile due to interconnection o1
di11erent ridge parts8 &ence8 re>uire specialist anal"sis tec&ni>ues suc& as 1inite element anal"sis
to accuratel" predict and simulate its structural response under various loading conditions. As
mentioned in Section 4.1.38 <inite Alement so1t'are suc& as Sap2000 or Aa>us 'ill e emplo" to
model and simulate all loading conditions.
7.+.+ "cope of "er,ice 2Preliminar. Design an0 Costing4
i) !reliminar" design o1 t&e necessar" road approac&es to connect t&e ridge to t&e
e7isting road. T&e cost is to e included in t&e cost comparisons '&ere appropriate
and is to e included in t&e detailed construction cost estimate 1or t&e recommended
option. #esign o1 t&e road 'or,s is to e to t&e re>uirements o1 t&e Department of
Works Road Design Manual, 1994.
ii) ;nvestigation o1 appropriate alternative ridging options including discussions o1 t&e
implications o1 eac& option and comparative construction and maintenance costs.
iii) ;nvestigate options 1or provision o1 tra11ic and pedestrian access t&roug& or around t&e
site during construction in t&e case o1 an e7isting and operating ridge including details
o1 tra11ic management procedures8 signs and road 1urniture re>uired 1or sa1et".
i) Revie' previous or e7isting geotec&nical investigation report.
7.1.- Technolog. 2%nal.sis an0 Design "oft/ares4
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
14
Roust 1inite elements anal"sis )<AA* so1t'are pac,age suc& as Sap2000 and Aa>us 'ill e
emplo"ed to model individual ridge geometr" and suse>uentl" per1ormed anal"sis to determine
critical section o1 t&e ridge 'it& &ig& stress pro1ile. T&e anal"sis 'ill cover several options as part
o1 t&e preliminar" design and optimum model meeting ot& engineering and economics 'ill e
recommended 1or detail design. T&e <AA so1t'are mentioned are commercial <AA pac,age ased
on 1inite element plat1orm 'it& superior computation capailities to simulate actual structural
e&aviour under various loading conditions accuratel".
All loading con1igurations8 design criteria adopted 'ill e predominantl" ased on AS/100 t&oug&
ot&er international ridge codes suc& as AAS%T28 Aurocode etc.8 'ill e consulted 1or veri1ications.
7.+.+ $ri0ge Design "tan0ar0s > Co0es
T&e 1ollo'ing ridge design codes and speci1ications 'ill e used in t&e preliminar" design
re>uirementsC
AS /100 and its associated series )Australian 6ridge #esign Code*
AAS%T2 @<R# American Association o1 Stat %ig&'a" and Transport 6ridge codes
Aurocode
7.+.- $ri0ge 'o0el an0 %nal.sis Techni?ues
7.+.-.1 Influence &ine
Actual ridge structure is classi1ied as statisticall" indeterminate structure ecause o1 its comple7 cross
section geometr" and in1luence lines 'ill e constructed to simulate t&e grap&ical 1unction o1 t&e structure as
a variale o1 t&e position o1 a do'n'ard unit load moving across t&e structure. <or simplicit"8 t&e structure
'ill e modelled as simpl" supported8 determinate eam to locate ma7imum structural response o1 s&ear
and ending moment. Generall"8 " structural mec&anics principle8 it is e7pected t&at8 t&e mid span su11ers
ma7imum moment and de1lection '&ilst t&e t'o supports e7perience ma7imum s&ear and t&e series o1
'&eel loads con1iguration con1orming to AS /100 !art 2 Speci1ication 'ill e position to simulate.
7.+.-.+ &oa0ing Configurations
T&e loading con1iguration 'ill e as per AS /100.2$)2004*8 Australia 6ridge #esign Standard. Speci1icall"8
?1000 stream o1 moving tra11ic load 'ill e applied on critical location determined 1rom in1luence line
e>uation.
T&e con1iguration o1 t&e ?1000 moving tra11ic load is s&o'n elo' in <igure 30.0 '&ere it consists o1
uni1orml" distriuted load ):#@* and truc, '&eel loads as concentrated point loads apart 1rom t&e static
loads due to sel1$'eig&t o1 t&e structure. T&e :#@ 'ill e positioned longitudinall" along a 3.2 m 'ide
______________________________________________________________________________________
HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
15
standard design lane '&ile t&e locations o1 concentrated loads 'ill e at critical position determine 1rom
in1luence lines calculations. T&eir 1ootprints precisions 'ill e created on t&e model dec, " partitioning.
)igure -.0 '1@00 'o,ing Traffic &oa0A as publishe0 in %" ;100.+ B 2+0054
T&e code speci1ies multiple design loads '&ic& needed to e considered. Some load speci1ication 'ill also
e considered suc& as punc&ing s&ear around '&eel load 1oot prints in lig&t o1 t&e :%!C roust mec&anical
properties to 'it&stand impact loads. 9ind and eart&>ua,e loads 'ill also e considered in t&is stud".
T&e d"namic load allo'ance 1actor )L
d
* 'ill e ta,en to sustain t&e increased tra11ic loading caused " t&e
interaction o1 truc, loading and ridge structure as e7plained in t&e static e>uivalent d"namic and virator"
e11ects according to AS /1000$Australian 6ridge #esign Code.
7.+.-.- )ull an0 Partial &oa0ing Configurations
:nder t&is stud"8 ot& 1ull and partial loading 'ill e considered 1or ma7imum de1lection and
ending moment response and t&e later 1or ma7imum torsion and cantilever e11ect. <or 1ull loading8
all t&e lanes 'ill e loaded across t&e 'idt& o1 t&e ridge ased on t&e in1luence line '&ere as in
partial loadingH &al1 t&e ridge 'idt& 'ill e loaded. T&e con1igurations o1 t&e loading s"stems to e
adopted are as s&o'n elo' 1or di11erent lanes.
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
16
)igure +.0 )ull an0 Partial &oa0ing Configuration
7.+.- Numerical 'etho0s 2)inite lement %nal.sis4
<AA so1t'are pac,age 'ill e used to model and anal"se t&e ridges under t&is preliminar" design e7ercise.
Numerical Studies 'ill e emplo"ed " utilising commerciall" availale <inite Alement So1t'are )A6AE:S
and Sap2000* 1or t&e model and anal"sis o1 t&e ridge s"stems under t&is stud". 3# <A? 'ill e developed
to determine t&e overall structural response o1 eac& ridge. T&e anal"tical evaluations can e11ectivel" depict
t&e linear and nonlinear e&aviour o1 concrete t&oug& t&is stud" is limited to linear elastic e&aviour. ;t can
also predict t&e e&aviour o1 composite s"stem8 pre and post tensioning tendons independentl" o1 t&e
concrete material.
A total o1 t'o models 1or eac& ridge sites 'ill e produced under t&is preliminar" design e7ercise 'it&
recommendation on t&e optimum model. #i11erent girder cross sections and ridge s"stems 'ill also e
considered 1or economics and structural e11icienc" reason.
7.+.- $ri0ge Design Criteria
7.+.-.1 Intro0uction
As mentioned8 t&e stud" approac& 'ill e predominantl" numerical anal"sis utilising <inite Alement Anal"sis
)<AA* commercial so1t'are and en&anced " parametric studies and sensitivit" anal"sis '&ic& 'ill e7tend to
cover ot&er aspects o1 models suc& as8 rein1orced concrete material and prestressing level o1 post$
tensioning ridge. T&e results otained 1rom t&e parametric studies 'ill e s"nt&esised8 anal"sed and
discussed to comment on its signi1icance 'it& respect to load distriution and overall ridge structural
response 'it&in t&e con1ines o1 t&e preliminar" design o(ectives. Regression anal"ses 'ill e per1ormed
and t&e results 'ill e plotted 'it& appropriate statistical program )suc& as e7cel spread s&eet*. T&e
relevant engineering conclusions and recommendations deduced 1rom t&e discussions 'ill e presented in
detail in preliminar" design report toget&er 'it& &ig&lig&ts on limitations and area o1 1urt&er researc& during
detail design p&ase.
7.+.-.+ Deflection Response
7.+.-.+.1 #eneral
To sa1eguard against e7cessive de1lections under serviceailit" limit state8 all practice codes eit&er directl"
prescrie a minimum span to dept& ratio 1or t&e memer or directl" speci1" a ma7imum permissile
de1lection e7pressed as a 1ractions o1 t&e span. ?ostl" ridge codes speci1" t&e later and t&e speci1ication
______________________________________________________________________________________
HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
17
1rom American Association o1 State %ig&'a" and Transportation 211icials )AAS%T2* 'ill e utilised in
t&is stud" and are given " t&e 1ollo'ing e7pressionsC
!1)
!2)
T&e de1lection limit criteria speci1ied " A>uation )1* and )2*8 'ill e used to assess and recommend t&e
suitailit" o1 t&e span lengt&s t&at can e sa1el" otained 1rom eac& ridge sites in lig&t o1 t&e 4$lane
upgrade re>uirements. ;n addition8 cross$section optimisation 'ill also e investigated optimum cross$
section con1iguration 'ill e include in t&e preliminar" design.
7.+.-.+.+ %nal.sis Progression
T&e de1lection o1 ridge is mainl" controlled " t&e span lengt&8 t&e numer o1 girders and its cross
section con1iguration and longitudinal prestressing tension )@!T* level '&ere t&e latter is
suse>uentl" controlled " t&e longitudinal prestressing topolog" and area. T&ose
varialesDparameters 'ill e care1ull" investigated during anal"sis and accounted 1or in t&e
preliminar" design.
Accordingl"8 t&e anal"ses to estalis& t&e ade>uate con1iguration to reduce de1lection o1 all t&e
ridge are divided into 1our main steps.
1. Generating <A models 1ollo'ing speci1ication 1or longitudinal post or pre$tensioning 1orce
and numer o1 girders )AS /1000 and Structural S"stems*
2. ;ncreasing t&e longitudinal pre$tensioning area 1or t&e models t&at e7perienced e7cessive
de1lection e"ond code speci1ication
3. ;ncreasing t&e numer o1 girders '&en increasing longitudinal pre$tensioning level 1ailed to
meet de1lection criteria.
4. Repeating Step 2 t&roug& Step 3 until e7cessive de1lection in t&e ridge is eliminated and
limit state design criteria is satis1ied.
7.+.-.+.- $ri0ge 'o0el Results an0 %nal.sis
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
18
!reliminar" design report 'ill s&o' t&e de1lection response o1 t&e various ridge cross$section
con1iguration and '&ere post or prestressing strand is used8 30 percent o1 t&e ?inimum 6rea,ing
@oad )?6@* speci1ied " t&e AS /100 and prescried " industr" standards )Structural S"stem* 'ill
e applied.
7.+.-.+.- Discussion of Results
T&e results otained 1rom t&e anal"sis 'ill e s"nt&esised8 anal"sed and discussed to comment on its
signi1icance 'it& respect to load distriution and overall ridge structural response. Results 'ill e plotted
'it& appropriate statistical program suc& as =R8 ?AT@A6 and spread s&eet and recommendation 'ill e
made on t&e trend oserved. T&e results otained 'ill e used to per1orm preliminar" design and
documentation 'it& appropriate engineering conclusions and recommendations to e incorporated during
t&e detail design and construction p&ase.
7.+.5 &oa0 Distribution
7.+.5.1 Intro0uction
T&e 1lo' o1 t&e s&ear 1orce8 ending moment8 reaction and torsion 1rom point o1 application to all ot&er
locations 'it&in t&e structure 'ill e investigation and accomplis&ed t&roug& structural mec&anics principles
aided 'it& <AA so1t'are pac,age. T&e purpose o1 using t&e distriution 1actors is t&at8 it 1acilitates
determination o1 internal 1orces in a 3$# structure suc& as ridge girder " anal"sing a simpli1ied eam
structure )Ta'il and 2,eil8 2002*. ?ore speci1icall"8 ?a78 and Ima7 'ill e t&e results otained 1rom
anal"sing t&e real structure using <AA so1t'are8 '&ile ? and I 'ill e calculated using t&e simpl" supported
girder su(ected to a line o1 '&eel loads o1 ?1000 )AS /100.2 - 2004*. T&ese e7pressions can e derived
" a regression anal"sis o1 t&e results otained 1rom t&e parametric stud" considering t&e parameters o1
span lengt&8 numer o1 lanes and numer o1 girders and prestressing area. A7cel spread s&eet program
'ere 'ritten to determine t&e 1inal e7pressions.
7.+.5.+ %nal.sis Progression
T&e ridge 'ill e simpli1ied as a eam structure ta,ing no recognition o1 its cross sectional geometr"
dimensions and properties. T&e 1orces developed 'ill e determined using asic structural mec&anics
met&ods. %o'ever8 t&e 1orces in eac& speci1ic girder o1 t&e real ridges 'ill e otained " multipl"ing t&e
results o1 t&e simpli1ied s"stem 'it& distriution 1actors. <or instance8 a ending moment in a certain girder8
?
ma7
8 'ill e evaluated accordingtoH
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
19
!22)
"#ere$
D
ms
% appropriate girder Moment Distri&ution 'actor
M % (ending Moment o&tained from t#e simplified &eam s)stem
7.+.5.- 'oment &oa0 Distribution
T&e cross section geometr" properties o1 t&e girder )suc& as8 second moment o1 inertia8 and neutral a7is*
'ill e calculated t&e girder cross$section t"pes o1 Super T girder used. T&e normal stress )M* at mid$span
'ill e otained 1rom <AA using a numerical model and t&e moment o1 eac& girder is determined using
A>uation )3* elo'.
!*)
"#ere$
+ % Second Moment of +nertia of t#e girder
) % Dept# of t#e neutral a,is
- % .ormal stress at mid/span o&tained from '01
%ence8 t&e ma7imum ending moment o1 simpl" supported eam at t&e midspan o1 eac& model 'ill eC
!22)
7.+.5.5 "hear &oa0 Distribution
7.- Reporting Re?uirements
Reports 1or preliminar" design )including investigation* 'ill e prepared to cover a t&oroug&
discussion o1 all 1actors a11ecting t&e site and considerations leading to selections o1 t&e ridging
option recommended 1or 1inal design. As a minimum8 t&e report 'ill discuss t&e 1ollo'ingH
i) Sure) Report
T&is report is to 1ormall" revie' t&e surve" and to advice o1 t&e selected &oriGontal and
vertical alignment. Slig&t c&anges to t&ese alignments ma" occur as a result o1 ridge
&"draulic assessment and detailed evaluation o1 ridging option.
ii) 1lignment report
T&e report 'ill contain t&e 1ollo'ing minimum in1ormationC
______________________________________________________________________________________
HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
20
a* Results o1 des,top studies o1 site geolog" and previous geotec&nical investigations
* #iscussion on stream stailit" ased on site oservations and availale
p&otograp&" o1 t&e site
c* Revie' o1 previous reports on t&e site
d* 2servations made during 1ield inspections
e* !reliminar" in1ormation on t&e catc&ment &"drolog" and on e7isting stream
&"draulics )including recorded8 oserved and reported 1lood levels*
1* #iscussion on possile ridge and approac& road alignment
g* #etails o1 an" near" ridging and in particular8 1oundation t"pe used
&* @ocal communit" needs and sa1et" re>uirements t&at a11ected alignment8 design
and construction
i* Si7 p&otograp&s )in colour* su11icient to s&o' t&e site and stream as 'ell as
1eatures li,el" to a11ect t&e design o1 an" ne' ridge8 and to s&o' t&e general
condition o1 t&e e7isting structure
(* @ocal environment8 environmental considerations 1or t&e recommended option
)Anvironmental statement or preliminar" A;A* and special 1actors re>uiring 1urt&er
evaluation in t&e 1inal design
,* @and use and vegetation in t&e area and in t&e immediate vicinit" o1 t&e ridge.
9ater use 1rom t&e river
l* @ocal climate
m* Site stailit"
n* Arosion and scour at t&e site and t&e in1luence o1 t&e recommended option on
1uture river stailit" and an" recommendations 1or scour protection 'or,s or river
training strategies associated 'it& t&e recommended ridging option
o* #iscussion on t&e various ridging options considered 'it& 6ene1it Cost Ratio
ased on li1e c"cle cost
p* Construction material re>uirements and sources o1 t&ese materials
>* #iscussion o1 an" special construction tec&ni>ues re>uired 1or t&e recommended
option
r* #etailed construction cost estimates8 including (usti1ication 1or rates adopted
s* Tra11ic and pedestrian sa1et" 1eatures re>uired in t&e 1inal design
t* !roposed provisions 1or tra11ic and pedestrians during constructions
u* #etails o1 1urt&er in1ormation re>uired e1ore proceeding to 1inal design
v* #ra'ings 1or t&e recommended options
'* S,etc&ed o1 options and concepts considered
7* S,etc&es to illustrate an" non$standard construction concept or detailing proposed
in t&e recommended option
"* Surve" !lans
G* <ull list o1 design re1erences to e used in t&e <inal #esign !&ase
7.5 Documentation "tan0ar0
7.4.1 Drawings
All preliminar" design dra'ings standards 'ill e as per #o9 speci1ications. T&e dra'ings 'ill e
signed as designed and c&ec,ed " respective person to signi1" t&at t&e" are satis1ied 'it& t&e
design and documentation. T&e dra'ings 'ill e signed " a !rincipal o1 SG. Consortium to
______________________________________________________________________________________
HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
21
con1irm t&at t&e design and associated documentation &ave een approved 1or release and t&at all
>ualit" control procedures &ave een satis1actoril" completed.
#ra'ings Standards 'ill compl" 'it& t&e re>uirements o1 AS1100.1018 AS1100.4018 and
AS1100./01
7.4.2 Documents
?icroso1t o11ice application 'ill e utilised in t&e preparation o1 documents8 and in t&e st"le and
manner as speci1ied " #o9. #ocuments 'ill e supplied ot& in &ard and so1t cop" and t&e
prepared documentation 'ill e sumitted 1or approval o1 content8 la"out and 1ormatting.
7.; Design "tan0ar0s
7.5.1 Structure
T&e ridge structure 'ill e design using =52 A:STR2A#S 6ridge #esign Code. T&e 1ollo'ing
additional re>uirements 'ill e appliedC
i* Geometric re>uirements 1or ridge superstructures 'ill e in accordance 'it& t&e #o9
Standard 6ridge 9idt&s8 6arriers and Clearances.
ii* T&e :ltimate @imit State @oad <actors 1or #esign Tra11ic @oadings 'ill e as agreed "
#o9 at commencement
iii* T&e carriage'a" area o1 concrete dec,ed ridges 'ill e designed 1or a Superimposed
#ead @oad o1 1.0 ,NDm
2
on t&e completed superstructure8 additional to all actual dead
loads and speci1ied live loads.
iv* #esign 1or eart&>ua,e 1orces 'ill e to t&e re>uirements o1 Aart&>ua,e Angineering 1or
6ridges in !apua Ne' Guinea N153/ RevisionO.
v* 9ind speed 'ill e determined using availale data 1or !NG 'it& 'ind loads to e
considered 1or all ridges
vi* T&ermal e11ects s&all use t&e 1ollo'ingH
<or all regions o1 !apua Ne' Guinea8 t&e average ridge temperature
re>uirements 1or Region ; )Australia* o1 A:STR2A#S 'ill appl"
T&e e11ective temperature gradient )T* 'ill e 20PC 1or all areas o1 !apua Ne'
Guinea.
vii* <orces due to #eris 'ill e calculated. T&e dept& o1 deris appropriate to t&e
particular site 'ill e evaluated and used in t&e design. ;n no cases8 'ill t&e dept& o1
deris e less t&an t&e minimum re>uirement in A:STR2A#S.
viii* <orces due to log impact 'ill e calculated using a log 'it& a mass appropriate to t&e
particular site as agreed 'it& #o9. ;n no cases 'ill t&e mass o1 log e less t&an t&e
minimum re>uirement in A:STR2A#S.
i7* <orces due to #eris or @og ;mpact ma" e applied at an" &eig&t 'it&in t&e 1lo' dept&
7* T&e :ltimate @imit State load cases 'ill con1orm to t&ose state elo'H
a4 %butment Cash Out
:nless 1ounded on non$erodile material8 t&e ridge 'ill e designed to accommodate
a 'as& out o1 all material surrounding t&e piles to at least t&e lo'est river ed level.
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
22
T&is additional condition 'ill e included in t&e Transient A11ect - 3flood loads including
de&ris and impact loadings4 )A:STR2A#S Clause 2.14.1.3*
b4 $ac7fill to %butment Cashout
@oads imposed on t&e structure due to 'as&out o1 t&e ac,1illing condition. %oriGontal
loads 'ill e calculated 1or t&e 'as& out level to t&e dec, level ut no materials 'ill e
assumed in 1ront o1 autment piles '&en evaluating t&e loads generated 1or t&is
condition. ?aterials e&ind t&e piles 'ill e considered to e compacted. Aart&
pressure supported " t&e piles 'ill account 1or arc&ing e11ects. T&is additional
conditions is to e included into t&e !ermanent A11ect - Jeart& pressure loadsK
)A:STR2A#S Clause 2.14.1.1*
c4 "cour at Piers
<or t&e design o1 piers including piles t&ereto8 t&e dept& o1 scour assumed at piers 'ill
e estimated as part o1 t&e &"draulic stud"8 ut s&all not e less t&an 2 meters.
7i* 9&ere concrete grades re>uired 1or durailit" under t&e serviceailit" criteria are not
realisticall" attainale at t&e site8 t&e designer s&all propose alternative means o1
meeting t&e durailit" re>uirement 1or t&e structure.
7ii* 9&ere concrete dec,ed ridges are not provided 'it& an additional dec, 'earing
sur1ace8 t&e concrete cover to t&e carriage'a" sur1ace s&all e increased " 10 mm.
7.5.2 Hydrology, Bridge Site Hydraulics, Scour Protection and River
raining
Stream 1lo' and site &"draulics 'ill e evaluated using t&e !apua Ne' Guinea <lood Astimation
?anual8 N1550O. T&e estimated 1lood &eig&ts and velocities 'ill e c&ec,ed 'it& sensitivit" anal"sis
1or t&e various assumptions made in t&eir calculations8 ot& singl" and in comination o1 e7isting
speci1ic design parameters.
Scour protection and river training 'or,s 'ill e designed using t&e #epartment o1 9or,s River
Training ?anual8 N1534 AditionO or ot&er approved re1erences suitale 1or t&e site conditions.
Copies o1 proposed alternative re1erences 'ill e supplied on re>uested.
T&e design 'ill consider t&e 1ollo'ing criteriaC
i* T&e ridge superstructure 'ill e designed to &ave a clearance o1 aove t&e estimated
E
100
1lood level su11icient to pass logs and deris. T&e assessment o1 t&e clearance 'ill
ta,e into account o1 t&e aove sensitivit" studies8 t&e li,el" volume and siGe o1 deris
and t&e ailit" o1 t&e superstructure to resist log impact or deris loads.
ii* Consideration 'ill e given to movement in t&e stream ed ot& lateral )due to stream
migration* and verticall" Ndue to accretion and deposition resulting 1rom c&anges in
availale ed materialO.
iii* River training and scour protection 'or,s 'ill e designed to t&e 1ollo'ing criteriaC
9or,s to su11er no damage '&en su(ected to a E
2
1lood
9or,s to sustain onl" minor damage and maintain complete protection to t&e structure
'&en su(ected to a E
10
1lood
9or,s to prevent damage to t&e ridge structure '&en su(ected to a E
100
1lood
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
23
9ill consider t&e environmental implications o1 an" design8 especiall" t&e e11ects o1
a11lu7 aove t&e site8 and stream stailit" do'nstream o1 t&e site.
Stream diversions are onl" to e proposed 1ollo'ing a t&oroug& evaluation o1 t&e long
term e11ects o1 t&e deviation.
?aterial sources 1or protection 'or,s s&all e identi1ied prior to t&e design.
Reduced standards ma" e considered 1or roust structures '&ere due considerations is given to
t&e potential 1or deris load on t&e structure8 t&e implications o1 overtopping o1 t&e ridge dec,8 t&e
e11ect on t&e stream do'nstream o1 t&e structure8 and t&e implication on t&e level o1 service
provided " t&e road. Reductions in t&ese standards 'ill onl" e used a1ter discussion 'it& and
agreement o1 t&e #29.
7.5.! Road "or#s
Approac& road 'or,s s&all e designed to t&e re>uirements o1 t&e #epartment o1 9or,s Rural
Road #esign ?anual. T&e design 'ill e appropriate 1or t&e class o1 road anticipated to service t&e
ridge 'it&in t&e 1irst 2/ "ears o1 ridge design li1e.
7.5.4 $aintenance
Apparentl"8 maintenance o1 ridge is a ma(or concern and ne' designs 'ill limit components o1
ridge '&ic& 'ill re>uire regular maintenance. #esigns s&all consider maintenance access and t&e
durailit" o1 materials and detailing 1or all ridge components.
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
24
%PPNDIC"
%ppen0i1 2%4 1isting $ri0ge Information 8 1
st
Reconnaissance Data 2(ung Cree7 B
Dainantu4
%ppen0i1 2$4 'ap sho/ing Roa0 %lignment > $ri0ge &ocations 2(ung Cree7 B Dainantu4
%ppen0i1 2C4 Photographs of 1isting $ri0ge Con0itions
R)RNC"
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HHRP Yank Creek Kainantu Segment
25
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26